讨论:苏俄特色建筑“赫鲁晓夫楼”那些不为人知的故事
2021-09-24 yzy86 26562
正文翻译


(苏联在急速工业化以及城市化的进程中,产业工人和大量农民进城催生了住房问题,为赫鲁晓夫楼的缘起)



(赫鲁晓夫楼的经典外观)



(大量建造于五六十年代的赫鲁晓夫楼坚挺了五六十年)
视频简介:苏俄文史播主Setarko2020年10月21日发布,播放数:71万,评论数2800+,点赞2万,点踩514~
口述内容概要:
=赫鲁晓夫楼(Khrushchyovka,音:赫鲁孝夫卡)的诞生背景
-二战前,斯大林以激进之方法解决住房问题,他反对独户住宅
-当时存在营房(工人居住)和公用公寓(普通百姓居住,前身是贵族和富人在革命前居住的房子)
-每栋公用公寓一般住着三到七户,每户配有客厅、饭厅和卧室,而门厅、厨房和洗澡间为所有居民公用,厕所一般设在室外的院子里
-二战后,苏联的欧洲部分毁坏殆尽,不得不从头开始重建,包括营房/常规砖房,以及供给苏联精英的纪念碑式结构的公寓(stalixas,斯大林公寓),但80%的城市人口仍居住在临时的木制营房和公用公寓中,于是,赫鲁晓夫亟需选定一种廉价且能快速建造的楼房,他批判斯大林浪费了人民的钱,舍弃了耗资不菲的斯大林公寓(于1955年终止了所有斯大林公寓的建造),选择另起炉灶
-赫鲁晓夫楼的真正功能:人们需要一个能吃饭睡觉的地方,好让他们能早起投入共产主义建设
-被定义为过渡期的临时住房,只须在25到30年内满足苏联人的住房要求



(译注:图为斯大林公寓)
=赫鲁晓夫楼概况
-由维塔利·拉古坚科发明,而此型建筑真正的发明者为法国著名建筑师勒·柯布西耶(Le Corbusier,功能主义之父)
-属骨架板材建筑,由大块骨架板吊装拼合而成,由此达到了史无前例的建造速度(12天1栋楼)
-楼与楼间距很大的原因:遭受核打击时楼体的稳定性更高。
-首次出现于1958年的莫斯科,从1969年开始逐渐停止建造,被中高层混凝土公共住宅(也即勃列日涅夫楼,也即苏联电影《命运的捉弄》的故事发生地)取代
-房屋的一切指标都是“缩水版”的,不配垃圾斜槽,不配电梯,天花板高度最低为2.5米,房间宽度最低为2.2米
-农村地区存在2到3层的赫鲁晓夫楼,绝大部分赫鲁晓夫楼只有5层高的原因:苏联医务工作者曾专门为此作过研究,该研究显示:在无电梯楼房居住而不会对健康造成任何损害的最高楼层高度为5层;因此,当时大于等于6层的楼房必须配电梯
-赫鲁晓夫楼的楼梯设计也是经过周密考虑的,其设计宽度刚好够两个人用手水平抬棺而无需靠调整棺材角度来过弯,一寸宽度都不会浪费!
-特殊布局催生的独特设计:厕所和厨房之间配有玻璃窗
-苏联出现过针对赫鲁晓夫楼的广告,广告词示例:“从前,你为你的丈夫制作红菜汤必须走500步,但在这种新型的小号厨房中,所有的东西一伸手就能拿到。” 反正苏联人工作时是吃食堂的,那他还需要什么大厨房啊?
-也存在于爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、捷克共和国、塞尔维亚、古巴



(译注:图为勃列日涅夫楼,中/高层建筑)
=赫鲁晓夫楼饱受诟病的原因
-厨房狭小
-草率的卧室设计
-没有凉廊、屋顶上没有阁楼
-某些房间的大小不成比例
-隔热极差
-能效低
-外观廉价且无趣
=赫鲁晓夫楼带来的积极影响
-在苏联城市化进程中发挥了决定性的作用
-经过赫鲁晓夫,因居者有其屋,出现了人口爆炸,极大促进了二战后人口的恢复

评论翻译
Matej Games
Here in Slovakia we just insulated them and painted them with pastel colors.

在我们斯洛伐克,我们对其作了隔热化改造,并把它们漆成了柔和的颜色。

Same in Hungary

(回)匈牙利也是一样。

Same in Mongolia

(回)蒙古也是一样。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Same on moon

(回)月球上也是一样。

Life of Boris
never even known anyone ever who lived in Stalixa..

住过斯大林公寓的人,我连一个都不认识…

Real hard-working comrades dig Khrushchyovkas, Stalixas are for nerds

(回,楼主)真正努力的同志都去挖赫鲁晓夫楼了,斯大林公寓是为那些书呆子准备的。

lisanna t
In Estonia these houses are getting makeovers one after another. They are becoming energy efficent and grey dull facades are covered and insulated

在爱沙尼亚,这种房子正在一栋接一栋地被翻新。它们正在变得节能,灰暗的表面被覆盖了,而且做了隔热化改造。

in Bucharest, Romania there are mostly with 4 floors. thanks to EU funding to improve efficiency, this buildings get a make over

(回)在罗马尼亚的布加勒斯特,它们大都是四层的。多亏了欧盟的资助才提升了能效,这些楼也得到了改造。

In Russia theyd rather demolish khruschovkas and build new 20-story monstrosities. Because you cant make much money from renovating old buildings. Russian construction companies are only interested in making as much money from each m² as possible.

(回)在俄罗斯,他们宁愿拆除赫鲁晓夫楼,然后去建那种奇丑无比的20层高楼。因为翻新老楼是赚不到多少钱的。俄罗斯的建筑公司感兴趣的只有一件事:从每一平米中赚到尽可能多的钱。

same here in lithuania and latvia, with renovation they are pretty decent, actually in lithuania we have more of brezhnevka type of apartements built from bricks not blocks, they are even better after recornstruction

(回)在我们立陶宛和拉脱维亚也是一样,它们经过翻新还是相当体面的,事实上,在立陶宛,更多的是勃列日涅夫楼,是用砖块建成的而不是骨架板,经过改造后会更棒。

Juan Micó
I'm fascinated by how these buildings can be depressing and charming at the same time.

这些楼既致郁又富有魅力的特质实在是让我着迷。

Brutalist architecture .

(回)野兽派建筑。

I thought it was more Bauhaus.

(回)我倒觉得它更接近包豪斯风格。
(译注:所谓的“包豪斯风格”紧密结合了功能、技术、材料、结构与建筑艺术,大方而素雅)

Maybe playing to many dystopian games :-)

(回)也许能为很多反乌托邦游戏增色不少

Marco Antônio
Coming from Brazil and seeing lots of people homeless begging for money on the streets, these buildings don't look bad. Real ugliness is lying over a cardboard piece at night...

我来自巴西,见过很多无家可归的人在大街上要钱,这种楼看上去还不赖。晚上躺在硬纸板上才是真正的丑陋…
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


I know. I want these buildings to become more mainstream in USA. We have a ridiculous amount of homeless. The worst building (as long as it's not going to fall down) is better than homelessness.

(回)我明白。我希望这种楼能在美国变得更主流。我们国家的流浪汉多到不像话。最烂的楼(只要不会塌)也好过无家可归。

They look like a prison, but what in Brazil doesn't?

(回)它们看着就像一座监狱,可是在巴西,又有什么不是监狱呢?

There's also an argument that, with a very cheap, but poorly insulated apartment, the money you saved in building, you are spending in heating anyway.
It's not as much the style that is a problem, as some said, the set up is quite agreeable, with large courtyards, many shops and other services close by, etc. A minimum of decoration could make a world of difference. However, you don't want buildings in cheap concrete, water seeping in and ruining the rebar, a central heating that only has 2 settings, hot and off... The problem with the Soviet building style is, it was too much a one-size-fits-all, even if it doesn't fit. The exact same building was built from the frozen tundra to the Black Sea resorts and the desert, without any consideration for local practicability, the presence or lack of building material, etc.
The current situation also shows how important it is to have a minimum of open space to yourself, even if it's just a small balcony.

(回)还有一种主张认为,对一栋造价极为低廉但隔热性能差的公寓来说,你在建造时省下的那些钱,无论如何都会花在取暖上。
问题并不在于风格,正如有些人所言,这里的设计安排还是很让人惬意的,有很大的院子,很多商店和其他服务设施就在附近,等等。最低限度的装饰能让世界变得不同。然而,你不会希望建筑物采用廉价的混凝土,水渗入并毁坏钢筋,集中采暖只有两个档位:取热和关闭…苏联建筑风格存在的问题在于太过一刀切了,哪怕它不适合。从冰封的苔原到黑海度假村,再到沙漠,造出来的都是一模一样的建筑,完全不考虑在当地的可行性,是否缺乏建材等问题。
目前的情况也表明,拥有一个属于自己的最低限度的开放空间是多么重要,哪怕只是一个小阳台。

Hei Nu Chung
If they added some landscaping with trees they wouldn’t look so bad. They just need some trees on the outside and some flowers they would look nicer

要是给它们加上一些景观美化,看起来就不会这么糟糕了。只需要在它们的外围种上一些树,栽上一些花,观感就会变好。

You see comrade, no flower can stand against the beast that is the Russian winter

(回)同志,你可知道,没有任何花朵能捱过这头叫俄罗斯冬天的怪兽

nenabunena
The Philippine government built similar buildings for slum dwellers in Manila and the slum dwellers preferred to live in the slum instead of such buildings

菲律宾政府为马尼拉贫民窟的居民建造了类似的建筑,而那些贫民窟居民宁可住在贫民窟里,也不愿意住进这种建筑。

Big Sister
We must remember that this type of buildings was an alternative for wooden barracks or community apartment.

我们必须记住,这种建筑只是木制营房或公用公寓的替代品。

Beardovich
I'm an American expat living in Kyiv and I can say Khrushchovki aren't that terrible, they're dated, but that's usually due to the owners not wanting to spend any money. I would honestly say they're not thaaat different than cheap American apartments.
I do wonder what the hell they were thinking with the bathrooms though.

我是生活在基辅的美国侨民,我是觉得赫鲁晓夫楼也没有那么糟糕,它们过时了,但这通常是因为业主们不想砸钱(改造)。老实说,我觉得它们和廉价的美国公寓也没有太大的不同。
但我确实很想知道,在浴室的设计上,他们当初是脑子进水了吗。

pegatan
German here, from the western part. Our school had a partner school in Wroclaw and I was there for a week and the family lived in a khrushchyovka. That was almost 20 years ago.The flat was super nicely furnished, the rooms very small but practical and functional, but incredibly acoustically noisy. I woke up one night in my small room because someone farted really loudly and when I told my guest family about it the next morning, they said it was the old grandpa in the flat above, who always has flatulence at night. It was so funny that I still remember it today

我是德国人,来自西德地区。我们学校在弗罗茨瓦夫(译注:波兰西南部)有一所合作学校,我在那里待了一星期,那个家庭住的楼就是赫鲁晓夫楼。差不多是二十年前的事了。那套公寓的装潢布置非常棒,房间小但实用,功能性很强,但就是特别吵闹。有一天晚上,我在我的小房间里惊醒,因为有人放了一个巨响无比的屁,第二天早上我告诉我做客的家庭时,他们说那是楼上的老爷爷干的,他在晚上总是会肠胃胀气。这真是太搞笑了,以至于我到今天还记得这事儿。

online12plus
Cant deny that 12 day build time, and they lasted 50-60 years.

用十二天造好的房子,却坚挺了五六十年。这一点是无法否认的。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Massey Ferguson
also, these toilet windows supposedly had another purpose: in a case of gas explosion (afaik all khrushchyovkas has a natural gas supply for ovens), the power of the explosion will disperse in a greater volume of space and it'll probably reduce the probability of building collapse.

此外,这些厕所(和厨房之间)的窗据说还有另一层用意:在天然气爆炸的情况下,(据我所知,所有赫鲁晓夫楼都配有烧天然气的烤箱),爆炸的威力就会分散到更大的空间里,这或许能降低楼房倒塌的几率。

Jane Smith
Despite their many flaws, I only had fond memories of growing up in them in Moscow. My family didn’t have a lot of money but neither did the neighbours but we all helped each other and there was always a strong sense of community. Life was much simpler and I have many wholesome memories of my parents friends coming over during celebrations. The whole flat used to be packed with people during Christmas and New Year! Looking back we were rich in terms of living a fulfilling life and would not have changed if I could go back. Miss the memories that came with living in that пятиэтажка :)

尽管存在种种弊病,但住在这种楼中在莫斯科长大给我留下的只有美好的回忆。我的家庭没什么钱,我们的邻居们也没钱,但我们都会互相帮助,而且总会有一种强烈的社区意识。那时的生活简单许多,我保藏着很多悦心的回忆,我父母的朋友在庆祝活动时会过来。在圣诞节和新年期间,整栋公寓里都挤满了人。现在回想起来,那时的生活非常充实,如果能回到过去,也不会改变。我很怀念住在五层建筑中的时光。

很赞 1
收藏