快速学习大量信息的最好方法是什么?（一）
正文翻译
What is the best way to learn large volumes of information quickly?
快速学习大量信息的最好方法是什么?
What is the best way to learn large volumes of information quickly?
快速学习大量信息的最好方法是什么?
评论翻译
Robert Frost
What learning strategies do people who are "quick learners" follow?
The key to quicker learning is to understand how learning happens and then taking advantage of that process.
If we study how neurons work in our brains, we can reach two conclusions:
Learning occurs because of repetition
Learners must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn
“快速学习者”会遵循哪些学习策略？
更快学习的关键是了解学习是如何发生的，然后利用这个过程。
如果我们研究神经元在大脑中的工作方式，我们可以得出两个结论：
学习是因为重复
学习者必须将新知识与以前的知识联系起来才能学习
What learning strategies do people who are "quick learners" follow?
The key to quicker learning is to understand how learning happens and then taking advantage of that process.
If we study how neurons work in our brains, we can reach two conclusions:
Learning occurs because of repetition
Learners must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn
“快速学习者”会遵循哪些学习策略？
更快学习的关键是了解学习是如何发生的，然后利用这个过程。
如果我们研究神经元在大脑中的工作方式，我们可以得出两个结论：
学习是因为重复
学习者必须将新知识与以前的知识联系起来才能学习
The first one is pretty straightforward. Repeatedly think about something and the neurons related to that something will grow dendrites and make associations with other neurons, making it easier for us to remember and recall that something, when needed. We all know how to learn or memorize by repetition.
The second is the more complicated one. Our brains store information by context and association based on existing mental models (AKA schema). If we want to learn new information successfully we need to either find an existing mental model that will associate with the new information or we need to build a new mental model in which the new information will fit.
The quick learner determines the analogous existing mental model or realizes when they don't have an existing acceptable mental model and they back-off and build a new mental model before trying to absorb the concept that is new. Building new mental models can be done by outlining or mind-mapping. Start with the central new concept and branch off to the key features of that concept. Keep branching off until you reach a point where you have existing knowledge that can connect to the new knowledge.
Here is a crude example. Let's assume we wanted to learn how to play chess:
By making the association between the shape of the Bishop piece and a picture of a bishop's hat we will have a neural association that will make it easy for us to recognize which piece is the Bishop.
Using images wherever practical is a benefit, because our brains are better at remembering images than words.
第一个非常简单。反复思考某个事物，与该事物相关的神经元会生长树突，并与其他神经元建立联系，使我们在需要时更容易记住和回忆该事物。我们都知道如何通过重复来学习或记忆。
第二个是比较复杂的。我们的大脑根据现有的心理模型（又名模式）通过上下文和联想来存储信息。如果我们想成功地学习新信息，我们需要找到一个与新信息相关联的现有心理模型，或者我们需要建立一个适合新信息的新心理模型。
快速学习者确定了类似的现有心理模型，或者意识到当他们没有现有的可接受的心理模型时，他们会在尝试吸收新概念之前放弃并建立一个新的心理模型。建立新的心理模型可以通过勾勒轮廓或思维导图来完成。从核心的新概念开始，然后分支到该概念的关键特征。不断拓展，直到你拥有了可以与新知识相联系的现有知识。
这里有一个天然的例子，让我们假设我们想要学习如何下棋:
通过将主教棋子的形状和主教帽子的图片联系起来，我们就有了一种神经联系，这将使我们更容易识别出哪个棋子是主教
在任何可行的地方使用图像都是一种好处，因为我们的大脑相比比单词更善于记住图像。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The second is the more complicated one. Our brains store information by context and association based on existing mental models (AKA schema). If we want to learn new information successfully we need to either find an existing mental model that will associate with the new information or we need to build a new mental model in which the new information will fit.
The quick learner determines the analogous existing mental model or realizes when they don't have an existing acceptable mental model and they back-off and build a new mental model before trying to absorb the concept that is new. Building new mental models can be done by outlining or mind-mapping. Start with the central new concept and branch off to the key features of that concept. Keep branching off until you reach a point where you have existing knowledge that can connect to the new knowledge.
Here is a crude example. Let's assume we wanted to learn how to play chess:
By making the association between the shape of the Bishop piece and a picture of a bishop's hat we will have a neural association that will make it easy for us to recognize which piece is the Bishop.
Using images wherever practical is a benefit, because our brains are better at remembering images than words.
第一个非常简单。反复思考某个事物，与该事物相关的神经元会生长树突，并与其他神经元建立联系，使我们在需要时更容易记住和回忆该事物。我们都知道如何通过重复来学习或记忆。
第二个是比较复杂的。我们的大脑根据现有的心理模型（又名模式）通过上下文和联想来存储信息。如果我们想成功地学习新信息，我们需要找到一个与新信息相关联的现有心理模型，或者我们需要建立一个适合新信息的新心理模型。
快速学习者确定了类似的现有心理模型，或者意识到当他们没有现有的可接受的心理模型时，他们会在尝试吸收新概念之前放弃并建立一个新的心理模型。建立新的心理模型可以通过勾勒轮廓或思维导图来完成。从核心的新概念开始，然后分支到该概念的关键特征。不断拓展，直到你拥有了可以与新知识相联系的现有知识。
这里有一个天然的例子，让我们假设我们想要学习如何下棋:
通过将主教棋子的形状和主教帽子的图片联系起来，我们就有了一种神经联系，这将使我们更容易识别出哪个棋子是主教
在任何可行的地方使用图像都是一种好处，因为我们的大脑相比比单词更善于记住图像。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Alan Mellor
What's the secret to learning to code faster?
Never repeat a mistake. That’s as fast as you’ll get.
Quick example: you name your variables a, b and c. You learn that it is important to name them more descxtively. You rename them to firstName, surname and dateOfBirth.
You never name anything a, b, c again.
What’s hard about this is how many poor practices there are. You inevitably will repeat mistakes through lack of knowledge.
But every time you learn a better way, build it into every piece of code you write.
学习更快编码的秘诀是什么？
不要重复错误，这是你最快的速度了。
快速示例：你将变量命名为a、b和c。你了解到，更具描述性地命名它们很重要。将它们重命名为firstName、姓氏和出生日期。
你再也不会给任何东西起a、b、c的名字了。
困难之处在于有多少不良做法。由于缺乏知识，你不可避免地会重复错误。
但是每次你学习一种更好的方法，就把它构建到你编写的每一段代码中。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
What's the secret to learning to code faster?
Never repeat a mistake. That’s as fast as you’ll get.
Quick example: you name your variables a, b and c. You learn that it is important to name them more descxtively. You rename them to firstName, surname and dateOfBirth.
You never name anything a, b, c again.
What’s hard about this is how many poor practices there are. You inevitably will repeat mistakes through lack of knowledge.
But every time you learn a better way, build it into every piece of code you write.
学习更快编码的秘诀是什么？
不要重复错误，这是你最快的速度了。
快速示例：你将变量命名为a、b和c。你了解到，更具描述性地命名它们很重要。将它们重命名为firstName、姓氏和出生日期。
你再也不会给任何东西起a、b、c的名字了。
困难之处在于有多少不良做法。由于缺乏知识，你不可避免地会重复错误。
但是每次你学习一种更好的方法，就把它构建到你编写的每一段代码中。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Cyprien Rusu
What are the most effective ways to learn a new language?
I currently speak 6 languages: French( Native), English, German, Chinese, Japanese and Korean
Let me tell you briefly how I did that.
Put in your head that learning a language is easy, you just need time and patience, that’s all
You can absolutely become as fluent as a Native.
Don’t listen to anyone telling you you can’t, most people around you don’t speak more than one language and have some fixed mindset about language learning which prevent them from being open to learning and improving. You are different. You know you can become VERY good if you just trust and do what I will tell you right after.
Don’t rely on professors to teach you. A language is a tool of communication. It has to come from you and you have to be proactive to apply what you learn and improve fast.
Find the best book to learn the language you target. Just one book is enough. An application or a dictionary is just a tool, a “helper”.
学习一门新语言最有效的方法是什么？
我目前会说6种语言：法语（母语）、英语、德语、汉语、日语和韩语
让我简单地告诉你我是怎么做到的。
记住，学习一门语言很容易，你只需要时间和耐心，仅此而已
你完全可以变得像土著人一样流利。
不要听别人说“你不行”，你周围的大多数人不会说一种以上的语言，并且对语言学习有一些固定的心态，这阻碍了他们放开心态学习和提高。你是不同的。你得知道，如果你相信并按照我告诉你的去做，你会变得非常优秀的。
不要依赖教授来教你。语言是交流的工具。它必须来自你，你必须积极主动地应用你学到的东西并快速提高。
找一本最好的书来学习你想要学的语言。只要一本书就足够了。应用程序或字典只是一个工具，一个“助手”。
What are the most effective ways to learn a new language?
I currently speak 6 languages: French( Native), English, German, Chinese, Japanese and Korean
Let me tell you briefly how I did that.
Put in your head that learning a language is easy, you just need time and patience, that’s all
You can absolutely become as fluent as a Native.
Don’t listen to anyone telling you you can’t, most people around you don’t speak more than one language and have some fixed mindset about language learning which prevent them from being open to learning and improving. You are different. You know you can become VERY good if you just trust and do what I will tell you right after.
Don’t rely on professors to teach you. A language is a tool of communication. It has to come from you and you have to be proactive to apply what you learn and improve fast.
Find the best book to learn the language you target. Just one book is enough. An application or a dictionary is just a tool, a “helper”.
学习一门新语言最有效的方法是什么？
我目前会说6种语言：法语（母语）、英语、德语、汉语、日语和韩语
让我简单地告诉你我是怎么做到的。
记住，学习一门语言很容易，你只需要时间和耐心，仅此而已
你完全可以变得像土著人一样流利。
不要听别人说“你不行”，你周围的大多数人不会说一种以上的语言，并且对语言学习有一些固定的心态，这阻碍了他们放开心态学习和提高。你是不同的。你得知道，如果你相信并按照我告诉你的去做，你会变得非常优秀的。
不要依赖教授来教你。语言是交流的工具。它必须来自你，你必须积极主动地应用你学到的东西并快速提高。
找一本最好的书来学习你想要学的语言。只要一本书就足够了。应用程序或字典只是一个工具，一个“助手”。
Every day, take 30 min to read that book until you finish the book. Go slowly, do all the exercices.
When you have some very basics and you know few phrases, find some friend speaking the language and go practice what you learn. Don’t be afraid to fail or to speak incorrectly, no one will laugh about you. Everyone speaks incorrectly before speaking correctly. Just think about babies: If a baby was waiting to have the perfect grammar to start speaking, he would never say a word. Instead, use the “ Fail Fast Forward” approach. Fail quickly, then listen to the correction. Ask others to correct you. Then improve.
When you understand few phrases and you feel you are okay to present yourself, start to watch dramas and series in the language you target. My advice is to watch dramas with subtitles in the language of the country language, NOT yours. The purpose is to listen. when you don’t understand, pause and search in the dictionary. make lists of words. If you don’t understand 100%, that’s okay. Try to understand the gestures and you will see that after some time, you will start to understand more and more.
Repeat all those steps: Find more books, dramas, friends.
Go to study there. Speak with locals, be curious about the culture.
With this method, you will be fluent in less than 1 year.
Good luck.
每天花30分钟读那本书，直到你读完这本书。慢慢来，做所有的练习。
当你掌握了一些基本知识，只知道几个短语时，找一个会说这种语言的朋友，然后去练习你所学的。不要害怕失败或说错话，没有人会嘲笑你。每个人都会说错话，然后才会说对。想想婴儿吧：如果一个婴儿在等待了解完美的语法开始说话，他一句话也不会说。相反，使用“失败快进”方法： 能尽快知道你是否失败，然后倾听和纠正。让别人纠正你，然后改进。
当你听懂了几个短语，觉得自己可以展现自己时，开始看目标语言的电视剧和连续剧。我的建议是看带有当地语言字幕的电视剧，而不是带你会的语言的字幕。目的是倾听，当你不明白的时候，停下来查字典、列单词表。如果你不能100%理解，那没关系。试着去理解这些手势，一段时间后你会发现，你会开始理解得越来越多。
重复所有这些步骤：找到更多的书，戏剧和陪你说话的朋友。
去与当地人交谈，对当地文化充满好奇。
用这种方法，你将在不到一年的时间里能够流利的说这门语言。
祝你好运
When you have some very basics and you know few phrases, find some friend speaking the language and go practice what you learn. Don’t be afraid to fail or to speak incorrectly, no one will laugh about you. Everyone speaks incorrectly before speaking correctly. Just think about babies: If a baby was waiting to have the perfect grammar to start speaking, he would never say a word. Instead, use the “ Fail Fast Forward” approach. Fail quickly, then listen to the correction. Ask others to correct you. Then improve.
When you understand few phrases and you feel you are okay to present yourself, start to watch dramas and series in the language you target. My advice is to watch dramas with subtitles in the language of the country language, NOT yours. The purpose is to listen. when you don’t understand, pause and search in the dictionary. make lists of words. If you don’t understand 100%, that’s okay. Try to understand the gestures and you will see that after some time, you will start to understand more and more.
Repeat all those steps: Find more books, dramas, friends.
Go to study there. Speak with locals, be curious about the culture.
With this method, you will be fluent in less than 1 year.
Good luck.
每天花30分钟读那本书，直到你读完这本书。慢慢来，做所有的练习。
当你掌握了一些基本知识，只知道几个短语时，找一个会说这种语言的朋友，然后去练习你所学的。不要害怕失败或说错话，没有人会嘲笑你。每个人都会说错话，然后才会说对。想想婴儿吧：如果一个婴儿在等待了解完美的语法开始说话，他一句话也不会说。相反，使用“失败快进”方法： 能尽快知道你是否失败，然后倾听和纠正。让别人纠正你，然后改进。
当你听懂了几个短语，觉得自己可以展现自己时，开始看目标语言的电视剧和连续剧。我的建议是看带有当地语言字幕的电视剧，而不是带你会的语言的字幕。目的是倾听，当你不明白的时候，停下来查字典、列单词表。如果你不能100%理解，那没关系。试着去理解这些手势，一段时间后你会发现，你会开始理解得越来越多。
重复所有这些步骤：找到更多的书，戏剧和陪你说话的朋友。
去与当地人交谈，对当地文化充满好奇。
用这种方法，你将在不到一年的时间里能够流利的说这门语言。
祝你好运
Rhoda Yap
over the years as an ex-litigator and management consultant, I’ve used a method that accelerates the process of plowing through information (in a quest to not to have to work on weekends). One example is day before trial, we get served 2 boxes of documents from the other side, and I have to very quickly figure out if there is any incriminating in those documents while negotiations are on-going. Another example is where a client has to place a bid for a company within a few days, and access to a virtual deal room where voluminous data files are placed which are designed for a bidder to uate the company and make an offer.
In such cases, how I have approached it as as follows:
(1) Ask what questions you want answered - if you can imagine putting up a fake Christmas tree, you need to set the tree frx up first before you can hang the ornaments. The information you are going to get are the ornaments and to make them stick, you need the questions which will function as the frx in your head.
(2) Study the structure of the documents. Classify and group the documents.
(3) Repeat (2) within a document itself once you have identified the relevant document to focus on based on (1).
(4) To further ‘bind’ the information into your head, arrange it into a story that you can remember. With this method, litigators are trained to be able to still conduct a trial even if our files have been stolen or destroyed.
The ability to go through mass volume of information and learn it is a skill that can be acquired and perfected. But it requires practice. Over time with practice, you get faster and faster.
多年来，作为一名前诉讼律师和管理顾问，我使用了一种方法，可以加速浏览信息的过程(为了不需要在周末工作)。一个例子是在审判前一天，我们从对方那里拿到了两箱文件，在谈判进行的时候，我必须非常迅速地找出这些文件中是否有任何有罪的证据。另一个例子是，客户必须在几天内对一家公司进行投标，并访问一个虚拟交易室，在那里放置了大量的数据文件，这些文件是为投标人评估该公司并提出报价而设计的。
在这种情况下，我是这样处理的:
（1） 问你想要答案的问题——如果你能想象挂一棵假圣诞树，你需要先把树架装好，然后才能挂上装饰品。你将要得到的信息是装饰品，为了让它们粘在一起，你需要一些问题，这些问题将成为你头脑中的框架。
（2） 研究文档的结构。对文件进行分类和分组。
（3） 一旦你根据（1）确定了要关注的相关文档，请在文档本身中重复（2）。
（4） 为了进一步将信息“绑定”到你的脑海中，将其整理成一个你能记住的故事。通过这种方法，诉讼律师经过培训，即使我们的文件被盗或被毁，他们仍能进行审判。
阅读和学习大量信息的能力是一种可以获得和完善的技能。但这需要练习。随着时间的推移，你的速度会越来越快。
over the years as an ex-litigator and management consultant, I’ve used a method that accelerates the process of plowing through information (in a quest to not to have to work on weekends). One example is day before trial, we get served 2 boxes of documents from the other side, and I have to very quickly figure out if there is any incriminating in those documents while negotiations are on-going. Another example is where a client has to place a bid for a company within a few days, and access to a virtual deal room where voluminous data files are placed which are designed for a bidder to uate the company and make an offer.
In such cases, how I have approached it as as follows:
(1) Ask what questions you want answered - if you can imagine putting up a fake Christmas tree, you need to set the tree frx up first before you can hang the ornaments. The information you are going to get are the ornaments and to make them stick, you need the questions which will function as the frx in your head.
(2) Study the structure of the documents. Classify and group the documents.
(3) Repeat (2) within a document itself once you have identified the relevant document to focus on based on (1).
(4) To further ‘bind’ the information into your head, arrange it into a story that you can remember. With this method, litigators are trained to be able to still conduct a trial even if our files have been stolen or destroyed.
The ability to go through mass volume of information and learn it is a skill that can be acquired and perfected. But it requires practice. Over time with practice, you get faster and faster.
多年来，作为一名前诉讼律师和管理顾问，我使用了一种方法，可以加速浏览信息的过程(为了不需要在周末工作)。一个例子是在审判前一天，我们从对方那里拿到了两箱文件，在谈判进行的时候，我必须非常迅速地找出这些文件中是否有任何有罪的证据。另一个例子是，客户必须在几天内对一家公司进行投标，并访问一个虚拟交易室，在那里放置了大量的数据文件，这些文件是为投标人评估该公司并提出报价而设计的。
在这种情况下，我是这样处理的:
（1） 问你想要答案的问题——如果你能想象挂一棵假圣诞树，你需要先把树架装好，然后才能挂上装饰品。你将要得到的信息是装饰品，为了让它们粘在一起，你需要一些问题，这些问题将成为你头脑中的框架。
（2） 研究文档的结构。对文件进行分类和分组。
（3） 一旦你根据（1）确定了要关注的相关文档，请在文档本身中重复（2）。
（4） 为了进一步将信息“绑定”到你的脑海中，将其整理成一个你能记住的故事。通过这种方法，诉讼律师经过培训，即使我们的文件被盗或被毁，他们仍能进行审判。
阅读和学习大量信息的能力是一种可以获得和完善的技能。但这需要练习。随着时间的推移，你的速度会越来越快。
Robert Frost
Is it better to learn something in small, frequent chuncks of information? Or, is it better to learn it in bigger, less frequent blocks of information?
It is better to learn small chunks of information, frequently, than big chunks, infrequently.
I will explain by presenting several ideas from experts on learning and then combining them.
In 1956, a cognitive psychologist, from Harvard, named George A. Miller introduced a concept in the journal Psychology Review. That concept has become known as "Miller's Magic Number" or "Magic Number Seven (Plus or Minus Two". In that paper he presented the idea that people can only store seven (plus or minus two) chunks of information in their short term memory. Notice that the word chunks is used, and not pieces or bits. When Miller talked about chunks or "chunking" he talked about our ability to merge a number of discrete pieces of information into a smaller number of chunks. For example, we don't treat a 10 digit phone number as 10 chunks of information because we combine the three numbers that make up the area code into a single construct and we may chunk four digit numbers as two two-digit numbers.
A related concept called cognitive loading builds upon these restrictions of our minds. Cognitive Load Theory says that the amount of information and interactions that must be processed simultaneously can either under-load or overload the finite amount of working memory. If overloaded, all elements must be processed before meaningful learning can continue. The more a person has to learn in a shorter period of time, the more difficult it is to process that information. Researchers such as Paul Chandler and John Sweller have written extensively on the implications of cognitive load theory on the format of instruction and learning.
在少量、频繁的信息中学习一些东西更好吗？或者还是在更大量、频率更低的信息块中学习更好？
经常学习小块信息比不经常学习大块信息要好。
我将介绍一些专家关于学习的想法，然后将它们结合起来进行解释。
1956年，哈佛大学的认知心理学家乔治·米勒在《心理学评论》杂志上介绍了一个概念。这个概念被称为“米勒的神奇数字”或““神奇的数字：7±2””。在那篇论文中，他提出了一个观点，即人们在短期记忆中只能存储七块（加或减去两块）信息。请注意，使用的是单词chunk，而不是pieces或bits。当米勒谈到块或“分块”时，他谈到了我们将大量离散信息合并为少量块的能力。例如，我们不会将一个10位数的电话号码视为10个信息块，因为我们将组成区号的三个数字组合成一个结构，我们可以将四位数的数字组合成两个两位数的数字。
一个被称为认知负荷的相关概念建立在我们大脑的这些限制之上。认知负荷理论认为，必须同时处理的信息量和互动量可能会使有限的工作记忆负荷不足或过载。如果过载，则必须处理所有元素，然后才能继续进行有意义的学习。一个人在更短的时间内学习得越多，处理这些信息就越困难。Paul Chandler和John Sweller等研究人员撰写了大量关于认知负荷理论对教学形式的影响的文章。
Is it better to learn something in small, frequent chuncks of information? Or, is it better to learn it in bigger, less frequent blocks of information?
It is better to learn small chunks of information, frequently, than big chunks, infrequently.
I will explain by presenting several ideas from experts on learning and then combining them.
In 1956, a cognitive psychologist, from Harvard, named George A. Miller introduced a concept in the journal Psychology Review. That concept has become known as "Miller's Magic Number" or "Magic Number Seven (Plus or Minus Two". In that paper he presented the idea that people can only store seven (plus or minus two) chunks of information in their short term memory. Notice that the word chunks is used, and not pieces or bits. When Miller talked about chunks or "chunking" he talked about our ability to merge a number of discrete pieces of information into a smaller number of chunks. For example, we don't treat a 10 digit phone number as 10 chunks of information because we combine the three numbers that make up the area code into a single construct and we may chunk four digit numbers as two two-digit numbers.
A related concept called cognitive loading builds upon these restrictions of our minds. Cognitive Load Theory says that the amount of information and interactions that must be processed simultaneously can either under-load or overload the finite amount of working memory. If overloaded, all elements must be processed before meaningful learning can continue. The more a person has to learn in a shorter period of time, the more difficult it is to process that information. Researchers such as Paul Chandler and John Sweller have written extensively on the implications of cognitive load theory on the format of instruction and learning.
在少量、频繁的信息中学习一些东西更好吗？或者还是在更大量、频率更低的信息块中学习更好？
经常学习小块信息比不经常学习大块信息要好。
我将介绍一些专家关于学习的想法，然后将它们结合起来进行解释。
1956年，哈佛大学的认知心理学家乔治·米勒在《心理学评论》杂志上介绍了一个概念。这个概念被称为“米勒的神奇数字”或““神奇的数字：7±2””。在那篇论文中，他提出了一个观点，即人们在短期记忆中只能存储七块（加或减去两块）信息。请注意，使用的是单词chunk，而不是pieces或bits。当米勒谈到块或“分块”时，他谈到了我们将大量离散信息合并为少量块的能力。例如，我们不会将一个10位数的电话号码视为10个信息块，因为我们将组成区号的三个数字组合成一个结构，我们可以将四位数的数字组合成两个两位数的数字。
一个被称为认知负荷的相关概念建立在我们大脑的这些限制之上。认知负荷理论认为，必须同时处理的信息量和互动量可能会使有限的工作记忆负荷不足或过载。如果过载，则必须处理所有元素，然后才能继续进行有意义的学习。一个人在更短的时间内学习得越多，处理这些信息就越困难。Paul Chandler和John Sweller等研究人员撰写了大量关于认知负荷理论对教学形式的影响的文章。
Richard E. Mayer is an educational psychologist with more than 390 publications, including 23 books. He has developed a set of learning principles. One of those is the Segmenting Principle. That principle states that:
People learn better when a complex continuous lesson is broken into separate segments. Examples include breaking a complex figure into two or more smaller figures dealing with different parts of the original one; presenting one graphic at a time rather than putting multiple graphics in the same figure or breaking a continuous presentation into short chunks that can be paced by the learner. The learner’s working memory is less likely to be overloaded with essential processing when the essential material is presented in bite-size chunks rather than as a whole continuous lesson.
Jerome Bruner is one of the founders of constructivism. His book The Process of Education led to significant experimentation and educational reform during the 1960s. Bruner’s theory of instruction identifies four characteristics of effective instruction (readiness, content structure, sequencing, and reinforcement). Combined, these principles lead to the idea of the spiral curriculum. Spiral learning refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery.
Researchers like Lauren Resnick, write that studying what actually happens in the brain - specifically the growth of dendrites and neurotransmitter receptor sites and the formation of neural networks when we think and learn (form easily accessible long term memories) - reveals two fundamental ideas:
Richard E.Mayer是一位教育心理学家，出版了390多本出版物，其中包括23本书。他制定了一套学习原则。其中之一就是分段原则。该原则规定：
当一个复杂的连续课程被分成不同的部分时，人们学得更好。例如，将一个复杂的图形分解为两个或多个较小的图形，处理原始图形的不同部分;一次只展示一张图表，而不是把多个图表放在同一个图表中，或者把一个连续的演示分成学习者可以自行掌握节奏的小块。当重要材料以小块的形式呈现，而不是作为一个完整的连续的课程呈现时，学习者的工作记忆就不太可能被重要的处理过载。
杰罗姆·布鲁纳（Jerome Bruner ）是建构主义的创始人之一。他的著作《教育过程》在20世纪60年代引发了重大的实验和教育改革。布鲁纳的教学理论确定了有效教学的四个特征（准备状态、内容结构、顺序和强化）。这些原则相结合，形成了螺旋课程的理念。螺旋式学习是指一遍又一遍地重新审视基本思想，在这些思想的基础上再接再厉，并阐述到充分理解和掌握的水平。
斯尼克（Lauren Resnick）等研究人员写道，研究大脑中实际发生的事情，特别是树突和神经递质受体位点的生长，以及我们思考和学习时神经网络的形成（形成易于访问的长期记忆），揭示了两个基本思想：
People learn better when a complex continuous lesson is broken into separate segments. Examples include breaking a complex figure into two or more smaller figures dealing with different parts of the original one; presenting one graphic at a time rather than putting multiple graphics in the same figure or breaking a continuous presentation into short chunks that can be paced by the learner. The learner’s working memory is less likely to be overloaded with essential processing when the essential material is presented in bite-size chunks rather than as a whole continuous lesson.
Jerome Bruner is one of the founders of constructivism. His book The Process of Education led to significant experimentation and educational reform during the 1960s. Bruner’s theory of instruction identifies four characteristics of effective instruction (readiness, content structure, sequencing, and reinforcement). Combined, these principles lead to the idea of the spiral curriculum. Spiral learning refers to the idea of revisiting basic ideas over and over, building upon them and elaborating to the level of full understanding and mastery.
Researchers like Lauren Resnick, write that studying what actually happens in the brain - specifically the growth of dendrites and neurotransmitter receptor sites and the formation of neural networks when we think and learn (form easily accessible long term memories) - reveals two fundamental ideas:
Richard E.Mayer是一位教育心理学家，出版了390多本出版物，其中包括23本书。他制定了一套学习原则。其中之一就是分段原则。该原则规定：
当一个复杂的连续课程被分成不同的部分时，人们学得更好。例如，将一个复杂的图形分解为两个或多个较小的图形，处理原始图形的不同部分;一次只展示一张图表，而不是把多个图表放在同一个图表中，或者把一个连续的演示分成学习者可以自行掌握节奏的小块。当重要材料以小块的形式呈现，而不是作为一个完整的连续的课程呈现时，学习者的工作记忆就不太可能被重要的处理过载。
杰罗姆·布鲁纳（Jerome Bruner ）是建构主义的创始人之一。他的著作《教育过程》在20世纪60年代引发了重大的实验和教育改革。布鲁纳的教学理论确定了有效教学的四个特征（准备状态、内容结构、顺序和强化）。这些原则相结合，形成了螺旋课程的理念。螺旋式学习是指一遍又一遍地重新审视基本思想，在这些思想的基础上再接再厉，并阐述到充分理解和掌握的水平。
斯尼克（Lauren Resnick）等研究人员写道，研究大脑中实际发生的事情，特别是树突和神经递质受体位点的生长，以及我们思考和学习时神经网络的形成（形成易于访问的长期记忆），揭示了两个基本思想：
1) Learning occurs because of repetition
2) Students must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn.
So, putting all of that together, we can deduce that learning will likely be most efficacious when:
1) It occurs in small chunks that can make it through the bottlenecks of short term memory and cognitive load and those chunks are designed to build upon each other.
2) Those series of chunks build upon each other by calling into use the material learned in earlier chunks, providing both repetition and connection opportunities.
1） 学习源于重复
2） 为了学习，学生必须把新知识和以前的知识联系起来。
所以，把所有这些放在一起，我们可以推断，学习可能是最有效的，当:
1） 它以小块的形式出现，可以克服短期记忆和认知负荷的瓶颈，而这些小块被设计成相互依赖的。
2） 这些系列的块通过使用在早期块中学习的材料而相互依赖的关系，提供了重复和联系的机会。
2) Students must connect new knowledge to previous knowledge in order to learn.
So, putting all of that together, we can deduce that learning will likely be most efficacious when:
1) It occurs in small chunks that can make it through the bottlenecks of short term memory and cognitive load and those chunks are designed to build upon each other.
2) Those series of chunks build upon each other by calling into use the material learned in earlier chunks, providing both repetition and connection opportunities.
1） 学习源于重复
2） 为了学习，学生必须把新知识和以前的知识联系起来。
所以，把所有这些放在一起，我们可以推断，学习可能是最有效的，当:
1） 它以小块的形式出现，可以克服短期记忆和认知负荷的瓶颈，而这些小块被设计成相互依赖的。
2） 这些系列的块通过使用在早期块中学习的材料而相互依赖的关系，提供了重复和联系的机会。
Orson Scott Card
How can I learn Spanish well at the shortest time?
Be born in a Spanish-speaking country and grow up there.
If it's already too late for that, then decide the level of competence you want to achieve. For literary fluency, then a basic language class, in a school, online, or recorded, should be followed by a relentless program of daily reading in Spanish language fiction and nonfiction. Don't start with the Quixote, unless you would start English learners with King Lear. A useful tool early on would be to get a Spanish translation of an English language novel and go back and forth until you find you never need to refer to the English version. But especially notice how the translators handle idiomatic expressions — sometimes literally, sometimes finding Spanish idioms that do the same job, sometimes paraphrasing the meaning of the idiom in plain speech.
If you want conversational fluency, begin with the beginner's class before you go to a Spanish speaking country or afflict your Hispanic friends. It shows respect to study beforehand, so you aren't wasting their time. You should arrive in country knowing all the verb conjugations and with a healthy respect for gender agreement. There's no shortcut for this. You have to be able to build sentences with the right verb conjugation, even if you have to stop and think. Thinking before speaking isn't bad in any language.
我怎样才能在最短的时间内学好西班牙语？
我出生在一个讲西班牙语的国家，在那里长大。
如果已经太晚了，那就决定你想要达到的能力水平。为了流畅，在学校、网上或录音的基础语言课程之后，应该坚持每天阅读西班牙语小说和非小说类作品。不要从堂吉诃德开始，除非你从《李尔王》开始学英语。早期的一个有用的工具是找一本英语小说的西班牙语译本，反复阅读，直到你发现你再也不需要参考英文版。但要特别注意译者是如何处理习语表达的——有时是逐字逐句地翻译，有时是找西班牙习语来做同样的工作，有时是用通俗易懂的语言解释习语的意思。
如果你想流利地交谈，在你去西班牙语国家或折磨你的西班牙裔朋友之前，先从初级课程开始。事先学习是一种尊重，这样你就不会浪费他们的时间。到达一个国家时，你应该知道所有的动词变化，并对性别一致保持良好的尊重。这没有捷径可走。你必须能够用正确的动词变化来造句，即使你必须停下来思考。说话前先思考对任何语言来说都不是坏事。
How can I learn Spanish well at the shortest time?
Be born in a Spanish-speaking country and grow up there.
If it's already too late for that, then decide the level of competence you want to achieve. For literary fluency, then a basic language class, in a school, online, or recorded, should be followed by a relentless program of daily reading in Spanish language fiction and nonfiction. Don't start with the Quixote, unless you would start English learners with King Lear. A useful tool early on would be to get a Spanish translation of an English language novel and go back and forth until you find you never need to refer to the English version. But especially notice how the translators handle idiomatic expressions — sometimes literally, sometimes finding Spanish idioms that do the same job, sometimes paraphrasing the meaning of the idiom in plain speech.
If you want conversational fluency, begin with the beginner's class before you go to a Spanish speaking country or afflict your Hispanic friends. It shows respect to study beforehand, so you aren't wasting their time. You should arrive in country knowing all the verb conjugations and with a healthy respect for gender agreement. There's no shortcut for this. You have to be able to build sentences with the right verb conjugation, even if you have to stop and think. Thinking before speaking isn't bad in any language.
我怎样才能在最短的时间内学好西班牙语？
我出生在一个讲西班牙语的国家，在那里长大。
如果已经太晚了，那就决定你想要达到的能力水平。为了流畅，在学校、网上或录音的基础语言课程之后，应该坚持每天阅读西班牙语小说和非小说类作品。不要从堂吉诃德开始，除非你从《李尔王》开始学英语。早期的一个有用的工具是找一本英语小说的西班牙语译本，反复阅读，直到你发现你再也不需要参考英文版。但要特别注意译者是如何处理习语表达的——有时是逐字逐句地翻译，有时是找西班牙习语来做同样的工作，有时是用通俗易懂的语言解释习语的意思。
如果你想流利地交谈，在你去西班牙语国家或折磨你的西班牙裔朋友之前，先从初级课程开始。事先学习是一种尊重，这样你就不会浪费他们的时间。到达一个国家时，你应该知道所有的动词变化，并对性别一致保持良好的尊重。这没有捷径可走。你必须能够用正确的动词变化来造句，即使你必须停下来思考。说话前先思考对任何语言来说都不是坏事。
If you arrive in country with some grounding in the official grammar and pronunciation, you will learn far more and far more quickly from conversation with native speakers. But be prepared: for the first few days or weeks you won't understand anything you overhear, and only the things said to you when they speak slowly and clearly. That's because, like speakers of every language, the locals will leave many words incomplete or partially pronounced, and some letters will not be textbook. Imagine if you learned Mexican Spanish and then went to Castile where the accent sounds like lisping (many unvoiced S sounds replaced by English TH), or to Chile where initial Y and LL are pronounced like English J.
You get used to these things quite soon. It's fine to pick up the local (mis)pronunciations, as long as you recognize their informality and you suit your language to the occasion.
Remember that the people you’re conversing with are not getting paid to teach you Spanish. If they switch to English, then try to stay with Spanish in your reply until they specifically ask you to use English. Don't despair. Just study more and try again later. Most people will be patient with you for a while, depending on how busy they are. If you’re going to a certain kind of place or event, study beforehand to learn some vocabulary so you'll know what others are saying. Read Spanish newspapers and magazines every day.
The first couple of weeks it will feel like it's taking forever. After four or five weeks you'll feel like it took no time at all, because the language just comes to mind when you need it.
如果你在到达一个国家的时候已经有了一些官方语法和发音的基础，你就会在与母语人士的交谈中学得越来越快。但要做好准备:在最初的几天或几周内，你听不懂任何你无意中听到的东西，只有当他们说得缓慢而清晰时，你才能听懂。这是因为，所有语言在被说的时候都会如此，当地人会留下许多不完整或部分发音的单词，有些字母也不符合教科书的用法。想象一下，如果你学了墨西哥西班牙语，然后去了卡斯蒂利亚，那里的口音听起来像口齿不清(许多不发音的S音被英语的TH取代了)，或者去了智利，那里的Y和LL的发音像英语的J。
你很快就会习惯这些东西。学习当地的(错误的)发音是可以的，只要你认识到它们是非正式性的表达，并让你自己的语言适应场合需求。
请记住，与你交谈的人不会因为教你西班牙语而得到报酬。如果他们改用英语，那么在他们明确要求你使用英语之前，尽量在回复中使用西班牙语。不要绝望。多学点，以后再试。大多数人会在一段时间内会对你保持耐心的，这取决于他们有多忙。如果你要去一个特定的地方或活动，提前学习一些词汇，这样你就能知道别人在说什么。每天阅读西班牙语报纸和杂志。
刚开始的几周，你会觉得这花了很长的时间。四五周后，你会觉得这根本不花时间，因为当你需要它的时候，语言就会出现在你的脑海里。
You get used to these things quite soon. It's fine to pick up the local (mis)pronunciations, as long as you recognize their informality and you suit your language to the occasion.
Remember that the people you’re conversing with are not getting paid to teach you Spanish. If they switch to English, then try to stay with Spanish in your reply until they specifically ask you to use English. Don't despair. Just study more and try again later. Most people will be patient with you for a while, depending on how busy they are. If you’re going to a certain kind of place or event, study beforehand to learn some vocabulary so you'll know what others are saying. Read Spanish newspapers and magazines every day.
The first couple of weeks it will feel like it's taking forever. After four or five weeks you'll feel like it took no time at all, because the language just comes to mind when you need it.
如果你在到达一个国家的时候已经有了一些官方语法和发音的基础，你就会在与母语人士的交谈中学得越来越快。但要做好准备:在最初的几天或几周内，你听不懂任何你无意中听到的东西，只有当他们说得缓慢而清晰时，你才能听懂。这是因为，所有语言在被说的时候都会如此，当地人会留下许多不完整或部分发音的单词，有些字母也不符合教科书的用法。想象一下，如果你学了墨西哥西班牙语，然后去了卡斯蒂利亚，那里的口音听起来像口齿不清(许多不发音的S音被英语的TH取代了)，或者去了智利，那里的Y和LL的发音像英语的J。
你很快就会习惯这些东西。学习当地的(错误的)发音是可以的，只要你认识到它们是非正式性的表达，并让你自己的语言适应场合需求。
请记住，与你交谈的人不会因为教你西班牙语而得到报酬。如果他们改用英语，那么在他们明确要求你使用英语之前，尽量在回复中使用西班牙语。不要绝望。多学点，以后再试。大多数人会在一段时间内会对你保持耐心的，这取决于他们有多忙。如果你要去一个特定的地方或活动，提前学习一些词汇，这样你就能知道别人在说什么。每天阅读西班牙语报纸和杂志。
刚开始的几周，你会觉得这花了很长的时间。四五周后，你会觉得这根本不花时间，因为当你需要它的时候，语言就会出现在你的脑海里。
Assume that your accent is horrible and that you confess your non-native status with every word you say, even if people assure you that you don't have an accent at all. You do. But pay attention to how the locals produce their sounds and try to do likewise.None of the consonants are genuinely identical to the English version, and the vowels are even harder to place correctly. If your goal is to pass for a native, you would need to study tone production the way the best British actors do, as they learn to do a nearly flawless American accent. American actors never do as well going the other way, and ordinary English speakers are notorious for not even trying to get accents right. I once listened to a noted English writer address a French sci-fi convention in fluent French … with the most appallingly bad accent I'd ever heard. I wasn't close to fluent but my pronunciation at least bore some resemblance to French. It was as if he didn't bother to try.
Try. The more you try, while intelligently listening and learning, the better you'll get. Really learning another language is a lifelong project, so your goal in learning quickly is to achieve rudimentary adequacy, not native fluency.
You can't learn without speaking. Being shy does not work with language learning. You have to expose yourself to ridicule — and they WILL laugh at some of your mistakes, because they can't help it. But you take their laughter with good-natured acceptance, never taking offense, because your mistakes ARE funny, and because everyone understands that you are showing them the respect of learning their tongue instead of arrogantly expecting them to learn yours.
假设你的口音很糟糕，即使人们向你保证你根本没有口音，你说的每一个字都在承认你不是本地人。你照旧就行，但要注意当地人是如何发出声音的，并尽量做到这一点。没有一个辅音与英语版本完全相同，元音更难正确定位。如果你的目标是冒充一个本地人，你需要像最好的英国演员那样学习音调，因为他们学会了几乎完美的美国口音。美国演员的发音从来就不怎么好，而说英语的普通人甚至连发音都不正确都是出了名的。我曾经听过一位著名的英国作家用流利的法语在法国科幻大会上发言，他的口音是我听过的最糟糕的。我说得不太流利，但我的发音至少有点像法语。好像他根本懒得去尝试。
尝试，在明智地倾听和学习的同时，你越尝试，你就会做得越好。真正学习另一门语言是一个终身的项目，所以你快速学习的目标是达到基本的能力，而不是达到母语那种流利程度。
不说话是学不来东西的。害羞对学习语言没有好处。你必须让自己暴露在嘲笑之中——他们会嘲笑你的一些错误，因为它们无法控制的。但你以善意的态度接受他们的笑声，从不要为此生气，因为你的错误很有趣，而且每个人都明白，你是在尊重他们并学习他们的语言，而不是傲慢地期望他们学习你的语言。
Try. The more you try, while intelligently listening and learning, the better you'll get. Really learning another language is a lifelong project, so your goal in learning quickly is to achieve rudimentary adequacy, not native fluency.
You can't learn without speaking. Being shy does not work with language learning. You have to expose yourself to ridicule — and they WILL laugh at some of your mistakes, because they can't help it. But you take their laughter with good-natured acceptance, never taking offense, because your mistakes ARE funny, and because everyone understands that you are showing them the respect of learning their tongue instead of arrogantly expecting them to learn yours.
假设你的口音很糟糕，即使人们向你保证你根本没有口音，你说的每一个字都在承认你不是本地人。你照旧就行，但要注意当地人是如何发出声音的，并尽量做到这一点。没有一个辅音与英语版本完全相同，元音更难正确定位。如果你的目标是冒充一个本地人，你需要像最好的英国演员那样学习音调，因为他们学会了几乎完美的美国口音。美国演员的发音从来就不怎么好，而说英语的普通人甚至连发音都不正确都是出了名的。我曾经听过一位著名的英国作家用流利的法语在法国科幻大会上发言，他的口音是我听过的最糟糕的。我说得不太流利，但我的发音至少有点像法语。好像他根本懒得去尝试。
尝试，在明智地倾听和学习的同时，你越尝试，你就会做得越好。真正学习另一门语言是一个终身的项目，所以你快速学习的目标是达到基本的能力，而不是达到母语那种流利程度。
不说话是学不来东西的。害羞对学习语言没有好处。你必须让自己暴露在嘲笑之中——他们会嘲笑你的一些错误，因为它们无法控制的。但你以善意的态度接受他们的笑声，从不要为此生气，因为你的错误很有趣，而且每个人都明白，你是在尊重他们并学习他们的语言，而不是傲慢地期望他们学习你的语言。
很赞 0
收藏