史前大屠杀，人类的第一场战争？
正文翻译
一个男人的骸骨在肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖沿岸发现。科学家称，骸骨有一万年前之久，有明显被钝工具击伤的痕迹。
一个男人的骸骨在肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖沿岸发现。科学家称，骸骨有一万年前之久，有明显被钝工具击伤的痕迹。
The scene was a lagoon on the shore of Lake Turkana in Kenya. The time about 10,000 years ago. One group of hunter-gatherers attacked and slaughtered another, leaving the dead with crushed skulls, embedded arrow or spear points, and other devastating wounds.
事发地点是肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖沿岸的某个潟湖；时间则是大约1万年前。一个狩猎–采集部族袭击、屠杀了另一个狩猎–采集部族，留在那里的死者尸骸头骨碎裂、身插箭头矛尖，还有其它严重的创伤。
事发地点是肯尼亚图尔卡纳湖沿岸的某个潟湖；时间则是大约1万年前。一个狩猎–采集部族袭击、屠杀了另一个狩猎–采集部族，留在那里的死者尸骸头骨碎裂、身插箭头矛尖，还有其它严重的创伤。
The dead, said the scientists who reported the discovery Wednesday in the journal Nature, seem to have been scattered in no apparent order, and eventually covered and preserved by sediment from the lake. Of 12 relatively complete skeletons, 10 showed unmistakable signs of violent death, the scientists said. Partial remains of at least 15 other persons were found at the site and are thought to have died in the same attack.
这项研究成果发表在了《自然》杂志上。科学家们表示，这些骨骸四散在周围，看来没有什么明显的摆放规律；他们最终被湖中的沉积物覆盖并保存了下来。这些科学家又说，在12具相对完整的骨骸中，有10具带有确凿的受创痕迹，看得出来他们死得很惨。在这个考古遗址还找到了另外至少15个人残缺的遗骸，科学家认为这些人也在同一次攻击中丧生。
这项研究成果发表在了《自然》杂志上。科学家们表示，这些骨骸四散在周围，看来没有什么明显的摆放规律；他们最终被湖中的沉积物覆盖并保存了下来。这些科学家又说，在12具相对完整的骨骸中，有10具带有确凿的受创痕迹，看得出来他们死得很惨。在这个考古遗址还找到了另外至少15个人残缺的遗骸，科学家认为这些人也在同一次攻击中丧生。
The bones at the lake, in northern Kenya, tell a tale of ferocity. One man was hit twice in the head by arrows or small spears and in the knee by a club. A woman, pregnant with a 6- to 9-month-old fetus, was killed by a blow to the head, the fetal skeleton preserved in her abdomen. The position of her hands and feet suggest that she may have been tied up before she was killed.
在肯尼亚北部，这些湖滨的骨骸诉说着一则残暴的故事。一名男子的头部被箭或小型的矛击中两次，他的膝盖则被棍棒打伤。一名女子怀着六到九个月的身孕，头部受重击身亡，胎儿的骨架还保存在她的腹腔里。从她手脚的位置可以推测，她在罹难前可能遭到捆绑。
在肯尼亚北部，这些湖滨的骨骸诉说着一则残暴的故事。一名男子的头部被箭或小型的矛击中两次，他的膝盖则被棍棒打伤。一名女子怀着六到九个月的身孕，头部受重击身亡，胎儿的骨架还保存在她的腹腔里。从她手脚的位置可以推测，她在罹难前可能遭到捆绑。
Violence has always been part of human behavior, but the origins of war are hotly debated. Some experts see it as deeply rooted in evolution, pointing to violent confrontations among groups of chimpanzees as clues to an ancestral predilection. Others emphasize the influence of complex and hierarchical human societies, and agricultural surpluses to be raided.
暴力向来是人类天生行为的一部分，不过这场史前战争是如何起源的，还有诸多争论。有些专家认为战争深深植根于生物的演化过程中， 他们认为黑猩猩群落间就存在暴力对抗，这暗示了人类的祖先就有暴力冲突的倾向。另一些专家则强调人类社会的复杂性和等级制度造成的影响，以及为了生存而互相抢掠农产品。
暴力向来是人类天生行为的一部分，不过这场史前战争是如何起源的，还有诸多争论。有些专家认为战争深深植根于生物的演化过程中， 他们认为黑猩猩群落间就存在暴力对抗，这暗示了人类的祖先就有暴力冲突的倾向。另一些专家则强调人类社会的复杂性和等级制度造成的影响，以及为了生存而互相抢掠农产品。
Marta Mirazon Lahr and Robert A. Foley, of Cambridge University and the Turkana Basin Institute in Nairobi, Kenya, and a team of other scientists, concluded in Nature that the find represented warfare among prehistoric hunter-gatherers.
玛塔‧米拉松‧拉尔和罗伯特‧A‧弗利任职于剑桥大学与肯尼亚内罗毕的图尔卡纳盆地研究所，他们与团队中其他科学家在《自然》期刊上总结道，肯尼亚的这个发现，体现了史前时代狩猎–采集部落之间的战争。
玛塔‧米拉松‧拉尔和罗伯特‧A‧弗利任职于剑桥大学与肯尼亚内罗毕的图尔卡纳盆地研究所，他们与团队中其他科学家在《自然》期刊上总结道，肯尼亚的这个发现，体现了史前时代狩猎–采集部落之间的战争。
Luke A. Glowacki, a postdoctoral researcher in human evolutionary biology at Harvard University not involved with the discovery, agreed. “There’s no other find like it,” he said.
哈佛大学人类演化生物学博士后研究员卢克‧A‧葛洛瓦基也认同这个说法。他说，“他们发现的这个遗迹是独一无二的。”
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哈佛大学人类演化生物学博士后研究员卢克‧A‧葛洛瓦基也认同这个说法。他说，“他们发现的这个遗迹是独一无二的。”
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With Richard Wrangham, a professor of biological anthropology at Harvard, Dr. Glowacki has traced the evolutionary roots of human warfare in chimpanzee behavior. And, he said, this find “shows warfare occurred before the invention of agriculture.”
葛洛瓦基曾与哈佛大学的生物人类学教授理查德‧兰厄姆合作，通过黑猩猩的行为追溯人类战争的演化根源。葛洛瓦基表示，图尔卡纳的这个发现，“显示出人类战争在农业产生以前就出现了”。
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葛洛瓦基曾与哈佛大学的生物人类学教授理查德‧兰厄姆合作，通过黑猩猩的行为追溯人类战争的演化根源。葛洛瓦基表示，图尔卡纳的这个发现，“显示出人类战争在农业产生以前就出现了”。
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Douglas P. Fry, a professor of anthropology at the University of Alabama, who was not involved in the research, agreed that the evidence looked like a massacre of one group by another but said that “based on skeletal evidence from one site in an area, it may be jumping the gun to call this ‘war.’”
阿拉巴马大学的人类学教授道格拉斯‧P‧弗莱认为，这些骨骸看起来像是一个部族遭到了另一个部族屠杀。但弗莱又表示，“凭一个地区、单一遗址的骨骼证据就说这是‘战争’，可能操之过急了。”
阿拉巴马大学的人类学教授道格拉斯‧P‧弗莱认为，这些骨骸看起来像是一个部族遭到了另一个部族屠杀。但弗莱又表示，“凭一个地区、单一遗址的骨骼证据就说这是‘战争’，可能操之过急了。”
Dr. Fry said in an email that nomadic foragers were unlikely to practice war, which tends to arise in more complex societies and that these foragers may have already been in transition to a more settled life.
弗莱在一封电邮里写道，四处迁徙的采集部族，不太可能会去打仗。因为战争通常发生在更复杂的社会里，而这些采集者，可能处在向一种趋于定居的生活型态转变的过程中。
弗莱在一封电邮里写道，四处迁徙的采集部族，不太可能会去打仗。因为战争通常发生在更复杂的社会里，而这些采集者，可能处在向一种趋于定居的生活型态转变的过程中。
The first person to spot the bones, some of which were lying on the surface, said Dr. Lahr, was Pedro Ebeya, one of the fossil hunters who work with the Turkana Basin Institute.
拉尔博士透露，第一个见到这些骨骸的人是与图尔卡纳盆地研究所合作的化石收集者彼得罗·艾贝亚。其中的一些骨骸当时就暴露在地面上。
拉尔博士透露，第一个见到这些骨骸的人是与图尔卡纳盆地研究所合作的化石收集者彼得罗·艾贝亚。其中的一些骨骸当时就暴露在地面上。
Researchers have been exploring a large area there since 2009 that is rich in fossils, remnants of tools like harpoons, and some evidence of pottery.
自2009年开始，研究人员就在当地的一片区域进行勘察，那里有大量的化石、有鱼叉等工具的残留物、也有陶器存在的迹象。
自2009年开始，研究人员就在当地的一片区域进行勘察，那里有大量的化石、有鱼叉等工具的残留物、也有陶器存在的迹象。
At the site, she saw broken human bones on the surface mixed with gravel. “Then I saw the back of a skull,” which turned out to have major injuries. Further digging uncovered one violent death after another. The injuries showed no signs of having healed, which means that they had occurred at the time of death. And the position of the bodies showed no effort at burial.
在现场，研究员看到地面上露出了破碎的人类骨骼，与沙砾混合在一起。“之后我看到了头骨的后部”，上面有大块的伤痕。继续挖掘，就发现受到暴力攻击而死的骨骸一个接一个。创伤没有愈合的痕迹，意味着它们是在死亡时发生的。而且，在发现骨骸的现场，没有殡葬迹象。
在现场，研究员看到地面上露出了破碎的人类骨骼，与沙砾混合在一起。“之后我看到了头骨的后部”，上面有大块的伤痕。继续挖掘，就发现受到暴力攻击而死的骨骸一个接一个。创伤没有愈合的痕迹，意味着它们是在死亡时发生的。而且，在发现骨骸的现场，没有殡葬迹象。
The injuries, she said, showed that two different size clubs were used, as well as arrows. Deep cuts to foreheads, jaws and hands, she said, meant that a third type of weapon, with embedded stone blades must have been used.
研究员表示，这些伤痕显示出攻击时使用了两种大小的棍棒，还有箭。她说，额头上、下巴上、手上有深深地伤痕，这意味着肯定也使用了第三种装了石刀的武器。
研究员表示，这些伤痕显示出攻击时使用了两种大小的棍棒，还有箭。她说，额头上、下巴上、手上有深深地伤痕，这意味着肯定也使用了第三种装了石刀的武器。
The stone remnants were obsidian, which is rare in that area, and, she said, they “suggest the attackers were coming from somewhere else.”
她说，残留的石屑是黑曜石，在这一地区相当罕见，这表明“袭击者来自其他地方”。
她说，残留的石屑是黑曜石，在这一地区相当罕见，这表明“袭击者来自其他地方”。
The authors of the Nature report say the attack could have been a raid for resources, or it could be an example of organized violence that was common among ancient hunter-gatherers, but rarely preserved.
《自然》杂志上发表的报告的作者表示，此次袭击可能是为了劫掠资源，也可能是古时候狩猎–采集部落之间常见的有组织暴力行为的一个例子。这种事件的例子很少能保存下来。
《自然》杂志上发表的报告的作者表示，此次袭击可能是为了劫掠资源，也可能是古时候狩猎–采集部落之间常见的有组织暴力行为的一个例子。这种事件的例子很少能保存下来。
This was a highly fertile time in the Lake Turkana area. Pottery found in the region suggests that some groups of foragers at that time may have been storing food — resources worth stealing. Or the attackers may have been after captives. Bones from one young teenager were found at the site, and remains of adults and children under 6, but no remains of older children, who might have been taken by the attackers.
那时图尔卡纳湖地区十分肥沃，在该地区发现了陶器，这显示出，当时的一些采集者可能在贮藏粮食，这种资源值得劫掠。袭击者想要掠夺的也可能是人口，现场发现了一名十几岁少年、一些成人和不足六岁的儿童的骨骸，但没有发现年龄更大的孩子们的骨骸，他们可能被袭击者掳掠走了。
那时图尔卡纳湖地区十分肥沃，在该地区发现了陶器，这显示出，当时的一些采集者可能在贮藏粮食，这种资源值得劫掠。袭击者想要掠夺的也可能是人口，现场发现了一名十几岁少年、一些成人和不足六岁的儿童的骨骸，但没有发现年龄更大的孩子们的骨骸，他们可能被袭击者掳掠走了。
Dr. Lahr said the population of the area may have been expanding at the time, causing conflict as new bands formed and sought territory. There are conditions that lead to warfare, she said, “and those conditions I think applied in moments of the past to hunter-gatherers.”
拉尔表示，该地区的人口可能正在扩张，随着新部落形成并开始攫取领土，也就引发了冲突。这些都是引发战争的条件，她说，“我想这些条件适用于过去的狩猎–采集部落所处的时代。”
拉尔表示，该地区的人口可能正在扩张，随着新部落形成并开始攫取领土，也就引发了冲突。这些都是引发战争的条件，她说，“我想这些条件适用于过去的狩猎–采集部落所处的时代。”
评论翻译
Stryker682
One of the greatest benefits of government is the monopoly on violence that it enforces. From what I've read, the percentage of people violently killed was much, much greater in tribal societies.
政府最大的好处之一就是控制暴力。据我所知，在部落社会中，被暴力杀害的人的比例要比现代社会大得多。
One of the greatest benefits of government is the monopoly on violence that it enforces. From what I've read, the percentage of people violently killed was much, much greater in tribal societies.
政府最大的好处之一就是控制暴力。据我所知，在部落社会中，被暴力杀害的人的比例要比现代社会大得多。
[dexed]
Human civilization is directly correlated with decrease in testosterone for men.
Its not that government creates peaceful humans, its that peaceful humans create governments.
When men settle down into monogamic societies and away from polygamic societies, everyone gets a shot at reproducing, rather than just the most violent. For obvious reasons, this model of outcompetes the model where tribes continuously jostle within themselves and with each other for resources and women.
人类文明的发展与男性睾丸激素的减少直接相关。
不是政府创造了和平的人类，而是和平的人类创造了政府。
当男人安定下来进入一夫一妻制社会，并摒弃一夫多妻制社会时，每个人都有机会繁衍后代，从而减少暴力事件的发生。很明显，这种竞争模式胜过了部落内部不断相互争夺资源和女人的模式。
Human civilization is directly correlated with decrease in testosterone for men.
Its not that government creates peaceful humans, its that peaceful humans create governments.
When men settle down into monogamic societies and away from polygamic societies, everyone gets a shot at reproducing, rather than just the most violent. For obvious reasons, this model of outcompetes the model where tribes continuously jostle within themselves and with each other for resources and women.
人类文明的发展与男性睾丸激素的减少直接相关。
不是政府创造了和平的人类，而是和平的人类创造了政府。
当男人安定下来进入一夫一妻制社会，并摒弃一夫多妻制社会时，每个人都有机会繁衍后代，从而减少暴力事件的发生。很明显，这种竞争模式胜过了部落内部不断相互争夺资源和女人的模式。
TheHipcrimeVocab
Professor Pinker argues that prehistoric society was essentially a unremitting bloodbath, and that the arrival of centralized state was a great leap forward allowing mankind to finally live in relative peace and safety. Furthermore, making the state stronger and stronger has made us richer and safer, and history is heading in one direction - toward more peace and safety forever. What states have managed to do is corral violence into sextive areas-- prisons, for example. It's also very good at keeping victims of violence alive through antibiotics and medicine, which may account for the falling death rates throughout the twentieth century.
平克教授认为，史前社会本质上是一场持续不断的大屠杀，而中央集权国家的到来是一个巨大的飞跃，使人类最终能够在相对和平和安全的环境中生活。此外，国家越来越强大将使我们更加富裕和安全，历史正朝着一个方向前进——那就是人类社会将变得越来越和平和安全。各国所做的就是将暴力者控制在特定地区——例如监狱。现代科技通过抗生素和药物来拯救遭受暴力的受害者的生命，这可能是整个20世纪死亡率持续下降的原因。
Professor Pinker argues that prehistoric society was essentially a unremitting bloodbath, and that the arrival of centralized state was a great leap forward allowing mankind to finally live in relative peace and safety. Furthermore, making the state stronger and stronger has made us richer and safer, and history is heading in one direction - toward more peace and safety forever. What states have managed to do is corral violence into sextive areas-- prisons, for example. It's also very good at keeping victims of violence alive through antibiotics and medicine, which may account for the falling death rates throughout the twentieth century.
平克教授认为，史前社会本质上是一场持续不断的大屠杀，而中央集权国家的到来是一个巨大的飞跃，使人类最终能够在相对和平和安全的环境中生活。此外，国家越来越强大将使我们更加富裕和安全，历史正朝着一个方向前进——那就是人类社会将变得越来越和平和安全。各国所做的就是将暴力者控制在特定地区——例如监狱。现代科技通过抗生素和药物来拯救遭受暴力的受害者的生命，这可能是整个20世纪死亡率持续下降的原因。
Eshuu
Scientists find evidence of prehistoric massacre in Europe
Scientists say they have found rare evidence of a prehistoric massacre in Europe after discovering a 7,000-year-old mass grave with skeletal remains from some of the continent's first farmers bearing terrible wounds.
they found blunt force marks to the head, arrow wounds and deliberate efforts to smash at least half of the victims' shins—either to stop them from running away or as a grim message to survivors.
在欧洲也发现了发生史前大屠杀的罕见证据。科学家发现了一个7000年前的集体墓穴，里面有欧洲大陆最早遭受了严重创伤的农民的骸骨。
他们发现死者头部都有被钝器敲击的痕迹，以及被箭头刺穿的创口，还有人故意打断了至少一半的伤者的胫骨——这么做要么是为了阻止他们逃跑，要么是为了给幸存者传递一个残酷的恐吓信息。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Scientists find evidence of prehistoric massacre in Europe
Scientists say they have found rare evidence of a prehistoric massacre in Europe after discovering a 7,000-year-old mass grave with skeletal remains from some of the continent's first farmers bearing terrible wounds.
they found blunt force marks to the head, arrow wounds and deliberate efforts to smash at least half of the victims' shins—either to stop them from running away or as a grim message to survivors.
在欧洲也发现了发生史前大屠杀的罕见证据。科学家发现了一个7000年前的集体墓穴，里面有欧洲大陆最早遭受了严重创伤的农民的骸骨。
他们发现死者头部都有被钝器敲击的痕迹，以及被箭头刺穿的创口，还有人故意打断了至少一半的伤者的胫骨——这么做要么是为了阻止他们逃跑，要么是为了给幸存者传递一个残酷的恐吓信息。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
At all three sites, the victims and the perpetrators appeared to have been from the Linearbandkeramik—or LBK—culture, a farming people who arrived in central Europe about 5,500 B.C. Their name derives from the German phrase for "linear band ceramics," a reference to the style of their pottery.
in conjunction with previous results, indicates that massacres of entire communities were not isolated occurrences but rather were frequent features of the last phases of the LBK."
Not just the suppression of a rival community—if that is what it was—but the egregious and systematic breaking of the lower legs," said Scarre. "It suggests the use of terror tactics as part of this inter-community violence."
在已经发现的这三个遗址中，受害者和施暴者似乎都来自同一个LBK文化的不同部落，这是一个大约在公元前5500年抵达中欧的农业民族。他们的名字来源于德语，意指他们制作的陶器风格。
结合以前的研究结果，表明一个部落对另一个部落的屠杀不是孤立的事件，而是LBK文化最后阶段的常见特征。”
斯卡尔说道：“屠杀不仅仅是对一个敌对部落的镇压——胜利者对俘虏的小腿进行残酷的、有系统的破坏，透漏出使用恐怖战术已经成为部落间暴力行为的一部分。”
in conjunction with previous results, indicates that massacres of entire communities were not isolated occurrences but rather were frequent features of the last phases of the LBK."
Not just the suppression of a rival community—if that is what it was—but the egregious and systematic breaking of the lower legs," said Scarre. "It suggests the use of terror tactics as part of this inter-community violence."
在已经发现的这三个遗址中，受害者和施暴者似乎都来自同一个LBK文化的不同部落，这是一个大约在公元前5500年抵达中欧的农业民族。他们的名字来源于德语，意指他们制作的陶器风格。
结合以前的研究结果，表明一个部落对另一个部落的屠杀不是孤立的事件，而是LBK文化最后阶段的常见特征。”
斯卡尔说道：“屠杀不仅仅是对一个敌对部落的镇压——胜利者对俘虏的小腿进行残酷的、有系统的破坏，透漏出使用恐怖战术已经成为部落间暴力行为的一部分。”
Meyer, an anthropologist at the University of Mainz, Germany, said nobody can say for sure what prompted the killings so long after the fact. But it's possible to put forward theories, based on what's known about the LBK culture and the conditions they faced. For example, the end of LBK culture coincided with a period of climate change.
"The LBK population had expanded considerably, and this increases the potential for conflict," said Meyer. "Also, the LBK were farmers, they settled. So unlike hunter gatherers, who could move away to avoid conflict, these people couldn't just escape. Add to this the fact that there may have been a period of drought that constrained resources, causing conflicts to erupt."
梅耶是德国美因茨大学的一名人类学家，他说，没有人能在事件发生这么久之后确定是什么促使了杀戮。但基于对LBK文化的了解和他们当时所面临的环境条件，我们有可能提出这样一个假设，那就是LBK文化的终结可能与气候变化有关。
迈耶说:“LBK民族的人口数量大幅增加，这增加了彼此发生冲突的可能性。”此外，LBK是农民，他们定居下来。所以不像四处迁徙的采猎者，采猎者可以通过离开避免冲突，LBK人不能丢下自己的土地。此外，可能有一段时间的干旱导致资源紧张，促使LBK各部落间爆发冲突。”
"The LBK population had expanded considerably, and this increases the potential for conflict," said Meyer. "Also, the LBK were farmers, they settled. So unlike hunter gatherers, who could move away to avoid conflict, these people couldn't just escape. Add to this the fact that there may have been a period of drought that constrained resources, causing conflicts to erupt."
梅耶是德国美因茨大学的一名人类学家，他说，没有人能在事件发生这么久之后确定是什么促使了杀戮。但基于对LBK文化的了解和他们当时所面临的环境条件，我们有可能提出这样一个假设，那就是LBK文化的终结可能与气候变化有关。
迈耶说:“LBK民族的人口数量大幅增加，这增加了彼此发生冲突的可能性。”此外，LBK是农民，他们定居下来。所以不像四处迁徙的采猎者，采猎者可以通过离开避免冲突，LBK人不能丢下自己的土地。此外，可能有一段时间的干旱导致资源紧张，促使LBK各部落间爆发冲突。”
Meyer said the theory of conflict between different groups within the LBK is supported by the existence of an apparent ancient border near the Schoeneck-Kilianstaedten site. suggesting the two groups did not see each other as kin, he said.The attackers, however, spared some members of the group, with victims skewed toward young children, adult men and older women.
"It's likely that the young women, who are missing in the grave, were kidnapped by the attackers," said Meyer
梅耶说，遗址附近残存的古代边界证明LBK文化内部不同部落之间存在冲突。他说，这表明这两个部落并不把对方视为亲属。
袭击受害者大多是儿童、成年男性和老年女性。
梅耶说:“坟墓里缺少年轻妇女的骸骨，她们很可能没有被杀，而是被袭击者绑架掠走了。
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"It's likely that the young women, who are missing in the grave, were kidnapped by the attackers," said Meyer
梅耶说，遗址附近残存的古代边界证明LBK文化内部不同部落之间存在冲突。他说，这表明这两个部落并不把对方视为亲属。
袭击受害者大多是儿童、成年男性和老年女性。
梅耶说:“坟墓里缺少年轻妇女的骸骨，她们很可能没有被杀，而是被袭击者绑架掠走了。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
enken90
"The LBK population had expanded considerably, and this increases the potential for conflict," said Meyer. "Also, the LBK were farmers, they settled. So unlike hunter gatherers, who could move away to avoid conflict, these people couldn't just escape. Add to this the fact that there may have been a period of drought that constrained resources, causing conflicts to erupt."
Sure sounds a lot like the situation we're facing in the contemporary age.
【LBK各部落的人口数量大幅增加，这增加了彼此发生冲突的可能性。”此外，他们是定居下来的农民。所以不像采猎者四处迁徙，采猎者可以通过离开避免冲突，LBK人不能丢下自己的土地。此外，可能有一段时间的干旱导致资源紧张，促使各部落间爆发冲突。】
这听起来很像是我们现代面临的情况。
"The LBK population had expanded considerably, and this increases the potential for conflict," said Meyer. "Also, the LBK were farmers, they settled. So unlike hunter gatherers, who could move away to avoid conflict, these people couldn't just escape. Add to this the fact that there may have been a period of drought that constrained resources, causing conflicts to erupt."
Sure sounds a lot like the situation we're facing in the contemporary age.
【LBK各部落的人口数量大幅增加，这增加了彼此发生冲突的可能性。”此外，他们是定居下来的农民。所以不像采猎者四处迁徙，采猎者可以通过离开避免冲突，LBK人不能丢下自己的土地。此外，可能有一段时间的干旱导致资源紧张，促使各部落间爆发冲突。】
这听起来很像是我们现代面临的情况。
Hanrod
Yes, indeed, as the last paragraph indicates, expanding populations lead, quite naturally, to conflicts over resources, and eventual war. Let us learn to manage our,population.
是的，的确，正如最后一段所指出的那样，人口的增长很自然地导致资源冲突，并最终导致战争。让我们学会管理我们的人口增长。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Yes, indeed, as the last paragraph indicates, expanding populations lead, quite naturally, to conflicts over resources, and eventual war. Let us learn to manage our,population.
是的，的确，正如最后一段所指出的那样，人口的增长很自然地导致资源冲突，并最终导致战争。让我们学会管理我们的人口增长。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
crack-a-lacking
Unfortunately this is very common for early LBK culture era. One out of every ten remains of humans found in this era had evidence of violence across Europe. This was an era I would not want to be alive in. Farming was just beginning and not finely tuned and depended on the weather cooperating and land being fertile. Villages were constantly being raided for food and farm land by other groups when driven to hunger. People in this era didn't live past 30 and didn't eat as well as their hunter gathering ancestors.
不幸的是，屠杀在早期LBK文化时代非常普遍。在这个时代发现的人类遗骸中，每十个就有一个被暴力杀害。这是一个我不想生活的时代。农业才刚刚开始，人们没有很好的经验，只是依赖于天气的配合和土地的肥沃。部落/村庄经常被其他部落抢夺食物和耕地，最终饿死。这个时代的人平均活不过30岁，吃得也不如他们的祖先。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Unfortunately this is very common for early LBK culture era. One out of every ten remains of humans found in this era had evidence of violence across Europe. This was an era I would not want to be alive in. Farming was just beginning and not finely tuned and depended on the weather cooperating and land being fertile. Villages were constantly being raided for food and farm land by other groups when driven to hunger. People in this era didn't live past 30 and didn't eat as well as their hunter gathering ancestors.
不幸的是，屠杀在早期LBK文化时代非常普遍。在这个时代发现的人类遗骸中，每十个就有一个被暴力杀害。这是一个我不想生活的时代。农业才刚刚开始，人们没有很好的经验，只是依赖于天气的配合和土地的肥沃。部落/村庄经常被其他部落抢夺食物和耕地，最终饿死。这个时代的人平均活不过30岁，吃得也不如他们的祖先。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Robert
Hobbes told us long ago that humanity, in a state of nature apart from government, lived in "continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." To mitigate our individual vulnerabilities we consign our right of self defense to government, which holds the franchise on violence. It works pretty well for the most part, but the state of nature peeks out from behind the curtain every now and again to remind us who we really are.
Chaos threatens to break the tenuous grasp society has on order. Our commitment to peaceful coexistence has to be renewed continually.
霍布斯很久以前就告诉我们，人类在脱离政府的自然状态下，会生活在“持续不断的恐惧和遭受暴力死亡的危险中，生活将会是孤独的、贫穷的、肮脏的、野蛮的和短暂的。”为了结束相互间的猜疑和暴力，我们将我们的自卫权委托给掌握暴力权力的政府。这在很大程度上效果很好，但大自然还是会用各种方式提醒我们，自己身体里隐藏的暴力倾向。
混乱可能会打破社会对秩序的脆弱掌控。我们必须不断重申彼此和平共处的承诺。
Hobbes told us long ago that humanity, in a state of nature apart from government, lived in "continual fear, and danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." To mitigate our individual vulnerabilities we consign our right of self defense to government, which holds the franchise on violence. It works pretty well for the most part, but the state of nature peeks out from behind the curtain every now and again to remind us who we really are.
Chaos threatens to break the tenuous grasp society has on order. Our commitment to peaceful coexistence has to be renewed continually.
霍布斯很久以前就告诉我们，人类在脱离政府的自然状态下，会生活在“持续不断的恐惧和遭受暴力死亡的危险中，生活将会是孤独的、贫穷的、肮脏的、野蛮的和短暂的。”为了结束相互间的猜疑和暴力，我们将我们的自卫权委托给掌握暴力权力的政府。这在很大程度上效果很好，但大自然还是会用各种方式提醒我们，自己身体里隐藏的暴力倾向。
混乱可能会打破社会对秩序的脆弱掌控。我们必须不断重申彼此和平共处的承诺。
Kerry Knoll
When Anthony Henday was the first European to see the Rocky Mountains in 1754, he travelled with the Cree Indians. At one point his band came across about 30 Blackfoot women and children bathing in a river. As enemies of the Cree, they were all immediately slaughtered. Henday was surprised but it was clear to him that this type of revenge on the enemy was the norm. Accounts of pre-agricultural tribes are rife with similar episodes. It probably went back a long, long way.
1754年，安东尼·亨迪是第一个看到北美落基山脉的欧洲人，他跟随克里族印第安人一起旅行。有一次，他的队伍遇到了大约30名黑足印第安人妇女和儿童在河里洗澡。作为克里族印第安人的敌人，这些妇女和儿童立即被屠杀了。亨迪很吃惊，但他很清楚，这种对敌人的报复是常态。处于前农业时代的部落，类似的屠杀事件比比皆是。这可能要追溯到很久很久以前。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
When Anthony Henday was the first European to see the Rocky Mountains in 1754, he travelled with the Cree Indians. At one point his band came across about 30 Blackfoot women and children bathing in a river. As enemies of the Cree, they were all immediately slaughtered. Henday was surprised but it was clear to him that this type of revenge on the enemy was the norm. Accounts of pre-agricultural tribes are rife with similar episodes. It probably went back a long, long way.
1754年，安东尼·亨迪是第一个看到北美落基山脉的欧洲人，他跟随克里族印第安人一起旅行。有一次，他的队伍遇到了大约30名黑足印第安人妇女和儿童在河里洗澡。作为克里族印第安人的敌人，这些妇女和儿童立即被屠杀了。亨迪很吃惊，但他很清楚，这种对敌人的报复是常态。处于前农业时代的部落，类似的屠杀事件比比皆是。这可能要追溯到很久很久以前。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Dan
If you have any qualms about this massacre, see the Crow Creek Massacre.
1325 CE (AD), Crow Creek, South Dakota, present United States. Nearly 500 skeletal remains.
"Most of these remains showed signs of ritual mutilation, particularly scalping. Other examples were tongues being removed, teeth broken, beheading, hands and feet being cut off, and other forms of dismemberment. In addition to the severity of the attack, most of the people showed signs of malnutrition. This evidence has suggested to scholars that lives of people of the Initial Coalescent culture were under more stress than was thought; they have theorized that the people were attacked by another group or several groups of the Initial Coalescent culture in the area in competition for arable land and resources."
"A conservative estimate of villagers who suffered scalping is 90%, but it could have been as high as 100%. This is based on skeletal remains that exhibit cuts on their skulls indicative of scalping.[12]
如果你对这次大屠杀有任何疑虑，看看印第安克劳溪大屠杀。
美国南达科他州的克劳克里克，发现了近500具骨骼残骸，死亡时间测定为公元1325年。
“大部分遗骸都有被仪式肢解的痕迹，尤其是剥头皮的痕迹。其他的例子有舌头被拔掉，牙齿被折断，砍头，手和脚被砍断，以及其他形式的肢解。除了被残忍杀害外，大多数骨骸表现出营养不良的迹象。这一证据向学者们表明，在最初的文化合并中，印第安人生活所承受的压力比我们想象的要大;他们认为被袭击的印第安族群在争夺耕地和资源的过程中，受到了其他几个族群的攻击"
据保守估计，大屠杀中有90%的印第安人被剥掉头皮，但这个数字可能高达100%。骨骼残骸的切割痕迹，表明那时的印第安人就存在剥头皮的行为。
If you have any qualms about this massacre, see the Crow Creek Massacre.
1325 CE (AD), Crow Creek, South Dakota, present United States. Nearly 500 skeletal remains.
"Most of these remains showed signs of ritual mutilation, particularly scalping. Other examples were tongues being removed, teeth broken, beheading, hands and feet being cut off, and other forms of dismemberment. In addition to the severity of the attack, most of the people showed signs of malnutrition. This evidence has suggested to scholars that lives of people of the Initial Coalescent culture were under more stress than was thought; they have theorized that the people were attacked by another group or several groups of the Initial Coalescent culture in the area in competition for arable land and resources."
"A conservative estimate of villagers who suffered scalping is 90%, but it could have been as high as 100%. This is based on skeletal remains that exhibit cuts on their skulls indicative of scalping.[12]
如果你对这次大屠杀有任何疑虑，看看印第安克劳溪大屠杀。
美国南达科他州的克劳克里克，发现了近500具骨骼残骸，死亡时间测定为公元1325年。
“大部分遗骸都有被仪式肢解的痕迹，尤其是剥头皮的痕迹。其他的例子有舌头被拔掉，牙齿被折断，砍头，手和脚被砍断，以及其他形式的肢解。除了被残忍杀害外，大多数骨骸表现出营养不良的迹象。这一证据向学者们表明，在最初的文化合并中，印第安人生活所承受的压力比我们想象的要大;他们认为被袭击的印第安族群在争夺耕地和资源的过程中，受到了其他几个族群的攻击"
据保守估计，大屠杀中有90%的印第安人被剥掉头皮，但这个数字可能高达100%。骨骼残骸的切割痕迹，表明那时的印第安人就存在剥头皮的行为。
yogi-one
One cause of the attack is impossible to verify from the remains, but has equal likelhood, is revenge.
Another might be territorial. If the victims were thought to be occupying land usually used by the perpetrators, it could have been to take back "their" land.
Or it may have simply been grabbing new territory by wiping out the inhabitants (the victim clan) that was already there.
This does indicate that humans had the capacity and to plan and commit violence against other humans very early on.
Early humans weren't cool vegans who lived in harmony with the earth all the time. They were hungry, tool-using and language-enabled apex predators/omnivores exploiting their environments for food and survival.
And we still are.
袭击的原因无法从残骸中得到证实，也可能是出于复仇。
另一个原因可能是领土问题。如果被袭击者占领了袭击者使用的土地，那么袭击者可能是要收回“他们的”土地。
又或者袭击者只是通过消灭已经存在的居民(受害者部落)来攫取新的领土。
这确实表明，人类在很早的时候就有能力计划并对他人实施暴力。
早期的人类并不是一直与地球和谐相处的酷纯素食者。他们饥肠辘辘，会使用工具，会说语言，是顶级掠食者/杂食动物，他们利用周围的环境来获取食物和生存。
现在的我们仍然如此。
One cause of the attack is impossible to verify from the remains, but has equal likelhood, is revenge.
Another might be territorial. If the victims were thought to be occupying land usually used by the perpetrators, it could have been to take back "their" land.
Or it may have simply been grabbing new territory by wiping out the inhabitants (the victim clan) that was already there.
This does indicate that humans had the capacity and to plan and commit violence against other humans very early on.
Early humans weren't cool vegans who lived in harmony with the earth all the time. They were hungry, tool-using and language-enabled apex predators/omnivores exploiting their environments for food and survival.
And we still are.
袭击的原因无法从残骸中得到证实，也可能是出于复仇。
另一个原因可能是领土问题。如果被袭击者占领了袭击者使用的土地，那么袭击者可能是要收回“他们的”土地。
又或者袭击者只是通过消灭已经存在的居民(受害者部落)来攫取新的领土。
这确实表明，人类在很早的时候就有能力计划并对他人实施暴力。
早期的人类并不是一直与地球和谐相处的酷纯素食者。他们饥肠辘辘，会使用工具，会说语言，是顶级掠食者/杂食动物，他们利用周围的环境来获取食物和生存。
现在的我们仍然如此。
A. Cherson
1) Did human groups only begin to practice violence on one another as result of the agricultural revolution? Probably not. archaeological records shows that distinct human cultural and genetic groups existed well before that and that there were large scale migrations across territory by these groups. Therefore it is likely that there were violent conflicts between these groups. 2) It would be very interesting to find remains of the other side of this massacre so that evidence as to cultural and genetic identity may be derived for both sides of this event. 3) I'd like to see a genetic haplogroup study of these remains to try to identify their affiliations .
人类只是因为农业革命才开始对彼此施行暴力吗?可能不是。考古记录显示，在此之前，人类就已经形成不同的文化和遗传群体，而且这些群体还进行过大规模的跨地域迁徙。因此，不同的群体之间很可能存在暴力冲突。如果能找到这场屠杀的另一方的遗骸，那将是非常有趣的事，这样就可以确定这次事件双方的文化和基因身份。3)我希望对这些遗骸进行单倍群基因研究，以确定它们之间的关系。
1) Did human groups only begin to practice violence on one another as result of the agricultural revolution? Probably not. archaeological records shows that distinct human cultural and genetic groups existed well before that and that there were large scale migrations across territory by these groups. Therefore it is likely that there were violent conflicts between these groups. 2) It would be very interesting to find remains of the other side of this massacre so that evidence as to cultural and genetic identity may be derived for both sides of this event. 3) I'd like to see a genetic haplogroup study of these remains to try to identify their affiliations .
人类只是因为农业革命才开始对彼此施行暴力吗?可能不是。考古记录显示，在此之前，人类就已经形成不同的文化和遗传群体，而且这些群体还进行过大规模的跨地域迁徙。因此，不同的群体之间很可能存在暴力冲突。如果能找到这场屠杀的另一方的遗骸，那将是非常有趣的事，这样就可以确定这次事件双方的文化和基因身份。3)我希望对这些遗骸进行单倍群基因研究，以确定它们之间的关系。
Martiniano
Empathetically, this was very painful to read. Even though this event happened 10,000 years ago they were us, with the same emotions, behavioral domain and it is easy to visualize the horror of the woman tied up, each adult member murdered one by one. The screams and cries of each person as they waited their turn to die, hearing and/or watching the deaths of those they loved.
This was a painful but very well presented article. Thank you.
可怜，这篇文章读起来很痛苦。尽管这件事发生在一万年前，他们也同我们一样，有着相同的情感和行为，很容易想象惊恐的女人被绑起来，每个成年成员一个接一个被杀害。每个人发出尖叫声和哭泣，他们听到和/或看到他们所爱的人死去，并等待轮到自己死去。
这是一篇令人痛苦但介绍得很好的文章。谢谢你！
Empathetically, this was very painful to read. Even though this event happened 10,000 years ago they were us, with the same emotions, behavioral domain and it is easy to visualize the horror of the woman tied up, each adult member murdered one by one. The screams and cries of each person as they waited their turn to die, hearing and/or watching the deaths of those they loved.
This was a painful but very well presented article. Thank you.
可怜，这篇文章读起来很痛苦。尽管这件事发生在一万年前，他们也同我们一样，有着相同的情感和行为，很容易想象惊恐的女人被绑起来，每个成年成员一个接一个被杀害。每个人发出尖叫声和哭泣，他们听到和/或看到他们所爱的人死去，并等待轮到自己死去。
这是一篇令人痛苦但介绍得很好的文章。谢谢你！
DougalE
War has always been integral to the human experience and contributes to the ability of the race to survive. Only the strong survive according to Darwin. Why this is shocking to current scholars and journalists is a mystery to me. It has always been thus. In a primitive state, if your tribe is on the verge of starvation due to one of any number of factors (climate change?) and you want your tribe to survive, you raid and kill another tribe to seize their stores. You might even cook and eat your enemy if that is your habit.
It's human nature and all we can do is try and make the modern version of it unnecessary through commerce, trade and negotiation.
战争一直是人类生存的组成部分，并有助于族群的生存。根据达尔文的说法，只有强壮的人才能生存。我很疑惑，为什么发现一个大屠杀会让现在的学者和记者感到震惊。古往今来一直都是这样。在一个原始的状态下，如果你的部落由于某些因素(气候变化?)而处于饥饿的边缘，你想要你的部落生存下去，你就会袭击并杀死另一个部落来夺取他们的资源。如果你的部落有食人习惯，你甚至可以把你的敌人煮熟吃掉。
这是人类的天性，现代社会使暴力变得不必要，我们所能做的就是通过商业、贸易和谈判解决问题。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
War has always been integral to the human experience and contributes to the ability of the race to survive. Only the strong survive according to Darwin. Why this is shocking to current scholars and journalists is a mystery to me. It has always been thus. In a primitive state, if your tribe is on the verge of starvation due to one of any number of factors (climate change?) and you want your tribe to survive, you raid and kill another tribe to seize their stores. You might even cook and eat your enemy if that is your habit.
It's human nature and all we can do is try and make the modern version of it unnecessary through commerce, trade and negotiation.
战争一直是人类生存的组成部分，并有助于族群的生存。根据达尔文的说法，只有强壮的人才能生存。我很疑惑，为什么发现一个大屠杀会让现在的学者和记者感到震惊。古往今来一直都是这样。在一个原始的状态下，如果你的部落由于某些因素(气候变化?)而处于饥饿的边缘，你想要你的部落生存下去，你就会袭击并杀死另一个部落来夺取他们的资源。如果你的部落有食人习惯，你甚至可以把你的敌人煮熟吃掉。
这是人类的天性，现代社会使暴力变得不必要，我们所能做的就是通过商业、贸易和谈判解决问题。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Me
War games lead in popularity on all gaming media. As our culture becomes more peaceful with each passing decade a significant fraction of the population is drawn to games to satisfy their thirst for senseless violence.
战争游戏在所有游戏类型中最受欢迎。虽然我们的文化每过十年就变得更加和平，但仍有相当一部分人被战争游戏所吸引，以满足他们对毫无意义的暴力渴望
War games lead in popularity on all gaming media. As our culture becomes more peaceful with each passing decade a significant fraction of the population is drawn to games to satisfy their thirst for senseless violence.
战争游戏在所有游戏类型中最受欢迎。虽然我们的文化每过十年就变得更加和平，但仍有相当一部分人被战争游戏所吸引，以满足他们对毫无意义的暴力渴望
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