QA：为什么韩国和日本这么繁荣，而历史上美国支持的南美政权却这么贫穷?（1）
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Alex Piascik Studied at State University of New York at Fredonia
I’ll focus on South Korea because their story is even more dramatic than Japan’s, although both countries employed a very similar strategy.
South Korea literally rose from the ashes to become one of the richest countries in the world today. In 1955 their per-capita GDP was $64; today it’s around $30,000, an increase of almost 500-FOLD.
How?
The answer lies with the chaebols, family-run conglomerates that dominate the South Korean economy. In the U.S. and Europe we’re all familiar with Samsung phones and Hyundai cars, but within S. Korea itself these companies reach into every corner of day-to-day life.
Let’s look at Samsung, the most famous chaebol that makes up almost 15% of South Korea’s economy.
【回答】就读于纽约州立大学弗雷多尼亚分校
我将重点谈谈韩国，因为他们的故事比日本更富有戏剧性，尽管两国都采用了非常相似的战略。
韩国从废墟中崛起，成为当今世界上最富有的国家之一。1955 年，他们的人均 GDP 为 64 美元，如今约为 3 万美元，增长了近 500 倍。
怎么做到的？
答案就在于主导韩国经济的家族企业集团，财阀。在美国和欧洲，我们对三星手机和现代汽车耳熟能详，但在韩国国内，这些公司的触角已经深入到日常生活的每一个角落。
让我们看看三星公司，它是韩国最著名的财阀，占韩国经济总量的近 15%。
Alex Piascik Studied at State University of New York at Fredonia
I’ll focus on South Korea because their story is even more dramatic than Japan’s, although both countries employed a very similar strategy.
South Korea literally rose from the ashes to become one of the richest countries in the world today. In 1955 their per-capita GDP was $64; today it’s around $30,000, an increase of almost 500-FOLD.
How?
The answer lies with the chaebols, family-run conglomerates that dominate the South Korean economy. In the U.S. and Europe we’re all familiar with Samsung phones and Hyundai cars, but within S. Korea itself these companies reach into every corner of day-to-day life.
Let’s look at Samsung, the most famous chaebol that makes up almost 15% of South Korea’s economy.
【回答】就读于纽约州立大学弗雷多尼亚分校
我将重点谈谈韩国，因为他们的故事比日本更富有戏剧性，尽管两国都采用了非常相似的战略。
韩国从废墟中崛起，成为当今世界上最富有的国家之一。1955 年，他们的人均 GDP 为 64 美元，如今约为 3 万美元，增长了近 500 倍。
怎么做到的？
答案就在于主导韩国经济的家族企业集团，财阀。在美国和欧洲，我们对三星手机和现代汽车耳熟能详，但在韩国国内，这些公司的触角已经深入到日常生活的每一个角落。
让我们看看三星公司，它是韩国最著名的财阀，占韩国经济总量的近 15%。
You can get a university degree at Samsung-affiliated Sungkyunkwan University, then get a job at Samsung and move into your new apartment at Samsung Tower Palace which is equipped with a Samsung-manufactured home security system, air conditioner, TV, refrigerator, oven and microwave. When you get sick you can get treated at Samsung Medical Center in the Gangnam district in Seoul. When you want to get married you can do so at a Samsung-owned venue, and when it’s time to retire you can go to a Samsung retirement home. When your time is up, your funeral arrangements can be handled by a Samsung funeral parlor.
The chaebols expanded their influence during the Park Chung-hee era. Park was a military dictator who ruled South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979. The companies were designated for special treatment by the government in order to jump start industrialization and modernize South Korea’s economy. A number of strategies were employed: the firms were protected from foreign competition through tariffs, and given loan guarantees which enabled them to invest and build new factories. Government economic policy favored exports in order to gain foreign capital for further investment. Over time, repeated investment enabled the chaebols to move up the value-added chain, producing more complex, sophisticated products that enabled these companies to then compete directly with their American and European competitors.
你可以在三星下属的成均馆大学获得大学学位，然后在三星公司找到一份工作，搬进三星公寓群的新公寓，那里配备有三星制造的家庭安全系统、空调、电视、冰箱、烤箱和微波炉。当你生病时，你可以在首尔江南区的三星医疗中心接受治疗。当你想结婚时，你可以在三星旗下的场所举行婚礼；当你退休时，你可以去三星养老院。当你寿终正寝时，三星殡仪馆会为你安排葬礼。
在朴正熙时代，财阀的影响力不断扩大。朴正熙是一个军事独裁者，从 1961 年开始统治韩国，直到 1979 年被暗杀。为了启动工业化和实现韩国经济现代化，政府指定对这些公司给予特殊待遇。政府采取了一系列策略：通过关税保护这些公司免受外国竞争，并为其提供贷款担保，使其能够投资兴建新工厂。政府的经济政策有利于出口，以获得进一步投资的外国资本。随着时间的推移，反复的投资使财阀们能够提升增值链，生产更复杂、更先进的产品，从而使这些公司能够与欧美竞争对手直接竞争。
The chaebols expanded their influence during the Park Chung-hee era. Park was a military dictator who ruled South Korea from 1961 until his assassination in 1979. The companies were designated for special treatment by the government in order to jump start industrialization and modernize South Korea’s economy. A number of strategies were employed: the firms were protected from foreign competition through tariffs, and given loan guarantees which enabled them to invest and build new factories. Government economic policy favored exports in order to gain foreign capital for further investment. Over time, repeated investment enabled the chaebols to move up the value-added chain, producing more complex, sophisticated products that enabled these companies to then compete directly with their American and European competitors.
你可以在三星下属的成均馆大学获得大学学位，然后在三星公司找到一份工作，搬进三星公寓群的新公寓，那里配备有三星制造的家庭安全系统、空调、电视、冰箱、烤箱和微波炉。当你生病时，你可以在首尔江南区的三星医疗中心接受治疗。当你想结婚时，你可以在三星旗下的场所举行婚礼；当你退休时，你可以去三星养老院。当你寿终正寝时，三星殡仪馆会为你安排葬礼。
在朴正熙时代，财阀的影响力不断扩大。朴正熙是一个军事独裁者，从 1961 年开始统治韩国，直到 1979 年被暗杀。为了启动工业化和实现韩国经济现代化，政府指定对这些公司给予特殊待遇。政府采取了一系列策略：通过关税保护这些公司免受外国竞争，并为其提供贷款担保，使其能够投资兴建新工厂。政府的经济政策有利于出口，以获得进一步投资的外国资本。随着时间的推移，反复的投资使财阀们能够提升增值链，生产更复杂、更先进的产品，从而使这些公司能够与欧美竞争对手直接竞争。
You can see this most easily with cars. Early Korean imports from Hyundai and Kia were in the low-end segments of the market, compacts and mid-sized sedans. An obsessive focus on reliability enabled them to gain new customers, and supply chain efficiency made them profitable in a low-margin segment of the market. As they got better they started to compete in the more profitable, upper end of the market: SUV’s, luxury sedans and hybrids.
This symbiotic relationship between government and business, coupled with the insane work ethic of the Korean people, is what transformed South Korea into the country we know today. The U.S. contribution to this was military. By providing protection through the U.S. / South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty, South Korea was shielded from external threats and given the stability needed for the country to develop. But the bulk of the credit has to go to the Korean people and their leaders, including Park, a brutal dictator who nevertheless set the stage for the remarkable rise of the chaebols.
从汽车上最容易看出这一点。韩国现代和起亚的早期进口汽车都属于低端市场，如紧凑型和中型轿车。对可靠性的执着追求使它们赢得了新客户，供应链的高效率也使它们在低利润率的细分市场中有利可图。随着技术的进步，他们开始在利润更高的高端市场上竞争：SUV、豪华轿车和混合动力车。
政府与企业之间的这种共生关系，加上韩国人民疯狂的工作热情，使韩国变成了我们今天所熟知的国家。美国对此的贡献在于军事。通过《美韩共同防御条约》提供的保护，韩国免受了外部威胁，并获得了国家发展所需的稳定。但大部分功劳应归功于韩国人民和他们的领导人，包括朴槿惠，她是一个残暴的独裁者，但却为财阀的显著崛起创造了条件。
This symbiotic relationship between government and business, coupled with the insane work ethic of the Korean people, is what transformed South Korea into the country we know today. The U.S. contribution to this was military. By providing protection through the U.S. / South Korea Mutual Defense Treaty, South Korea was shielded from external threats and given the stability needed for the country to develop. But the bulk of the credit has to go to the Korean people and their leaders, including Park, a brutal dictator who nevertheless set the stage for the remarkable rise of the chaebols.
从汽车上最容易看出这一点。韩国现代和起亚的早期进口汽车都属于低端市场，如紧凑型和中型轿车。对可靠性的执着追求使它们赢得了新客户，供应链的高效率也使它们在低利润率的细分市场中有利可图。随着技术的进步，他们开始在利润更高的高端市场上竞争：SUV、豪华轿车和混合动力车。
政府与企业之间的这种共生关系，加上韩国人民疯狂的工作热情，使韩国变成了我们今天所熟知的国家。美国对此的贡献在于军事。通过《美韩共同防御条约》提供的保护，韩国免受了外部威胁，并获得了国家发展所需的稳定。但大部分功劳应归功于韩国人民和他们的领导人，包括朴槿惠，她是一个残暴的独裁者，但却为财阀的显著崛起创造了条件。
Bottom line: the nations of South America have not done as well in marshaling their people and resources. Poor political leadership, lack of coherent strategy in economic policy, corruption, the drug trade, inadequate resources devoted to education are all factors that come into play. Compare this to South Korea: ALL of South Korean society, beginning in the 1950’s, focused like a laser beam on one goal, creating a prosperous society. The nations of South America…didn’t.
There are downsides to the Korean strategy that are causing a great deal of suffering among her people, which is why many young S. Koreans refer to their country as “Hell Joseon” (Joseon was an ancient dynasty that ruled the Korean peninsula until the late 19th century). The competitive pressures of South Korean society have created one of the highest suicide rates in the world and a rate of poverty among the elderly of almost 50%.
So while the people of South America may not be as materially prosperous, they don’t live in a pressure cooker society where everyone is constantly being pushed to succeed and looked down upon if they don’t.
一句话：南美洲国家在调集人民和资源方面做得不够好。政治领导不力、经济政策缺乏连贯的战略、腐败、毒品贸易、教育资源投入不足，这些都是影响因素。对比一下韩国：从 50 年代开始，韩国社会的所有力量都像激光束一样集中在一个目标上，那就是创造一个繁荣的社会。而南美国家......没有。
韩国战略的一些弊端给韩国人民带来了巨大的痛苦，这就是为什么许多年轻的韩国人称他们的国家为 "地狱朝鲜"（朝鲜是一个古老的王朝，统治朝鲜半岛直到 19 世纪末）。韩国社会的竞争压力使其成为世界上自杀率最高的国家之一，老年人的贫困率接近 50%。
因此，虽然南美洲人民的物质生活可能没有那么富裕，但他们并没有生活在一个高压锅的社会里，每个人都被不断地催促着成功，如果不成功就会被看不起。
There are downsides to the Korean strategy that are causing a great deal of suffering among her people, which is why many young S. Koreans refer to their country as “Hell Joseon” (Joseon was an ancient dynasty that ruled the Korean peninsula until the late 19th century). The competitive pressures of South Korean society have created one of the highest suicide rates in the world and a rate of poverty among the elderly of almost 50%.
So while the people of South America may not be as materially prosperous, they don’t live in a pressure cooker society where everyone is constantly being pushed to succeed and looked down upon if they don’t.
一句话：南美洲国家在调集人民和资源方面做得不够好。政治领导不力、经济政策缺乏连贯的战略、腐败、毒品贸易、教育资源投入不足，这些都是影响因素。对比一下韩国：从 50 年代开始，韩国社会的所有力量都像激光束一样集中在一个目标上，那就是创造一个繁荣的社会。而南美国家......没有。
韩国战略的一些弊端给韩国人民带来了巨大的痛苦，这就是为什么许多年轻的韩国人称他们的国家为 "地狱朝鲜"（朝鲜是一个古老的王朝，统治朝鲜半岛直到 19 世纪末）。韩国社会的竞争压力使其成为世界上自杀率最高的国家之一，老年人的贫困率接近 50%。
因此，虽然南美洲人民的物质生活可能没有那么富裕，但他们并没有生活在一个高压锅的社会里，每个人都被不断地催促着成功，如果不成功就会被看不起。
Casey Roberts Former Field Systems Engineer/Trainer at SAIC (2004–2007)
In my opinion, it’s a difference of mission. In the case of the Japanese and South Koreans, they were directly neighboring the two largest communist nations at the beginning of the Cold War, and so American investment and military partnership played a huge role in injecting both money and demand for manufactured goods, as well as both nations were under strong leadership and fervently anti-communist, which gave it stronger appeal to the U.S. and its consumers during a very political time. Add to that the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and a lot of supplies and U.S. military personnel being stationed or moving through both nations, and you have more opportunities. In some ways, since both nations’ economies relied on manufacturing far more than resource exploitation, it is easier to quickly ramp up an economy, since most of what you are producing or selling is easier to manage; someone else opening a major car factory won’t dramatically due your product, unlike if a large mine or oil field were to come online, or the fact that resources like oil or precious metals are priced based on purity or grade, so a resource source can’t improve itself up a value chain. I think Alex Piascik’s answer does a great job discussing the Korean chaebol system, which is extremely similar to the zaibatsu system in Japan, and this allows for easier control and government economic protectionism.
【回答】SAIC 前现场系统工程师/培训师（2004-2007 年）
在我看来，这是使命的不同。就日本和韩国而言，在冷战初期，它们直接与两个最大的共产主义国家为邻，因此美国的投资和军事合作在为制成品注入资金和需求方面发挥了巨大作用，而且这两个国家都处于强有力的领导之下，热衷于反共，这在一个非常政治化的时期对美国及其消费者具有更强的吸引力。再加上朝鲜战争和越南战争，以及大量物资和美国军事人员在两国驻扎或流动，这就为我们提供了更多的机会。在某些方面，由于这两个国家的经济对制造业的依赖远大于对资源开采的依赖，因此更容易快速提升经济，因为你所生产或销售的大部分产品都更容易管理；别人开设一家大型汽车厂不会让你的产品大幅贬值，这与大型矿山或油田投产的情况不同，也与石油或贵金属等资源根据纯度或等级定价不同，因此资源来源无法在价值链中自我提升。我认为 Alex Piascik 的回答很好地讨论了韩国的财阀制度，它与日本的财阀制度极为相似，这使得控制和政府经济保护主义更为容易。
In my opinion, it’s a difference of mission. In the case of the Japanese and South Koreans, they were directly neighboring the two largest communist nations at the beginning of the Cold War, and so American investment and military partnership played a huge role in injecting both money and demand for manufactured goods, as well as both nations were under strong leadership and fervently anti-communist, which gave it stronger appeal to the U.S. and its consumers during a very political time. Add to that the Korean and Vietnam Wars, and a lot of supplies and U.S. military personnel being stationed or moving through both nations, and you have more opportunities. In some ways, since both nations’ economies relied on manufacturing far more than resource exploitation, it is easier to quickly ramp up an economy, since most of what you are producing or selling is easier to manage; someone else opening a major car factory won’t dramatically due your product, unlike if a large mine or oil field were to come online, or the fact that resources like oil or precious metals are priced based on purity or grade, so a resource source can’t improve itself up a value chain. I think Alex Piascik’s answer does a great job discussing the Korean chaebol system, which is extremely similar to the zaibatsu system in Japan, and this allows for easier control and government economic protectionism.
【回答】SAIC 前现场系统工程师/培训师（2004-2007 年）
在我看来，这是使命的不同。就日本和韩国而言，在冷战初期，它们直接与两个最大的共产主义国家为邻，因此美国的投资和军事合作在为制成品注入资金和需求方面发挥了巨大作用，而且这两个国家都处于强有力的领导之下，热衷于反共，这在一个非常政治化的时期对美国及其消费者具有更强的吸引力。再加上朝鲜战争和越南战争，以及大量物资和美国军事人员在两国驻扎或流动，这就为我们提供了更多的机会。在某些方面，由于这两个国家的经济对制造业的依赖远大于对资源开采的依赖，因此更容易快速提升经济，因为你所生产或销售的大部分产品都更容易管理；别人开设一家大型汽车厂不会让你的产品大幅贬值，这与大型矿山或油田投产的情况不同，也与石油或贵金属等资源根据纯度或等级定价不同，因此资源来源无法在价值链中自我提升。我认为 Alex Piascik 的回答很好地讨论了韩国的财阀制度，它与日本的财阀制度极为相似，这使得控制和政府经济保护主义更为容易。
As for South America, you have to also remember that the American backing that they received was not exactly that much. Historically, The American government maintained a policy known as the Monroe Doctrine, which was a declaration to the European powers in the early 1800s that the United States saw themselves as the protector of the Western Hemisphere. As long as the European powers would not expand their colonies of the time, the United States would not interfere in the internal affairs, conflicts, or colonial enterprises of the European colonies. In other words, the United States basically laid claim to the Americas as a sphere of influence, and would consider any expansionist actions from outsiders as an act of aggression. The Monroe doctrine was later used as justification for expansions of the U.S., as well as later military interventions.
至于南美洲，你还必须记住，美国对他们的支持并不算多。在历史上，美国政府一直奉行一项被称为 "门罗主义 "的政策，即在 19 世纪初向欧洲列强宣布美国是西半球的保护者。只要当时的欧洲列强不扩张殖民地，美国就不会干涉欧洲殖民地的内政、冲突或殖民企业。换句话说，美国基本上声称美洲是其势力范围，并将外来者的任何扩张行动视为侵略行为。门罗主义后来被用作美国扩张以及后来军事干预的理由。
至于南美洲，你还必须记住，美国对他们的支持并不算多。在历史上，美国政府一直奉行一项被称为 "门罗主义 "的政策，即在 19 世纪初向欧洲列强宣布美国是西半球的保护者。只要当时的欧洲列强不扩张殖民地，美国就不会干涉欧洲殖民地的内政、冲突或殖民企业。换句话说，美国基本上声称美洲是其势力范围，并将外来者的任何扩张行动视为侵略行为。门罗主义后来被用作美国扩张以及后来军事干预的理由。
The American government wanted pliable governments in Central and South America, and had zero qualms about working with military regimes and authoritarian governments, as long as they could maintain ownership of production and land, and large amount of access to the local economies. The governments that got knocked down in Latin America tended to be either communists, and therefore would be aligned with Cuba and by extension Russia (China’s involvement in international Communism was really relegated to Southeast Asia), or they would spurn American hegemony in the region; both would invite American military involvement. U.S.-backed regimes basically allowed American exploitation of their natural resources, control of their national infrastructure (see Panama and the Panama Canal), and recognition of American property rights (see the ownership of land by United Fruit and Standard Fruit, both American companies that are the reason we have the term “banana republics” today).
So the real difference is that while Japan and South Korea received American aid and investment, as well as large economic opportunities due to the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Central and South America were treated more like colonies, used to provide resources and land, but with practically one-sided trade and no real investment in Latin American countries.
美国政府希望在中美洲和南美洲建立柔弱的政府，只要能保持对生产和土地的所有权以及对当地经济的大量控制权，美国政府对与军事政权和独裁政府合作毫无保留。在拉美被打倒的政府往往要么是共产主义者，因此会与古巴结盟，进而与俄罗斯结盟（中国在国际共产主义中的参与实际上仅限于东南亚），要么会唾弃美国在该地区的霸权；这两种情况都会招致美国的军事介入。美国支持的政权基本上允许美国开采其自然资源，控制其国家基础设施（见巴拿马和巴拿马运河），并承认美国的财产权（见联合果品公司和标准果品公司对土地的所有权，这两家美国公司是我们今天使用 "香蕉共和国 "一词的原因）。
因此，真正的区别在于，日本和韩国得到了美国的援助和投资，并因朝鲜战争和越南战争而获得了大量的经济机会，而中美洲和南美洲则更像是殖民地，被用来提供资源和土地，但几乎是单方面的贸易，美国没有对拉美国家进行真正的投资。
So the real difference is that while Japan and South Korea received American aid and investment, as well as large economic opportunities due to the Korean and Vietnam Wars, Central and South America were treated more like colonies, used to provide resources and land, but with practically one-sided trade and no real investment in Latin American countries.
美国政府希望在中美洲和南美洲建立柔弱的政府，只要能保持对生产和土地的所有权以及对当地经济的大量控制权，美国政府对与军事政权和独裁政府合作毫无保留。在拉美被打倒的政府往往要么是共产主义者，因此会与古巴结盟，进而与俄罗斯结盟（中国在国际共产主义中的参与实际上仅限于东南亚），要么会唾弃美国在该地区的霸权；这两种情况都会招致美国的军事介入。美国支持的政权基本上允许美国开采其自然资源，控制其国家基础设施（见巴拿马和巴拿马运河），并承认美国的财产权（见联合果品公司和标准果品公司对土地的所有权，这两家美国公司是我们今天使用 "香蕉共和国 "一词的原因）。
因此，真正的区别在于，日本和韩国得到了美国的援助和投资，并因朝鲜战争和越南战争而获得了大量的经济机会，而中美洲和南美洲则更像是殖民地，被用来提供资源和土地，但几乎是单方面的贸易，美国没有对拉美国家进行真正的投资。
F. Torre
It’s a matter of culture and politics. Perhaps in South Korea and Japan you have a high sense of industry and respect for the law and welfare of the citizenry. In South America you have endemic corruption, institutional lawlessness, and disregard for the collective wellbeing of the citizenry.
Add the high level of literacy in South Korea and Japan, which is not the case in South America.
【回答】
这是一个文化和政治问题。也许在韩国和日本，人们有高度的工业意识，尊重法律和公民的福祉。而在南美，腐败盛行，体制无法无天，漠视公民的集体福祉。
此外，韩国和日本的识字率很高，而南美洲则不同。
It’s a matter of culture and politics. Perhaps in South Korea and Japan you have a high sense of industry and respect for the law and welfare of the citizenry. In South America you have endemic corruption, institutional lawlessness, and disregard for the collective wellbeing of the citizenry.
Add the high level of literacy in South Korea and Japan, which is not the case in South America.
【回答】
这是一个文化和政治问题。也许在韩国和日本，人们有高度的工业意识，尊重法律和公民的福祉。而在南美，腐败盛行，体制无法无天，漠视公民的集体福祉。
此外，韩国和日本的识字率很高，而南美洲则不同。
Kaelan
It is actually down to a tremendous difference in culture between Latin Americans and East Asians, and you will truly see to it that it is a night and day difference. Latin Americans do not have the fierce systematic cultural pressure to ruthlessly succeed both in business and in academics to compete and bring family and societal honour. They do not have this intrinsically drilled into their people from birth that is founded in East Asian societies due to their thousands of years rooted culture built upon Confucianism.
This also explains the stark difference in culture and it does not come without sacrifice.
【回答】
这实际上是拉美人和东亚人在文化上的巨大差异造成的，你会看到这是天壤之别。拉美人没有激烈的系统性文化压力，无论是在商业上还是在学术上，他们都必须拼命取得成功，在竞争中赢得家庭和社会的荣誉。他们没有东亚社会数千年根深蒂固的儒家文化，也没有这种从出生起就灌输给人民的内在思想。
这也解释了文化上的巨大差异，而且这种差异并非没有牺牲。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
It is actually down to a tremendous difference in culture between Latin Americans and East Asians, and you will truly see to it that it is a night and day difference. Latin Americans do not have the fierce systematic cultural pressure to ruthlessly succeed both in business and in academics to compete and bring family and societal honour. They do not have this intrinsically drilled into their people from birth that is founded in East Asian societies due to their thousands of years rooted culture built upon Confucianism.
This also explains the stark difference in culture and it does not come without sacrifice.
【回答】
这实际上是拉美人和东亚人在文化上的巨大差异造成的，你会看到这是天壤之别。拉美人没有激烈的系统性文化压力，无论是在商业上还是在学术上，他们都必须拼命取得成功，在竞争中赢得家庭和社会的荣誉。他们没有东亚社会数千年根深蒂固的儒家文化，也没有这种从出生起就灌输给人民的内在思想。
这也解释了文化上的巨大差异，而且这种差异并非没有牺牲。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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