QA问答:为什么印度不像泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾等国家那样受东南亚游客欢迎?
2023-06-30 wuhaowsh 10125
正文翻译

Why is India not as popular as Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Philippines, etc for tourism in Southeast Asia?

为什么印度不像泰国、越南、印度尼西亚、菲律宾等国家那样受东南亚游客欢迎?

原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


评论翻译
Vinod Mathew
As an Indian who just visited Vietnam I can answer this question
Infrastructure in India is still not upto the mark. In tourist areas of Vietnam, roads are good, all infrastructure is perfect. Never saw a pothole anywhere.
They atmosphere is festive and friendly in Vietnam. A tourist can sit by the roadside in the evening and enjoy a drink anywhere. Not so in India.
Easy to hire a scooter or bike and go around in Vietnam. No police harassment.
Law abiding citizens in Vietnam. I rarely saw helmets being locked in Vietnam. Try that in India.
Vietnam wants to promote tourism, there are attractions and activities designed for that. Like sun world , ha long bay, hoi an etc
India has immense potential in tourism, natural beauty and diversity. There are locations worth visiting in every season. But we need to make an effort to make it more tourist friendly. There are international standards that need to be provided at least in the tourist areas. Tourism helps in projection of the beauty of the nation and also provides jobs to some needy people.

作为一个刚去过越南的印度人我可以回答这个问题
印度的基础设施仍然达不到标准。越南旅游区道路良好,基础设施完善。从来没有在任何地方看到坑洼。
越南的气氛是喜庆而友好的。晚上游客可以坐在路边随处喝一杯,印度则不然。
在越南很容易租到一辆摩托车或自行车。没有警察骚扰。
守法的越南公民。在越南,我很少看到头盔被锁上。在印度试试吧。
越南希望促进旅游业,有专门为此设计的景点和活动。比如太阳世界、下龙湾、会安等
印度在旅游业、自然美景和多样性方面拥有巨大潜力。每个季节都有值得游览的地方。但我们需要努力使其对游客更加友好。至少在旅游区需要提供国际标准。旅游业有助于展示国家之美,也为一些有需要的人提供就业机会。

Bill Shine
Compared to countries that give you a visa on arrival, obtaining a visa to visit India is something a lot of people won’t bother with. Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, malaysia, and Cambodia will give you a visa on arrival. India won’t.

与向您提供落地签证的国家相比,许多人不会为获得访问印度的签证而烦恼。泰国、印度尼西亚、新加坡、马来西亚和柬埔寨将为您提供落地签证,印度不会。

Nazarius Celsus Dorus
Is it me or am I'm crazy. First of all, India is not in southeast Asia. It's in south Asia. Please google the list of the countries in southeast Asia

是我的问题还是我疯了。首先,印度不属于东南亚,它位于南亚。请google一下东南亚国家列表

Piyush Sinha
There are so many vietnam, phillipines,and other countries in india not only of size but also of population. So there is no comparison. There are other compulsion also in india which those countries don't have.

印度有很多越南、菲律宾和其他国家,不仅面积大,而且人口也多,所以没有可比性。印度还存在其他国家所没有的强制措施。

Kishimi Ismaila
exactly. the most famous in India Taj Mahal has a lacklustre approach. The park leading to the entrance of such a magnificent site is unbelievable. then the fear of scams and pickpocketing is rife. a lot of scams. from photographers to souvenir sellers and even the restaurants. then talk about the red fort… all these have to be looked into.

确切地。印度最著名的泰姬陵却表现平平。通往如此宏伟遗址入口的公园令人难以置信。然后是对诈骗和扒窃的恐惧,很多骗局。从摄影师到纪念品卖家,甚至餐馆。那就说说红堡吧,这些都得调查清楚。

Suyogya Gupta
Extreme corruption in every place, poor hotels extorting high charges, dishonest people trying to loot tourist have made India a hell for foreign tourists. Otherwise nature has gifted several attractions to India.

各地的腐败现象极其严重,劣质酒店索要高额费用,不诚实的人试图抢劫游客,使印度成为外国游客的地狱。除此之外,大自然还赋予了印度许多吸引力。

Bala K Swamy
First we have garbages dumped in all roads and anyone walking along roadside is nearly impossible. Useless BJP collected crores of money in the name of Swach Bharat Cess and looted the money. India has become very ugly in the last 10 years. Traffic is a nightmare in every city in India. No proper drainage system in the country. For every monsoon most of the cities get submerged in the rain water. No long term plan. The only plan for the PM is to sell Air India to TATA and buy 2 new Boeing aircrafts for himself. That's the only thing happened.

首先,我们所有的道路上都倾倒着垃圾,任何人在路边行走几乎是不可能的。无用的印度人民党以 Swach Bharat Cess 的名义筹集了数千万美元并抢劫了这些钱。印度在过去十年里变得非常丑陋。在印度的每个城市,交通都是一场噩梦。该国没有适当的排水系统。每逢雨季,大多数城市都会被雨水淹没。没有长期计划,印度总理唯一的计划是将印度航空出售给塔塔航空,并为自己购买两架新的波音飞机,这是唯一发生的事情。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Evangelina Cruz
Just my observations and my opinion if it counts, India has their own ways of living they preserved their customs and traditions, you'll find the most intelligent people in India we don't hear about the good sides for some reasons but those other countries mentioned are being promoted and the media doesn't show their bad sides, Indian people are not as cunning as people let say in the Philippines. In the Philippines people are deceitful they are manipulative that's their nature whether they're poor or rich, so you won't know what hits you until you've been hit, so beware. Unlike in India, you're on your guard because what you see is what you get.

只是我的观察和我的意见(如果重要的话),印度有自己的生活方式,他们保留了自己的习俗和传统,你会发现最聪明的人在印度,由于某些原因我们没有听到好的方面,但其他国家提到的都在宣传,媒体也没有表现出他们不好的一面,印度人并不像菲律宾人所说的那么狡猾。在菲律宾,人们都很虚伪,他们很善于操纵,这就是他们的本性,无论他们是穷人还是富人,你不会知道你怎么被欺骗的,所以要小心。不像在印度,你要保持警惕,因为你看到的就是你得到的。

Laaland Clare
I have travelled a lot in Asia I will never return to India as a white man. Every corner of every street in Jaipur and Delhi there are opportunists, scammers, men they are very clever and even when you book guided tours you cannot avoid Them. The culture towards tourism of very dishonest and you get lies to all the time. This is not just my view, but other Australians I have spoken to.

我在亚洲旅行过很多次,但我永远不会以白人身份回到印度。斋浦尔和德里的每条街道的每个角落都有机会主义者、骗子,他们非常聪明,即使你预订导游,你也无法避免他们。旅游业的文化非常不诚实,你总是会听到谎言。这不仅是我的观点,也是我交谈过的其他澳大利亚人的观点。

Franklin Wong
First thing that hits any tourist in India is the chaos and the filth….litter and rubbish everywhere. Don’t they even make an effort to clean up?

来到印度的游客首先感受到的就是混乱和肮脏……到处都是垃圾。难道他们连清理的功夫都没有吗?

Annynomys
Even india can’t be a retirement country, since cultural differences and lots of restrictions on food, meat, cloths. Open love is a taboo and even Nikki’s are not allowed in beach. If we wear pervert stare like anything. Horrible sometime to walk alone in india. However thailand,philipiens and Vietnam is awesome in all these sense

即使是印度也不能成为一个适合生活的国家,因为文化差异以及对食物、肉类、衣服的许多限制。公开恋爱是一种禁忌,就连比基尼也不允许出现在海滩上。如果我们穿得像变态一样。在印度独自行走太可怕了。然而,泰国、菲律宾和越南在这些方面都很棒。

S. Rey
I visited Bangalore a number of years ago, and stayed at The Taj West End hotel across from the race track. It remains my best overseas trip of all time—more memorable than my subsequent visits to Tokyo, Singapore, London, etc. I love the mix of scruffiness and elegance of the city and country in general; I love how the refined and unrefined coexist in harmony.

几年前我访问过班加罗尔,住在赛马场对面的泰姬陵西区酒店。这仍然是我有史以来最棒的海外旅行——比我随后访问东京、新加坡、伦敦等地更令人难忘。总的来说,我喜欢这座城市和乡村的邋遢与优雅的结合;我喜欢精致与粗犷的和谐共存。

Siva Sai Gontla
It’s a hard slap on the face as Indian but can’t deny any point in it. But the infra has become much better in recent years

作为印度人,这是一记沉重的耳光,但我不能否认其中的任何一点。但近年来,基础设施已经变得更好了

Sarah Paulina
In 2007, I overheard our school principal say that her friend was asking her to join them in their trip to India. My school principal said, “India is stinky.” I was young and thought “what a racist, ignorant, uncultured b***h.” I've always wanted to visit the Taj Mahal.
16 years and many travels later, I now understand what she meant. Traffic in India is horrible. There's too many people everywhere going in every direction, all shouting and talking animatedly. The food, while amazing, when mixed with scent of sweat in the hot humid weather, can get nauseating to the untrained nose.
Nonetheless, there are many admirable things about India and its people. It's always good to experience new enviroments and immerse in different cultures.
What stops me, as a tourist, from going to India is the way local men treat solo female tourists. You don't see as much news about female tourists getting raped, harrassed and scammed in other tourist destinations.

2007年,我无意中听到我们学校校长说她的朋友邀请她和他们一起去印度旅行。我的校长说:“印度很臭。” 我当时还年轻,心想“真是个种族主义者、无知、没文化的混蛋。” 我一直想去参观泰姬陵。
16年过去了,经过多次旅行,我现在明白她的意思了。印度的交通状况很糟糕。到处都有太多的人朝各个方向涌来,大家都在大声喊叫、热烈交谈。这些食物虽然令人惊叹,但在炎热潮湿的天气里与汗味混合在一起时,可能会让未经训练的鼻子感到恶心。
尽管如此,印度及其人民还是有许多令人钦佩的地方。体验新的环境并沉浸在不同的文化中总是好的。
作为一名游客,阻止我去印度的是当地男性对待单身女游客的方式。在其他旅游目的地,你看不到那么多关于女游客被强奸、骚扰和诈骗的新闻。

Ninth Sunn
in honesty, it’s depending on what you want to see from your visits. i’ve been travelling around asia part, china, japan, india, taiwan, malaysia, indonesia, myanmar, thailand, laos, vietnam, cambodia and a few others, each individual country has its own charms to offer. it’s difficult for me to say this country is better than this country. though if i have to pick my favourite, without a doubt, japan is the best out of them all. that said if i have to revisit, india would be my top of the list. in spite of its chaotic, dirt and grime, the country has so many things to offer in its own right. in some respect, it’d be a real shame to loose this side of characteristic. life is so down to earth and so much to explore from north to south, their cultures are different from one another. its way of life, food, religions, bright and colourful ceremonies throughout the country are one must experience in one’s life, not to mention many of its forts and ancient temples. they’re simply majestic! this term of “incredible india” says it all in every aspects. i kept returning to india four time during my travels and spent the most time, 6 months, out of them all. there’s so much to see and explore, will most definitely go back soon enough.
my advice, visit india with open heart and see it beyond your comfort zone, its dirt and grime. explore different part of india, you’d be appreciated more the value of life from the experiences.

老实说,这取决于您想从旅游中看到什么。我去过亚洲部分地区,中国、日本、印度、台湾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、缅甸、泰国、老挝、越南、柬埔寨和其他一些国家,每个国家都有自己的魅力。我很难说这个国家比这个国家更好。但如果我必须选择我最喜欢的国家,毫无疑问,日本是其中最好的。也就是说,如果我必须重新访问,印度将是我的首选。尽管混乱、肮脏和污垢,这个国家本身就有很多东西可以提供。从某些方面来说,失去这一方面的特征确实是一种耻辱。从北到南,生活如此脚踏实地,有如此多的值得探索的地方,他们的文化彼此不同。它的生活方式、食物、宗教、全国各地明亮多彩的仪式是一生中必须经历的,更不用说许多堡垒和古老的寺庙了。他们简直太雄伟了!“不可思议的印度”这个词在各个方面都说明了一切。在我的旅行中,我不断地返回印度四次,其中花费的时间最长,为六个月。有太多值得参观和探索的地方,我肯定会很快回去。
我的建议是,敞开心扉去印度旅游,看看你的舒适区以外的地方,看看那里的肮脏和污垢。探索印度不同的地方,你会从经历中更加欣赏生命的价值。

Henry Young
I have been to India several times on business in 1990s. My view on India not being popular is:
Overall it is hot everywhere. I dont mind hot climate as I live in HK and know what hot means. But the first impression India gave me is not enough air conditioning, it is stuffy. There was not much wind (I went to Mumbai, New Delhi and Calcutta).
Good hotels difficult to find. I know Oberoi, I stayed there but otherwise it is difficult to find acceptable or decent hotels.
Taxis are the Ambassador cars - small and crampy. Poor impression to tourists and business travellers. Wonder how come India did not have other better more comfortable cars. I have backpacked to many countries, rich and poor, and never expect the small Ambassadors taxi. It makes one wanting to get out as soon as one gets in.
I wont travel on Air India again after my first and last experience. It somewhat smells. Service is OK. The lights seem inadequate. Why? It gives people a poor impression to be in a cabin with inadequate lighting. In other airlines, the lighting is good, seats are comfortable. I dont expect Air India to be as good as JAL or Cathay (at that time) but it falls short of my expectations. Recently news said some passenger on flights in India was bitten by scorpion and news said rats had been sighted in the past. To me, that is nightmare.

20世纪90年代,我曾多次因公出差到过印度。我对印度不受欢迎的看法是:
总的来说,到处都很热。我不介意炎热的气候,因为我住在香港,知道炎热意味着什么。但印度给我的第一印象就是空气不够,很闷。风不大(我去了孟买、新德里和加尔各答)。
好酒店很难找。我知道欧贝罗伊,我住在那里,但除此之外很难找到可接受或像样的酒店。
出租车又小又挤。给游客和商务旅客留下不好的印象。想知道为什么印度没有其他更好更舒适的汽车。我背包去过很多国家,无论富裕国家还是贫穷国家,从来没想过会有又小又挤的出租车。让人一进来就想出去。
在我第一次也是最后一次经历之后,我不会再乘坐印度航空的航班了。有点味道,服务还可以。灯光似乎不够。为什么?身处照明不足的舱内给人一种不好的印象。其他航空公司的灯光很好,座位很舒服。我并不认为印度航空会像日航或国泰航空(当时)那样好,但它没有达到我的期望。最近有消息称,印度航班上有乘客被蝎子咬伤,还有消息称过去曾见过老鼠。对我来说,那是噩梦。

Cow dungs is a problem for me. I know Hindus respect cows. But the cow dungs which is everywhere has many problems: people may unknowingly step on it [I had several such unfortunate incidents], flies fly around the dung, the streets are unsightly with dungs here and there, could some cow dungs be flown onto my face when the wind blows?, When one looks onto the street with cow dungs, it sure is unsightly. Why not have some people whose job is to collect the cow dungs to a depot so that the streets are clean. No tourist want to see dirty streets. I know the religion dimension here but cant see any way out.
Public transport is terrible. I saw a boy trying to get on board a bus by holding onto the railings. I thought he is almost like committing suicide as who knows when he could not hold onto the rail further on exhaustion of his strength and when the bus turn around the corner. So I do walking most of the time.
I had travelled on Indian trains. It was crowded and I was standing at a corner of the train. I know India’s population problem but the jam pack experience is something not tourist like. I dont find Japan’s jam pack experience annoying but find it annoying in India.

牛粪对我来说是个问题。我知道印度教徒尊重牛。但随处可见的牛粪却存在很多问题:人们可能会不知不觉地踩到它(我就遇到过好几次这样的不幸事件),苍蝇在牛粪周围飞来飞去,街道上到处都是牛粪,很难看,会不会把一些牛粪吹到我的家中呢?风吹过的脸?当你看到满是牛粪的街道时,确实很不雅观。为什么不派一些人来把牛粪收集到仓库,这样街道就干净了。没有游客愿意看到肮脏的街道。我知道这里的宗教维度,但看不到任何出路。
公共交通很糟糕。我看到一个男孩试图抓住公共汽车上栏杆。我觉得他简直就像自杀一样,谁知道什么时候他已经力竭了,再也抓不住栏杆了,谁知道什么时候公交车拐了个弯。所以我大部分时间都是步行。
我曾乘坐印度火车旅行。车里很拥挤,我站在火车的一角。我知道印度的人口问题,但果酱包的体验并不像游客喜欢的那样。我不觉得日本的果酱包令人讨厌,但在印度却很令人讨厌。

The city is not colourful enough. I mean the paint on the houses are not bright colour and that makes people/tourist feel a dampen atmosphere. May be it is customary in India, I dont know but in other countries, there are houses with brighter colours.
I also have the unfortunate experience of finding my shoes gone after going into a temple (I have to take off my shoes at the door and place it outside of the temple). That is a very bad impression on tourist. Am I going to wear shoes of another person so that the person finds his shoes gone?
The above are the negative impressions left on me. Overall, to me, it is the cow dung, atmosphere, public transport. Otherwise it is OK.
I dont worry so much about water as many tourists have this concern. I drink bottled water , water waiters serve me, and boiled water. Food is OK.

这座城市的色彩还不够丰富。我的意思是房子上的油漆颜色不鲜艳,这让人们/游客感到压抑的气氛。可能这是印度的习惯,我不知道,但在其他国家,有颜色更鲜艳的房子。
我也有过进入寺庙后发现鞋子不见了的不幸经历(我必须在门口脱掉鞋子并将其放在寺庙外面)。这给游客留下了非常不好的印象。难道我要穿别人的鞋子,以致别人发现他的鞋子不见了?
以上是给我留下的负面印象。总的来说,对我来说,是牛粪、空气、公共交通。否则就可以了。
我不太担心水,因为很多游客都有这个担心。我喝瓶装水,服务员给我倒水,还有开水。食物还可以。

Jackson Christie
It's almost three decades now. You could give it a try again. The change will amaze you. But somethings may not have changed!

到现在已经快三十年了。你可以再试一次,这种变化会让你大吃一惊,但有些事情可能没有改变!

Don Wynn
Cow dung on street is intolerable. I have stepped on dog dung in America before, the most modern country in the world, but it was just random. People herd their dogs on side walks and irresponsible to let their dogs poop on the side walks but like I said it is random.
India should not allow cows wondering around the city’s roads. That’s very primitive.

街上的牛粪令人难以忍受。我以前在美国这个世界上最现代化的国家踩过狗粪,但那只是随机的。人们把狗放在人行道上,让他们的狗在人行道上拉屎是不负责任的,但就像我说的,这是随机的。
印度不应该允许奶牛在城市道路周围徘徊。这是非常原始的。

Anthony Gotama
Indonesia is very popular ? I don't think so as Indonesian. Because everyone just only know Bali and that's all, the rest other of Indonesia are not favourite tourist obxt for foreigners.
So far only Malaysian and Singaporean mostly will discover another parts of Indonesia. The rest other will only choose Bali or at least Lombok as their tourist destination.

印度尼西亚很受欢迎?作为印尼人我不这么认为。因为大家只知道巴厘岛而已,印度尼西亚的其他地方并不是外国人最喜欢的旅游目的地。
到目前为止,大多数只有马来西亚人和新加坡人会发现印度尼西亚的其他地区。其余的人只会选择巴厘岛或至少龙目岛作为他们的旅游目的地。

Anuar Osman
Sorry to mention these. When I was in India in the early 70’s I was shocked on arriving in N. Delhi and the Jaipur. The smell of cooking oil, cow dung and horse dung made me sick to the bone. People were pissing on the roadside. Beggars were abound and swarm you if you look foreign.There were flies everywhere and drinking unboiled water would caused diarrhoea. The railway was havoc where even their toilets are filled with passengers. Imagine if you need to pee or poo. India has some beautiful and historic place to visit, but its environment does no seem conducive for an ordinary tourist. I hope things have changed by now.

抱歉提到这些。七十年代初我在印度时,到达北德里和斋浦尔时我感到很震惊。地沟油、牛粪、马粪的味道让我恶心得要命。人们在路边撒尿。乞丐比比皆是,只要你看起来像外国人,就会围攻你。苍蝇到处都是,喝生水会导致腹泻。铁路一片混乱,连厕所都挤满了乘客。想象一下如果您需要小便或大便会怎么样。印度有一些美丽且历史悠久的地方值得参观,但其环境似乎不适合普通游客。我希望现在情况已经有所改变。

Jonas Werner
Originally Answered: Why is India not as popular as Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia, Phillipines, etc for tourism in South East Asia?
I don't know if I'm qualified to answer your question, but I give it a try.
My background: I,ve been working with tourism most of my adult life in Norway and Sweden. I've been to most countries in western Europe, and have spend in total around 30 month in India all together. So I havn't been to any other South East Asian country, so I don't have hands down experience with them.
Almost every friend or people I spoken to in Sweden or Norway have been to Thailand, and they kind of like it, some more and some less. Not so many have been to India.
But I think we should ask ourself why we want tourism, as an income to the country or just that they come here and explore the beuty of the country, people or sites?
If the answere is the nations economy. Then it's interresting to compare tourism in Sweden and Norway. Norway is much more famouse for it's scenic beuty - one of the most beautifull countries in the world, and they get about 3 times more tourist then Sweden, but Sweden actually earn more money then Norway on tourism. Less pay more.

我不知道我是否有资格回答你的问题,但我尝试一下。
我的背景:我成年后的大部分时间都在挪威和瑞典从事旅游业工作。我去过西欧的大部分国家,在印度总共待了大约30个月。所以我没有去过任何其他东南亚国家,所以我没有与他们接触的经验。
几乎我在瑞典或挪威交谈过的每个朋友或人都去过泰国,他们有点喜欢泰国,有些喜欢的多一些,有些喜欢的少一些。去过印度的人并不多。
但我认为我们应该问自己,为什么我们想要旅游业,作为国家的一项收入,还是只是让他们来这里探索这个国家、人民或美丽的景点?
如果答案是国家经济。然后比较瑞典和挪威的旅游业很有趣。挪威因其美丽的风景而闻名——是世界上最美丽的国家之一,他们的游客数量是瑞典的三倍左右,但瑞典实际上在旅游业上赚的钱比挪威多。而少付出很多。
原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


To make it simple the typical tourist in Norway comes from a neighbouring country, like Germany, Netherland, Denmark or Sweden. They rent a mobile home car, and fill it up with food and drinks. Then they travel around eat their food and drink their drinks in a very beautifull sourounding. Maybe they take out their fishing rods and catch another great meal. That they cook in their mobile home car kitchen.
While in Sweden, pretty much the same type of tourists come, but here they take in to a local guest house, eating their local made food, and enjoy their local entertainment. And paying for it!
So if we take a look to Thailand compare to India. Most of my friends take a two - three week trip to Thailand during the winter, they buy a cheap all inclusive trip, so that they know exactly what it will cost, then of course they have some extra money to spend. But they live in that hotel, eat at that hotel, buy a sightseeing from that hotel, and the hotel is probably owned by somebody who is not paying taxes to Thailand, who also employ people from Banglades, who is cheaper to hire then Thais.
While, when I'm in India, I stay in an Indian owned guest house, eat at an Indian owned hotel,
So as you picture, my view is not on the numbers of tourist, but the impact they have on the local economy.

简单来说,挪威的典型游客来自邻国,如德国、荷兰、丹麦或瑞典。他们租了一辆移动房屋车,并在里面装满食物和饮料。然后他们四处旅行,在非常美丽的环境中吃食物、喝饮料。也许他们会拿出钓鱼竿,再钓到一顿美餐。他们在移动房屋的汽车厨房里做饭。
在瑞典,几乎同样类型的游客也会来,但在这里他们会住进当地的宾馆,吃当地制作的食物,享受当地的娱乐活动。并为此付费!
因此,如果我们将泰国与印度进行比较。我的大多数朋友在冬天都会去泰国旅行两到三周,他们会购买便宜的全包旅行,以便他们确切地知道要花多少钱,然后他们当然还有一些额外的钱可以花。但他们住在那家酒店,在那家酒店吃饭,从那家酒店购买观光产品,而这家酒店可能是由不向泰国纳税的人拥有的,他们还雇用来自孟加拉国的人,而雇用孟加拉国人比雇用泰国人便宜。
而当我在印度时,我住在印度人开的宾馆,在印度人开的酒店吃饭。
正如你所想象的,我的观点不是游客数量,而是他们对当地经济的影响。

原创翻译:龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


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