网帖翻译

How do you learn complex material quickly?

如何快速学习复杂的材料?

James Hilton, Web Developer

James Hilton, 网页开发人员

It totally depends on what you're learning. I don't believe there's a set way to learn everything most effectively.
Tim Ferris did a TV show on this though, so look it up and you can see how he learns some complex things fast. He is very logical and systematic about his approach, and I like to be that way also.
The biggest thing that everyone forgets when learning something new is that there are fundamentals that you must detect and then keep in mind ALL the time.
Take the topic of nutrition, for example... There's a million people out there calling themselves professionals and throwing around false advice that they don't even understand because they are not aware of the fundamentals of energy usage. If they keep studying for a couple years they'll eventually figure it out and think to themselves "Omg, that was one of the first things I learnt... I can't believe I didn't realise that! I've been telling everyone the wrong thing for years!!!"

这完全取决于你在学什么。我不相信存在固定的方法可以最有效地学习所有事。
Tim Ferris做了一个关于这方面的电视节目，所以查一下，你可以看到他是如何快速学会一些复杂的事情的。他的方法很有逻辑性和系统性，我也喜欢这样。
在学习新事物时，每个人都会忘记的最重要一件事是，你必须找出其基本原理，然后时刻牢记在心。
以营养学为例：有一百万人自称是专业人士，到处散布连他们自己都不理解的错误建议，因为他们不知道能源使用的基本原理。如果他们坚持学习几年，他们最终会明白这一点，并对自己说：“天哪，这是我学到的第一件事，我不敢相信我竟然没有意识到！我多年来一直在告诉每个人错误的事情！”

Learning something else like an instrument requires you to build coordination between your body and your mind first, so the most important thing is short regular practice to get that connection going. Once it's going, learning the chords/tabs are easy.
Studying anatomy can be incredibly difficult if you do not have a purpose to study it. Once you have a REASON to study it other than "I just want to know it for no reason at all", you will remember things much faster. Once you have a use-case scenario, you can put all the pieces together to make sense.
Programming languages are absolutely overwhelming at first, but if you look at an example of it in action, you can break it down quickly and learn what certain things do. Try learning PHP from PHP.net as opposed to tizag.com One is a reference tool made by the creators of PHP, the other is a step by step beginner to intermediate to expert guide showing real life examples as it goes.

学习其他东西，比如乐器，首先需要你在身体和大脑之间建立协调，所以最重要的是进行短期的定期练习，以使这种联系继续下去。一旦开始，后面学习和弦/制表符就很容易了。
如果你没有学习解剖学的目的，学习解剖学可能会非常困难。一旦你有了学习它的理由，而不是“我只是想毫无理由地了解它”，你就会更快地记住事情。一旦你有了一个用例场景，你就可以把所有的部分联系在一起，使之有意义。
一开始学习编程语言绝对是非常困难的，但是如果你看过一个实际的例子，你可以很快地将它分解，并了解某些事情是怎么做的。尝试从PHP.net而不是tizag.com学习PHP一个是PHP创建者制作的参考工具，另一个是一个循序渐进的初学者到中级到专家指南，展示了真实生活中的示例。

When learning maths, confidence plays a crucial part. This is very obvious when someone gives you a puzzle or complex question, and you attempt it and say it can't be done. Then they tell you, "yes it can, even I figured it out." And suddenly you go back to it with the confidence that "if they can, I CAN!" and you figure it out easily. I've taught some adults basic maths and they have such low confidence from their schooling experience that they are overwhelmed by the thought of a simple multiplication or division... 8/4 for example. Their confidence is so low that they can't even begin to figure it out, but after explaining it differently they see the patterns and figure it out by themselves. The next time they answer that question they'll still have that "overwhelming can't do it" attitude, until you tell them to stop and take their time, then they figure it out. They have to repeat this over and over until it's so natural that they can get rid of that installed fear.
So to summarize, when you learn a new complex subject, do this:

在学习数学时，自信起着至关重要的作用。当有人给你一个谜题或复杂的问题，你尝试着去做，却发现这是不可能完成的—此时自信的作用非常重要—然后他们告诉你，“是的，它可以，甚至我也能做出来。”然后突然你带着自信去解决它，“如果他们能，我能！”然后你很容易地找到解决方案。我教过一些成年人的基础数学，他们的学习经历让他们信心不足，以至于他们被简单的乘法或除法所困住。例如8/4。他们的自信心很低，甚至无法理解，但在以不同的方式解释之后，他们看到了模式，并自己理解。下一次他们回答这个问题时，他们仍然会有那种“非常困难而无法完成”的态度，直到你告诉他们停下来慢慢来，然后他们就会明白。他们必须一遍又一遍地重复这一点，直到十分自然进入状态，他们才可以摆脱这种根深蒂固的恐惧。
总之，当你学习一门新的复杂学科时，要做到以下几点：

Find the fundamentals straight away. (basics that you must always remember whiel learning)
Find the principles straight away. (Rules that do not change regardless of how something contradicts it.)
Have confidence that if any other human can learn it, you can too.
Have a reason to learn it so that you can use the knowledge AS you learn it.
Find the best step by step guide first by asking people or searching and flicking through all guides available to you.
So give us an example of what you're learning!

直接找到基本原理。（学习时必须牢记的基本知识）
立即找到原则。（规则不会改变，无论某事物如何与之冲突。）
要有信心，如果其他人能学会，你也能。
有一个学习的理由，这样你就可以在学习的过程中运用这些知识。
通过询问他人或搜索和浏览所有可用的指南，首先找到最佳的分步指南。
所以给我们一个你正在学习的例子吧！

Rose Aap, MBA Digital Marketing, University of Twente (2020)

Rose Aap, 特温特大学工商管理硕士:数字营销(2020)

The average person has the capacity for about 3 to 4 hours of effective focus per day. You are able to extend your period of focus by training oneself, but firstly, my suggestion would be to effectively utilise the capacity you currently have. You can do this by adhering to the following guidelines:
Divide the 3/4 hours into several sessions ranging from 30 to 90 minutes. These sessions have to be of equal length. You can increase the length of your sessions once you’ve become comfortable with this method.
Choose several books that cover the topic to be studied in-depth (or online materials, as long as the device you’re using is offline during your sessions).
Sit down [insert own number of sessions] a day for the chosen period of time in a room with no distractions, which includes your phone (having a smartphone in your vicinity is detrimental to your focus). Set a timer, open your book, and start (speed)reading until the timer goes off. Then have a break that is (at the minimum) as long as your study sessions.
The book which I’m basing this on (Deep Work by Cal Newport) advises the reader to eliminate the inner voice during reading, meaning you just read without echoing the words internally. I’m presuming this is for the purpose of increasing reading speed.
Make sure that you’re in a mindset of curiosity and are deeply focused on the material while reading (even though this may be challenging at first).
Embrace boredom during the periods that you’re not studying. This allows the brain to process the information you’ve read without too much interference. Watching TV and using social media is a general no-go, since this requires a degree of focus and will therefore cause your study sessions to be less effective (these activities eat away at your limited time of effective focus and represent the inverse of productivity).
To ensure a fresh and renewed capacity for effective focus the following day, I’d suggest you plan all of your study sessions before 6 PM.
This method has worked wonders for me. Good luck.

普通人每天有3到4小时的有效注意力的专注时间。你可以通过自我训练来延长你的专注期，但首先，我的建议是有效利用你目前的能力。您可以通过遵守以下准则来实现这一点：
将3到4小时分为30到90分钟的几节课。但是时间必须相等。一旦你习惯了这种方法，你可以增加你的单次时间。
选择几本涵盖要深入研究的主题的书籍（或在线材料，只要您在专注期间使用的设备处于离线状态）。
在选定的时间段内，每天在一个房间里坐下来[安排好专注的时间]，不要分心，包括手机（附近的智能手机会影响你的注意力）。设置计时器，打开书，开始（快速）阅读，直到计时结束。然后休息（至少）和你的学习时间一样长。
Cal Newport的《深度工作》—此书可以为你在这个阶段打好基础，建议读者在阅读过程中消除内心的声音，也就是说，你只是阅读，而没有内部的回声。我想这是为了提高阅读速度。
确保你处于好奇心的心态中，并且在阅读时将注意力集中在材料上（尽管一开始这可能很有挑战性）。
在你不学习的时候拥抱无聊。这使得大脑能够在不受太多干扰的情况下处理你所阅读的信息。通常不要去看电视和使用社交媒体，因为这需要一定程度的专注度，因此会导致你的学习课程效率降低（这些活动会消耗你有限的有效专注时间，并对生产力产生反相反）。
为了确保第二天有新的、更新的能力来有效地集中注意力，我建议你在下午6点之前计划好所有的学习课程。
这种方法对我起了奇效，祝你好运。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

David Merriman, Co founder at Magic

David Merriman, Magic的联合创始人

The easiest, fastest, and most effective way is also the most fun. Get passionate about it.
I once spent an entire afternoon learning how to comprehend Graham's number - a mindbogglingly large number once used as an upper bound in a mathematical proof - simply because I thought it was fascinating! Were that task assigned to me, and were I as uninterested in it as I am with most mathematical concepts, I would have dragged myself through it, slowly and painfully....

最简单、最快、最有效的方法也是最有趣的—对学习内容充满激情。我曾经花了一整个下午学习如何理解格雷厄姆的数字：一个令人难以置信的大数字，曾经被用作数学证明的上界；只是因为我觉得它太迷人了!如果这项任务是分配给我的，如果我对它不感兴趣，就像我对大多数数学概念一样，我会拖着自己慢慢地、痛苦地完成它

Brewin Vaz, Technology Enthusiast

Brewin Vaz，技术爱好者

1. If the concept can be visualized, I usually search for videos on the internet. A picture is worth a thousand words. You can then go deeper into the material.
2. If the concept cannot be visualized, I associate it with concepts that I have learnt earlier or have an idea about. I then fill in the gaps.

如果这个概念可以形象化，我通常会在网上搜索视频。一图胜千言，然后你可以更深入地了解材料。
如果这个概念无法形象化，我就把它与我之前学过的或有类似的概念联系起来，然后我填补空白。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Taylor Case, Front-End Engineer at Cloud4Wi (2014-present)

Taylor Case, Cloud4Wi前端工程师(2014-至今)

The best way for me would be to break it down to the most basic levels, and learn them individually.
Also prioritizing the different concepts to build up a strong foundation in the subject that you are trying to learn.
I also usually study hard for 50 mins to 1 hr and then take a break, then get back at it. That seems like the most efficient way for me; once I get past 1 hr my brain starts to become unresponsive and taking a 5-15 min break refreshes it enough to keep going. Hope this helps, and good luck!

对我来说，最好的方法是把它分解成最基本的层次，然后逐个学习。
同时，优先考虑不同的概念，为你要学习的学科打下坚实的基础。
我也经常努力学习50分钟到1小时，然后休息一下，然后继续学习。这对我来说似乎是最有效的方法;一旦我学习超过1小时，我的大脑就会开始变迟滞，休息5-15分钟就足以让它恢复活力继续工作。希望这对你有所帮助，祝你好运!

Manish Raj Sharma
You just have to be a step ahead of opposition. See my friend, you do not have to be another tree in the jungle.
Whenever people learn things, they only get the volumes which are provided in that piece of information. That is not being “a step ahead of opposition”, in fact it means to be another tree in the jungle.
Now, how do you learn complex material or thing quickly? As a trainer and public speaker i always make sure that my information goes beyond their expectations. “Learn and Teach” whatever you learnt, start teaching others…period!
The best and unique ways to learn complex material quickly and effectively is…for instance you want to learn about dreams so,
Unknown facts about dreams
Rare facts about dreams
Amazing facts about dreams
Interesting facts about dreams and Hidden facts about dreams

你只需要比对手领先一步。注意，我的朋友，你不必是丛林中的另一棵树。
每当人们学习东西时，他们只会得到该信息中提供的数量。这并不是“领先对手一步”，事实上，这意味着成为丛林中的另一棵树。
现在，你如何快速学习复杂的材料或事物？作为培训师和演说家，我总是确保我的信息超出他们的预期。“学和教”：无论你学了什么，要开始教别人！
快速有效地学习复杂材料的最佳和独特的方法是：
例如，你想学习关于梦想的知识；
关于梦想的未知事实
关于梦想的罕见事实
关于梦想的惊人事实
关于梦想的有趣事实和隐藏事实

Dan Robinson, Software Engineer at Heap
Don't try to do it quickly.
If you need to learn something beyond a superficial level, you're going to need to put in the time to iteratively deepen your understanding. A typical process is to first try to understand the material at a high level, and then ask probing questions to figure out what's going on until you're satisfied with your grasp of it.
Spending time really learning something is usually a good investment, unless you only need a cursory understanding for your purposes. Time spent trying to speed through your learning is usually time wasted; you're going to have to go back and fill in the gaps later on.
The best plan of action is usually to recognize that it's going to take some time and sweat to learn whatever your complex material is and then find a resource or a person that can teach it to you.

不要试图做得很快。如果你需要学习一些肤浅的东西，你就需要花时间反复地加深自己的理解。一个典型的过程是，首先试着从高水平理解材料，然后问一些探索性的问题，弄清楚到底发生了什么，直到你对自己的理解感到满意。花时间真正地学习一些东西通常是一项很好的投资，除非你只需要粗略地了解你的目的。快速学习通常都是浪费时间;你以后得回去补上这些空白。最好的行动计划通常是认识到学习任何复杂的材料都需要花费一些时间和汗水，然后找到一个资源或找到可以教你的人。

Daniel Helman, I've taught at all levels, including adult school.
I'll put a plug in for doing physical things in pursuit of the learning. For example, if there's some incredibly complex information to learn -- it's not so daunting if you just copy over some of the important points. Get some paper out and start copying.
In doing this, it takes less brain power than forming the "mental picture" and so saves a little energy in the process, maybe a lot of energy.
People learn language, which is certainly complex, by playing games, and manipulating largely physical obxts. This makes some sense -- you'd want to scaffold your learning, starting off by doing simple tasks before moving to the abstract.
For academic material, simple things might be copying words and paragraphs, or arranging sections into their proper order, or transcribing some aural text into writing.
Later -- the facility to use the complexity should come quite naturally. I'm pretty sure that the above is quick. At the very least, it is painless, and probably fun.

我会在追求学习的过程中做一些物理操作。例如，如果有一些非常复杂的信息要学习——如果你只是复制一些重要的点，就不会那么令人生畏。拿些纸来复印吧。在这样做的过程中，它比形成“大脑图像”需要更少的脑力，因此在这个过程中节省了一点，也许是很多的能量。语言当然是复杂的，人们通过玩游戏和大部分操作物理物体来学习语言。这是有道理的——你想要构建你的学习框架，在转向抽象之前先从简单的任务开始。对于学术材料来说，简单的事情可能是复制单词和段落，或者将部分内容按照适当的顺序排列，或者将一些听力文本转录成文字。稍后使用复杂性的工具应该是相当自然的。我很确定上面的方法很快。至少，它是不会让人感觉痛苦，可能是有趣的。

Darren Miller, B.A Physics, Texas State University

Darren Miller，克萨斯州立大学物理学学士

When you learn something new in class or on the job somethings need to be recalled easily or possibly gain a better understanding of the material. Then try meditating on it. Yep I said it literally sit down and try visualizing that scenario equation or school work in your head for 5 or minutes if necessary. If that’s all you can manage take a break and try again, eventually it should become easier to hold the said event, or works in your head. Once this task is accomplished you can try manipulating the scenario in your head to gain a better understanding of the material, improve yourself at said task or recall the event with ease. For school work I recommend relating it to similar concepts abstract or otherwise for a deeper understanding. If it has more to do with a vast number of concepts that need to be recalled for a test etc, and you have the time I’d suggest creating a mental map where you can choose related topics and connect them through visual mnemonics. For a deeper understanding relating these topics to a similar concepts are priceless.

当你在课堂上或工作中学习新知识时，有些东西想要轻松地回忆起来，或者更好地理解材料。然后试着冥想。是的，我说的是，如果有必要的话，坐下来，试着在脑子里想象一下情景方程或者学校作业。如果这就是你所能做到的，休息一下再试一次，最终会变得更容易，或者在你的头脑中发生作用。一旦完成了这个任务，你可以尝试在脑海中操纵场景，以更好地理解材料，在任务中提高自己，或者轻松地回忆起事件。对于学校作业，我建议将它与类似的概念联系起来，抽象的或其他的，以便更深的理解。如果它更多的是与大量的概念，需要回忆起来，以备考试等，如果你有时间，我建议创建一个脑海地图，你可以选择相关的主题，并通过视觉记忆连接它们。为了更深入地理解，将这些主题与类似的概念联系起来是无价的。

Som Bathla, 15X Amazon #1 Bestselling author to spur people's growth
Always walk through life as if you have something new to learn and you will.” — Vernon Howard

在生活中，永远要像有新东西要学一样，而且你会学到的。”-弗农·霍华德（Vernon Howard）
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Though you can’t be a “subject expert” quickly (it takes years and decades to gain real mastery), but you can “learn” enough about the subject and become reasonably good in that subject pretty much quickly.
The key is to apply 80:20 principle in your learning, also known as Pareto’s principle.
If you are new to the world of productivity, this principle was propounded by an Italian engineer and philosopher in 1906. The principle states that the world works on the rule that only 20% of your activities (even lesser) deliver 80% results (even more) in your life. It could be substantiated by following facts:
99% of the world’s wealth is accumulated by only 1% of the people.
80% or more of every business’s turnover/profits are contributed by only 20% or fewer of its customers.
If you satisfy 20% of the people in your life with your work, that will give you an 80% assurance of the perfect working life.
The percentage under this rule is not abstract and it cannot be applied in absolute terms in every field, but the principle remains that a very small percentage of things attribute to a substantial percentage of results.
This principle universally applies to almost everything. Let’s take an example of learning a new language and how 80:20 principle works here.

虽然你不能很快成为一名“学科专家”（真正掌握这门学科需要几年甚至几十年的时间），但你可以“学到”这门学科足够多的知识，并且很快就能在这门学科上有相当出色的表现。
关键是在你的学习中应用80:20原则，也称为帕累托原则。
如果你对生产力的世界还不熟悉，帕累托原则是由一位意大利工程师和哲学家在1906年提出的。该原则指出，世界的运作规则是，只有20%的活动（甚至更少）在你的生活中产生80%的结果（甚至更多）。可通过以下事实予以证实：
99%的世界财富是由1%的人创造的。
每家企业80%或以上的营业额/利润仅由20%或更少的客户贡献。
如果你的工作能让生活中20%的人满意，那么你就有80%的把握可以保证拥有完美的工作好生活。
这一规则下的百分比并不是抽象的，也不能绝对适用于每个领域，但原则仍然一样，很小比例的事物归因到相当大比例的结果。
这一原则几乎普遍适用于所有事情。让我们举一个学习新语言的例子，看看80:20原则在这里是如何运作的。

In any language, it is a small percentage of vocabulary that serves most of the comprehension and understanding requirement for that language.
Tim Ferriss in one of his book states that:
95% proficiency with conversational Spanish = 2,500 words = You can learn in 5 months.
98% proficiency with conversational Spanish = 100,000 words = You will take 5 years to learn.
It means that just 2,500 words that is just 2.5% of even not the complete Spanish language, gives you 95% proficiency in speaking. And you can achieve this massive proficiency in just 5 months of practice.
If you just want 80% proficiency, maybe 2 to 3 months learning is sufficient. But the real trick is finding that 2.5% of any specific language.

在任何语言中，只需一小部分词汇就可以满足了领悟和理解该语言要求。
Tim Ferriss在他的一本书中指出：
95%的西班牙语会话熟练度=2500个单词=可以在5个月内学会。
98%的西班牙语会话熟练度=100000个单词=您需要5年时间学习。
这意味着只需要2500个单词，即使不是完整的西班牙语，也只有2.5%的偏差，这使你的口语能力达到95%。你只需5个月的练习就可以达到如此高的熟练程度。
如果你只想达到80%的熟练程度，也许学习2到3个月就足够了。但真正的诀窍是找到任何特定语言的2.5%。

If you are more serious about learning a particular language, you need to follow Benny Lewis, who was interviewed by Tim Ferriss. Benny Lewis, founder of a blog “Fluent in 3 Months” and who speaks multiple languages like Spanish, French, German, Italian, Dutch to list a few, has explained his way of learning multiple language in this interesting TED Talk .
Moreover, not only language, but any aspect of learning involves 80:20 principle. For quickly learning a substantial portion of any new skill, your first endeavor should be to figure out what are the 20% elements of the new subject matter or skill, that if learned will reward you with 80% proficiency.
Remember, our obxtive is not to become a ‘subject expert’, rather it is to quickly learn and start implementing the subject.
With that obxtive, you should put your energy and efforts in learning the key 20% part of the skill which gives you 80% of the results.
This simple technique will help you accelerate your learning and you start seeing results faster, which in turn will increase your motivation to learn the skills even faster.
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如果你更认真地学习一种特定的语言，你需要跟随本尼·刘易斯，他接受了蒂姆·费里斯的采访。本尼·刘易斯（Benny Lewis）是“三个月流利”博客的创始人，他会说多种语言，如西班牙语、法语、德语、意大利语、荷兰语等。他在这篇有趣的TED演讲中解释了他学习多种语言的方法。
此外，不仅是语言，任何方面的学习过程都涉及80:20原则。为了快速学习任何新技能的大部分内容，你的第一个努力方向应该是弄清楚新主题或技能的20%要素是什么，如果学习了这些要素，你将获得80%的熟练度。
记住，我们的目标不是成为“学科专家”，而是快速学习并开始运用其知识。
有了这个目标，你应该把你的精力和努力放在学习技能中关键的20%部分上，这会给你带来80%的结果。
这个简单的技巧可以帮助你加快学习速度，让你更快地看到结果，这反过来又会增加你学习的动力。
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