有哪些历史真相让你大吃一惊？（一）

Jon Bourgetti, studied BS Degree in History

历史学士学位

The modern clock is based on the Sumerian base-twelve mathematical system.

现代时钟是基于苏美尔人的十二进制数学系统完成的。

In Ancient Greece, a man named Arrhichion (died 564 BC) won first place in the wrestling (pankration) competition even though he had died. (It was okay to kill your opponent in the ancient Greek Olympics. His opponent was in the process of choking Arrhichion to death when, in desperation, Arrhichion broke the man’s toe - the pain of that injury caused Arrhichion’s opponent to surrender the match at which time it was discovered that Arrhichion was dead.

在古希腊，一个名叫阿伦希翁(死于公元前564年)的人在摔跤比赛（古希腊式搏击）中赢得了第一名，尽管他已经死了。在古希腊奥运会上，杀死对手是可以的。他的对手正在将他掐死的过程中，在绝望中，阿伦希翁掰断了他的脚趾——伤口的疼痛导致阿伦希翁的对手放弃了比赛，这时人们发现阿伦希翁已经死了。

Columbus well knew of the existence of a continents on the other side of the Atlantic when he set sale in 1492. Columbus’s “discovery” of the New World is one of the greatest publicity stunts of all time. Prior to 1492, hundreds of of northern European cod fisherman had been visiting the fisheries of of Newfoundland, including among them Christopher Columbus. A letter from an English Duke written to Columbus in 1502 states words t the effect of “Why are you making such a big deal about “discovering the New World when everybody already knew it was there”.

当哥伦布1492年起航时，他就清楚地知道在大西洋的另一边有一块大陆。哥伦布对新大陆的“发现”是有史以来最伟大的宣传噱头之一。在1492年之前，数百名北欧鳕鱼渔民到纽芬兰捕鱼，其中包括克里斯托弗·哥伦布。1502年，一位英国公爵在给哥伦布的信中写道:“在大家都已经知道新大陆的存在的情况下，你为什么对发现新大陆如此重视呢?”

Naturally freeze dried salted cod will remain edible for twenty years.

自然冷冻的腌鳕鱼干可以食用20年。
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The average Smartphone has far more computing power than all of the NASA computers used to make the 1969 moon landing.

普通智能手机的计算能力远远超过1969年NASA用于登月的所有计算机。
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After syphilis arrived in Europe, syphilitic victims - often grotesquely disfigured by the disease - were banished from German towns. Grimm’s Fairy Tales about trolls that lived under bridges and witches that lived in remote forest houses - were created to teach children not to trust weird looking strangers that lived in the woods.

在梅毒抵达欧洲之后，梅毒患者——通常会被这种疾病丑陋地毁容——会被驱逐出德国城镇。格林童话里住在桥下的巨怪和住在偏远森林里的女巫都是为了教育孩子们不要相信住在树林里的长相怪异的陌生人。

The English practice of “drawing and quartering” was unspeakably sadistic. “Drawing” meant dragging the condemned person to the place of execution on a hollow square wooden frx (called a hurdle). At the place of execution, the condemned man was then hanged on a short rope until he was unconscious. He was then revived and castrated. Then he was actually killed by being disemboweled. Then his head was cut off and sent t the King. Then the body was cut into four pieces which were then publicly displayed in nearby towns. Drawing and quartering was removed from English law in 1870.

英国人的“四肢裂解”是难以形容的虐待。“裂解”意味着把被判死刑的人拖在一个中空的方形木框(叫做栏架)上送到处决的地方。在行刑的地方，死刑犯被吊在一根短绳上，直到失去知觉为止。然后他会被唤醒并被阉割。然后他被剖腹致死。他的头会被砍掉，送到王那里。然后，尸体被切成四块，在附近的城镇公开展示。1870年，英国法律取消了四肢裂解。

The reason the British drive on the left side of the road is because knights traveling on the roads used the left side incase they needed to draw their sword with their right hand or, alternatively, shake hands with a friendly knight coming the other way.

英国人之所以在道路的左侧驾驶，是因为骑士在路上骑马时，在需要的时候用右手拔出剑，或者在遇到从另一边走过来的友好骑士时，他们要伸出右手去握手。

Catholic Saint Juan Capistrano was one of the most sadistic and prolific serial killers that ever lived. Father Capistrano made his name as an Inquisitor in Spain. The Inquisition (in fact, a long standing Church practice to eradicate heresy) as we generally understand it in modern times really got rolling with the 1492 Alhambra Decree by the King and Queen of Spain, Ferdinand and Isabella, that banished jews from Spain. Many jews left Spain (often for the Spanish Netherlands) but many stayed and either converted to Catholicism or else pretended that they had converted to Catholicism.

天主教的圣胡安卡皮斯特拉诺是世界上最残忍、杀害最多的连环杀手之一。卡皮斯特拉诺神父在西班牙以异端审判官而闻名。我们在现代通常所理解的宗教裁判所(实际上是一种长期存在的教会根除异端邪说的做法)实际上是在1492年西班牙国王和王后费迪南德和伊莎贝拉颁布的阿尔罕布拉法令中开始运作的，该法令将犹太人驱逐出西班牙。许多犹太人离开了西班牙(通常是从西班牙前往荷兰)，但也有许多人留下来，要么改信天主教，要么假装改信天主教。

The Inquisition as we understand it today was primarily a way to determine if the remaining Spanish Jews had genuinely converted to Catholicism. The Alhambra Decree turned out to be perhaps the stupidest royal act ever. Money lending was banned for Christians by the medi church and very often conducted by Europe's Jews. By unfortunate coincidence for Spain, the Alhambra decree abanished Spain’s best bankers the same year that Columbus discovered the new World and Cortez and Pizarro started pillaging Aztec and Inca gold, silver, and pearls.

我们今天所理解的宗教裁判所主要是一种用来确定剩下的西班牙犹太人是否真的皈依了天主教的方式。阿尔罕布拉的法令被证明是皇室史上最愚蠢的行为。中世纪的教会禁止向基督徒放贷，通常是由欧洲的犹太人放贷。对西班牙来说，不幸的巧合是，就在哥伦布发现新大陆、科尔特斯和皮萨罗开始掠夺阿兹特克人和印加人的黄金、白银和珍珠的同一年，阿尔罕布拉法令驱逐了西班牙最优秀的银行家。

Spain became one of the great treasure houses of the world … but had very few competent bankers. As the decades following the Alhambra decree unfolded, the Spanish economy was obliged to frivolously waste its riches on cash purchases. meanwhile, in the tiny and boggy Netherlands, a , world class banking industry flourished. Although the Spanish settled most f the New World, they wasted their riches and the Netherlands became an international trading powerhouse that rivalled Elizabethan England.

西班牙成为了世界上最富有的地区之一，但几乎没有什么有能力的银行家。阿尔罕布拉法令颁布后的几十年里，西班牙经济不得不轻率地把财富浪费在现金交易上。与此同时，在小而泥泞的荷兰，世界级的银行业蓬勃发展。虽然西班牙人在新大陆定居了大部分地区，但他们浪费了自己的财富，使荷兰成为一个国际贸易强国，可与伊丽莎白时代的英国相媲美。

Modern private banking and credit markets were invented in Italy in the 14th Century contemporaneously with the perfection of double-entry bookkeeping by the Italians. Prior to the modernization of credit markets in Florence, Italy, anybody in Europe who wanted to borrow money had to go to either the Catholic Church or the local King. Private banking created a very serious loss of revenue for the Holy Church. The Church found financial relief by expanding the practice of “selling indulgences”. In the medi Catholic Church, the purchase of an indulgence offered a way to" way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins"; i.e. the purchase of an indulgence was basically a “get out of Purgatory free” card. (Of course) in a very short time, indulgences became available for any and every manner of sin. The Church made a fortune selling indulgences. In one notable instance, a man approached a deep-pocketed priest and explained that he needed to buy and indulgence but absolutely could not reveal why he needed the indulgence. The priest accommodated the request at which point the man produced a weapon and robbed the priest.

14世纪，随着意大利人对复式簿记的完善，现代私人银行和信贷市场在意大利诞生。在意大利佛罗伦萨的信贷市场现代化之前，欧洲任何想借钱的人都必须去天主教会或当地的国王那里。私人银行给神圣的教会带来了严重的收入损失。教会通过扩大“出售赎罪券”的做法来缓解财政压力。在中世纪的天主教会中，购买赎罪券提供了一种“减少因罪所受惩罚的方式”;也就是说，购买一个赎罪券基本上就是一张“脱罪”卡。(当然)在很短的时间内，任何形式的罪都可以得到赦免。教会出售赎罪券发了大财。在一个引人注目的例子中，一个人走近一个财大气大的牧师，向他解释说，他需要买些东西来放纵自己，但他完全不能说明他为什么需要放纵。牧师答应了他的要求，这时那人拿出武器抢劫了牧师。

Wikipedia: “Tulip mania was a period in the Dutch Golden Age (the 1600’s) during which prices for some tulip bulbs (fancy multi-colored hybrids) reached extraordinarily high levels and then dramatically collapsed in February 1637.’ it has been historically verified that numerous transactions occurred during Tulip Mania involving tulips bought and sold for three hundred guilders - a fair yearly wage for a master craftsman.

维基百科:“郁金香狂热是荷兰黄金时代(17世纪)的一段时期，当时一些郁金香球茎(花哨的彩色杂交品种)的价格达到了非常高的水平，然后在1637年2月急剧下跌。历史上已经证实，在郁金香狂热期间发生了大量的交易，郁金香以300荷兰盾的高价被买卖——这相当于一个工艺大师一年的薪水。
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The “South Sea Bubble” was a financial crisis very similar to Tulip Mania that occurred in England in the 1700’s inspired by the extraordinary profits gained by the privately owned South Sea Company.

“南海泡沫”是17世纪在英国发生的一场金融危机，与郁金香热非常相似，其起因是私营的南海公司获得了巨额利润。

According to Nazi records, the guillotine was eventually used to execute some 16,500 people in France.between 1933 and 1945, about the same as the number of guillotine executions during the French Reign of Terror (Sep., 1793, to July 1794).

根据纳粹的记录，在1933年到1945年间，法国的断头台最终被用来处决了大约16500人，与法国恐怖统治时期(1793年9月到1794年7月)的断头台处决的数量大致相同。
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Annie Hag, studied at Ryerson University

就读于瑞尔森大学

Japanese women blackened their teeth using iron and vinegar. Blackening of teeth indicated a married status of a woman. Before entering her husband’s house, the wife went around seven relatives who gave her iron-containing paint, and then a procedure called “first blackening” began.

日本妇女会用铁器和醋把牙齿弄黑。牙齿变黑表明妇女已婚。在进入丈夫家之前，妻子要在给她涂含铁涂料的7个亲戚周围走了一圈，然后开始了“第一次涂黑”的程序。

Photo: Ohaguro (ohaguro, 御歯黒, 鉄浆) is a Japanese fashion and practice of blackining teeth
图片:染黑牙是日本的一种时尚，将牙齿涂黑

In the 14-15th centuries ohaguro was generally seen among adults. Though in the 16-17th centuries when daughters of military commanders were around 9 years old, they would blacken their teeth as a marking of their maturity age to prepare for political marriage of convince. The practice of blackening teeth was a practice among wealthy families and concerned only girls entering adulthood, which at that time began about 9 years old.

在14-15世纪，染黑牙普遍出现在成年人中。尽管在16-17世纪，军队指挥官的女儿只有9岁左右，但她们会把牙齿弄黑，作为成熟年龄的标志，为政治婚姻做准备。把牙齿变黑是富裕家庭的惯例，只涉及到进入成年期的女孩，当时大约从9岁开始。

Later okhaguro spread among the men of the court aristocracy. This Japanese tradition was borrowed from Korea and existed from ancient times until the beginning of the 20th century. .

后来，染黑牙在宫廷贵族中传播开来。日本的这一传统是从朝鲜借来的，从古代一直延续到20世纪初。

Samurai despised this style, but among the representatives of the house of Tyra, it was customary to follow such a rite. At some point, blackening teeth became fashionable for both genders, and finally became widespread among non-noble women. The tradition remained until the Edo era, when all married women shaved their eyebrows and painted their teeth.

武士们鄙视这种方式，但在泰拉家族的代表中，遵循这种仪式是惯例。在某种程度上，染牙齿成为男女皆可接受的时尚，并最终在非贵族女性中流行开来。这个传统一直延续到江户时代，那时所有的已婚妇女都要剃眉毛、刷牙齿。

Different Reasons for Ohaguro:

染黑牙的不同原因:

1.It was also done to preserve the teeth into old age, as it prevents tooth decay similar to the mechanism of modern dental sealants.

1.这也是为了保护牙齿，因为它防止蛀牙的机制类似于现代的牙密封剂。

2.It was seen as a sign of maturity, beauty, and of civilization.

2.它被视为成熟、美丽和文明的标志。

3.A common belief is that blackened teeth differentiated humans from animals.

3.人们普遍认为，黑色的牙齿将人类与动物区分开来。

4.Teeth blackening is often done in conjunction with traditions of teeth filing and evulsion, as well as other body modification customs like tattoos.

4.染黑牙通常是与传统的牙齿锉削和摘除，以及其他身体修饰习俗，如纹身一起完成的。

5.It is said that military commanders who were struck in the head on the battlefield and who did not want to be ugly would wear average women's make-up and would blacken their teeth. These faces imitated the Noh masks of women and young boys.

5.据说，在战场上被击中头部的军事指挥官，如果不愿意变得丑陋，就会化妆成一般女性的样子，还会把牙齿弄黑。这些面孔模仿了妇女和小男孩的能神面具。（日本能剧里的分类）
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6.Its importance was expressed by such a proverb - "Since black always remains black without changing, so will the relationship between husband and wife." Blackened teeth showed that the wife swore eternal allegiance to her husband.

6.它的重要性可以用这样一句谚语来表达:“黑不变则黑，夫妻关系也不变。”染黑牙表明妻子发誓永远效忠丈夫。

The European Attitude

欧洲的态度

Teeth blackening and filing were regarded with fascination and disapproval by early European explorers and colonists. The practice survives in some isolated ethnic groups in Southeast Asia and Oceania, but has mostly disappeared after the introduction of Western beauty standards during the colonial era.

早期的欧洲探险家和殖民者对牙齿变黑和锉尖既着迷又不赞成。这种习俗在东南亚和大洋洲一些孤立的民族中仍然存在，但在殖民时期引入西方的审美标准后，大部分已经消失了。

Many Westerners, including Engelbert Kaempfer, Philipp Franz von Siebold, and Rutherford Alcock, who visited Edo-era Japan, described ohaguro as an abhorrent custom which disfigured women. Alcock conjectured that the purpose of it is chastity by making the women intentionally unattractive to prevent potential extra-marital relationship.

许多西方人，包括恩格尔伯特·坎普弗尔、菲利普·弗朗茨·冯·西博尔德和卢瑟福·阿尔科克，都去过江户时代的日本，他们把染黑牙描述为一种令人憎恶的习俗，它使妇女毁容。阿尔科克推测，这样做的目的是为了保持贞操，目的是为了让女性有意地变得不好看，以防止潜在的婚外关系。

However, Japanese social scientist Kyouji Watanabe disagrees with this theory. Based on the fact that Japanese girls were allowed a large degree of both social and sexual liberty until the time of Ohaguro when they assume the responsibility of wife and mother, Watanabe thinks that it is a social ritual by which both society and a girl herself confirm the determination of matured women.

然而，日本社会科学家渡边圭二不同意这一理论。基于这样的事实，日本女孩在社会和性方面都被允许有很大程度的自由，直到开始染黑牙时，她们才承担起了妻子和母亲的责任，渡边认为这是一种社会仪式，通过这种仪式，社会和女孩自己都确认了成熟女性的决心。

History

历史

1.The case of ohaguro was recorded in the book "The Tale of Genji" in the 11th century

1.染黑牙的案例曾记载在11世纪的《源氏物语》一书中

2.Traces of blackened teeth can be seen in the buried bones and haniwa (250 to 538 CE) from the Kofun period.

2.在古坟时期的埋葬的骨头和埴轮(250 - 538年)中可以看到黑色牙齿的痕迹。（埴轮是日本古坟顶部和坟丘四周排列的素陶器的总称）

3.Shōsōin, a treasure house connected to Tōdai-ji in Nara, holds the teachings brought to Japan by Jianzhen in 753.

3.日本奈良东大寺内保管寺内财宝的正仓院，存放着鉴真大师在753年带来的教义。

During the Edo period in the 18-19th centuries, due to the smell and labor required for the coloring process, tradition gradually began to recede into the past. Although married women, unmarried women over 18, prostitutes and geisha still blackened their teeth. In rural areas, the ceremony was performed only during special celebrations, such as Matsuri (holidays), weddings or funerals.

在18-19世纪的江户时代，由于上色过程中的气味和需要的劳力，传统逐渐开始退回到过去。尽管已婚女性，18岁以上的未婚女性，妓女和艺妓仍然会把牙齿弄黑。在农村地区，这种仪式只在特殊的庆祝活动中进行，比如飨宴，婚礼或葬礼。

On February 5, 1870, the Japanese government banned ohaguro and the tradition gradually became obsolete. After the Meiji period, it temporarily spread, but it almost entirely died out in the Taishō period (ending in 1927). In contemporary times, the only places where ohaguro can be seen is in plays, hanamachi (geisha districts), some festivals, and movies.

1870年2月5日，日本政府禁止了染黑牙，这一传统逐渐被淘汰。明治时期之后，开始极少传播，但它几乎完全消失在大正时期(1927年结束)。在当代，只有在戏剧、花街(艺妓区)、一些电影节和电影中才能看到小黑罗的身影。

Gunawan Hardi, Government Employee (ASN) in Jakarta

雅加达政府雇员

What about these ?

这些怎么样?
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Attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. The question is, how came US forces in Pearl Harbor, I am talking about the battleships parked there that couldn’t detect the Japanese fighter planes. Did those battleships turn off their radars ? or ground based radars in Pearl Harbor were turned off so they couldn’t detect the incoming attack ? We are talking about a big naval base full of many combat worthy ships. I red some books and they blamed on the US intelligence officials that ignored the reports Japan would attack Pearl Harbor.

1941年日本偷袭珍珠港。问题是,那些珍珠港里的美国部队，我说的是那些停在那里的战列舰，怎么会没有发现日本战斗机?那些战舰关掉雷达了吗?还是珍珠港的地面雷达被关闭，无法探测到袭击?我们说的可是一个庞大的海军基地，里面有很多有战斗力的战舰。我翻了一些书，他们指责是美国的情报官员无视了日本将袭击珍珠港的消息。

Hitler decided to invade Soviet unx. I red some historical books and they informed that one of things that made Hitler decided to invade Soviet unx in 1941 was based on intelligence report from German military intelligence telling Hitler that Soviet armed forces were mostly peasants armed with old riffles from WWI and incapable of waging modern warfare. How did German intelligence in 1941 make such stupid report ? Didn’t they send agents to Soviet unx to do some reality checks at the time ? If Hitler knew the facts about Soviet unx’s military, I bet he would not make a decision to invade Soviet unx.

希特勒决定入侵苏联。我读了一些历史书，上面说，促使希特勒决定在1941年入侵苏联的原因之一是德国军事情报机构的一份情报报告，该报告告诉希特勒，苏联武装力量大多是农民，装备了一战时期的旧武器，无法发动现代战争。1941年德国情报部门怎么会做出如此愚蠢的报告?他们当时没有派特工去苏联做一些现实核查吗?如果希特勒了解苏联的军事情况，我打赌他不会做出入侵苏联的决定。

Adolf Hitler was a painter. Knowing the fact Hitler was good at painting really blew my mind. I thought this man was a pure evil who didn’t appreciate any single form of art. Some of his paintings like Vienna State Opera House, Adolf Hitler, 1912 astonished me because the amazing quality and details he made on his painting. If only Hitler didn’t change profession, the world and history would be different.

阿道夫·希特勒是一位画家。得知希特勒擅长绘画，我真的很惊讶。我一直认为这个人是一个纯粹的坏人，不会欣赏任何一种艺术形式。他的一些画作，如《维也纳国家歌剧院》、《阿道夫·希特勒》、《1912》，都让我很惊讶，因为他在画作上的品质和细节都令人惊叹。如果希特勒没有改变职业，世界和历史将会不同。

Waters on our planet originated from Asteroids. Scientists claim our waters on Earth actually came from Asteroids that hit our planet millions years ago. I just wonder how many Asteroids did our planet need to take hit from to get waters we know today like seas, oceans, rivers or even lakes and what were the sizes of the Asteroids so they could have enough liquid materials to flood our planet.

我们星球上的水起源于小行星。科学家声称，地球上的水实际上来自数百万年前撞击地球的小行星。我只是想知道，我们的星球需要多少颗小行星撞击才能得到我们今天所知的海洋、河流甚至湖泊这样的水，并且这些小行星是有多大，才能有足够的液体物质来淹没我们的星球。

2000 year old Nazca Lines. I keep asking to myself “ why did they make lines that resembled birds or living creatures with that enormous scale in Peru ? The Nazca people at the time couldn’t even see form of the lines they made, unless they saw them from high altitude which was impossible for them at the time.

2000年的纳斯卡线条。我一直在问自己，“为什么在秘鲁他们会画出像鸟类或有那么大规模的生物的线条?”当时的纳斯卡人甚至没法看清自己画的线条，除非他们从高海拔看，这在当时是不可能的。

The lost city of Pompeii. The whole city and its population was buried under the ash of volcanic materials after the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D. I couldn’t imagine how it was like in Pompeii when Vesuvius erupted. The dead bodies of people who lived in Pompeii were preserved in good condition due to being enveloped by volcanic ash - becoming the witnesses of how mother nature could be very deadly and unforgiving.

失落的庞贝古城。在公元79年维苏威火山灾难性的爆发后，整个城市和它的人口都被埋在火山灰下。我无法想象当维苏威火山爆发时庞贝是什么样子。居住在庞贝的人们的尸体由于被火山灰包裹而保存得很好，成为了大自然母亲是如何致命和无情的见证人。

Borobudur Temple. The largest Buddhist temple in the world built in the 9th-century which is located in region now known as Central Java of Indonesia. Fun fact is, this temple is now located in the country with the biggest Muslim population in the world. The temple itself became a monument which showed, Indonesia in ancient time was not predominantly Muslim society. How it became a country with the biggest Muslim population in the world is another story to tell.

婆罗浮屠寺庙。世界上最大的佛教寺庙建于9世纪，位于现在被称为印度尼西亚爪哇岛中部的地区。有趣的是，这座寺庙现在位于世界上穆斯林人口最多的国家。寺庙本身成为了一个纪念碑，这表明，在古代印度尼西亚不是主要的穆斯林社会。它是如何成为世界上穆斯林人口最多的国家则是另一个故事。

Bermuda Triangle. Also known as the limbo of the lost. Scientists and explorers of modern time have proven that there is nothing special or magical about this zone, however nobody could explain until now why flight 19 which was consisted of five Torpedo bomber planes including 14 airmen disappeared when flying over Bermuda Triangle.

百慕大三角。也被称为迷失的边缘地带。现代的科学家和探险家已经证明这个区域没有什么特别或神奇的，但是直到现在没有人能解释为什么由5架TBM复仇者式轰炸机，包括14名飞行员组成的19号机队在飞越百慕大三角时消失了。

The sphinx in Egypt. Experts said sphinx is much older than Giza pyramid, when the construction of Giza pyramid was complete, the sphinx was already 1000 year old.

埃及的狮身人面像。专家称狮身人面像比吉萨金字塔要古老得多，当吉萨金字塔完工时，狮身人面像已经有1000年的历史了。
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Cadaver synod. The already dead Pope Formosus was exhumed and his corpse was brought to trial on January 897 in the Basilica of St. John Lateran. I can’t understand the logic, why the dead man should be exhumed to be tried for mistakes he made during his life ? why don’t they just judge the pope for his mistakes without exhuming his corpse ?

尸体宗教大会。897年1月，已经死去的教皇福尔摩苏斯被挖掘出来，他的尸体在圣约翰拉特兰大教堂接受审判。我不明白其中的逻辑，为什么要把死去的人挖出来审判他一生中所犯的错误?他们为什么不直接评判他的错误，而非要挖出尸体呢?