QA问答：虽然芬兰没有多少自然资源，但怎么会如此富有呢？
正文翻译
How come Finland is so rich while it has no natural resources to speak of?
虽然芬兰没有多少自然资源，但怎么会如此富有呢？
How come Finland is so rich while it has no natural resources to speak of?
虽然芬兰没有多少自然资源，但怎么会如此富有呢？
评论翻译
Csikár Norbert Adrián
Finland does have natrual resources. Plenty to be frank and it helped a lot. It's also not so much and not so easily accessible.
The imense forests and available waterways were a huge boost when industrialization came around. Then the amount of land was also critical in Finland's social development.
Every single person had enough land to make it on their own and support their offspring's education. They had to work hard as the land had to be transformed to allow efficient cultivation, but it was an option, unlike most other states which were already overcrowded and the land distributied to the peasantry was not sufficient enough for every individual.
Finland also does have plenty of minerals to be mined compared to its population and it helps. The availability of bedrock to store nuclear waste might just turn out to be a crucial resource in the following years too.
In conclusion, Finland is a quite ideal combination of challanges and opportunities. The climate literally eliminated the lazy for centuries and the rest had just enough resources to transform the landscape.
芬兰确实有自然资源。坦白地说，这对芬兰这个国家很有帮助。但资源也不是那么多，也不是那么容易获得。
广袤的森林和可利用的水道在工业化到来时起到了巨大的推动作用。土地的数量也对芬兰的社会发展至关重要。
每个人都有足够的土地养活自己，并且能够负担子女的教育。他们必须努力工作，因为土地必须进行转变，以实现高效耕种，但这是一种选择，不像其他大多数州，在那里已经过于拥挤，分配给农民的土地不足以满足每个人的需要。
从人口角度来看，芬兰也有大量的矿产可供开采，这对他们也很有帮助。在接下来的几年里，储存核废料的基岩可能也会成为一种至关重要的资源。
总之，芬兰是一个挑战和机遇并存的国家。几个世纪以来，气候确实消除了懒惰的人，其余的人有足够的资源来改变地貌。
Finland does have natrual resources. Plenty to be frank and it helped a lot. It's also not so much and not so easily accessible.
The imense forests and available waterways were a huge boost when industrialization came around. Then the amount of land was also critical in Finland's social development.
Every single person had enough land to make it on their own and support their offspring's education. They had to work hard as the land had to be transformed to allow efficient cultivation, but it was an option, unlike most other states which were already overcrowded and the land distributied to the peasantry was not sufficient enough for every individual.
Finland also does have plenty of minerals to be mined compared to its population and it helps. The availability of bedrock to store nuclear waste might just turn out to be a crucial resource in the following years too.
In conclusion, Finland is a quite ideal combination of challanges and opportunities. The climate literally eliminated the lazy for centuries and the rest had just enough resources to transform the landscape.
芬兰确实有自然资源。坦白地说，这对芬兰这个国家很有帮助。但资源也不是那么多，也不是那么容易获得。
广袤的森林和可利用的水道在工业化到来时起到了巨大的推动作用。土地的数量也对芬兰的社会发展至关重要。
每个人都有足够的土地养活自己，并且能够负担子女的教育。他们必须努力工作，因为土地必须进行转变，以实现高效耕种，但这是一种选择，不像其他大多数州，在那里已经过于拥挤，分配给农民的土地不足以满足每个人的需要。
从人口角度来看，芬兰也有大量的矿产可供开采，这对他们也很有帮助。在接下来的几年里，储存核废料的基岩可能也会成为一种至关重要的资源。
总之，芬兰是一个挑战和机遇并存的国家。几个世纪以来，气候确实消除了懒惰的人，其余的人有足够的资源来改变地貌。
Jarkko Holkkunen
Finland is not so much wealthy, as credit-worthy. People trust that we pay our debts. The amount of wealth the average person has is in fact quite low by western standards, being only half of that of a typical Swede, or less than a third of the wealth of a typical US citizen. Greece is the only non-Eastern-bloc country in Europe with less wealth.
As the national debt keep increasing at an alarming rate, there might be a point in the near future where we lose our credit-worthiness, and our perceived wealth goes immediately with it.
Also as noted in the book ”Why Nations Fail?” (Acemoglu), natural resources are often a hinderance, not a cause, for the people to become wealthy.
芬兰与其说是富裕，不如说是值得信赖。人们相信我们会还清债务。事实上，按照西方标准，芬兰人的平均财富水平相当低，仅为瑞典人财富的一半，不到美国公民财富的三分之一。希腊是欧洲唯一一个财富比芬兰少的非东欧国家。
随着国家债务以惊人的速度增长，在不久的将来，我们可能会在某个时候失去我们的信用，而我们所感知到的财富会立即随之而去。
正如《为什么国家会失败？》一书中所指出的那样。自然资源往往是人们致富的障碍，而不是原因。
Finland is not so much wealthy, as credit-worthy. People trust that we pay our debts. The amount of wealth the average person has is in fact quite low by western standards, being only half of that of a typical Swede, or less than a third of the wealth of a typical US citizen. Greece is the only non-Eastern-bloc country in Europe with less wealth.
As the national debt keep increasing at an alarming rate, there might be a point in the near future where we lose our credit-worthiness, and our perceived wealth goes immediately with it.
Also as noted in the book ”Why Nations Fail?” (Acemoglu), natural resources are often a hinderance, not a cause, for the people to become wealthy.
芬兰与其说是富裕，不如说是值得信赖。人们相信我们会还清债务。事实上，按照西方标准，芬兰人的平均财富水平相当低，仅为瑞典人财富的一半，不到美国公民财富的三分之一。希腊是欧洲唯一一个财富比芬兰少的非东欧国家。
随着国家债务以惊人的速度增长，在不久的将来，我们可能会在某个时候失去我们的信用，而我们所感知到的财富会立即随之而去。
正如《为什么国家会失败？》一书中所指出的那样。自然资源往往是人们致富的障碍，而不是原因。
Caroline Wright
And thank you for the wonderful photograph!
谢谢你的精彩照片！
And thank you for the wonderful photograph!
谢谢你的精彩照片！
Harris Lam
This is a breath-taking road/bridge. You guys got amazing landscape and town vibes. I would love to visit some day.
How fluent in English is everybody? Embarrassingly I have a thing that I call non-English-speaking-country-phobia which…. I guess is self-explanatory.
I just tried to find the place in Google map. The entire country of Finland looks like a steak with flawless marbling.
这是一条令人叹为观止的道路/桥梁。你们看到了美丽的风景和城市环境。我希望有一天能去看看。
每个人的英语有多流利？令人尴尬的是，我有一种称之为非英语国家恐惧症的东西....我想这是不言自明的。
我只是想在谷歌地图上找到那个地方。整个芬兰看起来就像一块有着完美大理石纹理的牛排。
This is a breath-taking road/bridge. You guys got amazing landscape and town vibes. I would love to visit some day.
How fluent in English is everybody? Embarrassingly I have a thing that I call non-English-speaking-country-phobia which…. I guess is self-explanatory.
I just tried to find the place in Google map. The entire country of Finland looks like a steak with flawless marbling.
这是一条令人叹为观止的道路/桥梁。你们看到了美丽的风景和城市环境。我希望有一天能去看看。
每个人的英语有多流利？令人尴尬的是，我有一种称之为非英语国家恐惧症的东西....我想这是不言自明的。
我只是想在谷歌地图上找到那个地方。整个芬兰看起来就像一块有着完美大理石纹理的牛排。
Csikár Norbert Adrián
TV is subtitled, so even the least educated people can understand English. Practically everyone above the IQ of 90 speaks English, which includes the majority of the homeless. Basically anyone who doesn't speak English, doesn't speak coherent Finnish either.
电视是有字幕的，所以即使是教育程度最低的人也能看懂英语。几乎所有智商超过90的人都会说英语，其中包括大多数无家可归的人。基本上，不会说英语的人，也不会说连贯的芬兰语。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
TV is subtitled, so even the least educated people can understand English. Practically everyone above the IQ of 90 speaks English, which includes the majority of the homeless. Basically anyone who doesn't speak English, doesn't speak coherent Finnish either.
电视是有字幕的，所以即使是教育程度最低的人也能看懂英语。几乎所有智商超过90的人都会说英语，其中包括大多数无家可归的人。基本上，不会说英语的人，也不会说连贯的芬兰语。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Harris Lam
This is extremely encouraging for me. Thank you.
这对我来说是极大的鼓舞，谢谢你
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
This is extremely encouraging for me. Thank you.
这对我来说是极大的鼓舞，谢谢你
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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And the colonization of sapmi with exploitation as well as forceful christianization of the sami people also played a role.
And talking of using natural resources, the legality to have sex even with the pets in Finland, while being one of the biggest fur producers.
Of course while the rich are rich, the discrimination, harassment and racism against the jews, roma, somali and russian speaking minority continues even in finnish lower secondary schools, the confiscation of immigrant cleaners passports, and not to mention the forced sterilization and abortions of women for racial purity that happened not too long ago.
萨普米人的殖民和剥削以及萨米人的基督教化也起到了作用。
说到利用自然资源，芬兰是世界上最大的皮草生产国之一，与宠物发生性关系也是合法的。
当然，尽管富人很富有，但对犹太人、罗姆人、索马里人和讲俄语的少数民族的歧视、骚扰和种族主义在芬兰仍然存在，他们还没收移民清洁工的护照，更不用提不久前为了种族纯洁而强迫妇女绝育和堕胎了。
And the colonization of sapmi with exploitation as well as forceful christianization of the sami people also played a role.
And talking of using natural resources, the legality to have sex even with the pets in Finland, while being one of the biggest fur producers.
Of course while the rich are rich, the discrimination, harassment and racism against the jews, roma, somali and russian speaking minority continues even in finnish lower secondary schools, the confiscation of immigrant cleaners passports, and not to mention the forced sterilization and abortions of women for racial purity that happened not too long ago.
萨普米人的殖民和剥削以及萨米人的基督教化也起到了作用。
说到利用自然资源，芬兰是世界上最大的皮草生产国之一，与宠物发生性关系也是合法的。
当然，尽管富人很富有，但对犹太人、罗姆人、索马里人和讲俄语的少数民族的歧视、骚扰和种族主义在芬兰仍然存在，他们还没收移民清洁工的护照，更不用提不久前为了种族纯洁而强迫妇女绝育和堕胎了。
Harry Kaye
without a doubt Finland is a failed state. Yes it had its moments throughout the history, but the cultural preference towards the left-leaning political landscape has been a constant deterrent to maximize Finland’s real potential. Joining the EU proved to be a big mistake. At first it seemed like a good decision but the subsequent developments in EU policies have all but destroyed any possibility of long-term success! In addition to that, due to the parliamentary process Finland then voted in a Green/Leftist government almost entirely against the general population's will. Finland was sitting in the middle of the crossroads, if it could have been able to avoid this double whammy, things would be different now. However, potentially, Finland is now living in the middle of the worst economic downturn in recent history. First of all, Finland can only maintain its existence by taking on more loans, it also has a real estate bubble ready to burst at any time, inflation and interest rates are creeping up, and a government committed to idiotic “woke” and environmental policies. For all practical purposes, Finland is bankrupt!
毫无疑问，芬兰是一个失败的国家。是的，它在历史上有过辉煌的时刻，但对左倾政治格局的文化偏好一直是最大限度地发挥芬兰真正潜力的一大障碍。事实证明，加入欧盟是一个巨大的错误。起初，这似乎是一个不错的决定，但随后欧盟政策的发展几乎摧毁了任何长期成功的可能性！除此之外，由于议会程序，芬兰当时投票成立了一个绿色/左翼政府，几乎完全违背了民众的意愿。芬兰正处于十字路口，如果它能够避免这种双重打击，现在的情况将会有所不同。然而，芬兰目前可能正处于近代史上最严重的经济衰退之中。首先，芬兰只能通过发放更多贷款来维持生存，它还有随时可能破裂的房地产泡沫，通货膨胀和利率都在缓慢上升，政府还致力于推行愚蠢的“觉醒”和环境政策。事实上，芬兰已经破产了！
without a doubt Finland is a failed state. Yes it had its moments throughout the history, but the cultural preference towards the left-leaning political landscape has been a constant deterrent to maximize Finland’s real potential. Joining the EU proved to be a big mistake. At first it seemed like a good decision but the subsequent developments in EU policies have all but destroyed any possibility of long-term success! In addition to that, due to the parliamentary process Finland then voted in a Green/Leftist government almost entirely against the general population's will. Finland was sitting in the middle of the crossroads, if it could have been able to avoid this double whammy, things would be different now. However, potentially, Finland is now living in the middle of the worst economic downturn in recent history. First of all, Finland can only maintain its existence by taking on more loans, it also has a real estate bubble ready to burst at any time, inflation and interest rates are creeping up, and a government committed to idiotic “woke” and environmental policies. For all practical purposes, Finland is bankrupt!
毫无疑问，芬兰是一个失败的国家。是的，它在历史上有过辉煌的时刻，但对左倾政治格局的文化偏好一直是最大限度地发挥芬兰真正潜力的一大障碍。事实证明，加入欧盟是一个巨大的错误。起初，这似乎是一个不错的决定，但随后欧盟政策的发展几乎摧毁了任何长期成功的可能性！除此之外，由于议会程序，芬兰当时投票成立了一个绿色/左翼政府，几乎完全违背了民众的意愿。芬兰正处于十字路口，如果它能够避免这种双重打击，现在的情况将会有所不同。然而，芬兰目前可能正处于近代史上最严重的经济衰退之中。首先，芬兰只能通过发放更多贷款来维持生存，它还有随时可能破裂的房地产泡沫，通货膨胀和利率都在缓慢上升，政府还致力于推行愚蠢的“觉醒”和环境政策。事实上，芬兰已经破产了！
Lasse Häggman
Actually, Finland is the least failed state in the world according to many rankings.
事实上，根据许多排名，芬兰是世界上失败最少的国家。
Actually, Finland is the least failed state in the world according to many rankings.
事实上，根据许多排名，芬兰是世界上失败最少的国家。
Jarkko Holkkunen
But it is one of the poorest western countries, with the wealth of an average citizen being less than half of that of Swedes, and less than a third of that of US citizens. The only western country with poorer people than Finland is Greece.
Money doesn’t buy you happiness, but it is a good buffer against absolute misery when the government manages to mess up the economy to the point of collapse.
但它是西方最贫穷的国家之一，人均财富不到瑞典人的一半，还不到美国公民的三分之一。唯一比芬兰人更穷的西方国家是希腊。
钱不能给你买到幸福，但当你把经济搞得一团糟，到了崩溃的地步时，它可以很好地缓冲绝对的痛苦。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
But it is one of the poorest western countries, with the wealth of an average citizen being less than half of that of Swedes, and less than a third of that of US citizens. The only western country with poorer people than Finland is Greece.
Money doesn’t buy you happiness, but it is a good buffer against absolute misery when the government manages to mess up the economy to the point of collapse.
但它是西方最贫穷的国家之一，人均财富不到瑞典人的一半，还不到美国公民的三分之一。唯一比芬兰人更穷的西方国家是希腊。
钱不能给你买到幸福，但当你把经济搞得一团糟，到了崩溃的地步时，它可以很好地缓冲绝对的痛苦。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Mats Buhrman
Interest rates are not rising since the currency is euro and the rates are fixed by European central bank. As long as there are 12 EU countries with GDP half OF Finland and no economical growth the rates are not going to rise for a long time. Finnish households are far less debt-laden than its Northern neighbours and southern European countries.
But i reckon you wrote same kind of Bullshit about Sweden also.
利率没有上升，因为货币是欧元，利率由欧洲央行确定。只要12个欧盟国家的GDP只有芬兰的一半，而且经济没有增长，那么在很长一段时间内，利率就不会上升。芬兰家庭的债务负担远低于其北欧邻国和南欧国家。
但我想你也写过类似的关于瑞典的废话。
Interest rates are not rising since the currency is euro and the rates are fixed by European central bank. As long as there are 12 EU countries with GDP half OF Finland and no economical growth the rates are not going to rise for a long time. Finnish households are far less debt-laden than its Northern neighbours and southern European countries.
But i reckon you wrote same kind of Bullshit about Sweden also.
利率没有上升，因为货币是欧元，利率由欧洲央行确定。只要12个欧盟国家的GDP只有芬兰的一半，而且经济没有增长，那么在很长一段时间内，利率就不会上升。芬兰家庭的债务负担远低于其北欧邻国和南欧国家。
但我想你也写过类似的关于瑞典的废话。
Richard Camellion
That photo shows perfectly why we Finns like to live here. This is a very beautiful country when the season is right (i.e. summer). Summer might last only ~3 months, but the days during summer are so long and the nature so full of life.
There’s nothing like Finnish summer on the lake side in this planet. Bathing in sauna in the middle of nowhere when the sun is setting for hours and jumping into the lake. That’s bliss enough to bear that dark and cold winter that follows eventually.
这张照片很好地说明了为什么我们芬兰人喜欢住在这里。当季节合适(即夏天)时，这是一个非常美丽的国家。夏天可能只有3个月，但是夏天的白天很长，大自然充满了生命。
在这个星球上，没有什么能比得上芬兰的夏天。在太阳落山的时候在荒无人烟的地方洗桑拿，然后跳进湖里。这样的幸福足以让你忍受随之而来的黑暗和寒冷的冬天。
That photo shows perfectly why we Finns like to live here. This is a very beautiful country when the season is right (i.e. summer). Summer might last only ~3 months, but the days during summer are so long and the nature so full of life.
There’s nothing like Finnish summer on the lake side in this planet. Bathing in sauna in the middle of nowhere when the sun is setting for hours and jumping into the lake. That’s bliss enough to bear that dark and cold winter that follows eventually.
这张照片很好地说明了为什么我们芬兰人喜欢住在这里。当季节合适(即夏天)时，这是一个非常美丽的国家。夏天可能只有3个月，但是夏天的白天很长，大自然充满了生命。
在这个星球上，没有什么能比得上芬兰的夏天。在太阳落山的时候在荒无人烟的地方洗桑拿，然后跳进湖里。这样的幸福足以让你忍受随之而来的黑暗和寒冷的冬天。
Sasha Gacesa
What are you doing during the rest of the year
在这一年剩下的时间里你在做什么
What are you doing during the rest of the year
在这一年剩下的时间里你在做什么
Susanna Viljanen
It is exactly because of that. No natural resources means that the only resource Finland has is its human capital.
No natural resources is the best way to avoid the resource curse and to concentrate on the human capital and building the society upon it.
Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not listed on a company's balance sheet. It can be classified as the economic value of a workers’ education, experience and skills. This includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things employers value such as loyalty and punctuality.
Human capital is important because it is perceived to increase productivity and thus profitability. So the more a country invests in its citizens (i.e., in their education, rights, judicial safety and freedoms and training), the more productive and profitable it could be.
It was noted already in the 1700s that those countries which are most abundant on natural riches tend to be the poorest, and those who lack in natural riches tend to be wealthy.
正因为如此。没有自然资源意味着芬兰唯一的资源就是人力资本。
没有一种自然资源是避免资源诅咒、集中人力资本建设社会的最佳途径。
人力资本是一种无形资产，没有列入资产负债表。它可以被划分为一个工人的教育、经验和技能的经济价值。这包括教育、培训、智力、技能、健康和其他雇主看重的东西，如忠诚和守时。
人力资本之所以重要，是因为人们认为它能提高生产率，从而提高盈利能力。因此，一个国家在公民身上投资越多(即在他们的教育、权利、司法安全、自由和培训方面)，它的生产力和利润就会越高。
早在18世纪，人们就已经注意到那些自然资源最丰富的国家往往是最贫穷的，而那些缺乏自然资源的国家往往是富有的。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
It is exactly because of that. No natural resources means that the only resource Finland has is its human capital.
No natural resources is the best way to avoid the resource curse and to concentrate on the human capital and building the society upon it.
Human capital is an intangible asset or quality not listed on a company's balance sheet. It can be classified as the economic value of a workers’ education, experience and skills. This includes assets like education, training, intelligence, skills, health, and other things employers value such as loyalty and punctuality.
Human capital is important because it is perceived to increase productivity and thus profitability. So the more a country invests in its citizens (i.e., in their education, rights, judicial safety and freedoms and training), the more productive and profitable it could be.
It was noted already in the 1700s that those countries which are most abundant on natural riches tend to be the poorest, and those who lack in natural riches tend to be wealthy.
正因为如此。没有自然资源意味着芬兰唯一的资源就是人力资本。
没有一种自然资源是避免资源诅咒、集中人力资本建设社会的最佳途径。
人力资本是一种无形资产，没有列入资产负债表。它可以被划分为一个工人的教育、经验和技能的经济价值。这包括教育、培训、智力、技能、健康和其他雇主看重的东西，如忠诚和守时。
人力资本之所以重要，是因为人们认为它能提高生产率，从而提高盈利能力。因此，一个国家在公民身上投资越多(即在他们的教育、权利、司法安全、自由和培训方面)，它的生产力和利润就会越高。
早在18世纪，人们就已经注意到那些自然资源最丰富的国家往往是最贫穷的，而那些缺乏自然资源的国家往往是富有的。
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Shams Ishraq
But still… when it comes to the Industrial Revolution, natural resources are important, aren’t they? Not necessarily gold or silver, but coal and iron. Navigable rivers or coasts help as well. Britain, Germany and the US (which had a lot of all natural resources I would say) had the ground set for them honestly.
Now if you said that, say Spain or Italy, industrialized much slower because of flaws in their institutions, low literacy , etc. you would be right and I would agree with you. But even if they DID have those things, industrialization was going to be much tougher for them.
但是，当谈到工业革命时，自然资源还是很重要的，不是吗？不一定是金或银，而是煤和铁。通航的河流或海岸也是有帮助。英国、德国和美国，我认为他们拥有丰富的自然资源，为他们的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
现在，如果你说西班牙或意大利，工业化缓慢是因为他们的制度缺陷，低识字率，等等。你是对的，我也同意你的看法。但即使他们拥有这些东西（自然资源），工业化对他们来说也要困难得多。
But still… when it comes to the Industrial Revolution, natural resources are important, aren’t they? Not necessarily gold or silver, but coal and iron. Navigable rivers or coasts help as well. Britain, Germany and the US (which had a lot of all natural resources I would say) had the ground set for them honestly.
Now if you said that, say Spain or Italy, industrialized much slower because of flaws in their institutions, low literacy , etc. you would be right and I would agree with you. But even if they DID have those things, industrialization was going to be much tougher for them.
但是，当谈到工业革命时，自然资源还是很重要的，不是吗？不一定是金或银，而是煤和铁。通航的河流或海岸也是有帮助。英国、德国和美国，我认为他们拥有丰富的自然资源，为他们的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
现在，如果你说西班牙或意大利，工业化缓慢是因为他们的制度缺陷，低识字率，等等。你是对的，我也同意你的看法。但即使他们拥有这些东西（自然资源），工业化对他们来说也要困难得多。
Konstantin Popov
Not a very convincing explanation - there are plenty of countries with no natural resources, but not all of them are as well to do as Finland.
As I know, Finland wisely used its strategic location as the economic bridge between the USSR and Western Europe. In the data I found, Finland is #2 Western trading partner of the USSR.
这不是一个很有说服力的解释——有很多国家没有自然资源，但并不是所有的国家都像芬兰一样好。
据我所知，芬兰明智地利用了其战略位置作为苏联和西欧之间的经济桥梁。在我发现的数据中，芬兰是苏联的第二大西方贸易伙伴。
Not a very convincing explanation - there are plenty of countries with no natural resources, but not all of them are as well to do as Finland.
As I know, Finland wisely used its strategic location as the economic bridge between the USSR and Western Europe. In the data I found, Finland is #2 Western trading partner of the USSR.
这不是一个很有说服力的解释——有很多国家没有自然资源，但并不是所有的国家都像芬兰一样好。
据我所知，芬兰明智地利用了其战略位置作为苏联和西欧之间的经济桥梁。在我发现的数据中，芬兰是苏联的第二大西方贸易伙伴。
Susanna Viljanen
Those countries didn’t take care of the human capital - or fscked it up for good.
Finland has been 100% literate since the 17th century. You couldn’t get married if you were illiterate.
这些国家没有管理好人力资本，或者搞得一团糟。
自17世纪以来，芬兰一直是100%的文盲。文盲是不可能结婚的。
Those countries didn’t take care of the human capital - or fscked it up for good.
Finland has been 100% literate since the 17th century. You couldn’t get married if you were illiterate.
这些国家没有管理好人力资本，或者搞得一团糟。
自17世纪以来，芬兰一直是100%的文盲。文盲是不可能结婚的。
Konstantin Popov
Still - the theory of human capital looks pretty, but money doesn’t come from human capital, it comes from trading, and geography is the crucial factor in trading. Finland managed to use its location for a great advantage for its neighbors and itself. When a country with a population of 5 mln becomes one of the major trading partners of a country of 300 mln, it does bring it a bit of money.
尽管人力资本理论看起来很不错，但钱不是来自人力资本，而是来自交易，而地理位置是交易中的关键因素。芬兰成功地利用其地理位置为其邻国和自己提供了巨大的优势。当一个500万人口的国家成为一个3亿人口的国家的主要贸易伙伴之一时，它确实会给这个国家带来一些钱。
Still - the theory of human capital looks pretty, but money doesn’t come from human capital, it comes from trading, and geography is the crucial factor in trading. Finland managed to use its location for a great advantage for its neighbors and itself. When a country with a population of 5 mln becomes one of the major trading partners of a country of 300 mln, it does bring it a bit of money.
尽管人力资本理论看起来很不错，但钱不是来自人力资本，而是来自交易，而地理位置是交易中的关键因素。芬兰成功地利用其地理位置为其邻国和自己提供了巨大的优势。当一个500万人口的国家成为一个3亿人口的国家的主要贸易伙伴之一时，它确实会给这个国家带来一些钱。
Susanna Viljanen
Money comes from the added value and degree of quality grade on traded products. Merely trading bulk products or raw materials do not make a country rich - only their Swiss bank accounts.
Finland is god-awfully disadvantaged on trading. Finland is on snow cover for five months a year, and since USSR annexed Petsamo, Finland had not have had access to oceans nor a harbour which does not freeze in the winter since 1947. And Finland has different rail gauge than most EU countries.
The only thing you can do is to try harder.
资金来自于交易产品的附加值和质量等级。仅仅交易大宗产品或原材料，并不能让一个国家变得富有——只有他们的瑞士银行账户才能让这个国家富有。
芬兰在贸易方面处于极其不利的地位。芬兰每年有五个月被积雪覆盖，自苏联吞并佩特萨莫以来，芬兰从1947年起就没有进入海洋的通道，也没有冬天不结冰的港口。芬兰的铁路轨距与大多数欧盟国家不同。
你唯一能做的就是更加努力。
Money comes from the added value and degree of quality grade on traded products. Merely trading bulk products or raw materials do not make a country rich - only their Swiss bank accounts.
Finland is god-awfully disadvantaged on trading. Finland is on snow cover for five months a year, and since USSR annexed Petsamo, Finland had not have had access to oceans nor a harbour which does not freeze in the winter since 1947. And Finland has different rail gauge than most EU countries.
The only thing you can do is to try harder.
资金来自于交易产品的附加值和质量等级。仅仅交易大宗产品或原材料，并不能让一个国家变得富有——只有他们的瑞士银行账户才能让这个国家富有。
芬兰在贸易方面处于极其不利的地位。芬兰每年有五个月被积雪覆盖，自苏联吞并佩特萨莫以来，芬兰从1947年起就没有进入海洋的通道，也没有冬天不结冰的港口。芬兰的铁路轨距与大多数欧盟国家不同。
你唯一能做的就是更加努力。
Konstantin Popov
Money comes from the added value and degree of quality grade on traded products
But in order to get the value you need to sell those products, right? And in order to sell those, you need to have them delivered.
Merely trading bulk products or raw materials do not make a country rich - only their Swiss bank accounts
UAE? Norway? Excuse me, Russia?
Finland is god-awfully disadvantaged on trading
Don’t exaggerate. Finland is located on the Baltic sea and has easy access to German, Polish, Danish, Swedish, Estonian, Latvian and Russian sea ports. Plus the rest of Northern/Western Europe, of course. Ice is a problem, but icebreakers are known from the 19th century. And you don’t need nuclear icebreakers on the Baltic, it’s not the Arctic.
By the way, last year I took a ferry from Helsinki to Stockholm in the middle of January. I don’t think I saw any ice at all.
Also, the most populous part of Finland is just about 4-hour drive from Saint Petersburg, a city that has as many people as the whole country of Finland.
Finland has different rail gauge than most EU countries.
But - surprise! - the same as Russia. Which makes trading easy with who? The only land neighbor (I mean the borders in the areas where trading by land is appropriate).
Finland is very conveniently placed and has been doing a great job utilizing its location. Of course, strategic location (e.g., between Russia and Europe) doesn’t automatically mean prosperity - as a counterexample, I can call one country that starts with “U”, which managed to blow its entire economic potential from a major industrial center to an aspiring “agricultural superpower” and provider of cheap low skilled labor for its neighbors.
资金来自于交易产品的附加值和质量等级
但是为了获得销售这些产品所需要的价值，对吧？为了能卖出去，你得让人送货上门。
仅仅交易大宗产品或原材料，并不能让一个国家变得富有——只有他们的瑞士银行账户才能让这个国家富有
阿联酋吗？挪威吗？对不起，俄罗斯吗？
芬兰在贸易方面处于极其不利的地位
不要夸大。芬兰位于波罗的海，方便与德国、波兰、丹麦、瑞典、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和俄罗斯的海港相连。当然，还有北欧和西欧的其他国家。冰是个问题，但破冰船早在19世纪就已为人所知。波罗的海也不需要核动力破冰船，那里又不是北极。
顺便说一下，去年1月中旬，我乘渡轮从赫尔辛基到斯德哥尔摩。我想我根本没看到冰。
此外，芬兰人口最多的地区距离圣彼得堡只有大约4小时的车程，而圣彼得堡的人口相当于芬兰整个国家的人口。
芬兰的铁路轨距与大多数欧盟国家不同。
但是，令人惊讶的是-和俄罗斯一样。这使得与谁交易变得容易？唯一的陆地邻国(我指的是适合进行陆地贸易的地区的边界)。
芬兰的地理位置非常便利，并一直在充分利用其地理位置。当然，战略位置(例如，俄罗斯和欧洲之间)并不意味着繁荣——作为一个反例，我可以称一个以“U”开头的国家，它成功地从一个主要的工业中心发展成为一个有抱负的“农业超级大国”，并为其邻国提供廉价的低技能劳动力。
Money comes from the added value and degree of quality grade on traded products
But in order to get the value you need to sell those products, right? And in order to sell those, you need to have them delivered.
Merely trading bulk products or raw materials do not make a country rich - only their Swiss bank accounts
UAE? Norway? Excuse me, Russia?
Finland is god-awfully disadvantaged on trading
Don’t exaggerate. Finland is located on the Baltic sea and has easy access to German, Polish, Danish, Swedish, Estonian, Latvian and Russian sea ports. Plus the rest of Northern/Western Europe, of course. Ice is a problem, but icebreakers are known from the 19th century. And you don’t need nuclear icebreakers on the Baltic, it’s not the Arctic.
By the way, last year I took a ferry from Helsinki to Stockholm in the middle of January. I don’t think I saw any ice at all.
Also, the most populous part of Finland is just about 4-hour drive from Saint Petersburg, a city that has as many people as the whole country of Finland.
Finland has different rail gauge than most EU countries.
But - surprise! - the same as Russia. Which makes trading easy with who? The only land neighbor (I mean the borders in the areas where trading by land is appropriate).
Finland is very conveniently placed and has been doing a great job utilizing its location. Of course, strategic location (e.g., between Russia and Europe) doesn’t automatically mean prosperity - as a counterexample, I can call one country that starts with “U”, which managed to blow its entire economic potential from a major industrial center to an aspiring “agricultural superpower” and provider of cheap low skilled labor for its neighbors.
资金来自于交易产品的附加值和质量等级
但是为了获得销售这些产品所需要的价值，对吧？为了能卖出去，你得让人送货上门。
仅仅交易大宗产品或原材料，并不能让一个国家变得富有——只有他们的瑞士银行账户才能让这个国家富有
阿联酋吗？挪威吗？对不起，俄罗斯吗？
芬兰在贸易方面处于极其不利的地位
不要夸大。芬兰位于波罗的海，方便与德国、波兰、丹麦、瑞典、爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚和俄罗斯的海港相连。当然，还有北欧和西欧的其他国家。冰是个问题，但破冰船早在19世纪就已为人所知。波罗的海也不需要核动力破冰船，那里又不是北极。
顺便说一下，去年1月中旬，我乘渡轮从赫尔辛基到斯德哥尔摩。我想我根本没看到冰。
此外，芬兰人口最多的地区距离圣彼得堡只有大约4小时的车程，而圣彼得堡的人口相当于芬兰整个国家的人口。
芬兰的铁路轨距与大多数欧盟国家不同。
但是，令人惊讶的是-和俄罗斯一样。这使得与谁交易变得容易？唯一的陆地邻国(我指的是适合进行陆地贸易的地区的边界)。
芬兰的地理位置非常便利，并一直在充分利用其地理位置。当然，战略位置(例如，俄罗斯和欧洲之间)并不意味着繁荣——作为一个反例，我可以称一个以“U”开头的国家，它成功地从一个主要的工业中心发展成为一个有抱负的“农业超级大国”，并为其邻国提供廉价的低技能劳动力。
Thomas Ryugo
Finland put a premium on education - as have its neighbors, Norway and Sweden. A highly educated society is more conducive to wealth creation than all the natural resources in the world.
Consider Mexico and Japan. They have virtually the same population - both 125–130 million. Mexico has fertile farmland and lots of oil and mineral wealth. Some of the best natural resources in the world. Japan is smaller geographically than California with more mountainous terrain and less fertile farmland. It has no oil and only some coal in Hokkaido. Yet Japan has four times the GDP of Mexico. Why? Japan built its education system so its economy runs on technology rather than agriculture and resource extraction. Japan had advanced manufacturing but has since outsourced much of that in favor of design and development.
If you look around the United States, you’ll see something similar. Where there’s a highly educated populace and an economy built around technological advances, there’s prosperity. Where economies are built around agriculture and resource extraction, there’s economic stagnation.
芬兰非常重视教育，它的邻国挪威和瑞典也是如此。一个受过高等教育的社会比世界上所有的自然资源都更有利于财富的创造。
以墨西哥和日本为例。两国人口几乎相同——都是1.25亿到1.3亿。墨西哥有肥沃的农田和大量的石油和矿产资源。这里有世界上最好的自然资源。日本在地理上比加州小，多山，耕地少。北海道没有石油，只有一些煤炭。然而，日本的GDP是墨西哥的四倍。为什么？日本建立了教育体系，使其经济依靠技术而不是农业和资源开采。日本拥有先进的制造业，但后来为了有利于设计和开发，将大部分制造业外包出去了。
如果你环顾美国，你会看到类似的情况。哪里有受过高等教育的民众，哪里有建立在技术进步基础上的经济，哪里就有繁荣。如果经济建立在农业和资源开采的基础上，就会出现经济停滞。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Finland put a premium on education - as have its neighbors, Norway and Sweden. A highly educated society is more conducive to wealth creation than all the natural resources in the world.
Consider Mexico and Japan. They have virtually the same population - both 125–130 million. Mexico has fertile farmland and lots of oil and mineral wealth. Some of the best natural resources in the world. Japan is smaller geographically than California with more mountainous terrain and less fertile farmland. It has no oil and only some coal in Hokkaido. Yet Japan has four times the GDP of Mexico. Why? Japan built its education system so its economy runs on technology rather than agriculture and resource extraction. Japan had advanced manufacturing but has since outsourced much of that in favor of design and development.
If you look around the United States, you’ll see something similar. Where there’s a highly educated populace and an economy built around technological advances, there’s prosperity. Where economies are built around agriculture and resource extraction, there’s economic stagnation.
芬兰非常重视教育，它的邻国挪威和瑞典也是如此。一个受过高等教育的社会比世界上所有的自然资源都更有利于财富的创造。
以墨西哥和日本为例。两国人口几乎相同——都是1.25亿到1.3亿。墨西哥有肥沃的农田和大量的石油和矿产资源。这里有世界上最好的自然资源。日本在地理上比加州小，多山，耕地少。北海道没有石油，只有一些煤炭。然而，日本的GDP是墨西哥的四倍。为什么？日本建立了教育体系，使其经济依靠技术而不是农业和资源开采。日本拥有先进的制造业，但后来为了有利于设计和开发，将大部分制造业外包出去了。
如果你环顾美国，你会看到类似的情况。哪里有受过高等教育的民众，哪里有建立在技术进步基础上的经济，哪里就有繁荣。如果经济建立在农业和资源开采的基础上，就会出现经济停滞。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Timo Vidgrén
From my point of view, Finnish “richness” is built on strong social democracy, “Nordic model” , strong unxs and “luck”.
Strong social democracy has to build government own/state-run/companies where state percentage ownership is high on sectors that are important for the nations, like water treatment, electricity lines, phone lines, sewage and waste management etc.
The Nordic model makes a peaceful society. Welfare system prevents that people have to live on the streets and makes crime levels on average quite low. Not much people that have to “live on the edge” Workforce is well educated by the state and quite skilful and quite well-motivated.
Strong unxs prevent most of the misuse of the workforce, give the workforce quite a good share of the profits of the capital etc. safe workplaces.
The “luck” part comes from the industrial development of Finland, see below about war reparations etc.
On the historical timeline, Finland was really poor about 100 years ago. In 1850 Finland was one of Europe's poorest “countries” (Grand Duchy of Finland). During Finland's independence, our economy has grown about 15 times bigger. Finland´s economic growth has been the second-highest in the world, after Japan.
At the beginning of the last century, about 73% of Finns were farmers. In 1920 only about 10% of the population was employed by the industry. After Finland got its independence, the economic growth rate started to grow faster than before. In the 1930´s Finland had got up to the average European nation. on GDP, still, there was still a small amount of industry.
Finland industry faster growth rate started after WWII. Finland had large war reparations to be fulfilled to Soviet unx. Finland was the only nation that eventually after WWII paid its war reparations, mainly in metal industry products; machinery for soviet industry etc. Finland was one of the few countries in “western” Europe that had large exports to the Soviet unx that also helped our industry to grow between 1945–1970´s. During the 1960´s also exports to the western countries started to rise.
During this time the “Finnish welfare state” was built (1950–1980). The government strictly controlled the government-run companies and put much of their profits to develop the society and the state infrastructure. Same time the government tried to prevent foreign investors to take over any sectors that were too important. Foreigner investors could not own over a certain percentage of Finnish companies before the 1980´s
I would not say that Finland is rich. Finland´s government debt compared to nations GDP is quite high (like in most western countries) and Finland is not very high on the list of countries total wealth.
Finland has some natural resources to speak of; wood and mining. Finland has a long history of lumber production`& wood processing and mining activity. About 20% of Finnish export income comes still from forestry product exports. Finnish metallurgical technology and manufacturers of mining equipment are well known throughout the international mining community. Deposits have provided the raw material base for Finland metal industry.
在我看来，芬兰的“富裕”是建立在强大的社会民主、“北欧模式”、强大的工会和“运气”之上的。
强大的社会民主主义必须建立在政府对国家重要的部门，如水处理、电力线路、电话线路、污水处理和废物管理等，拥有高的国有比例的基础上。
北欧模式创造了一个和平的社会。福利制度防止人们不得不流落街头，使平均犯罪率变得相当低。劳动力受过良好的国家教育，技术相当熟练，工作非常积极。
强大的工会防止了大部分劳动力的滥用，给了劳动力相当可观的资本利润份额等。给他们提供了安全的工作场所。
“运气”部分来自芬兰的工业发展，见下文关于战争赔款等。
从历史上看，大约100年前的芬兰非常贫穷。1850年，芬兰是欧洲最穷的“国家”之一(芬兰大公国)。在芬兰独立期间，我们的经济增长了大约15倍。芬兰的经济增长一直位居世界第二，仅次于日本。
上个世纪初，约73%的芬兰人是农民。1920年，只有大约10%的人口受雇于工业。芬兰独立后，经济增长速度开始加快。在20世纪30年代，芬兰已经达到了欧洲国家的平均水平。在GDP上，仍然有少量的工业。
芬兰工业的快速增长始于二战后。芬兰要向苏联支付大笔战争赔款。芬兰是二战后唯一一个最终支付战争赔款的国家，主要是金属工业产品；苏联工业用机械等。芬兰是“西欧”国家中为数不多的对苏联有大量出口的国家之一，这也帮助我们的工业在1945-1970年代之间的增长。在1960年代，对西方国家的出口也开始上升。
在此期间，“芬兰福利国家”建立(1950-1980)。政府严格控制政府运营的公司，把他们的利润的大部分发展社会和国家基础设施。与此同时，政府试图阻止外国投资者接管任何过于重要的行业。在20世纪80年代以前，外国投资者不能拥有超过一定比例的芬兰公司
我不觉得芬兰富裕。芬兰的政府债务与国内生产总值(GDP)相比相当高(像大多数西方国家一样)，芬兰在国家总财富排行榜上不是很靠前。
芬兰有一些自然资源值得一提；木材和矿产。芬兰在木材生产、木材加工和采矿活动方面有着悠久的历史。芬兰约20%的出口收入仍来自林业产品出口。芬兰的冶金技术和采矿设备制造商在整个国际采矿界都是众所周知的。矿床为芬兰金属工业提供了原料基础。
From my point of view, Finnish “richness” is built on strong social democracy, “Nordic model” , strong unxs and “luck”.
Strong social democracy has to build government own/state-run/companies where state percentage ownership is high on sectors that are important for the nations, like water treatment, electricity lines, phone lines, sewage and waste management etc.
The Nordic model makes a peaceful society. Welfare system prevents that people have to live on the streets and makes crime levels on average quite low. Not much people that have to “live on the edge” Workforce is well educated by the state and quite skilful and quite well-motivated.
Strong unxs prevent most of the misuse of the workforce, give the workforce quite a good share of the profits of the capital etc. safe workplaces.
The “luck” part comes from the industrial development of Finland, see below about war reparations etc.
On the historical timeline, Finland was really poor about 100 years ago. In 1850 Finland was one of Europe's poorest “countries” (Grand Duchy of Finland). During Finland's independence, our economy has grown about 15 times bigger. Finland´s economic growth has been the second-highest in the world, after Japan.
At the beginning of the last century, about 73% of Finns were farmers. In 1920 only about 10% of the population was employed by the industry. After Finland got its independence, the economic growth rate started to grow faster than before. In the 1930´s Finland had got up to the average European nation. on GDP, still, there was still a small amount of industry.
Finland industry faster growth rate started after WWII. Finland had large war reparations to be fulfilled to Soviet unx. Finland was the only nation that eventually after WWII paid its war reparations, mainly in metal industry products; machinery for soviet industry etc. Finland was one of the few countries in “western” Europe that had large exports to the Soviet unx that also helped our industry to grow between 1945–1970´s. During the 1960´s also exports to the western countries started to rise.
During this time the “Finnish welfare state” was built (1950–1980). The government strictly controlled the government-run companies and put much of their profits to develop the society and the state infrastructure. Same time the government tried to prevent foreign investors to take over any sectors that were too important. Foreigner investors could not own over a certain percentage of Finnish companies before the 1980´s
I would not say that Finland is rich. Finland´s government debt compared to nations GDP is quite high (like in most western countries) and Finland is not very high on the list of countries total wealth.
Finland has some natural resources to speak of; wood and mining. Finland has a long history of lumber production`& wood processing and mining activity. About 20% of Finnish export income comes still from forestry product exports. Finnish metallurgical technology and manufacturers of mining equipment are well known throughout the international mining community. Deposits have provided the raw material base for Finland metal industry.
在我看来，芬兰的“富裕”是建立在强大的社会民主、“北欧模式”、强大的工会和“运气”之上的。
强大的社会民主主义必须建立在政府对国家重要的部门，如水处理、电力线路、电话线路、污水处理和废物管理等，拥有高的国有比例的基础上。
北欧模式创造了一个和平的社会。福利制度防止人们不得不流落街头，使平均犯罪率变得相当低。劳动力受过良好的国家教育，技术相当熟练，工作非常积极。
强大的工会防止了大部分劳动力的滥用，给了劳动力相当可观的资本利润份额等。给他们提供了安全的工作场所。
“运气”部分来自芬兰的工业发展，见下文关于战争赔款等。
从历史上看，大约100年前的芬兰非常贫穷。1850年，芬兰是欧洲最穷的“国家”之一(芬兰大公国)。在芬兰独立期间，我们的经济增长了大约15倍。芬兰的经济增长一直位居世界第二，仅次于日本。
上个世纪初，约73%的芬兰人是农民。1920年，只有大约10%的人口受雇于工业。芬兰独立后，经济增长速度开始加快。在20世纪30年代，芬兰已经达到了欧洲国家的平均水平。在GDP上，仍然有少量的工业。
芬兰工业的快速增长始于二战后。芬兰要向苏联支付大笔战争赔款。芬兰是二战后唯一一个最终支付战争赔款的国家，主要是金属工业产品；苏联工业用机械等。芬兰是“西欧”国家中为数不多的对苏联有大量出口的国家之一，这也帮助我们的工业在1945-1970年代之间的增长。在1960年代，对西方国家的出口也开始上升。
在此期间，“芬兰福利国家”建立(1950-1980)。政府严格控制政府运营的公司，把他们的利润的大部分发展社会和国家基础设施。与此同时，政府试图阻止外国投资者接管任何过于重要的行业。在20世纪80年代以前，外国投资者不能拥有超过一定比例的芬兰公司
我不觉得芬兰富裕。芬兰的政府债务与国内生产总值(GDP)相比相当高(像大多数西方国家一样)，芬兰在国家总财富排行榜上不是很靠前。
芬兰有一些自然资源值得一提；木材和矿产。芬兰在木材生产、木材加工和采矿活动方面有着悠久的历史。芬兰约20%的出口收入仍来自林业产品出口。芬兰的冶金技术和采矿设备制造商在整个国际采矿界都是众所周知的。矿床为芬兰金属工业提供了原料基础。
Kari Autero
Finland’s most important natural resource are the forests. They have historically produced the most important raw materials to both domestic use and export. During the era of wooden ships, tar was Finland’s most important export product- Later paper, cellulosa and timber took that place and the Finnish export industry was built mainly depending on these.
We have minerals too, but our mining industry is mostly in the hands of foreign companies.
Exporting raw materials doesn’t make any country easily rich, they are too cheap for that. The true Finnish resource that has made it rich is the human resource, skill and will to refine these materials and to develop a skill centered society with high-class science and research.
Finland refines also raw materials that are impored from abroad: refined oil products are one important segment of export in Finland. Neste is for example the biggest producer of renewable diesel in the world.
That’s just an example, but I think that it describes in a simplified form how any developed country has developed from natural to human resources as the source of their wealth.
Human resources don’t mean cheap labour, not anymore. It means highly educated people and high leverl education through the population. The cheap labout has largely been outsourced to the developing countries.
芬兰最重要的自然资源是森林。有史以来，他们生产了国内使用和出口的最重要的原材料。在木船时代，焦油是芬兰最重要的出口产品——后来纸张、纤维素和木材取代了这一地位，芬兰的出口工业主要依赖于这些产品。
我们也有矿产，但我们的采矿业主要掌握在外国公司手中。
出口原材料并不能让任何国家轻松致富，因为原材料太便宜了。真正使芬兰富裕起来的资源是人力资源、技能和意志，以提炼这些材料，并发展一个以技能为中心的社会，拥有一流的科学和研究。
芬兰还提炼从国外进口的原材料: 成品油产品是芬兰出口的一个重要部分。例如，Neste是世界上最大的可再生柴油生产商。
这只是一个例子，但我认为它用一个简化的形式描述了任何一个发达国家如何从自然资源发展到人力资源作为他们财富的来源的过程。
人力资源不再意味着廉价劳动力。它指的是受过高等教育的人。廉价的劳动力大部分被外包给了发展中国家。
Finland’s most important natural resource are the forests. They have historically produced the most important raw materials to both domestic use and export. During the era of wooden ships, tar was Finland’s most important export product- Later paper, cellulosa and timber took that place and the Finnish export industry was built mainly depending on these.
We have minerals too, but our mining industry is mostly in the hands of foreign companies.
Exporting raw materials doesn’t make any country easily rich, they are too cheap for that. The true Finnish resource that has made it rich is the human resource, skill and will to refine these materials and to develop a skill centered society with high-class science and research.
Finland refines also raw materials that are impored from abroad: refined oil products are one important segment of export in Finland. Neste is for example the biggest producer of renewable diesel in the world.
That’s just an example, but I think that it describes in a simplified form how any developed country has developed from natural to human resources as the source of their wealth.
Human resources don’t mean cheap labour, not anymore. It means highly educated people and high leverl education through the population. The cheap labout has largely been outsourced to the developing countries.
芬兰最重要的自然资源是森林。有史以来，他们生产了国内使用和出口的最重要的原材料。在木船时代，焦油是芬兰最重要的出口产品——后来纸张、纤维素和木材取代了这一地位，芬兰的出口工业主要依赖于这些产品。
我们也有矿产，但我们的采矿业主要掌握在外国公司手中。
出口原材料并不能让任何国家轻松致富，因为原材料太便宜了。真正使芬兰富裕起来的资源是人力资源、技能和意志，以提炼这些材料，并发展一个以技能为中心的社会，拥有一流的科学和研究。
芬兰还提炼从国外进口的原材料: 成品油产品是芬兰出口的一个重要部分。例如，Neste是世界上最大的可再生柴油生产商。
这只是一个例子，但我认为它用一个简化的形式描述了任何一个发达国家如何从自然资源发展到人力资源作为他们财富的来源的过程。
人力资源不再意味着廉价劳动力。它指的是受过高等教育的人。廉价的劳动力大部分被外包给了发展中国家。
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