为什么美国会有如此大规模的反智主义行为？（2）
正文翻译
为什么美国会有如此大规模的反智主义行为？
为什么美国会有如此大规模的反智主义行为？
评论翻译
I don't know if I can talk about anti-intellectualism in the United States, but I can talk about why intellectualism is so prent in Europe. In this way, maybe the question is answered.
What Europe does have that the United States does not, is physical evidence of human intelligence that dates back hundreds or even thousands of years.
Have you ever seen a Roman statue? They are incredible: so lifelike that they show the veins, bones and muscles beneath the skin. The clothing of the marble statue is so real. These figures are so beautiful, so majestic, it seems like the best of human beings, and it inspires anyone who looks at them.
我不知道我是否可以讨论美国的反智主义，但我可以讨论为什么理智主义在欧洲如此盛行。通过这样对比，也许问题就有了答案。
欧洲拥有而美国没有的，是数百年甚至数千年前人类智力超群的实物证据。
你见过罗马雕像吗?它们非常令人难以置信：是如此的栩栩如生，能显示出皮肤下的静脉、骨骼和肌肉。大理石像的衣物如此的真实。这些人物是如此的美丽，如此庄严，这仿佛就是最好人类的样子，它能激励到任何看到它们的人。
What Europe does have that the United States does not, is physical evidence of human intelligence that dates back hundreds or even thousands of years.
Have you ever seen a Roman statue? They are incredible: so lifelike that they show the veins, bones and muscles beneath the skin. The clothing of the marble statue is so real. These figures are so beautiful, so majestic, it seems like the best of human beings, and it inspires anyone who looks at them.
我不知道我是否可以讨论美国的反智主义，但我可以讨论为什么理智主义在欧洲如此盛行。通过这样对比，也许问题就有了答案。
欧洲拥有而美国没有的，是数百年甚至数千年前人类智力超群的实物证据。
你见过罗马雕像吗?它们非常令人难以置信：是如此的栩栩如生，能显示出皮肤下的静脉、骨骼和肌肉。大理石像的衣物如此的真实。这些人物是如此的美丽，如此庄严，这仿佛就是最好人类的样子，它能激励到任何看到它们的人。
How about an old amphitheater, with rows of stone seats, set up correctly to maximize sound quality. How do those people understand sound waves and amplification? How do they accomplish these designs, and how do they maximize their sound quality?
Or an 1800-year-old bridge, spanning a riverbed, with repeated perfect arches, all built without the mechanical principles we take for granted. How did they cut each stone to the same size and then put it together so that it would still stand after nearly two thousand years?
What do you think when you're standing in a medi cathedral with ceilings so high beyond belief that almost no detail can be seen? How did the workers carve such intricate and precise patterns on the stone? How did they design them to be so huge, so structurally strong? How do they erect columns and spikes 200 feet in the air without a crane?
一个古老的圆形剧场怎么样，一排排的石头座位，设置正确，以最大限度地提高音质。那些人是怎么理解声波和放大的?他们是如何完成这些设计的，是如何最大化它们的音质的?
或者是一座1800年的老桥，横跨河床，有着重复的完美的拱门，所有这些都是在没有我们认为理所当然的机械原理的情况下建造的。他们是如何把每块石头刻成一样大小，然后把它们组合起来，让它在近两千年后仍然屹立不倒的?
站在一座中世纪的大教堂里，天花板高耸得令人难以置信，高得几乎看不见任何细节，但此时你会怎么想?工人们是如何在石头上雕刻出如此复杂而精确的图案的?他们是如何把它们设计成如此巨大，结构如此坚固的呢?在没有起重机的情况下，他们是如何将柱子和尖刺竖立在200英尺高的空中的?
Or an 1800-year-old bridge, spanning a riverbed, with repeated perfect arches, all built without the mechanical principles we take for granted. How did they cut each stone to the same size and then put it together so that it would still stand after nearly two thousand years?
What do you think when you're standing in a medi cathedral with ceilings so high beyond belief that almost no detail can be seen? How did the workers carve such intricate and precise patterns on the stone? How did they design them to be so huge, so structurally strong? How do they erect columns and spikes 200 feet in the air without a crane?
一个古老的圆形剧场怎么样，一排排的石头座位，设置正确，以最大限度地提高音质。那些人是怎么理解声波和放大的?他们是如何完成这些设计的，是如何最大化它们的音质的?
或者是一座1800年的老桥，横跨河床，有着重复的完美的拱门，所有这些都是在没有我们认为理所当然的机械原理的情况下建造的。他们是如何把每块石头刻成一样大小，然后把它们组合起来，让它在近两千年后仍然屹立不倒的?
站在一座中世纪的大教堂里，天花板高耸得令人难以置信，高得几乎看不见任何细节，但此时你会怎么想?工人们是如何在石头上雕刻出如此复杂而精确的图案的?他们是如何把它们设计成如此巨大，结构如此坚固的呢?在没有起重机的情况下，他们是如何将柱子和尖刺竖立在200英尺高的空中的?
When you stand inside or next to something wonderful from the ancient world, it does two things. First of all, it's inspiring because you can see how incredible human achievement is. It provides an example that will make you want to try harder. Second, it humbles the ego, because you realize that you're just an ordinary person in a long, long time, when there were so many talented, so smart, so capable people before you came along.
Think about it. Long ago, people had nothing but time. They don't have a TV, they don't have many books, they don't have magazines, they don't have almost any board games. They can only devote a lot of time to their respective fields, which is obvious when you go to any museum and look at paintings. Those paintings were not put together in a week, they took months or even years, and were based on years and years of practice.
当你站在某个来自古代世界的奇妙事物的内部或旁边时，它会做两件事。首先，它会鼓舞人心，因为你可以看到人类的成就是多么不可思议。它提供了一个例子，让你想要更加努力。其次，它使自我感到谦卑，因为你意识到，你只是一个漫长岁月中的一个普通人，而那些在你来到之前，在很久很久以前，有那么多有才华，那么聪明那么能干的人。
想想看，很久以前的人们除了时间一无所有。他们没有电视，没有很多书，没有杂志，几乎没有棋盘游戏。他们只能在各自的领域投入了大量的时间，这一点很明显，你可以去任何博物馆看看画。那些画作决不是一个星期内能拼凑起来的东西，那些这需要数月甚至数年的时间，而且都是基于年复一年的练习得来的。
Think about it. Long ago, people had nothing but time. They don't have a TV, they don't have many books, they don't have magazines, they don't have almost any board games. They can only devote a lot of time to their respective fields, which is obvious when you go to any museum and look at paintings. Those paintings were not put together in a week, they took months or even years, and were based on years and years of practice.
当你站在某个来自古代世界的奇妙事物的内部或旁边时，它会做两件事。首先，它会鼓舞人心，因为你可以看到人类的成就是多么不可思议。它提供了一个例子，让你想要更加努力。其次，它使自我感到谦卑，因为你意识到，你只是一个漫长岁月中的一个普通人，而那些在你来到之前，在很久很久以前，有那么多有才华，那么聪明那么能干的人。
想想看，很久以前的人们除了时间一无所有。他们没有电视，没有很多书，没有杂志，几乎没有棋盘游戏。他们只能在各自的领域投入了大量的时间，这一点很明显，你可以去任何博物馆看看画。那些画作决不是一个星期内能拼凑起来的东西，那些这需要数月甚至数年的时间，而且都是基于年复一年的练习得来的。
With these examples in front of you, it is impossible not to have the deepest respect for human intelligence. We may be very imperfect creatures, but we can achieve incredible perfection.
Another thing to consider when thinking about European intellectualism is that such societies developed long before the industrial Revolution, which by comparison was a blx of an eye. Therefore, the previous society did not derive happiness from material possessions, or at least not many people did. Thus, people of that time found happiness in family, tradition, culture, creativity and various pursuits that fully developed the human mind.
What's more, living in one place for a long time, they will see development and progress. Engineering, water, Bridges, and scientific inventions. They will be surprised by what they find, because it will improve their lives, and they will be able to tell the next generation about the past and the impact of these discoveries. This will constantly reinforce respect for wisdom.
有了这些例子在你面前，你不可能对人类的智力没有最深的敬意。我们可能是非常不完美的生物，但我们可以达到令人难以置信的完美。
在思考欧洲的知识主义时，另一个需要考虑的问题是，这样的社会在工业革命之前很久以前就发展起来了，相比之下，工业革命不过是一眨眼的功夫。因此，之前的社会不是从物质财富中汲取快乐，或者至少没有多少人能从物质财富中找到快乐。因此，那时的人们在家庭、传统、文化、创造和各种追求中找到了快乐，这些追求充分发展了人们的心智。
更重要的是，长期居住在一个地方，他们会看到发展和进步。工程、自来水、桥梁和科学发明。他们会对新发现的东西感到惊奇的，因为这些都将改善他们的生活，他们也能够告诉下一代过去的事情，以及这些新发现带来的影响。这将不断加强对智慧的尊重。
Another thing to consider when thinking about European intellectualism is that such societies developed long before the industrial Revolution, which by comparison was a blx of an eye. Therefore, the previous society did not derive happiness from material possessions, or at least not many people did. Thus, people of that time found happiness in family, tradition, culture, creativity and various pursuits that fully developed the human mind.
What's more, living in one place for a long time, they will see development and progress. Engineering, water, Bridges, and scientific inventions. They will be surprised by what they find, because it will improve their lives, and they will be able to tell the next generation about the past and the impact of these discoveries. This will constantly reinforce respect for wisdom.
有了这些例子在你面前，你不可能对人类的智力没有最深的敬意。我们可能是非常不完美的生物，但我们可以达到令人难以置信的完美。
在思考欧洲的知识主义时，另一个需要考虑的问题是，这样的社会在工业革命之前很久以前就发展起来了，相比之下，工业革命不过是一眨眼的功夫。因此，之前的社会不是从物质财富中汲取快乐，或者至少没有多少人能从物质财富中找到快乐。因此，那时的人们在家庭、传统、文化、创造和各种追求中找到了快乐，这些追求充分发展了人们的心智。
更重要的是，长期居住在一个地方，他们会看到发展和进步。工程、自来水、桥梁和科学发明。他们会对新发现的东西感到惊奇的，因为这些都将改善他们的生活，他们也能够告诉下一代过去的事情，以及这些新发现带来的影响。这将不断加强对智慧的尊重。
Finally, I was deeply impressed by the way Christianity was introduced and developed in the United States. It seems more intense and emotional than the European version. Emotion is the opposite of careful thought. Europeans are generally conservative and tend to think before they act. Evidence matters: things are observed, judged, and acted upon. This is inherited from the clear and complex thinking of the ancient Greeks, who developed higher mathematics, philosophy, science, and the art of persuasion through considered arguments.
The reverse is also true: quick action and emotion are the enemies of careful thought. It takes time to think carefully. Analysis takes time. Intellectualism takes time. The new Americans arrived on the Continent with enormous resources, but they also had to compete with countless others, fighting for their share without thinking.
最后，基督教传入美国并在美国发展的风格给我留下了深刻的印象。它似乎比欧洲的版本更激烈，更情绪化。情感是仔细思考的反面。欧洲人通常比较保守，倾向于先思考后行动。证据很重要：事物被观察、判断，然后采取行动。这是从古希腊人清晰而复杂的思想中继承而来的，古希腊人发展了高等数学、哲学、科学，以及通过深思熟虑的论证进行说服的艺术。
反之亦然：快速行动和情绪是仔细思考的敌人。仔细思考需要时间。分析需要时间。理智主义需要时间。新美国人在迈向美洲大陆时拥有巨大的资源，但他们也不得不与无数人竞争，来不及思考就要去争抢自己的一份。
The reverse is also true: quick action and emotion are the enemies of careful thought. It takes time to think carefully. Analysis takes time. Intellectualism takes time. The new Americans arrived on the Continent with enormous resources, but they also had to compete with countless others, fighting for their share without thinking.
最后，基督教传入美国并在美国发展的风格给我留下了深刻的印象。它似乎比欧洲的版本更激烈，更情绪化。情感是仔细思考的反面。欧洲人通常比较保守，倾向于先思考后行动。证据很重要：事物被观察、判断，然后采取行动。这是从古希腊人清晰而复杂的思想中继承而来的，古希腊人发展了高等数学、哲学、科学，以及通过深思熟虑的论证进行说服的艺术。
反之亦然：快速行动和情绪是仔细思考的敌人。仔细思考需要时间。分析需要时间。理智主义需要时间。新美国人在迈向美洲大陆时拥有巨大的资源，但他们也不得不与无数人竞争，来不及思考就要去争抢自己的一份。
What's interesting about America is how many people fall into cults. In Europe, religious authority was based on beautiful churches, cathedrals, ancient texts, embroidered robes and intricate carvings. Man may rise high in the church, but it is nothing compared with these enduring miracles. In The United States, none of this exists, and the authority of the church must reside only in one leader. For those who want power, it is clearly possible to establish religious groups of their own. There is no established religious hierarchy, and it is not governed by the Pope or the government. So no one can challenge their control. If they really wanted to dominate and exploit this closed community, they could.
美国有趣的地方是有很多人都陷入了邪教。在欧洲，宗教的权威是建立在美丽的教堂，大教堂，古老的经文，刺绣的长袍和复杂的雕刻上。人类也许能在教会中升到高位，但与这些经久不衰的奇迹相比，根本算不了什么。而在美国，这些都不存在，教会的权威一定只存在于某位领袖之中。对于那些想要权力的人来说，建立属于自己的宗教集团显然是有可能的。这里没有一个既定的宗教等级制度，也不会受到教皇或政府的管控。所以就没有人能挑战他们的控制。如果他们真的想要支配和利用这个封闭的群体，是完全可以做得的。
美国有趣的地方是有很多人都陷入了邪教。在欧洲，宗教的权威是建立在美丽的教堂，大教堂，古老的经文，刺绣的长袍和复杂的雕刻上。人类也许能在教会中升到高位，但与这些经久不衰的奇迹相比，根本算不了什么。而在美国，这些都不存在，教会的权威一定只存在于某位领袖之中。对于那些想要权力的人来说，建立属于自己的宗教集团显然是有可能的。这里没有一个既定的宗教等级制度，也不会受到教皇或政府的管控。所以就没有人能挑战他们的控制。如果他们真的想要支配和利用这个封闭的群体，是完全可以做得的。
And the last thing this type of leader wants is careful, critical thinking. They foment fear, create dependency and aggression, and suppress independent thinking.
One of my relatives, an economist who has lived and worked in the United States, says that when an American television show wants to introduce an economist, it chooses a white-toothed, smooth and optimistic American economist over a calm, cautious and rational European economist.
I asked why, and his descxtion was that American audiences would rather see upbeat faces, positive stories, than realistic facts.
I think it's a very interesting story.
而这种类型的领导者最不希望看到的就是谨慎、批判性的思考。他们会煽动恐惧，制造依赖和攻击性的思想，压制思考独立。
我的一个亲戚是一位在美国生活和工作过的经济学家，他说，当一个美国电视节目想要介绍一位经济学家时，它会选择一位牙齿洁白、圆滑、乐观的美国经济学家，而不是一位冷静、谨慎和理性的欧洲经济学家。
我问为什么，他的描述是，美国观众更愿意看到乐观的面貌，积极的故事，而不是现实的事实。
我觉得这是一个很有趣的故事。
One of my relatives, an economist who has lived and worked in the United States, says that when an American television show wants to introduce an economist, it chooses a white-toothed, smooth and optimistic American economist over a calm, cautious and rational European economist.
I asked why, and his descxtion was that American audiences would rather see upbeat faces, positive stories, than realistic facts.
I think it's a very interesting story.
而这种类型的领导者最不希望看到的就是谨慎、批判性的思考。他们会煽动恐惧，制造依赖和攻击性的思想，压制思考独立。
我的一个亲戚是一位在美国生活和工作过的经济学家，他说，当一个美国电视节目想要介绍一位经济学家时，它会选择一位牙齿洁白、圆滑、乐观的美国经济学家，而不是一位冷静、谨慎和理性的欧洲经济学家。
我问为什么，他的描述是，美国观众更愿意看到乐观的面貌，积极的故事，而不是现实的事实。
我觉得这是一个很有趣的故事。
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Ironically, you begin to get your answer just by reading these responses…
Typical Quora answer so far: “Anti-intellectualism is much more prent on the left.”
This isn’t even remotely true, but the fact that so many people could drive about anti-intellectualism and arrive at a copy-and-paste rant about liberals.
Reagan, Bush II, and especially Trump have really cultivated the image of the well-meaning, proactive, “tough guy” idiot. The “man of the people” who actually isn’t at all, but they stumble and fumble and misspell and misspeak and Trump even eats KFC (on his private jet) so aren’t they something? Wouldn’t you rather have a beer with president?—Even if it is non-alcoholic since he’s a recovering alcoholic and druggie since his days as a student at Yale where he attended solely because he’s the son of a POTUS and grandson of a senator. How relatable!
具有讽刺意味的是，你仅仅通过阅读这些回答，你就能得到自己的答案……
到目前为止，许多的Quora回答是:“反智主义在左翼中更为普遍。”
这根本不是事实。虽然有这么多人在关于反智主义的问题，对自由派进行复制粘贴式的咆哮。
里根、小布什，尤其是特朗普，真的塑造了一个善意、积极主动、“硬汉”的白痴形象。平民的儿子，他们完全不是，但他们跌跌撞撞、小心摸索、拼写错误、说话错误，特朗普甚至(在私人飞机上)吃肯德基，所以他们也不是很了不起吗?你难道不想和总统一起喝杯啤酒吗?—即使他现在不喝，但他也曾经是一个酗酒者和吸毒者啊。即使他曾就读于耶鲁大学，即使他是美国总统的儿子或是参议员的孙子，那又有什么关系呢？
Ironically, you begin to get your answer just by reading these responses…
Typical Quora answer so far: “Anti-intellectualism is much more prent on the left.”
This isn’t even remotely true, but the fact that so many people could drive about anti-intellectualism and arrive at a copy-and-paste rant about liberals.
Reagan, Bush II, and especially Trump have really cultivated the image of the well-meaning, proactive, “tough guy” idiot. The “man of the people” who actually isn’t at all, but they stumble and fumble and misspell and misspeak and Trump even eats KFC (on his private jet) so aren’t they something? Wouldn’t you rather have a beer with president?—Even if it is non-alcoholic since he’s a recovering alcoholic and druggie since his days as a student at Yale where he attended solely because he’s the son of a POTUS and grandson of a senator. How relatable!
具有讽刺意味的是，你仅仅通过阅读这些回答，你就能得到自己的答案……
到目前为止，许多的Quora回答是:“反智主义在左翼中更为普遍。”
这根本不是事实。虽然有这么多人在关于反智主义的问题，对自由派进行复制粘贴式的咆哮。
里根、小布什，尤其是特朗普，真的塑造了一个善意、积极主动、“硬汉”的白痴形象。平民的儿子，他们完全不是，但他们跌跌撞撞、小心摸索、拼写错误、说话错误，特朗普甚至(在私人飞机上)吃肯德基，所以他们也不是很了不起吗?你难道不想和总统一起喝杯啤酒吗?—即使他现在不喝，但他也曾经是一个酗酒者和吸毒者啊。即使他曾就读于耶鲁大学，即使他是美国总统的儿子或是参议员的孙子，那又有什么关系呢？
Al Gore, John Kerry, Obama, Hillary, etc. are all seen as dorky Uber-nerds who lack “common sense” and need to get out of “pie in the sky” classroom theory to have some real world business know-how. Bill Burr even had a rant where he talked about how he liked that Bush and Trump were dumb, and Obama seemed like a “nerd” asking the teacher for more homework.
That’s why so many in this country didn’t see a problem with Trump knowing absolutely nothing relevant to being POTUS and having no government experience, up against an ex-Secretary of State, Senator, and FLOTUS. [To be completely fair, Bill Clinton, Bush II, and Obama also had much less experience than the people they ran against the first time. And America seems to have a disdain for highly qualified Presidents.]
阿尔·戈尔、约翰·克里、奥巴马、希拉里等这些人，都被视为缺乏“常识”的“书呆子”，他们需要摆脱“空中楼阁”的课堂理论，需要掌握一些现实世界的诀窍。比尔·伯尔甚至曾大谈特谈他有多么喜欢小布什和特朗普的愚蠢，而奥巴马则看起来就只是个“书呆子”，只会要求老师多给他留些作业。
这就是为什么这个国家会有这么多的人认为，即使特朗普完全不知道作为总统的相关事宜，没有政府经验，在竞选时面对前国务卿、参议员和第一夫人，也没有什么问题。完全公平地说，比尔·克林顿、小布什和奥巴马的经验都比他们第一次竞选时的对手少得多。但是美国人就是对高素质的总统很不屑。
That’s why so many in this country didn’t see a problem with Trump knowing absolutely nothing relevant to being POTUS and having no government experience, up against an ex-Secretary of State, Senator, and FLOTUS. [To be completely fair, Bill Clinton, Bush II, and Obama also had much less experience than the people they ran against the first time. And America seems to have a disdain for highly qualified Presidents.]
阿尔·戈尔、约翰·克里、奥巴马、希拉里等这些人，都被视为缺乏“常识”的“书呆子”，他们需要摆脱“空中楼阁”的课堂理论，需要掌握一些现实世界的诀窍。比尔·伯尔甚至曾大谈特谈他有多么喜欢小布什和特朗普的愚蠢，而奥巴马则看起来就只是个“书呆子”，只会要求老师多给他留些作业。
这就是为什么这个国家会有这么多的人认为，即使特朗普完全不知道作为总统的相关事宜，没有政府经验，在竞选时面对前国务卿、参议员和第一夫人，也没有什么问题。完全公平地说，比尔·克林顿、小布什和奥巴马的经验都比他们第一次竞选时的对手少得多。但是美国人就是对高素质的总统很不屑。
In their minds, Trump’s lack of experience or knowledge was a good thing. And even now that we can see the concrete results of a POTUS who knows nothing about Science, actively calls Coronavirus “a hoax,” refuses to command the federal government for a coordinated response, and pumps bogus miracle cures that might cause liver damage and almost certainly don’t cure CV…even NOW, we still see his core support has barely shifted.
Anti-intellectualism in this country exists because it is a center right nation—possibly the most conservative among industrial powers—and “liberal” has become synonymous with “college campus,” “academic,” “academia,” “lawyer,” “journalist,” “government worker,” “scientist,” “secular,” “anti-American,” and “expert.” And in times this polarized, anything seen as against conservatism or Trump is now bad or criticized as anti-intellectualism.
在他们看来，特朗普缺乏经验或知识是一件好事。即使是在现在，我们看到了一个对科学一无所知的总统导致的具体结果，他积极地称冠状病毒为“一场骗局”，拒绝命令联邦政府采取协调一致的应对措施，并推出可能导致肝损伤、还几乎肯定肯定治愈新冠的假疗法。即使是现在，我们仍然看到他的核心支持者几乎没有改变。
反智主义在这个国家存在，因为这是一个中间偏右的国家——可能是工业强国中最保守的国家——当“自由主义”已经成为“大学校园”、“学术”、“学术界”、“律师”、“记者”、“政府工作人员”、“科学家”、“世俗”、“反美”和“专家”的同义词时，在这种两极分化的时代，任何被视为不利于保守主义或特朗普的东西，现在都被称为是不好的，或者被批判成为反智主义。
Anti-intellectualism in this country exists because it is a center right nation—possibly the most conservative among industrial powers—and “liberal” has become synonymous with “college campus,” “academic,” “academia,” “lawyer,” “journalist,” “government worker,” “scientist,” “secular,” “anti-American,” and “expert.” And in times this polarized, anything seen as against conservatism or Trump is now bad or criticized as anti-intellectualism.
在他们看来，特朗普缺乏经验或知识是一件好事。即使是在现在，我们看到了一个对科学一无所知的总统导致的具体结果，他积极地称冠状病毒为“一场骗局”，拒绝命令联邦政府采取协调一致的应对措施，并推出可能导致肝损伤、还几乎肯定肯定治愈新冠的假疗法。即使是现在，我们仍然看到他的核心支持者几乎没有改变。
反智主义在这个国家存在，因为这是一个中间偏右的国家——可能是工业强国中最保守的国家——当“自由主义”已经成为“大学校园”、“学术”、“学术界”、“律师”、“记者”、“政府工作人员”、“科学家”、“世俗”、“反美”和“专家”的同义词时，在这种两极分化的时代，任何被视为不利于保守主义或特朗普的东西，现在都被称为是不好的，或者被批判成为反智主义。
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I think there are many reasons for this, but none of the answers I've read have mentioned this.
In order to understand the present, you have to look back. We are the result of immigrants and pioneers of the past. The American population is mainly from European losers, rich people, educated people, none of them emigrate because they are content with the status quo. Those who emigrated (often forced, for example as prisoners or the urban poor sent to the colonies as indentured servants) had to work constantly just to survive. So they continued the way of life of the European underclass. This gives them a "practical" mindset, they want to learn what will help them survive, not to be An Aristotelian.
我想这这有许多个原因，但在我读过的回答里，没有人提到这个。
为了了解现在，你必须回顾过去。我们是过去移民和开拓者的结果。美国人口主要来自欧洲的失败者，富裕的人，受过教育的人，都没有移民，因为他们满足于现状。那些移民者(通常是被迫的，例如作为囚犯或城市贫民被送到殖民地作为契约仆役)必须不断地工作，只是为了生存。所以他们延续了欧洲下层阶级的生活方式。这给了他们一种“实用”的心态，他们想要学习什么以帮助他们生存下来，而不是去当一个亚里士多德。
I think there are many reasons for this, but none of the answers I've read have mentioned this.
In order to understand the present, you have to look back. We are the result of immigrants and pioneers of the past. The American population is mainly from European losers, rich people, educated people, none of them emigrate because they are content with the status quo. Those who emigrated (often forced, for example as prisoners or the urban poor sent to the colonies as indentured servants) had to work constantly just to survive. So they continued the way of life of the European underclass. This gives them a "practical" mindset, they want to learn what will help them survive, not to be An Aristotelian.
我想这这有许多个原因，但在我读过的回答里，没有人提到这个。
为了了解现在，你必须回顾过去。我们是过去移民和开拓者的结果。美国人口主要来自欧洲的失败者，富裕的人，受过教育的人，都没有移民，因为他们满足于现状。那些移民者(通常是被迫的，例如作为囚犯或城市贫民被送到殖民地作为契约仆役)必须不断地工作，只是为了生存。所以他们延续了欧洲下层阶级的生活方式。这给了他们一种“实用”的心态，他们想要学习什么以帮助他们生存下来，而不是去当一个亚里士多德。
These unfortunate people are very practical, which leads to contempt for "useless" knowledge. At the turn of the 19th century, Alexis de Toqueville was struck by Americans' anti-intellectualism and their devotion to "practical" knowledge: people are taught farm or factory skills from an early age. Further evidence is that there were not many schools: the wealthy learned to read and write mainly at home or in church (Sunday school), requiring only reading the Bible and doing simple arithmetic. It is not an oversight that education is not even mentioned in the Constitution, but it is considered unimportant to society as a whole.
In the United States, cultural interest becomes entertainment. Have you ever noticed how many doctors in the United States are now not "American" (for generations)? Where would you find a child who fits the definition of "American"? They are learning (if they are learning at all) acting, filmmaking and marketing -- all areas that allow them to make quick money or entertain themselves without requiring them to learn and remember a tightly integrated knowledge base. They don't study organic chemistry or cell biology or anthropology or anything that requires discipline and hard work. This kind of study is boring and not suitable for the real "American".
这些不幸的人非常实际，这导致了对“无用”知识的蔑视。19世纪初，亚历克西斯·德·托克维尔(Alexis de Toqueville)被美国人的反智主义和他们对“实用”知识的忠诚所震撼：人们从小就是在学习农场或工厂作坊的技能。更多的证据是，学校的数量并不多：有钱人主要是在家里或教堂(主日学校)学习阅读和写作，只要求读《圣经》和做简单的算术。就连宪法中都没有提到教育，这并不是一种疏忽，而是人们认为教育对整个社会不重要。
而美国的文化兴趣变成了娱乐。你有没有注意到现在美国有多少医生不是“美国人”(几代都是美国人)?你会在哪里找到符合“美国人”定义的孩子?他们正在学习(如果他们正在学习的话)表演、电影制作和市场营销——所有这些领域都能让他们快速赚钱或娱乐自己，而不需要他们学习和记住一个紧密整合的知识库。他们不学习有机化学或细胞生物学或人类学或任何需要纪律和努力学习的东西。这种学习是很无聊的，不适合真正的“美国人”。
In the United States, cultural interest becomes entertainment. Have you ever noticed how many doctors in the United States are now not "American" (for generations)? Where would you find a child who fits the definition of "American"? They are learning (if they are learning at all) acting, filmmaking and marketing -- all areas that allow them to make quick money or entertain themselves without requiring them to learn and remember a tightly integrated knowledge base. They don't study organic chemistry or cell biology or anthropology or anything that requires discipline and hard work. This kind of study is boring and not suitable for the real "American".
这些不幸的人非常实际，这导致了对“无用”知识的蔑视。19世纪初，亚历克西斯·德·托克维尔(Alexis de Toqueville)被美国人的反智主义和他们对“实用”知识的忠诚所震撼：人们从小就是在学习农场或工厂作坊的技能。更多的证据是，学校的数量并不多：有钱人主要是在家里或教堂(主日学校)学习阅读和写作，只要求读《圣经》和做简单的算术。就连宪法中都没有提到教育，这并不是一种疏忽，而是人们认为教育对整个社会不重要。
而美国的文化兴趣变成了娱乐。你有没有注意到现在美国有多少医生不是“美国人”(几代都是美国人)?你会在哪里找到符合“美国人”定义的孩子?他们正在学习(如果他们正在学习的话)表演、电影制作和市场营销——所有这些领域都能让他们快速赚钱或娱乐自己，而不需要他们学习和记住一个紧密整合的知识库。他们不学习有机化学或细胞生物学或人类学或任何需要纪律和努力学习的东西。这种学习是很无聊的，不适合真正的“美国人”。
It's in Americans' cultural DNA to want instant (easy) answers and instant gratification. American business has given them something like this: happiness comes from new skin care products or new clothes, not achievement. Advertising has also done a great disservice to the American mind: over-simplifying, lying, creating envy and resentment, lack of thinking and conspiracy theories.
I have spent my entire career as a university teacher, and the biggest task is to get students to value learning, to get them to master a subject regardless of its complexity, "practicality" or monetary value. In the United States, we have great schools and universities. We have a highly educated elite who do the research and creation that makes our civilization and the wisdom of the world. These are the people who give us our reputation as a developed country. Thank God, because without them we would be third world. Because in the third world, your life depends on hard work, not asking silly questions like why something is the way it is. That's not the world I want...
在美国人的文化DNA中，想要即时(简单)的答案和即时的满足。美国商业就给了他们这样的东西:幸福来自于新的护肤品或新的衣服，而不是成就。各种广告也对美国人的思想造成了巨大的伤害：过度的简化，撒谎，制造嫉妒和怨恨，不思考和阴谋论。
我的整个职业生涯都是在大学里当老师，最大的任务就是让学生重视学习，让他们掌握一门学科，而不管学科的复杂性、“实用性”或金钱价值。在美国，我们有优秀的学校和大学，我们有受过高等教育的精英，他们进行着使我们文明和世界智慧的研究和创造;正是这些人给了我们发达国家的名声。感谢上帝，因为没有他们，我们就会成为第三世界。因为在第三世界，你的生活取决于是否努力工作，而不是问一些愚蠢的问题，比如为什么某样东西为什么是这样的。那不是我想要的世界……
I have spent my entire career as a university teacher, and the biggest task is to get students to value learning, to get them to master a subject regardless of its complexity, "practicality" or monetary value. In the United States, we have great schools and universities. We have a highly educated elite who do the research and creation that makes our civilization and the wisdom of the world. These are the people who give us our reputation as a developed country. Thank God, because without them we would be third world. Because in the third world, your life depends on hard work, not asking silly questions like why something is the way it is. That's not the world I want...
在美国人的文化DNA中，想要即时(简单)的答案和即时的满足。美国商业就给了他们这样的东西:幸福来自于新的护肤品或新的衣服，而不是成就。各种广告也对美国人的思想造成了巨大的伤害：过度的简化，撒谎，制造嫉妒和怨恨，不思考和阴谋论。
我的整个职业生涯都是在大学里当老师，最大的任务就是让学生重视学习，让他们掌握一门学科，而不管学科的复杂性、“实用性”或金钱价值。在美国，我们有优秀的学校和大学，我们有受过高等教育的精英，他们进行着使我们文明和世界智慧的研究和创造;正是这些人给了我们发达国家的名声。感谢上帝，因为没有他们，我们就会成为第三世界。因为在第三世界，你的生活取决于是否努力工作，而不是问一些愚蠢的问题，比如为什么某样东西为什么是这样的。那不是我想要的世界……
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