JetZero: 开创性的“混合翼”试验飞机获准飞行
2024-04-25 imlrz 7273
正文翻译
JetZero: Groundbreaking ‘blended-wing’ demonstrator plane cleared to fly

JetZero:开创性的“混合翼”试验飞机获准飞行

By Jacopo Prisco, CNN
Published 5:57 AM EDT, Thu April 4, 2024
CNN —
The basic design of commercial airplanes hasn’t changed much in the past 60 years. Modern airliners like the Boeing 787 and the Airbus A350 have the same general shape as the Boeing 707 and the Douglas DC-8, which were built in the late 1950s and solidified the “tube and wing” form factor that is still in use today.
CNN —

在过去的60年里,商用飞机的基本设计没有太大变化。像波音787和空客A350这样的现代客机与波音707和道格拉斯DC-8有着相同的总体形状,这两款飞机建造于20世纪50年代末,巩固了“管道和机翼”的形状规格,至今仍在使用。

This is because commercial aviation prioritizes safety, favoring tried-and-tested solutions, and because other developments — in materials and engines, for example — mean the traditional design is still relevant.

这是因为商用航空优先考虑安全性,青睐经过试验和测试的解决方案,而且因为其他方面的进展(不尽人意)——例如,材料和发动机——这意味着传统设计依然适用。

However, a seismic shake-up is about to take place. An entirely new aircraft shape has been cleared to take off into California skies. At the end of last month, Long Beach-based JetZero announced that Pathfinder, its 1:8 scale “blended wing body” demonstrator plane, has been granted an FAA Airworthiness certificate and test flights are imminent.

然而,一场影响深远性的变革即将发生。一架全新外形的飞机已经被获准在加州上空起飞。上个月底,总部位于长滩的JetZero宣布,其1:8比例的“混合翼身”展示飞机探路者/开拓者(Pathfinder)已获得美国联邦航空局(FAA)适航证书,试飞即将开始。

As the industry desperately looks for ways to reduce carbon emissions, it faces a somewhat tougher challenge than other sectors precisely because its core technologies have proven so hard to move away from. It’s a ripe time to innovate.

随着该行业拼命寻找减少碳排放的方法,它面临着比其他行业更严峻的挑战,正是因为它的核心技术已经被证明是如此的难以摆脱。现在是去创新的成熟时机。

The “blended wing body” looks similar to the “flying wing” design used by military aircraft such as the iconic B-2 bomber, but the blended wing has more volume in the middle section. Both Boeing and Airbus are tinkering with the idea, and JetZero’s new milestone brings it a little closer to its ambitious goal of putting into service a blended wing aircraft as soon as 2030.

“混合翼身”看起来类似于军用飞机(如标志性的B-2轰炸机)使用的“飞翼”设计,但混合翼在中间部分有着更大的体积。波音(Boeing)和空客(Airbus)两者都在对这一想法进行着小修小补,而JetZero的新里程碑,令这家公司离最快在2030年投入使用混合机翼飞机的宏伟目标又迈近了一步。

“We feel very strongly about a path to zero emissions in big jets, and the blended wing airfrx can deliver 50% lower fuel burn and emissions,” Tom O’Leary, co-founder and CEO of JetZero, told CNN in August 2023. “That is a staggering leap forward in comparison to what the industry is used to.”

“我们非常希望大型喷气式飞机实现零排放,而混合机翼机身可以实现将燃油消耗和排放降低50%。” JetZero的联合创始人兼首席执行官汤姆·奥利里(Tom O’Leary)在2023年8月接受CNN采访时表示: “与该行业一直所做的相比,这是一个惊人的飞跃。”


A rendering of JetZero's blended wing design. JetZero

一架JetZero的混合翼设计的效果图

Under pressure
The blended wing concept is far from new, and the earliest attempts at building airplanes with this design date back to the late 1920s in Germany. American aircraft designer and industrialist Jack Northrop created a jet-powered flying wing design in 1947, which inspired the B-2 in the 1990s.

受到压力
混合机翼的概念并不新鲜,用这种设计建造飞机的最早尝试可以追溯到20世纪20年代末的德国。美国飞机设计师和实业家杰克·诺斯罗普(Jack Northrop)在1947年创造了一种喷气动力飞翼设计,并在20世纪90年代影响了B-2。

As a sort of hybrid between a flying wing and a traditional “tube and wing,” the blended wing allows the entire aircraft to generate lift, minimizing drag. NASA says that this shape “helps to increase fuel economy and creates larger payload (cargo or passenger) areas in the center body portion of the aircraft.” The agency has tested it through one of its experimental planes, the X-48.

作为一种介于飞翼和传统“管翼”之间的混合体,这种混合机翼可以让整个飞机产生升力,最大限度地减少阻力。美国宇航局(NASA)表示,这种形状“有助于提高燃油经济性,并在飞机的中心部分创造更大的有效载荷(货物或乘客)区域。”该机构已经通过其中一款实验飞机X-48,进行了测试。

Over about 120 test flights between 2007 and 2012, two unmanned, remote-controlled X-48s demonstrated the viability of the concept. “An aircraft of this type would have a wingspan slightly greater than a Boeing 747 and could operate from existing airport terminals,” the agency says, adding that the plane would also “weigh less, generate less noise and emissions, and cost less to operate than an equally advanced conventional transport aircraft.”

2007年至2012年间,两架无人遥控x -48进行了大约120次以上的试飞,证明了这一概念的可行性。该机构表示:“这种类型的飞机翼展将略大于波音747,可以在现有的机场航站楼进行运营。”该机构还表示,这种飞机“重量更轻,噪音和排放更少,运营成本也比同样先进的传统设计运输机更低。”


NASA's experimental X-48 plane. NASA

美国宇航局的实验飞机X-48

In 2020, Airbus built a small-blended wing demonstrator, about six feet in length, signaling interest in pursuing a full-size aircraft in the future. But if the shape is so effective, why haven’t we yet moved to building planes based on it?

2020年,空客建造了一架小型的混合机翼展示机,长度约为6英尺,表现出未来有兴趣研发全尺寸飞机。但如果这种形状如此有效,为什么我们还没有按照它来建造飞机呢?

According to O’Leary, there is one main technical challenge holding manufacturers back. “It’s the pressurization of a non-cylindrical fuselage,” he says, pointing to the fact that a tube-shaped plane is better able to handle the constant expansion and contraction cycles that come with each flight.

据奥利里所说,有一个主要的技术挑战阻挡了制造者。“就是非圆柱形机身的增压/加压问题,”他说着,并指出一个事实,即管状的飞机能够更好地处理每次飞行中的膨胀和收缩的循环周期问题。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


“If you think about a ‘tube and wing,’ it separates the loads — you have the pressurization load on the tube, and the bending loads on the wings. But a blended wing essentially blends those together. Only now can we do that with composite materials that are both light and strong.”

“只要你想象一下‘管道和机翼’形状,它可以分离负荷——你在管道上有加压负荷,而机翼上有弯曲负荷。但混合翼实际上是将它们混合在一起。只有到了现在,我们才能用既轻又强的复合材料做到这一点。”

Such a radically new shape would make the interior of the plane look and feel wildly different to today’s widebody aircraft. “It’s just a much, much wider fuselage,” O’Leary says. “Your typical single-aisle plane has three by three seats, but this is a sort of a shorter, wider tube. You get the same amount of people, but you might have 15 or 20 rows across the cabin, depending upon how each particular airline will configure it.

这种彻底的新外形,将使飞机内部的视觉和感觉与如今的宽体飞机截然不同。 “(宽体飞机)它只是一个更宽的机身。” 奥利里说:“典型的单通道飞机是3X3联席,但某种程度上这只是一种更短的宽管子。你有同样数量的乘客,但整个机舱可能只能放15或20排,这取决于每个航空公司如何配置它。

“This just gives them a whole new palette with which to lay it out. I think it’s going to be amazing to see what their interpretation of this much broader space will be.”

“现在这给了他们一个全新的调色板来排列座位。我认为,在这个更广阔的空间上看他们的绘画表演将是一件令人高兴的事。”


JetZero hopes to have its plane in service by 2030. JetZero

JetZero希望它的飞机能在2030年投入使用。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Revolutionary potential
O’Leary says that the nearest equivalent in terms of size would be the Boeing 767 – a widebody, twin-engine plane introduced in the 1980s that typically carried around 210 passengers. It’s still produced as a cargo plane but was replaced by the Boeing 787 as a passenger aircraft. It also has a modern military variant, the KC-46, which the US Air Force uses for aerial refueling.

革命潜力
奥利里说,从尺寸上比较,最接近的飞机是波音767——一种上世纪80年代推出的宽体双引擎飞机,通常载客量约为210人。它仍然作为货机在生产,但新客机被波音787取代。它也有一种现代的军用变种,KC- 46,美国空军使用它执行空中加油。

Similarly, JetZero wants to simultaneously develop three variants: a passenger plane with seating for 200-plus passengers, a cargo plane and a fuel tanker. The blended wing shape lends itself so well to the latter that last year the US Air Force awarded JetZero $235 million to develop a full-scale demonstrator and validate the performance of the blended wing concept. The military version of the plane is scheduled to lead the way and perhaps support the development of the commercial models.

与之相似,JetZero希望同时开发三种型号:可容纳200多名乘客的客机、货机和加油机。混合机翼的形状非常适合末者,去年美国空军给予JetZero 2.35亿美元用于开发全尺寸试验机并验证混合机翼概念的性能。这架飞机的军用版本会引领研究方向,或许还能支持商用机型的开发。

The newly FAA-approved Pathfinder, with its 23-foot wingspan, is a 12.5%-scale version of the full-scale demonstrator, which is expected to take flight by 2027. The plane is designed for 100% compatibility with Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) and to have the internal volume to accommodate zero-carbon emissions hydrogen.

最新获得美国联邦航空管理局(faa)批准的“探路者”(Pathfinder)飞机翼展23英尺,是全尺寸验证机的12.5%版本,预计将于2027年首飞。这架飞机是为了100%兼容可持续航空燃料(SAF) 而设计,并有内部空间容纳零碳排放的氢气。

However, building an entirely new airplane from scratch is an enormous task, and JetZero’s targets sound ambitious, given that the full process of certification for even a variant of an existing aircraft can take years. One advantage JetZero has in this area is that the plane will initially borrow engines from today’s narrowbody aircraft, like the Boeing 737 — although the plan is to eventually move to completely emission-free propulsion powered by hydrogen, which would require new engines that haven’t yet been developed.

无论如何,从零开始建造一架全新的飞机是一项艰巨的任务,而JetZero的目标听起来雄心勃勃,因为即使是现有飞机的一个改型,整个认证过程也可能需要数年时间。JetZero在这一领域的一个优势是,该飞机最初将借用现在的窄体飞机的发动机,比如波音737——但是该计划最终目标是转向完全由零碳排放的氢来提供动力,这需要尚未开发的新引擎。

JetZero hasn’t announced any orders for its plane, but O’Leary told CNN last year that airlines are interested. “We’re talking to all the major airlines globally already, because they’re excited to hear about the efficiency gains.”

JetZero的飞机还没有宣布接到订单,但奥利里去年曾告诉CNN,航空公司都对此很感兴趣。“我们正在与全球的主要航空公司磋商,因为当他们听到飞机的提高效率时非常激动。”

It remains to be seen whether a 50% reduction in fuel use is actually possible. Both NASA and Airbus quoted a more modest 20% for their designs, while the US Air Force says a blended wing aircraft could “improve aerodynamic efficiency by at least 30% over current Air Force tanker and mobility aircraft.”

减少50%的燃料消耗是否真的有可能,还有待观察。而美国国家航空航天局和空中客车公司都对他们的设计给出了更折中的20%,而美国空军则表示,混合翼飞机可以“比目前的空军加油机和高机动飞机提高至少30%的空气动力学效率”。

What the full-size JetZero plane could look like. JetZero

全尺寸的JetZero飞机会是什么样子。

“It’s important to note that while a blended wing body can reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency, the actual benefits depend on the specific design, configuration, and operational conditions,” says Bailey Miles, an aviation analyst at consulting firm AviationValues.

咨询公司AviationValues的航空分析师贝利·迈尔斯(Bailey Miles)表示:“值得注意的是,虽然混合翼体可以减少阻力,提高燃油效率,但实际效益取决于具体的设计、配置和操作条件。”

“Extensive aerodynamic testing and optimization are essential to fully realize the drag reduction potential of this innovative aircraft design. It would be hard to determine a specific percentage fuel reduction without the necessary tests,” he adds.

他补充道:“大量的空气动力学测试和优化,对于实现这种创新的飞机所设计的减阻潜力必不可少。如果没有必需的测试,很难确定具体的燃料减少百分比,”

According to Miles, the blended wing design is a “revolutionary” idea that has potential, but it comes with a number of hurdles, specifically an increased aerodynamic complexity that can make design and testing tricky, a series of regulatory and certification challenges, and a shape that may not be suitable for existing airport infrastructure.

据迈尔斯表示,混合机翼设计是一个具有潜力的“革命性”想法,但它也面临许多障碍,特别是空气动力学复杂性的增加,可能使设计与测试变得棘手,面临一系列监管和认证挑战,以及飞机形状可能不适合现有的机场基础设施的问题。

“The blended wing body aircraft holds immense promise as a game changer in the aviation industry, offering the potential for improved fuel efficiency, enhanced payload capacity, and innovative control systems. However, addressing the aerodynamic complexities, ensuring structural integrity, navigating regulatory hurdles, and adapting airport infrastructure are formidable challenges that must be overcome for it to become a reality,” he says, adding that these challenges, among others, make JetZero’s target of 2030 for entry into service “inconceivable.”

“混合翼身飞机作为航空业的游戏规则改变者有着巨大的可能,提供了增强燃油效率,增强有效载荷能力和创新控制系统的潜力。然而,相比这款飞机成为现实,解决空气动力学的复杂性,确保结构完整性,克服监管障碍,适应机场的基础设施才是必须克服的艰巨挑战。”他说道,加上这些挑战,包括其他的挑战在内,使得JetZero的2030年投入使用的目标变得“难以置信”。

According to Richard Aboulafia, an aviation analyst at consulting firm Aerodynamic Advisory, while not all of JetZero’s claims can be verified, “the idea of a blended wing body has been quite appealing for years, and it sounds like they’ve done some very interesting research. My colleagues and I regard it as quite promising.”

咨询公司气动咨询公司(Aerodynamic Advisory)的航空分析师理查德·阿布拉菲亚(Richard Aboulafia)表示,虽然JetZero的说法并非都能得到证实,但“混合翼身的想法多年来一直很有吸引力,听起来他们已经做了一些非常有趣的研究。我和我的同事都认为这很有前途。”
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


He is concerned that the firm is mostly “a design shop” at the moment, but he believes that the project may take off with the help of contractors. “There’s certainly room for somebody who actually wants to add value in this industry,” he says.

他担心该公司现阶段多半是一家“设计店”,但他相信,在承包商的帮助下,该项目可能会成功。他表示:“对于真正想要在这个行业里增加价值的人来说,无疑有足够的空间。”

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