什么推动中国科技领域遥遥领先？（评论上）

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Anumakonda Jagadeesh
Excellent.
China has long history of inventions advancement in Science and Technology besides medicine and Renewable Energy.
List of Chinese Inventions

太好了。
除了医学和可再生能源领域，中国在科学技术方面有着悠久的发明历史。
中国发明清单

China has been the source of many innovations, scientific discoveries and inventions. This includes the Four Great Inventions: papermaking, the compass, gunpowder, and printing (both woodblock and movable type). The list below contains these and other inventions in China attested by archaeological or historical evidence.

中国是许多创新科技、科学发现和发明创造的发源地。这其中包括四大发明:造纸术、指南针、火药和印刷术(木版和活字)。下面的清单包含了四大发明以及其他被考古或历史证明的发明。

The historical region now known as China experienced a history involving mechanics, hydraulics and mathematics applied to horology, metallurgy, astronomy, agriculture, engineering, music theory, craftsmanship, naval architecture and warfare. By the Warring States period (403–221 BC), inhabitants of the Warring States had advanced metallurgic technology, including the blast furnace and cupola furnace, while the finery forge and puddling process were known by the Han Dynasty (202 BC–AD 220). A sophisticated economic system in imperial China gave birth to inventions such as paper money during the Song Dynasty (960–1279). The invention of gunpowder during the mid 9th century led to an array of inventions such as the fire lance, land mine, naval mine, hand cannon, exploding cannonballs, multistage rocket and rocket bombs with aerodynamic wings and explosive payloads. With the navigational aid of the 11th century compass and ability to steer at high sea with the 1st century sternpost rudder, premodern Chinese sailors sailed as far as East Africa. In water-powered clockworks, the premodern Chinese had used the escapement mechanism since the 8th century and the endless power-transmitting chain drive in the 11th century. They also made large mechanical puppet theaters driven by waterwheels and carriage wheels and wine-serving automatons driven by paddle wheel boats.

这片经历了包括力学、水力学、应用于测时法的数学、冶炼学、天文学、农业、工程学、音乐学、工艺学、造船和军事学的历史地区就是现在的中国。到了战国时期(公元前403-221年)，居民已经拥有了先进的冶金技术，包括鼓风炉和化铁炉，而到了汉朝(公元前202 -公元220年)，人们已经知道了精炼炉锻造和灌钢法。在帝制时期的中国的复杂经济体系催生了诸如宋代(960-1279)纸币等发明。9世纪中期火药的发明带来了一系列相关发明创造，如火枪、地雷、水雷、手铳、爆炸炮弹、多级火箭和带有空气动力机翼和爆炸载荷的火箭炸弹。11世纪在航海指南针的帮助，前现代的航海员利用公元1世纪尾舵在有浪海上航行的技术，最远到达了东非。水力钟表方面，前现代中国人从公元8世纪就开始使用擒纵机构，公元11世纪就使用无止无尽的动力传动链进行传动。他们还制作了大型的机械木偶剧院，由水车和马车轮驱动，以及由桨轮船驱动的机器酒保。
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The contemporaneous Peiligang and Pengtoushan cultures represent the oldest Neolithic cultures of China and were formed around 7000 BC. Some of the first inventions of Neolithic China include semilunar and rectangular stone knives, stone hoes and spades, the cultivation of millet and the soybean, the refinement of sericulture, the building of rammed earth structures with lime-plastered house floors, the creation of pottery with cord-mat-basket designs, the creation of pottery tripods and pottery steamers and the development of ceremonial vessels and scapulimancy for purposes of divination. The British sinologist Francesca Bray argues that the domestication of the ox and buffalo during the Longshan culture (c. 3000–c. 2000 BC) period, the absence of Longshan-era irrigation or high-yield crops, full evidence of Longshan cultivation of dry-land cereal crops which gave high yields “only when the soil was carefully cultivated,” suggest that the plough was known at least by the Longshan culture period and explains the high agricultural production yields which allowed the rise of Chinese civilization during the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–c. 1050 BC). Later inventions such as the multiple-tube seed drill and heavy moldboard iron plough enabled China to sustain a much larger population through greater improvements in agricultural output.

几乎处于同一时代的裴李岗文化和彭头山文化形成于公元前7000年左右，是中国最古老的新石器时代文化。中国新石器时代第一批发明包括半月形和长方形的石刀,石锄、和石铲，小米和大豆种植，细化养蚕,夯土结构与石灰粉刷的地板，还创造了绳印纹陶器，三足陶鼎和陶船，礼器得到了发展，以及肩胛骨占卜术。英国汉学家白馥兰认为，在龙山文化时期(约公元前3000到公元前2000年)就对牛和水牛进行了驯化饲养，没有找到龙山时期的灌溉方式，也没有找到当时的高产作物，而且有完整的证据表明，龙山文化时期采用旱地谷类作物的耕作方式，而只有“进行耕种的土壤”才能出现高产谷类作物，这表明龙山文化时期已经开始使用犁，这就解释了为什么中华文明能在商朝(公元前1600年到公元前1050年)崛起。后来的发明，如多管播种机和重型犁板的铁犁，使中国能够通过更大的农业产量来维持更多的人口。

Neolithic cultures in Southern China, such as the Liangzhu, Majiabang, and Hemudu, were precursors of the Austronesian, Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, and Hmong-Mien speakers. They were collectively referred to as Baiyue or “barbarians”. They were the sites of early Neolithic advancements like rice cultivation and paddy field agriculture. The most advanced examples which might have represented the earliest true states are the Daxi and Qujialing cultures (possibly Hmong-Mien) of the Upper Yangtze; and the Hemudu, Majiabang and Liangzhu cultures of the Yangtze Delta (pre-Austronesian). These peoples moved further south in response to the Han expansion at around 200 BC. Pre-Austronesians, in particular, settled Taiwan from the Fujian region, then spread out rapidly into Island Southeast Asia, Micronesia, Island Melanesia, Polynesia, and Madagascar.[16]

中国南方的新石器时代文化，如良渚、马家浜、河姆渡等，是南岛语、南亚语、侗台语和苗瑶语的祖先。他们被统称为百越或“野蛮人”。这些地方是新石器时代早期先进技术的遗址，这里有水稻种植和水田农业。最先进的例子，可能出现了最早的真正意义上的国家的是位于长江上游的大溪和屈家岭文化(可能是苗族和瑶族)；以及长江三角洲的河姆渡、马家浜和良渚文化(南岛文明之前)。公元前200年左右，随着汉人的扩张，这些民族向南迁移。特别是南岛人，从福建地区迁走，定居在台湾，然后迅速扩展到东南亚岛屿、密克罗尼西亚、美拉尼西亚岛、波利尼西亚和马达加斯加等地区。

For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in China, and as such does not include foreign technologies which the Chinese acquired through contact, such as the windmill from the Middle East or the telescope from early modern Europe. It also does not include technologies developed elsewhere and later invented separately by the Chinese, such as the odometer, water wheel, and chain pump. Scientific, mathematical or natural discoveries, changes in minor concepts of design or style and artistic innovations do not appear on the list.

我上面列举的内容是想说明，发明创造在中国被认为是科学技术中排在第一位的，因为这里面不包括中国人通过接触获得的外国技术，如中东的风车或近代欧洲早期的望远镜。也不包括其他地方开发的技术，后来由中国人在这些技术的基础上单独的发明创造，如里程表、水车和链式泵。科学、数学或自然发现、设计或风格等小概念的变化和艺术的创新都不在清单上。

The Four Great Inventions are inventions from ancient China that are celebrated in Chinese culture and history for their significance and as symbols of ancient China’s advanced science and technology.

“四大发明”是中国古代的发明，因其重要性和作为中国古代先进科学技术的象征而在中国文化和历史上享有盛誉。

The Four Great Inventions are: Compass, Gunpowder, Papermaking, Printing

四大发明是:指南针、火药、造纸、印刷术

These four discoveries had a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization – the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.

四大发明对世界文明发展产生了深远的影响。然而，一些现代中国学者认为，中国其他发明可能更复杂，对中华文明的影响更深远——四大发明只是突出了东西方之间的技术互动。

After the establishment of the People’s Republic in 1949, China reorganized its science establishment along Soviet lines. Although the country regressed scientifically as a result of government policies which led to famine during the Great Leap Forward and political chaos during the Cultural Revolution, scientific research in nuclear weapons and satellite launching still gained great success. From 1975, science and technology was one of the Four Modernizations, and its high-speed development was declared essential to all national economic development by Deng Xiaoping. Other civilian technologies such as superconductivity and high-yield hybrid rice led to new developments due to the application of science to industry and foreign technology transfer.

1949年中国成立后，中国按照苏联的路线重组了科学机构。......但是在核武器和卫星发射方面的科学研究仍然取得了巨大成就。1975年开始，科学技术现代化成了中国要实现的四个现代化之一，邓宣布科学技术高速发展是国民经济发展的基础。其他民用技术，如超导和高产杂交水稻，由于应用于工业和外国技术转让，出现了新的发展。
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As the People’s Republic of China becomes better connected to the global economy, the government has placed more emphasis on science and technology. This has led to increases in funding, improved scientific structure, and more money for research. These factors have led to advancements in agriculture, medicine, genetics, and global change. In 2003, the Chinese space program allowed China to become the third country to send humans into space, and ambition to put a man on mars by 2030. In the 2000s and 2010s, China became a top scientific and industrial power in more advanced fields such as super computing, artificial intelligence, bullet trains, aeronautics, nuclear physics researches and other fields.

随着中国与全球经济的联系日益紧密，政府将更多的中心转移到了科技发展上。这就导致科技发展资金增长，科学结构改善，更多的资金被用于科学研究。这给中国农业、医学、遗传学领域带来了发展，并进一步改变了世界全球。2003年，中国的太空计划使中国成为第三个将人类送入太空的国家，而且中国还计划在2030年将人类送上火星。21世纪前二十年里，中国成了超级计算、人工智能、子弹头列车、航空学、核物理研究等先进领域的强国。

In 2016, China became the country with the highest science output, as measured in publications. While the US had been the biggest producer of scientific studies until then, China published 426,000 studies in 2016 while the US published 409,000. However, the numbers are somewhat relative, as it also depends how authorship on international collaborations is counted (e.g. if one paper is counted per person or whether authorship is split among authors).

2016年，中国成为科学产出最高的国家。在此之前，美国一直是科学研究的最大国。中国2016年发表了42.6万篇论文，而美国发表了40.9万篇。然而，这些数字是相对的，因为也取决于如何计算国际合作的作者身份如何确认(例如，合著论文是每人算一篇，还是在所有作者共同分著作权)。
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China’s investment in research and development is expected to reach 2.5% of GDP, and the contribution of scientific and technological advances toward economic growth should come to reach 60%.

预计中国对研发的投资占国内生产总值的2.5%，科技进步对经济增长的贡献率达到60%。

— The 13th Five-Year Plan of China (2016－2020)
The central government’s commitment is aimed at making China a leading power in science and technology by the middle of the century, or around the 100th anniversary of the People’s Republic of China.

——中国“十三五”规划(2016-2020年)
在本世纪中叶，即中华人民共和国成立100周年前后，中国将成为世界科学技术的领导力量。

—President address at a biennial conference of the country’s two top think tanks on May 31
Three-step goals: To develop China into an innovation-oriented country by 2020, to place China among top innovation-oriented countries by 2030, and to turn China into a technological innovation powerhouse by 2025.

——5月31日，两会
“三步走”目标:到2020年进入创新型国家,到2035年左右进入创新型国家前列,到2050年要成为世界科技强国。

— Outline of the National Strategy of Innovation-Driven Development released by the Ministry of Science and Technology on May 23
China is now decisively the second-largest performer of research and development.

——科技部23日发布的《国家创新驱动发展战略纲要》
如今，中国在研发方面已稳居全球第二。

Aerospace Probe

航空航天探测器

Tiangong II, launched on Sept 15, 2016

天宫二号于2016年9月15日发射

The space lab is 10.4 meters high, 3.35 meters in diameter and weighs 8.6 metric tons. It has two cabins – one acts as the astronauts’ living quarters and the other contains solar panels, storage batteries, propellant and engines.

太空实验室高10.4米，直径3.35米，重8.6吨。实验室有两个舱室，一个是宇航员的生活区，另一个包含太阳能电池板、蓄电池、推进剂和发动机。

Its major tasks are to accommodate astronauts’ medium-length stay in it and test life-support technologies, to demonstrate in-orbit refueling and repair plans and to conduct experiments pertaining to space sciences.

实验室的主要任务是供宇航员中长期停留和测试生命支持技术，演示在轨补充燃料、修理计划和进行有关空间科学的实验。

Shenzhou XI, launched on Oct 17 and returned on Nov 18, 2016

神舟十一号于2016年10月17日发射，11月18日返回

It carries astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong to dock with Tiangong II on Oct 19. Astronauts conduct medical experiments and space science experiments such as raising silkworms and planting vegetables in space.

10月19日，神舟十一号搭乘航天员景海鹏和陈冬与天宫二号对接。宇航员进行医学实验和太空科学实验，如在太空中养蚕和种植蔬菜。

The Shenzhou XI-Tiangong II mission was China’s sixth manned spaceflight and is expected to pave the way for a permanent space station, which the country plans to start building in 2018 and put into service in about 2022.

神舟十一号和天宫二号工程是中国第六次载人航天飞行，预计将为建立永久性空间站铺平道路。中国计划在2018年开始建造永久性空间站，并在2022年左右投入使用。

SJ-10 retrievable satellite, launched on April 6 and recovered on April 18, 2016

实践十号可回收卫星，于2016年4月6日发射，4月18日回收

Long March 5, heavy-lift two-stage rocket, launched on Nov 3, 2016

2016年11月3日，长征五号重型两级运载火箭发射升空
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The 57-meter-tall rocket has a liftoff weight of 870 metric tons, and a maximum payload capacity of 25 tons to low Earth orbit and 14 tons to geosynchronous transfer orbit.

该火箭高57米，发射重量870吨，近地轨道最大载荷25吨，地球同步转移轨道运载能力为14吨。

Long March 5 will enable China to put its future manned station into space and send unmanned probes to Mars. It is scheduled to carry the Chang’e-5 lunar probe around 2017.

有了长征五号，中国就能将未来的载人空间站送入太空，并向火星发射无人探测器。长征五号火箭将搭载嫦娥五号于2017年前后发射。

Five memorable moments

五个难忘的时刻

First satellite – Dongfanghong-1, on April 24, 1970 Fifth nation to join the “space club”
First manned spacecraft (2003) Yang Liwei, 38, spends 21 hours in orbit
Third country ever to send a human into space
First spacewalk by Zhai Zhigang, 42, (2008)
Third country to leave footprint in the universe
First space lab Tiangong-1 (2011)

第一颗卫星——东方红一号，1970年4月24日，第五个加入“太空俱乐部”的国家
第一艘载人飞船(2003年)杨利伟，38岁，在轨飞行21小时
第三个将人类送入太空的国家
第一次太空行走，翟志刚，42岁(2008年)
第三个在宇宙中留下足迹的国家
第一空间实验室天宫一号(2011)

Preparation to put a permanent manned space station into service around 2022

预计于2022年左右中国永久性的载人空间站投入使用

First lunar “soft” landing – lunar probe Chang’e-3 (2013)
With lunar rover “Yutu” (Jade Rabbit) for surveying the moon’s geological structure and surface substances and looking for natural resources

首次月球“软着陆”——月球探测器嫦娥三号(2013年)
利用月球车“玉兔”探测月球的地质结构和表面物质，寻找自然资源
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Ambitious plans

雄心勃勃的计划

2017 – Send lunar probe Chang’e 5 to land on the moon and return with lunar samples.
2020 – Complete aerospace projects currently under way, including manned space programs, lunar probes, the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System, and the Gaofen observation satellite program. China also intends to send an unmanned probe to Mars that is expected to orbit and land on the Red Planet and conduct scientific research.
2025 – Will complete construction of national civilian space infrastructure.
2036 – Plan to send astronauts to the moon under its manned lunar exploration program. To date, only the United States has successfully landed astronauts on the moon.

2017年，发射月球探测器“嫦娥五号”登陆月球，并带回月球样本。
2020年，全面建成进行中的航天工程，包括载人航天、探月工程、北斗卫星导航系统、高分观测卫星等。中国还计划向火星发射无人探测器，预计将绕火星轨道运行并降落在火星上进行科学研究。
2025年，完成国家民用航天基础设施建设。
2036年，根据载人探月计划，计划将宇航员送往月球。迄今为止，只有美国成功地将宇航员送上月球。

World’s first quantum communication satellite

世界上第一颗量子通信卫星

Micius, the world’s first quantum communication satellite developed by China, was launched into space on Aug 16, 2016.
The 631-kilogram satellite, named after the ancient Chinese philosopher and scientist Micius, operates 500 kilometers above Earth for at least two years.

2016年8月16日，中国研制的世界首颗量子通信卫星“墨子号”发射升空。
这颗631公斤重的卫星以中国古代哲学家和科学家墨子的名字命名，在距离地球500公里的上空运行至少两年。

The satellite is dedicated to quantum science experiments, and it will serve as evidence that China is leading the world to achieve satellite-earth quantum communication.
Taking a big step in building a space-based quantum communication network that would be virtually uncrackable.

这颗卫星致力于量子科学实验，将成为中国引领世界，实现星地量子通信的证据。
这在建立几乎不可破解的太空量子通讯网络上迈出了一大步。

World’s longest quantum communication network

世界上最长的量子通信网络

China will complete and put into service the world’s longest quantum communication network stretching 2,000km from Beijing to Shanghai in the second half of this year.
Government agencies and banks in cities along the route can use it first. By 2030, the Chinese network would be extended worldwide.

中国将于今年下半年建成并投入使用世界最长的量子通信网络，该网络从北京延伸至上海，全长2000公里。
沿线城市的政府机构和银行可以首先使用。到2030年，中国的量子通信网络将扩展到世界各地。

In 2012, China built the world’s first metropolitan area quantum network in Hefei, lixing 46 nodes to allow real-time voice communications, text messages and file transfers.

2012年，中国在合肥建成了世界上第一个城域量子网络，连接了46个节点，实现了实时语音通信、短信和文件传输。

Breakthrough

突破

Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), or Tianyan, is the world’s largest of its kind, overtaking Puerto Rico’s Arecibo Observatory, which is 300 meters in diameter. FAST’s large hemispheric surface is made up of 4,450 1.3-millimeter-thin reflecting panels, each weighing 427 to 482.5 kilograms. It is 10 times more sensitive than the steerable 100-meter telescope near Bonn, Germany.

直径500米的球面望远镜(FAST)，或称“天眼”，是世界上同类望远镜中最大的，超过了波多黎各直径300米的阿雷西博天文台。FAST巨大的半球表面由4450个1.3毫米薄的反射板组成，每个反射板重427到482.5公斤。天眼的灵敏度是德国波恩附近100米望远镜的10倍。

Scientific application

科学应用

FAST can detect weak radio signals from the outer space, even beyond our own solar system and will be helpful in areas such as large-scale physics of the universe and understanding the nature of dark matter.
It will also contribute to the international search for intelligent extraterrestrial life and could also be used to track spacecraft involved in China’s space program.
It is capable of identifying gravitational waves, detecting radio emissions from the outer reaches of space and listening for signs of intelligent extraterrestrial life.

FAST可以探测到来自外太空的微弱无线电信号，甚至可以探测到太阳系之外的信号，这将有助于研究宇宙的大规模物理现象和了解暗物质的性质。
还能帮助国际社会探索外星智能生命，还被用于追踪中国太空计划中的航天器。
可以识别引力波，探测来自外层空间的无线电发射，并监听外星智能生命的迹象。

Construction and cost
With an investment of 1.2 billion yuan ($185 million), this gigantic project started in 2011, 17 years after it was proposed by Chinese astronomers.

建设和成本
这个耗资12亿元人民币(1.85亿美元)的巨型项目始于2011年，从中国天文学家提出计划到完成用时17年。
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Artificial Intelligence and Super Computing

人工智能和超级计算

Three-year ‘Internet Plus’ artificial intelligence plan
China will speed up the development of its artificial intelligence (AI) sector and create a market worth more than 100 billion yuan ($15.26 billion) over the next three years.

三年“互联网+”人工智能计划
中国将加快人工智能领域的发展，并在未来三年创造价值超过1000亿元(152.6亿美元)的市场

By 2018, China shall build platforms for fundamental AI resources and innovation and make breakthroughs on basic core technology to be in line with global AI technology and industries by 2018.

到2018年，搭建基础人工智能资源和创新平台，突破基础核心技术，与全球人工智能技术和产业接轨。

The country will cultivate and develop emerging artificial intelligence industries, promote innovation in intelligent products and enhance the intelligence level of terminal products.
The program will involve key projects such as intelligent home appliances, smart automobiles, intelligent unmanned systems, intelligent wearable devices and robots(Chinadaily.com).

培育和发展新兴人工智能产业，推动智能产品创新，提升终端产品智能化水平。
该项目将涉及智能家电、智能汽车、智能无人系统、智能可穿戴设备和机器人等重点项目。

Two Robot hit on social media

两个机器人在社交媒体上引起热议

Robot Monk
Buddhist monasteries are often associated with tradition and the ancient past but one located 30 kilometers northwest of Beijing’s Zhongguancun – China’s innovation hub – has become famous for looking to the future with its use of cutting-edge technology and for its latest recruit, a robot.

和尚机器人
佛教寺庙往往与传统和古代联系在一起，但位于中国创新中心北京中关村西北30公里处的一座寺庙，因使用前沿技术和最新招募的机器人来展望未来而闻名。

‘Jia Jia’
A new interactive robot, named Jia Jia, looking like a real woman, was showcased at the 2016 China (Shanghai) International Technology Fair from April 21 to 23.

佳佳
4月21日至23日，在2016中国(上海)国际科技博览会上，一款名为“佳佳”的新型互动机器人亮相。

Supercomputing – TaihuLight
The research team of the Sunway TaihuLight, a Wuxi-made supercomputer, was announced as the winner of the 2016 ACM Gordon Bell Prize in Salt Lake City on Nov 17, 2016.

超级计算机——太湖之光
2016年11月17日，美国计算机科学协会戈登·贝尔奖在盐湖城揭晓，无锡制造的超级计算机神威太湖之光的研究团队获得了该奖项。

The prize is known as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize for the field of high-performance computing applications. This is the first time Chinese researchers have been awarded the prize.

该奖项被称为高性能计算应用领域的诺贝尔奖。这是中国研究人员首次获得该奖项。

The supercomputer is launched on June 20, 2016, and can perform a staggering 93 petaflops/s (quadrillions of calculations per second). Its processors and technology all designed in China.

这台超级计算机于2016年6月20日发布，其运算速度达到惊人的93千万亿次每秒(每秒千万亿次计算)。计算机的处理器和技术都是在中国设计的。
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Renewable Energy in China
China is the world’s leading country in electricity production from renewable energy sources, with over double the generation of the second-ranking country, the United States. By the end of 2018, the country had a total capacity of 728 GW of renewable power, mainly from hydroelectric and wind power. China’s renewable energy sector is growing faster than its fossil fuels and nuclear power capacity.

中国的可再生能源
中国是世界上使用可再生能源发电最多的国家，发电量是排名第二的美国的两倍多。截至2018年底，全国可再生能源发电能力728千兆瓦，主要来自水电和风电。中国可再生能源行业的增长速度超过了化石燃料和核能的产能。

Although China currently has the world’s largest installed capacity of hydro, solar and wind power, its energy needs are so large that in 2015 renewable sources provided only 24% of its electricity generation, with most of the remainder provided by coal power plants. In 2017, renewable energy comprised 36.6% of China’s total installed electric power capacity, and 26.4% of total power generation, the vast majority from hydroelectric sources. Nevertheless, the share of renewable sources in the energy mix had been gradually rising in recent years.

尽管中国目前拥有世界上最大的水电、太阳能和风能装机容量，但其能源需求如此巨大，2015年可再生能源仅占发电总量的24%，其余大部分由燃煤电厂提供。2017年，可再生能源占中国电力装机容量的36.6%，占发电总量的26.4%，其中绝大部分来自水力发电。然而，可再生能源在能源结构中所占的比例近年来已逐渐上升。

China sees renewables as a source of energy security and not just only to reduce carbon emission China’s Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution issued by China’s State Council in September 2013, illustrates the government’s desire to increase the share of renewables in China’s energy mix Unlike oil, coal and gas, the supplies of which are finite and subject to geopolitical tensions, renewable energy systems can be built and used wherever there is sufficient water, wind, and sun

中国认为可再生能源不光是能减少碳排放，而且是能源安全的一个来源。中国国务院在2013年9月发布的《大气污染防治行动计划》为了预防和控制空气污染，这说明政府希望增加可再生能源在中国能源结构中的比重。石油、煤炭和天然气的供应是有限的，受地缘政治紧张局势影响，而可再生能源的建造和使用不受限制，只需要有足够的水,风,和光照。

As Chinese renewable manufacturing has grown, the costs of renewable energy technologies have dropped dramatically. Innovation has helped, but the main driver of reduced costs has been market expansion. In 2015, China became the world’s largest producer of photovoltaic power, with 43 GW of total installed capacity. From 2005 to 2014, production of solar cells in China has expanded 100-fold. However, China is not expected to achieve grid parity – when an alternate source of energy is as cheap or cheaper than power purchased from the grid—until 2022. In 2017, investments in renewable energy amounted to US$279.8 billion worldwide, with China accounting for US$126.6 billion or 45% of the global investments.

随着中国可再生能源制造业的发展，可再生能源技术的成本大幅下降。创新对此有所帮助，但降低成本的主要动力是市场扩张。2015年，中国成为全球最大的光伏发电生产国，总装机容量达43千兆瓦。从2005年到2014年，中国的太阳能电池产量增长了100倍。然而，在2022年之前，中国预计不会实现电网平价——即一种与电网提供的电力价格一样或者更便宜的替代能源。2017年，全球可再生能源投资2798亿美元，其中中国占1266亿美元，占全球投资的45%。

Wind Power
China has the largest wind resources in the world and three-quarters of this natural resource is located at sea. China aims to have 210 GW of wind power capacity by 2020. China encourages foreign companies, especially from the United States, to visit and invest in Chinese wind power generation. However, use of wind energy in China has not always kept up with the remarkable construction of wind power capacity in the country.

风力发电
中国拥有世界最大的风能资源，其中四分之三的自然资源位于海上。中国的目标是到2020年风电装机容量达到2.1亿千瓦。中国鼓励外国公司，特别是美国公司，到中国参观和投资风力发电。然而，中国的风能利用并没有与该国引人注目的风力发电能力建设同步。

In 2008 China was the fourth largest producer of wind power after the United States, Germany, and Spain. At the end of 2008, wind power in China accounted for 12.2 GW of electricity generating capacity. By the end of 2008, at least fifteen Chinese companies were commercially producing wind turbines and several dozen more were producing components. Turbine sizes of 1.5 MW and 2 MW became common. Leading wind power companies were Goldwind, Dongfang, and Sinovel. China also increased the production of small-scale wind turbines to about 80,000 turbines (80 MW) in 2008. Through all these developments, the Chinese wind industry appeared unaffected by the global financial crisis, according to industry observers.

2008年，中国是世界第四大风能生产国，仅次于美国、德国和西班牙。2008年底，中国风电装机容量达12.2千兆瓦。到2008年底，至少有15家中国企业开始商业化生产风力涡轮机，另有几十家企业生产零部件。1.5兆瓦和2兆瓦的涡轮机已经很普遍。行业领先的风力发电公司是金风、东方和华锐风电。2008年，中国还将小型风力涡轮机的产量提高到约8万台(80兆瓦)。行业观察人士表示，就目前行业发展来看，中国风电行业似乎没有受到全球金融危机的影响。

By 2009 China had total installed windpower capacity up to 26 GW. China has identified wind power as a key growth component of the country’s economy.

到2009年，中国的风力发电装机容量已达到2600千兆瓦。中国已经将风力发电确定为国家经济增长的关键组成部分。

As of 2010, China has become the world’s largest maker of wind turbines, surpassing Denmark, Germany, Spain, and the United States. The initial future target set by the Chinese government was 10 GW by 2010, but the total installed capacity for wind power generation in China had already reached 25.1 GW by the end of 2009.

2010年，中国已经超过丹麦、德国、西班牙和美国，成为世界上最大的风力涡轮机制造商。中国最初设定的2010年风电装机容量目标是1000万千瓦，但到2009年底，中国风电总装机容量已达到2510万千瓦。

In September, 2019, Norwegian energy firm Equinor and state-owned China Power International Holding (CPIH) announced their plan to cooperate in developing offshore wind in China and Europe.

2019年9月，挪威能源公司Equinor和国有的中国电力国际控股宣布了在中国和欧洲合作开发海上风能的计划。

Solar Power
China produces 63% of the world’s solar photovoltaics (PV). It has emerged as the world’s largest manufacturer as of June 2015.

太阳能发电
中国生产了世界上63%的太阳能光伏电池。截至2015年6月，中国已成为全球最大的制造商。
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Following the new incentive scheme of Golden Sun announced by the government in 2009, there are numerous recent developments and plans announced by industry players that became part of the milestones for solar industry and technology development in China, such as the new thin film solar plant developed by Anwell Technologies in the Henan province using its own proprietary solar technology. The agreement was signed by LDK for a 500 MW solar project in the desert, alongside First Solar and Ordos City. The effort to drive the renewable energy use in China was further assured after the speech of the Chinese President given at the UN climate summit on 22 September 2009 in New York, pledging that China would adopt plans to use 15% of its energy from renewable sources within a decade.

政府2009年宣布金太阳新激励方案后，有许多最近的进展和计划宣布的行业参与者,成为里程碑的一部分在中国太阳能产业和技术的发展,如新薄膜太阳能发电厂Anwell技术发达的河南省使用自己的专有的太阳能技术。LDK与First solar和鄂尔多斯市签署了该协议，将在沙漠地区建设一个500兆瓦的太阳能项目。努力推动可再生能源的使用在中国进一步向演讲后2009年9月22日在联合国气候峰会在纽约,承诺,中国将采取计划用十年内15%的能源来自可再生能源。

China has become a world leader in the manufacture of solar photovoltaic technology, with its six biggest solar companies having a combined value of over $15 billion. Around 820 MW of solar PV were produced in China in 2007, second only to Japan
Dr.A.Jagadeesh Nellore(AP),India

中国已经成为世界太阳能光伏技术的领导者，6家最大的太阳能公司的总价值超过150亿美元。2007年，中国的太阳能光伏发电量约为820兆瓦，仅次于日本。

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