与9000年前相比，人类有什么不同？
正文翻译
How different is the human species compared to what it used to be like 9000 years ago?
与9000年前相比，人类有什么不同？
与9000年前相比，人类有什么不同？
评论翻译
Yeah, didn’t think so. Still, they’re different enough to get classed as a subspecies. They’re still Homo sapiens, but one minor step difference. To get to these minor differences, you have to travel back 20 times the number of years you propose.
是的，我不这么认为。尽管如此，它们之间的差异还是足以让它被归类为一个亚种。他们仍然是智人，但还是有一点小小的差别。为了得出这些细微的差别，你必须回到20倍长于你计划的年代。
Erectus didn’t just transition cleanly into modern humans, though, as there’s evidence that they survived to as long as seventy thousand years ago. That means H. sapiens and H. erectus were around at the same time. This is perfectly acceptable, as sapiens likely split off and evolved differently. No biggie.
然而，直立人并不是干净利落地就过渡到了现代人类，因为有证据表明他们存活到了7万年前。这意味着智人和直立人是同时出现的。这是完全可以接受的，因为智人很可能出现了分化，并以不同的方式进化。这一点并没有什么大不了的。
The earliest known necklace jewelry is around 130,000 years old, and required the drilling and stringing of various animal bones.
已知最早的项链珠宝大约有13万年的历史，它需要钻孔和串上各种动物的骨头。
The earliest known shoes are made of twined sage bark, and are 9300 years old.
已知最早的鞋是用鼠尾草皮搓制而成，它已有9300年的历史。
There’s the art of the various European caves which date from 17,000 years or more. Art that precise requires a lot of dexterity. Making the tools and paints do, too.
还有各种欧洲洞穴中的艺术，它们的历史可以追溯到17000多年前。精确的艺术需要很多技巧。制作绘画工具和颜料也是如此。
I don’t think there is any difference between us and our ancestors when it comes to dexterity.
当谈到灵巧度的时候，我不认为我们和我们的祖先之间有任何区别。
回答一：
Jeff Kay, Several courses and much read time on ancient history.
Answered Apr 6
There’s a few different answers to this, mostly based on what you mean by “human species”, but also by how you define “different”.
对于这个问题，存在着几个不同的答案，它们主要是基于你对“人类物种”的定义，以及你如何定义“不同”。
Answered Apr 6
There’s a few different answers to this, mostly based on what you mean by “human species”, but also by how you define “different”.
对于这个问题，存在着几个不同的答案，它们主要是基于你对“人类物种”的定义，以及你如何定义“不同”。
Biological
First, and probably what the OP is trying for, is biological. The answer to this is “not much”. Genetically, we are pretty much exactly the same as our ancestors from 9 thousand years ago. Sure, we may be a bit taller and live longer, but those are the results of diet and lifestyle.
生物学上的人类
首先，也许提问者指的是生物学上的人类。那么答案就是“没有多少不同”。从基因方面来看，我们和9000年前的祖先几乎一模一样。当然，我们可能会高一点，活得更长一点，但这些都是饮食和生活方式所造成的结果。
First, and probably what the OP is trying for, is biological. The answer to this is “not much”. Genetically, we are pretty much exactly the same as our ancestors from 9 thousand years ago. Sure, we may be a bit taller and live longer, but those are the results of diet and lifestyle.
生物学上的人类
首先，也许提问者指的是生物学上的人类。那么答案就是“没有多少不同”。从基因方面来看，我们和9000年前的祖先几乎一模一样。当然，我们可能会高一点，活得更长一点，但这些都是饮食和生活方式所造成的结果。
Even if we multiply that time period by 10, to ninety thousand years, there still isn’t much difference, aside from the presence of another species of human, the neanderthal. Despite the possibility of interbreeding, the H. sapiens hasn’t changed since then.
即使我们把时间拉长十倍，除了尼安德特人之外，我们和当时的人类仍然没有太大的区别。尽管有杂交的可能性，但自那时起，智人就没有发生过改变。
即使我们把时间拉长十倍，除了尼安德特人之外，我们和当时的人类仍然没有太大的区别。尽管有杂交的可能性，但自那时起，智人就没有发生过改变。
Let’s take this back even further, to double the length of time, to about a hundred and ninety thousand years.
让我们把时间再往前拉长一倍，回到大约十九万年前。
让我们把时间再往前拉长一倍，回到大约十九万年前。
Ahhh, now we’re getting somewhere. Humans aren’t H. sapiens sapiens, they’re H. sapiens idaltu, Idaltu is almost anatomically identical to modern humans, but with some subtle differences. Can you spot them?
啊哈，我们终于有所进展了。当时的人类不是智人，他们是长.者智人，长.者智人在解剖学上几乎和现代人一样，但仍然有一些细微的区别。你能分辨得出他们吗？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
啊哈，我们终于有所进展了。当时的人类不是智人，他们是长.者智人，长.者智人在解剖学上几乎和现代人一样，但仍然有一些细微的区别。你能分辨得出他们吗？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Yeah, didn’t think so. Still, they’re different enough to get classed as a subspecies. They’re still Homo sapiens, but one minor step difference. To get to these minor differences, you have to travel back 20 times the number of years you propose.
是的，我不这么认为。尽管如此，它们之间的差异还是足以让它被归类为一个亚种。他们仍然是智人，但还是有一点小小的差别。为了得出这些细微的差别，你必须回到20倍长于你计划的年代。
To get to something that is visibly not a modern human, you have to go back quite a bit longer.
要想了解一些明显不是现代人类的东西，你必须追溯到很久以前。
要想了解一些明显不是现代人类的东西，你必须追溯到很久以前。
This is where things get a bit dicey, though, because it’s hard to tell exactly the lineage of who became what. On the one hand, you have the overwhelming favorite as our direct ancestor, H. erectus (upright man), while on the other, you have H. heidelbergensis, (Heidelberg man). Both of these humans look relatively the same, so for our purposes, we’ll stick with H. erectus.
然而，这就是事情的不确定之处了，因为很难确切地说出它的后代变成了什么。一边是我们的直系祖先——具有压倒性优势的直立人，而另一边则是海德堡人。这两种人看起来都差不多，所以为了我们这个问题，我们还是选择直立人。
然而，这就是事情的不确定之处了，因为很难确切地说出它的后代变成了什么。一边是我们的直系祖先——具有压倒性优势的直立人，而另一边则是海德堡人。这两种人看起来都差不多，所以为了我们这个问题，我们还是选择直立人。
Erectus didn’t just transition cleanly into modern humans, though, as there’s evidence that they survived to as long as seventy thousand years ago. That means H. sapiens and H. erectus were around at the same time. This is perfectly acceptable, as sapiens likely split off and evolved differently. No biggie.
然而，直立人并不是干净利落地就过渡到了现代人类，因为有证据表明他们存活到了7万年前。这意味着智人和直立人是同时出现的。这是完全可以接受的，因为智人很可能出现了分化，并以不同的方式进化。这一点并没有什么大不了的。
But, here’s the thing, H. erectus was around for about 2 million years without much in the way of change to warrant being classed as another species. We’d have to travel back our initial nine thousand years multiplied by two hundred times just to get to that first really different human being. Evolution doesn’t happen that quickly, not by a long shot.
但是，现在的问题是，直立人存在了大约200万年，没有太多的变化来证明他们是另一个物种。我们必须将九千年再乘以两百倍，在往前追溯了这么长时间之后才能看到第一个完全不同的人类。进化不会发生得那么快，绝对不可能那么快。
但是，现在的问题是，直立人存在了大约200万年，没有太多的变化来证明他们是另一个物种。我们必须将九千年再乘以两百倍，在往前追溯了这么长时间之后才能看到第一个完全不同的人类。进化不会发生得那么快，绝对不可能那么快。
Cultural
But, have humans changed in other ways in the last nine thousand years? Well, yes and no.
文化
但是，在过去的九千年里，人类在其他方面有改变吗？有，但也可以说没有。
But, have humans changed in other ways in the last nine thousand years? Well, yes and no.
文化
但是，在过去的九千年里，人类在其他方面有改变吗？有，但也可以说没有。
We can look at how things have evolved socially and behaviorally over that time, mostly because we have written records for some of it, and we have a lot of archaeological evidence for all of it.
我们可以看到人类在那段时间里是如何在社会和行为上发生进化的，这主要是因为我们对其中一些变化有着书面的记录，而且我们有很多考古证据。
我们可以看到人类在那段时间里是如何在社会和行为上发生进化的，这主要是因为我们对其中一些变化有着书面的记录，而且我们有很多考古证据。
Somewhere between 20,000 and 10,000 years ago, large numbers of humans in certain regions of the world transitioned from hunter gatherers to agriculture. This did several things over time.
It caused these people to settle down, creating villages, towns, and eventually, cities and countries.
It created a classed society, with peasants, merchants, artisans, artists, landowners, and nobility.
It freed up large numbers of people to do things other than gather and grow food, such as art, large scale production of non food goods, and building permanent structures.
It introduced new diseases which jumped from animals to humans due to the close proximity often accompanying animal husbandry.
It led to large scale warfare.
大约在2万年到1万年前，世界上某些地区的大批人类开始从狩猎、采集过渡到农业。随着时间的推移，这一种过渡造成了几个后果：
它让这些人定居下来，创造了村庄、城镇，最终形成了城市和国家。
它创造了一个由农民、商人、工匠、艺术家、地主和贵族组成的阶级社会。
它解放了大量的人手去做除了采集和种植食物以外的事情，比如艺术，大规模生产非食物产品，以及建造永久性的建筑。
它带来了新的疾病，这些疾病由动物传染给了人类，因为人类与动物的亲密关系往往是伴随着畜牧业而出现的。
它还导致了大规模的战争。
It caused these people to settle down, creating villages, towns, and eventually, cities and countries.
It created a classed society, with peasants, merchants, artisans, artists, landowners, and nobility.
It freed up large numbers of people to do things other than gather and grow food, such as art, large scale production of non food goods, and building permanent structures.
It introduced new diseases which jumped from animals to humans due to the close proximity often accompanying animal husbandry.
It led to large scale warfare.
大约在2万年到1万年前，世界上某些地区的大批人类开始从狩猎、采集过渡到农业。随着时间的推移，这一种过渡造成了几个后果：
它让这些人定居下来，创造了村庄、城镇，最终形成了城市和国家。
它创造了一个由农民、商人、工匠、艺术家、地主和贵族组成的阶级社会。
它解放了大量的人手去做除了采集和种植食物以外的事情，比如艺术，大规模生产非食物产品，以及建造永久性的建筑。
它带来了新的疾病，这些疾病由动物传染给了人类，因为人类与动物的亲密关系往往是伴随着畜牧业而出现的。
它还导致了大规模的战争。
But, all of this happened before our nine thousand year cut off. At this point, we’re beginning to see the evolution of the city state, and classed society in the form of towns and villages had already been around for a thousand years.
但是，这一切都发生在九千年前。在这个时候，我们开始看到城邦的演变，以城镇和村庄的形式划分的社会也已经存在一千年了。
但是，这一切都发生在九千年前。在这个时候，我们开始看到城邦的演变，以城镇和村庄的形式划分的社会也已经存在一千年了。
While not everyone transitioned at the same time, and others not at all, the basic premise remains the same. In nine thousand years, things have changed drastically on the surface (technology, political structure, religion), while underneath, it hasn’t changed much at all (human tendency, human behavior). The types of government might have been radically different, but it’s basic purposes, like protection and organization, remain the same to this day. Music and art were different then, but people liked to create it, like they do now. People may have traded for something other than money, but the things they traded for were some of the same things we trade for today, like food, clothing, luxury goods, and exotic materials.
虽然不是每个人都同时发生了转变，但它的基本前提是一样的。九千年来，事物的表象(技术、政治结构、宗教)发生了翻天覆地的变化，而其本质(人类的倾向、人类的行为)却没有多大的变化。政府的类型可能完全不同，但它的基本目的，如保护和组织的功能，直到今天仍然是一样的。那个时期的音乐和艺术是不同的，但人们喜欢去创造它，就像现在一样。人们用来交易的媒介可能不是钱，而是其他某些东西，但他们交易的东西和我们今天交易的东西是一样的，比如食物、衣服、奢侈品和异国的材料。
虽然不是每个人都同时发生了转变，但它的基本前提是一样的。九千年来，事物的表象(技术、政治结构、宗教)发生了翻天覆地的变化，而其本质(人类的倾向、人类的行为)却没有多大的变化。政府的类型可能完全不同，但它的基本目的，如保护和组织的功能，直到今天仍然是一样的。那个时期的音乐和艺术是不同的，但人们喜欢去创造它，就像现在一样。人们用来交易的媒介可能不是钱，而是其他某些东西，但他们交易的东西和我们今天交易的东西是一样的，比如食物、衣服、奢侈品和异国的材料。
Humans still form societal groups, like they did as hunter gatherers did, but these can be seen as “tribes” (family, close friends, acquaintances), and super tribes (city or town living, organizational affiliations, national and racial identification). Tribes are the groups of people you know personally, with whom you interact on a regular basis. These are the people that you trust and care for, and correspond to the tribes as far back as when our ancestors weren’t even considered human. Super tribes are the larger groups one identifies with, but which that person hasn’t met every individual, and this kind of tribe has been around since the beginnings of civilization.
人类仍然形成了社会群体，就像狩猎采集者一样，但这些群体可以被视为“部落”(家庭、亲密朋友、熟人)和超级部落(城市或城镇生活、组织关系、民族和种族身份认同)。部落是你个人认识的一群人，你经常和他们互动。这些人是你信任和关心的人，他们与部落的关系可以追溯到我们的祖先还不被认为是人类的时候。超级部落是指一个人所认同的更大的群体，但这个人并不认识每一个个体，这种部落从人类文明开始之初就存在了。
人类仍然形成了社会群体，就像狩猎采集者一样，但这些群体可以被视为“部落”(家庭、亲密朋友、熟人)和超级部落(城市或城镇生活、组织关系、民族和种族身份认同)。部落是你个人认识的一群人，你经常和他们互动。这些人是你信任和关心的人，他们与部落的关系可以追溯到我们的祖先还不被认为是人类的时候。超级部落是指一个人所认同的更大的群体，但这个人并不认识每一个个体，这种部落从人类文明开始之初就存在了。
I belong to the Kay family, and I enjoy my Sunday beach group (tribes), while I’m American, a veteran, and a Virgin Islander (super tribes).
拿我自己举例，我属于凯这个家族，我喜欢我的周日海滩小组(以上是部落)，而我是一个美国人，一个退伍军人，一个维京群岛居民(以上是超级部落)。
拿我自己举例，我属于凯这个家族，我喜欢我的周日海滩小组(以上是部落)，而我是一个美国人，一个退伍军人，一个维京群岛居民(以上是超级部落)。
None of the underlying human nature, behavior, and social structure has changed, while the way they’re expressed has.
人类的本质、行为和社会结构都没有改变，只是表达方式发生了改变。
评论：
人类的本质、行为和社会结构都没有改变，只是表达方式发生了改变。
评论：
Jeff Kay
Human dexterity is a function of the shape of the hand, the shape of the arm, and the muscles of the hand, arm, and chest. There is no difference in any of those 9000 years ago, and very little 90,000 years ago. Humans have been tool makers probably before there were actually humans. Homo habilis (handy man) lived about 2 million years ago, and was capable of making stone tools, and very likely wood ones, too. The Clovis culture of North America started around 11 thousand years ago, and are identified by their amazingly complex flint spear points. Flint knapping takes a lot of skill and dexterity, and they knew how to make other tools, too.
人类的灵巧性是由手的形状、手臂的形状以及手、手臂和胸部的肌肉所决定的。在九千年前它没有任何区别，而在九万年前也几乎没有区别。人类可能在真正的人类出现之前就已经是工具制造者了。能人生活在大约200万年前，它能够制造石器，很可能也能制造木器。北美地区的克洛维斯文化始于大约1万1千年前，它以其令人惊叹的复杂燧石矛尖而闻名。敲击燧石需要很多技巧和很高的灵巧度，他们也知道如何制作其他工具。
Human dexterity is a function of the shape of the hand, the shape of the arm, and the muscles of the hand, arm, and chest. There is no difference in any of those 9000 years ago, and very little 90,000 years ago. Humans have been tool makers probably before there were actually humans. Homo habilis (handy man) lived about 2 million years ago, and was capable of making stone tools, and very likely wood ones, too. The Clovis culture of North America started around 11 thousand years ago, and are identified by their amazingly complex flint spear points. Flint knapping takes a lot of skill and dexterity, and they knew how to make other tools, too.
人类的灵巧性是由手的形状、手臂的形状以及手、手臂和胸部的肌肉所决定的。在九千年前它没有任何区别，而在九万年前也几乎没有区别。人类可能在真正的人类出现之前就已经是工具制造者了。能人生活在大约200万年前，它能够制造石器，很可能也能制造木器。北美地区的克洛维斯文化始于大约1万1千年前，它以其令人惊叹的复杂燧石矛尖而闻名。敲击燧石需要很多技巧和很高的灵巧度，他们也知道如何制作其他工具。
The earliest known necklace jewelry is around 130,000 years old, and required the drilling and stringing of various animal bones.
已知最早的项链珠宝大约有13万年的历史，它需要钻孔和串上各种动物的骨头。
The earliest known shoes are made of twined sage bark, and are 9300 years old.
已知最早的鞋是用鼠尾草皮搓制而成，它已有9300年的历史。
There’s the art of the various European caves which date from 17,000 years or more. Art that precise requires a lot of dexterity. Making the tools and paints do, too.
还有各种欧洲洞穴中的艺术，它们的历史可以追溯到17000多年前。精确的艺术需要很多技巧。制作绘画工具和颜料也是如此。
I don’t think there is any difference between us and our ancestors when it comes to dexterity.
当谈到灵巧度的时候，我不认为我们和我们的祖先之间有任何区别。
Erik Thomas
Humans have indeed changed genetically over the past nine thousand years. Resistance to various diseases is probably the most important change. Other genetic changes, such as tolerance for alcohol and lactose, both of them responses to agriculture, have also emerged—actually a good bit more recently than 9000 years ago for those two traits—and in Europe and probably east Asia, lightening of skin has apparently been a development of the past 9000 or so years. All of these changes have been restricted to particular regions, and thus they didn’t reach all human populations. In many of these cases, independent mutations conferred the same effect in different human populations—for example, the genes that confer light skin and alcohol tolerance among east Asians aren’t the same genes that have the same effects among Europeans.
A couple of factual points: the development of agriculture is usually put at about 8000–9000 years ago, not 10,000–20,000 years. Also, my understanding from what I’ve read is that Homo heidelbergensis was an offshoot of H. erectus, and both H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis (and presumably the Denisovans) are offshoots of H. heidelbergensis.
在过去的九千年里，人类的基因确实发生了变化。对各种疾病的抵抗力可能是最重要的变化。此外也出现了其他基因变化，比如对酒精和乳糖的耐受性，这两者都是对农业发展做出的回应——事实上，这两种特征在9000多年前才出现。在欧洲，可能还有东亚地区，在9000多年前也明显出现了肤色变浅的趋势。所有这些变化都局限于特定的地区，因此并没有影响到所有的人类。在许多这样的例子中，独立的突变在不同的人群中产生了相同的效果——例如，东亚人具有浅色皮肤和酒精耐受性的基因与欧洲人导致同样效果的基因其实并不相同。
事实是：农业的发展通常发生在8000到9000年前，而不是10000到20000年前。另外，依据我所看到的信息，我的理解是，海德堡人是直立人的一个分支，而智人和尼安德特人(可能还有丹尼索瓦人)都是海德堡人的分支。
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Humans have indeed changed genetically over the past nine thousand years. Resistance to various diseases is probably the most important change. Other genetic changes, such as tolerance for alcohol and lactose, both of them responses to agriculture, have also emerged—actually a good bit more recently than 9000 years ago for those two traits—and in Europe and probably east Asia, lightening of skin has apparently been a development of the past 9000 or so years. All of these changes have been restricted to particular regions, and thus they didn’t reach all human populations. In many of these cases, independent mutations conferred the same effect in different human populations—for example, the genes that confer light skin and alcohol tolerance among east Asians aren’t the same genes that have the same effects among Europeans.
A couple of factual points: the development of agriculture is usually put at about 8000–9000 years ago, not 10,000–20,000 years. Also, my understanding from what I’ve read is that Homo heidelbergensis was an offshoot of H. erectus, and both H. sapiens and H. neanderthalensis (and presumably the Denisovans) are offshoots of H. heidelbergensis.
在过去的九千年里，人类的基因确实发生了变化。对各种疾病的抵抗力可能是最重要的变化。此外也出现了其他基因变化，比如对酒精和乳糖的耐受性，这两者都是对农业发展做出的回应——事实上，这两种特征在9000多年前才出现。在欧洲，可能还有东亚地区，在9000多年前也明显出现了肤色变浅的趋势。所有这些变化都局限于特定的地区，因此并没有影响到所有的人类。在许多这样的例子中，独立的突变在不同的人群中产生了相同的效果——例如，东亚人具有浅色皮肤和酒精耐受性的基因与欧洲人导致同样效果的基因其实并不相同。
事实是：农业的发展通常发生在8000到9000年前，而不是10000到20000年前。另外，依据我所看到的信息，我的理解是，海德堡人是直立人的一个分支，而智人和尼安德特人(可能还有丹尼索瓦人)都是海德堡人的分支。
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Jax Phillips
I love answers like these. It’s nice to see science given its proper, deserved respect.
I’d love to know if we’ve ever found viable traces of Homo erectus DNA or early Homo sapien DNA with which we could compare things like methylation and gene expression. To me, to could potentially explain a lot of the behavioral transitions made 20,000–10,000 years ago.
我喜欢这样的答案。很高兴看到科学得到了应有的尊重。
我很想知道我们是否已经发现了直立人基因或早期智人基因的可追溯痕迹，这样我们就可以通过它们来比较像甲基化作用和基因表达这样的进程了。对我来说，它可能可以解释2万到1万年前的许多人类行为的转变。
I love answers like these. It’s nice to see science given its proper, deserved respect.
I’d love to know if we’ve ever found viable traces of Homo erectus DNA or early Homo sapien DNA with which we could compare things like methylation and gene expression. To me, to could potentially explain a lot of the behavioral transitions made 20,000–10,000 years ago.
我喜欢这样的答案。很高兴看到科学得到了应有的尊重。
我很想知道我们是否已经发现了直立人基因或早期智人基因的可追溯痕迹，这样我们就可以通过它们来比较像甲基化作用和基因表达这样的进程了。对我来说，它可能可以解释2万到1万年前的许多人类行为的转变。
Jeff Moses
Allow me to pick a nit: It seems to me there may be a significant “jump” somewhere in the “supertribe” area, when we learned that people we did not know as individuals could still have lasting and significant impact on us. Maybe that’s when we developed the concept of the anonymous “other” we could blame things on…
请允许我挑一个刺：在我看来，在“超级部落”区域的某个地方，当我们了解到我们不认识的人作为个体仍然可以对我们产生持久而重要的影响时，可能会有一个显著的“跳跃”。也许正是在那时，我们发展出了匿名的“他者”的概念，而我们可以把许多事情都归罪于这个“他者”。
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Allow me to pick a nit: It seems to me there may be a significant “jump” somewhere in the “supertribe” area, when we learned that people we did not know as individuals could still have lasting and significant impact on us. Maybe that’s when we developed the concept of the anonymous “other” we could blame things on…
请允许我挑一个刺：在我看来，在“超级部落”区域的某个地方，当我们了解到我们不认识的人作为个体仍然可以对我们产生持久而重要的影响时，可能会有一个显著的“跳跃”。也许正是在那时，我们发展出了匿名的“他者”的概念，而我们可以把许多事情都归罪于这个“他者”。
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David Friedlander
I agree with Mr. Kay’s answer but would just like to point out that, even though there have been no changes in such a short period of time that affect the entire human population, there have been a few mutations that have occurred in the last 9000 years that affect certain individuals. The most noticeable of these would be in eye color. 9000 years ago, nearly everyone had the same color eyes, brown. However, eye color has no significant effect on survival so mutations that effect eye color can be passed down from generation to generation without every spreading to the entire population. Therefore, there is variation in eye color today while there was practically no such variation 9000 years ago. For example, there were probably no blue eyed people 9000 years ago while, today, about 1 out of every 20 people has blue eyes.
我赞同Kay先生的回答，不过我想指出，即使在如此短的时间内没有发生可以影响到整个人类的变化，但在过去的9000年里的确发生了一些影响到某些个体的突变。其中最引人注目的就是眼睛的颜色。9000年前，几乎所有人类的眼睛都是棕色的。然而，眼睛的颜色对存活率没有什么显著的影响，所以这种影响眼睛颜色的突变可以代代相传，但却不会扩散到整个种群之中。因此，眼睛的颜色在今天是有变化性的，而在9000年前却几乎没有这种变化性。例如，9000年前可能没有蓝眼睛的人，而今天，大约每20个人中就有一个人是蓝眼睛。
I agree with Mr. Kay’s answer but would just like to point out that, even though there have been no changes in such a short period of time that affect the entire human population, there have been a few mutations that have occurred in the last 9000 years that affect certain individuals. The most noticeable of these would be in eye color. 9000 years ago, nearly everyone had the same color eyes, brown. However, eye color has no significant effect on survival so mutations that effect eye color can be passed down from generation to generation without every spreading to the entire population. Therefore, there is variation in eye color today while there was practically no such variation 9000 years ago. For example, there were probably no blue eyed people 9000 years ago while, today, about 1 out of every 20 people has blue eyes.
我赞同Kay先生的回答，不过我想指出，即使在如此短的时间内没有发生可以影响到整个人类的变化，但在过去的9000年里的确发生了一些影响到某些个体的突变。其中最引人注目的就是眼睛的颜色。9000年前，几乎所有人类的眼睛都是棕色的。然而，眼睛的颜色对存活率没有什么显著的影响，所以这种影响眼睛颜色的突变可以代代相传，但却不会扩散到整个种群之中。因此，眼睛的颜色在今天是有变化性的，而在9000年前却几乎没有这种变化性。例如，9000年前可能没有蓝眼睛的人，而今天，大约每20个人中就有一个人是蓝眼睛。
Karl Teariki
One that springs to mind is the mutation for blue eyes which is thought to have happened 6000–10,000 years ago, according to genetic research.
Blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor
首先我想到的就是蓝眼睛的突变，根据基因研究，蓝眼睛的突变被认为发生在6000年到10000年前。
蓝眼睛的人类只有一个共同的祖先。
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One that springs to mind is the mutation for blue eyes which is thought to have happened 6000–10,000 years ago, according to genetic research.
Blue-eyed humans have a single, common ancestor
首先我想到的就是蓝眼睛的突变，根据基因研究，蓝眼睛的突变被认为发生在6000年到10000年前。
蓝眼睛的人类只有一个共同的祖先。
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Russell Pollard
Another mutation is the ability to drink raw milk post-puberty.
From memory, it happened around that time frx as well. (As far as I can trust my memory.)
另一个突变是青春期后喝生牛奶的能力。
根据我所记得的内容，它也发生在那个时间段。(如果我能相信我的记忆的话)
Another mutation is the ability to drink raw milk post-puberty.
From memory, it happened around that time frx as well. (As far as I can trust my memory.)
另一个突变是青春期后喝生牛奶的能力。
根据我所记得的内容，它也发生在那个时间段。(如果我能相信我的记忆的话)
John Janez
What classifies as blue eyes? I don’t think i’ve ever seen anyone who actually has blue. Mine for example are very light, but i’d describe them as greenish gray.
什么可以被归类为蓝眼睛？我想我从来没见过谁是真正的蓝眼睛。例如，我的眼睛是非常浅的蓝色，但我喜欢将它们描述为灰绿色。
What classifies as blue eyes? I don’t think i’ve ever seen anyone who actually has blue. Mine for example are very light, but i’d describe them as greenish gray.
什么可以被归类为蓝眼睛？我想我从来没见过谁是真正的蓝眼睛。例如，我的眼睛是非常浅的蓝色，但我喜欢将它们描述为灰绿色。
Jeff Kay
Mine are definitely blue. The gene for blue eyes is recessive, and has probably been around for a lot longer, but probably not all that common. I don’t include this since it takes a lot longer for genetic changes to occur.
我的眼睛绝对是蓝色的。蓝眼睛的基因是隐性的，可能已经存在了很长时间，但可能并不常见。我没有将这一点包括在内，是因为发生遗传突变需要更长的时间。
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Mine are definitely blue. The gene for blue eyes is recessive, and has probably been around for a lot longer, but probably not all that common. I don’t include this since it takes a lot longer for genetic changes to occur.
我的眼睛绝对是蓝色的。蓝眼睛的基因是隐性的，可能已经存在了很长时间，但可能并不常见。我没有将这一点包括在内，是因为发生遗传突变需要更长的时间。
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James Page
The are finding complex structures built 10,000 + years ago that are rewriting history.
他们正在寻找10000多年前建造的复杂建筑，这些建筑正在改写历史。
The are finding complex structures built 10,000 + years ago that are rewriting history.
他们正在寻找10000多年前建造的复杂建筑，这些建筑正在改写历史。
Jeff Kay
No, they aren’t. There are structures that some wannabe theorist says are complex and 10,000 years old. To date, there hasn’t been any convincing evidence of such.
不，他们没有在寻找。一些自诩为理论家的人声称这些建筑是复杂的，并且有一万多年的历史。但是到目前为止，还没有任何令人信服的证据。
No, they aren’t. There are structures that some wannabe theorist says are complex and 10,000 years old. To date, there hasn’t been any convincing evidence of such.
不，他们没有在寻找。一些自诩为理论家的人声称这些建筑是复杂的，并且有一万多年的历史。但是到目前为止，还没有任何令人信服的证据。
Floyd Guidry
Jeff Kay, one of the best summary of mankind I have read in some time. Your comments make lots of sense. Now we need to determine why there are differences in race colors, how it effects our lives and how it impact the way we live. Then and only then we can move forward to better our selves after we know who we are, where we came from and what makes us tick.
这是我读过的对人类最好的总结之一。你的评论很有道理。现在我们需要确定为什么不同种族的肤色会有差异，它如何影响我们的生活，以及它如何影响我们的生活方式。只有这样，当我们知道自己是谁，从哪里来，是什么让我们这么做的时候，我们才能继续前进，变得更好。
Jeff Kay, one of the best summary of mankind I have read in some time. Your comments make lots of sense. Now we need to determine why there are differences in race colors, how it effects our lives and how it impact the way we live. Then and only then we can move forward to better our selves after we know who we are, where we came from and what makes us tick.
这是我读过的对人类最好的总结之一。你的评论很有道理。现在我们需要确定为什么不同种族的肤色会有差异，它如何影响我们的生活，以及它如何影响我们的生活方式。只有这样，当我们知道自己是谁，从哪里来，是什么让我们这么做的时候，我们才能继续前进，变得更好。
Ron Schmoller
The biggest change was hardly visible anatomically: The beginning of megafaunal extinctions was probably the first dramatic evidence that humans had turned on the planet: Australia c. 60,000 or more years ago; within 30,000 or so years 80% of all land mammals over 100 pounds were extinct.
其实最大的变化在解剖学上是几乎看不出来的：物种大规模灭绝的开始可能是人类在地球上活动的第一个戏剧性证据——在澳大利亚，这一事件大约发生在6万多年前；在3万年左右的时间里，80%体重超过100磅的陆地哺乳动物都灭绝了。
The biggest change was hardly visible anatomically: The beginning of megafaunal extinctions was probably the first dramatic evidence that humans had turned on the planet: Australia c. 60,000 or more years ago; within 30,000 or so years 80% of all land mammals over 100 pounds were extinct.
其实最大的变化在解剖学上是几乎看不出来的：物种大规模灭绝的开始可能是人类在地球上活动的第一个戏剧性证据——在澳大利亚，这一事件大约发生在6万多年前；在3万年左右的时间里，80%体重超过100磅的陆地哺乳动物都灭绝了。
Brian Holland
The biggest changes in humans from 9,000 years ago is primarily cultural, not physical. Our rival human species (Neanderthal) was long gone. The last ice age glaciers had withdrawn by then and people learned to grow food (brought to Europe by migrants from the middle east). Humans weren’t so dependent on hunting/gathering as the need for constant migration ended. Civilization was beginning as more people lived in larger groups.
与9000年前相比，人类所发生的最大的变化主要是文化上的，而不是身体上的。我们的竞争对手(尼安德特人)早已灭绝。上一个冰河时代的冰川已经消退，人们学会了种植粮食(它由中东移民带到了欧洲)。随着人类不再有不断迁徙的需求，他们便不再那么依赖狩猎和采集。随着更多的人生活在更大的群体当中，文明开始出现了。
The biggest changes in humans from 9,000 years ago is primarily cultural, not physical. Our rival human species (Neanderthal) was long gone. The last ice age glaciers had withdrawn by then and people learned to grow food (brought to Europe by migrants from the middle east). Humans weren’t so dependent on hunting/gathering as the need for constant migration ended. Civilization was beginning as more people lived in larger groups.
与9000年前相比，人类所发生的最大的变化主要是文化上的，而不是身体上的。我们的竞争对手(尼安德特人)早已灭绝。上一个冰河时代的冰川已经消退，人们学会了种植粮食(它由中东移民带到了欧洲)。随着人类不再有不断迁徙的需求，他们便不再那么依赖狩猎和采集。随着更多的人生活在更大的群体当中，文明开始出现了。
Mark Evidente
I think one thing that we’re only understanding now is how the human microbiome has changed, and that a very big part of how we’re adapting is encoded in the microbiome. It seems the microbiome is a huge buffer between cultural and genetic changes.
我认为我们现在唯一了解的是人类微生物群落是如何变化的，而我们如何适应环境的很大一部分秘密都隐藏在微生物群落当中。微生物群落似乎是人类文化和基因变化之间的巨大缓冲区。
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I think one thing that we’re only understanding now is how the human microbiome has changed, and that a very big part of how we’re adapting is encoded in the microbiome. It seems the microbiome is a huge buffer between cultural and genetic changes.
我认为我们现在唯一了解的是人类微生物群落是如何变化的，而我们如何适应环境的很大一部分秘密都隐藏在微生物群落当中。微生物群落似乎是人类文化和基因变化之间的巨大缓冲区。
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Gauri Shankar Mehta
A beautiful review of human evolution.
这是对人类进化的一段美丽回顾。
A beautiful review of human evolution.
这是对人类进化的一段美丽回顾。
Steve Motel
One quibble: If the development of language happened within the last 90K years and was dependent in part on an evolved physical change, that would modify your claim’s second part slightly.
我想提出的一个问题是：如果语言的发展发生在过去的9万年里，并且部分依赖于进化的物理变化，那么你的第二部分的观点就需要稍微做些修改了。
One quibble: If the development of language happened within the last 90K years and was dependent in part on an evolved physical change, that would modify your claim’s second part slightly.
我想提出的一个问题是：如果语言的发展发生在过去的9万年里，并且部分依赖于进化的物理变化，那么你的第二部分的观点就需要稍微做些修改了。
Fred Yung
A possible scenario of why humanity went to sedentary existence is that the male half came in the minority by wars and mutual competition. The women took over and concentrated on food from the ground instead of the hunt, established settlements in which they could nourish their children in safe conditions and as a result introducing a society bound by rules. This was not true for all human species. Nomads kept wandering the planet but they were clearly less successful than the residents of fixed communities because they remained dependent on nature, the wanderings of animal food, and their conservative and traditional cultures. And so, the new system started to spread, not only by the ideas but also by more intelligent warfare.
人类之所以选择定居下来，一个可能的原因是，战争和相互竞争导致男性成为了少数。妇女们开始接手，并专注于从地里获取食物，而不是四处打猎，她们建立了定居点，在那里她们可以在安全的环境中养育孩子，从而引入了一个受规则约束的社会。并非所有人类物种都是如此。游牧民族一直在地球上流浪，但他们显然没有定居社区的居民成功，因为他们仍然依赖自然、被他们当做食物的动物的迁徙，以及他们保守和传统的文化。因此，新的系统开始传播，不仅是通过思想，而且更是通过更加聪明的战争。
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A possible scenario of why humanity went to sedentary existence is that the male half came in the minority by wars and mutual competition. The women took over and concentrated on food from the ground instead of the hunt, established settlements in which they could nourish their children in safe conditions and as a result introducing a society bound by rules. This was not true for all human species. Nomads kept wandering the planet but they were clearly less successful than the residents of fixed communities because they remained dependent on nature, the wanderings of animal food, and their conservative and traditional cultures. And so, the new system started to spread, not only by the ideas but also by more intelligent warfare.
人类之所以选择定居下来，一个可能的原因是，战争和相互竞争导致男性成为了少数。妇女们开始接手，并专注于从地里获取食物，而不是四处打猎，她们建立了定居点，在那里她们可以在安全的环境中养育孩子，从而引入了一个受规则约束的社会。并非所有人类物种都是如此。游牧民族一直在地球上流浪，但他们显然没有定居社区的居民成功，因为他们仍然依赖自然、被他们当做食物的动物的迁徙，以及他们保守和传统的文化。因此，新的系统开始传播，不仅是通过思想，而且更是通过更加聪明的战争。
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C. Robert Follett
H Erectus was not human. It has never been confirmed that he had 46 chromosomes, the acid test for being human.
直立人不是人类。至今还未曾证实直立人有46条染色体，这是对是否是人类的决定性考验。
H Erectus was not human. It has never been confirmed that he had 46 chromosomes, the acid test for being human.
直立人不是人类。至今还未曾证实直立人有46条染色体，这是对是否是人类的决定性考验。
C. Robert Follett
The way science classifies a specie doesn't guarantee the actually belong in that classification.
科学对物种进行分类的方法并不能保证它们真正属于那个分类。
The way science classifies a specie doesn't guarantee the actually belong in that classification.
科学对物种进行分类的方法并不能保证它们真正属于那个分类。
Jeff Kay
No, but classification is made on physical traits, and H. erectus is pretty well understood, in terms of where it lies in the human ancestry. It’s not just that it’s an upright hominid, but the fine details that make it a human.
是的，但是分类是根据身体特征进行的，直立人在人类祖先中所处的位置已经被很好地理解了。这不仅是因为它是直立的原始人类，还因为它身上的细节使它成为了人类。
No, but classification is made on physical traits, and H. erectus is pretty well understood, in terms of where it lies in the human ancestry. It’s not just that it’s an upright hominid, but the fine details that make it a human.
是的，但是分类是根据身体特征进行的，直立人在人类祖先中所处的位置已经被很好地理解了。这不仅是因为它是直立的原始人类，还因为它身上的细节使它成为了人类。
Ivan Marecic
Is there any significant alternation to Homo Sapiens that is visible that could connect it to Erectus? Like we have in offspring of Homo Sapiens and Neandhertal man.
智人与直立人之间是否有明显的联系？就像我们在智人和现代人的后代身上所看到的一样。
Is there any significant alternation to Homo Sapiens that is visible that could connect it to Erectus? Like we have in offspring of Homo Sapiens and Neandhertal man.
智人与直立人之间是否有明显的联系？就像我们在智人和现代人的后代身上所看到的一样。
K?re Fog
“Genetically, we are pretty much exactly the same as our ancestors from 9 thousand years ago. Sure, we may be a bit taller and live longer, but those are the results of diet and lifestyle.”
That is a bit misleading. We are genetically slightly different from what we were 9,000 years ago. There is an ongoing genetic evolution, and it happens faster now than it has been in prehistoric times.
I have written a separate answer to tell more about that.
“从基因上来看，我们和9000年前的祖先几乎一模一样。当然，我们可能会高一点，活得更长一点，但这些都是饮食和生活方式所导致的结果。”
这种说法有点误导性。我们的基因与9000年前略有不同。我们正在经历基因进化的过程，它的速度比史前时期更快。
我撰写了另外一个答案来进行更多的说明。
“Genetically, we are pretty much exactly the same as our ancestors from 9 thousand years ago. Sure, we may be a bit taller and live longer, but those are the results of diet and lifestyle.”
That is a bit misleading. We are genetically slightly different from what we were 9,000 years ago. There is an ongoing genetic evolution, and it happens faster now than it has been in prehistoric times.
I have written a separate answer to tell more about that.
“从基因上来看，我们和9000年前的祖先几乎一模一样。当然，我们可能会高一点，活得更长一点，但这些都是饮食和生活方式所导致的结果。”
这种说法有点误导性。我们的基因与9000年前略有不同。我们正在经历基因进化的过程，它的速度比史前时期更快。
我撰写了另外一个答案来进行更多的说明。
Jeff Kay
Sorry, wrong.
Yes, we’re very, very slightly different genetically than our ancestors even one generation ago, but evolution is not moving any faster than it has in all of time. If anything, it’s moving slower, considering that humans are living longer, and often waiting longer to have children. The longer the individual lifespan, the longer the time between generations, the slower evolution goes.
抱歉，但你错了。
是的，我们在基因上与我们的祖先甚至是一代人之前都有非常非常微小的差异，但是进化的速度并不比过去的任何时候快。如果说有什么不同的话，那就是它变化得更慢了，因为人类的寿命更长了，而且往往要等更长的时间才生孩子。个体寿命越长，代际间的间隔时间越长，进化就越慢。
Sorry, wrong.
Yes, we’re very, very slightly different genetically than our ancestors even one generation ago, but evolution is not moving any faster than it has in all of time. If anything, it’s moving slower, considering that humans are living longer, and often waiting longer to have children. The longer the individual lifespan, the longer the time between generations, the slower evolution goes.
抱歉，但你错了。
是的，我们在基因上与我们的祖先甚至是一代人之前都有非常非常微小的差异，但是进化的速度并不比过去的任何时候快。如果说有什么不同的话，那就是它变化得更慢了，因为人类的寿命更长了，而且往往要等更长的时间才生孩子。个体寿命越长，代际间的间隔时间越长，进化就越慢。
K?re Fog
In my answer to the question, I write just the opposite: evolution has recently been moving faster than any time before. This is not based on speculations on what is likely to be true, but on actual measurements of gene changes.
Here are some additional references confirming what I state:
Human evolution is still happening – possibly faster than ever
在我对这个问题的回答中，我的观点正好相反：现在人类进化的速度比以往任何时候都要快。这并不是基于什么可能是真的猜测，而是基于对基因变化的实际测量。
这里有一些额外的引用文献可以证明我所说的：《人类的进化仍在进行——它可能比以往任何时候都更快》
In my answer to the question, I write just the opposite: evolution has recently been moving faster than any time before. This is not based on speculations on what is likely to be true, but on actual measurements of gene changes.
Here are some additional references confirming what I state:
Human evolution is still happening – possibly faster than ever
在我对这个问题的回答中，我的观点正好相反：现在人类进化的速度比以往任何时候都要快。这并不是基于什么可能是真的猜测，而是基于对基因变化的实际测量。
这里有一些额外的引用文献可以证明我所说的：《人类的进化仍在进行——它可能比以往任何时候都更快》
Paul Ivanoff
What about from a genetic point of view.
Leaving aside the “Species classification”
What’s the natural rate of genetic mutation in the human DNA.
How different would those genes be to a 9,000 year old human
Assuming that’s only about 450 generations. Not that much
从遗传学的角度来看，撇开“物种分类”不谈，人类基因突变的自然速率是多少？
这些基因和一个9000岁的人有什么不同？假设在这9000年里只有450代人。那么变化其实没有那么多。
What about from a genetic point of view.
Leaving aside the “Species classification”
What’s the natural rate of genetic mutation in the human DNA.
How different would those genes be to a 9,000 year old human
Assuming that’s only about 450 generations. Not that much
从遗传学的角度来看，撇开“物种分类”不谈，人类基因突变的自然速率是多少？
这些基因和一个9000岁的人有什么不同？假设在这9000年里只有450代人。那么变化其实没有那么多。
Doug Feldman
Very comprehensive report! However, I would place Homo floresiensis and the just discovered Homo luzonensis at the same time as late H. neandertalensis. Also, it is my understanding that the first instance of horticulture began in south central Turkey about 12,000 years ago.
非常全面！然而，我认为佛罗勒斯人与刚刚发现的吕宋人与尼安德特人生活在同一时期。此外，据我所知，园艺最早大约是在12000年前出现在了土耳其中南部。
Very comprehensive report! However, I would place Homo floresiensis and the just discovered Homo luzonensis at the same time as late H. neandertalensis. Also, it is my understanding that the first instance of horticulture began in south central Turkey about 12,000 years ago.
非常全面！然而，我认为佛罗勒斯人与刚刚发现的吕宋人与尼安德特人生活在同一时期。此外，据我所知，园艺最早大约是在12000年前出现在了土耳其中南部。
Alan Venamore
Apr 12 · 1 upvote
Our ancestors were brutal in their fight to survive - soare modern humans! We call ourselves civilised but that is only a veneer - underneath we are as brutal as we ever were!
我们的祖先在生存的斗争中是残酷的——现代人也是如此！我们自称文明人，但那只是表面现象——在我们的内心深处，我们一如既往的野蛮！
回答二：
Apr 12 · 1 upvote
Our ancestors were brutal in their fight to survive - soare modern humans! We call ourselves civilised but that is only a veneer - underneath we are as brutal as we ever were!
我们的祖先在生存的斗争中是残酷的——现代人也是如此！我们自称文明人，但那只是表面现象——在我们的内心深处，我们一如既往的野蛮！
回答二：
K?re Fog, studied at University of Copenhagen
Answered Apr 8
9000 years ago, the human species was already divided into many separate subpopulations. For instance, the ancestors of Australian aborigínes colonized Australia more than 40,000 years ago, and the changes that they have gone through since then are not correlated with those seen in Europeans, native Americans etc.
9000年前，人类已经被划分为许多不同的亚种群。例如，澳大利亚土著居民的祖先在4万多年前就在澳大利亚殖民了，他们从那时起所经历的变化与欧洲人、美洲原住民等人所经历的变化并不相关。
Answered Apr 8
9000 years ago, the human species was already divided into many separate subpopulations. For instance, the ancestors of Australian aborigínes colonized Australia more than 40,000 years ago, and the changes that they have gone through since then are not correlated with those seen in Europeans, native Americans etc.
9000年前，人类已经被划分为许多不同的亚种群。例如，澳大利亚土著居民的祖先在4万多年前就在澳大利亚殖民了，他们从那时起所经历的变化与欧洲人、美洲原住民等人所经历的变化并不相关。
Since around 2005, scientists have been able to compare complete genomes between different humans and thereby find out in which and how many places, one version of a gene has been exchanged for another. When they count the number of such gene changes per year, they may compare this with the number of genes that differ between chimpanzees and humans, in relation to how many million years ago we diverged from our chimpanzee relatives. The result is that the rate at which genes are changed was much higher recently (say, the last 10,000 or 40,000 years) than in the more distant past. That is, humans are evolving genetically faster than ever.
自大约2005年以来，科学家们已经能够比较不同人类之间的完整基因组，从而找出一个基因的某个版本在哪个地方以及在多少地方与另一个版本的基因发生交换。当他们计算每年这种基因变化的数量时，他们可能会将其与黑猩猩和人类之间不同的基因数量进行比较，这与数百万年前我们与黑猩猩的亲属分道扬镳是相关的。其结果是，最近这个时代(比如最近的1万年或4万年)人类基因的变化速度相比于更遥远的过去要快得多。也就是说，人类的基因进化速度比以往任何时候都要快。
自大约2005年以来，科学家们已经能够比较不同人类之间的完整基因组，从而找出一个基因的某个版本在哪个地方以及在多少地方与另一个版本的基因发生交换。当他们计算每年这种基因变化的数量时，他们可能会将其与黑猩猩和人类之间不同的基因数量进行比较，这与数百万年前我们与黑猩猩的亲属分道扬镳是相关的。其结果是，最近这个时代(比如最近的1万年或4万年)人类基因的变化速度相比于更遥远的过去要快得多。也就是说，人类的基因进化速度比以往任何时候都要快。
The median time that recent genes that are now common entered our gene pool, is for Europeans about 5,000 years ago, and for Africans about 8,000 years ago. So within your time span of 9,000 years, much has happened.
现代常见的基因进入我们基因库的平均时间是：欧洲人在5000年前，非洲人在8000年前。所以在最近9000年的时间里，其实发生了很多事情。
现代常见的基因进入我们基因库的平均时间是：欧洲人在5000年前，非洲人在8000年前。所以在最近9000年的时间里，其实发生了很多事情。
What do these recent genes code for? First of all, there has been a strong sextion pressure to survive diseases and various pathogens. Think of the black death, a plague that killed off 30 - 60 % of all Europeans during the 14th century. That gave a large advantage to those whose genes gave them some immunity to the disease, and therefore such genes have become much more common than before.
那么这些最近的基因编码的目的是什么？首先，人类有巨大的选择压力，他们需要在疾病和各种病原体的侵袭下幸存下来。想想看黑死病，在14世纪，一场瘟疫就夺去了30% 到60%的欧洲人的生命。这让那些因为基因而对疾病有一定免疫力的人带来了很大的优势，因此这些基因变得比以前普遍得多。
那么这些最近的基因编码的目的是什么？首先，人类有巨大的选择压力，他们需要在疾病和各种病原体的侵袭下幸存下来。想想看黑死病，在14世纪，一场瘟疫就夺去了30% 到60%的欧洲人的生命。这让那些因为基因而对疾病有一定免疫力的人带来了很大的优势，因此这些基因变得比以前普遍得多。
Other examples of genes that show recent changes are genes for skin color, genes for the structure of muscles, and genes for lactose tolerance (such genes are necessary for populations that rely heavily on cow?s milk for existence). There are probably also changes in genes related to language.
最近这个时代发生变异的其他一些基因还有肤色基因、肌肉结构基因和乳糖耐受性基因(对于严重依赖牛奶生存的人群来说，这些基因是必要的)。与语言有关的基因也可能发生了变化。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
最近这个时代发生变异的其他一些基因还有肤色基因、肌肉结构基因和乳糖耐受性基因(对于严重依赖牛奶生存的人群来说，这些基因是必要的)。与语言有关的基因也可能发生了变化。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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