为什么非洲没有发展出可以与亚洲和欧洲文明相媲美的先进文明?
正文翻译
Why did Africa fail to develop a sophisticated civilization that could compete with Asian and European civilizations?
为什么非洲没有发展出可以与亚洲和欧洲文明相媲美的先进文明?
Why did Africa fail to develop a sophisticated civilization that could compete with Asian and European civilizations?
为什么非洲没有发展出可以与亚洲和欧洲文明相媲美的先进文明?
评论翻译
Henrey Bradley
Because the Earth wobbled, but I'll get back to that after briefly explaining why this question made me roll my eyes and tut like I’d been served pale milky tea.
Let us get one thing straight, Africa actually produced some of the greatest, most sophisticated and longest-lived civilisations, in all of human history, Ancient Egypt and Carthage, comfortably stand shoulder to shoulder in the pantheon of the greatest civilisations throughout history.
Carthage, 814 BC–146 BC, North Africa.
For seven centuries the North African city-state of Carthage controlled a vast mercantile empire that dominated the Mediterranean, stretching from Spain and Portugal, across North Africa, and encompassed most of the islands of the Mediterranean, and many other satellite states.
Carthage would eventually become the largest metropolis in the entire world during the fourth century BC. This supposedly unsophisticated civilisation controlled the best navy in the world for centuries and built the most incredible port of the ancient world. Meanwhile, Rome was but a regional backwater city, founded by two boys who had to resort to suckling on the tit of a stray dog.
让我们弄清楚一件事，非洲实际上产生了一些最伟大的，最复杂的，最长寿的文明，在整个人类历史上——古埃及和迦太基，舒适地肩并肩地站在历史上最伟大的文明的万神殿之上。
迦太基，公元前814年-公元前146年，北非。
七个世纪以来，北非城邦迦太基控制着一个庞大的商业帝国，这个帝国统治着地中海，从西班牙到葡萄牙，横跨北非，并包围了地中海的大部分岛屿和许多其他卫星国。迦太基最终在公元前4世纪成为世界上最大的城市。这个被（提问者）认为是不发达的文明控制了世界上最好的海军数个世纪，建造了古代世界上最不可思议的港口。
与此同时，罗马只是一个落后的地方城市，是两个男孩建立的，他们不得不靠吃流浪狗的奶水为生。
Because the Earth wobbled, but I'll get back to that after briefly explaining why this question made me roll my eyes and tut like I’d been served pale milky tea.
Let us get one thing straight, Africa actually produced some of the greatest, most sophisticated and longest-lived civilisations, in all of human history, Ancient Egypt and Carthage, comfortably stand shoulder to shoulder in the pantheon of the greatest civilisations throughout history.
Carthage, 814 BC–146 BC, North Africa.
For seven centuries the North African city-state of Carthage controlled a vast mercantile empire that dominated the Mediterranean, stretching from Spain and Portugal, across North Africa, and encompassed most of the islands of the Mediterranean, and many other satellite states.
Carthage would eventually become the largest metropolis in the entire world during the fourth century BC. This supposedly unsophisticated civilisation controlled the best navy in the world for centuries and built the most incredible port of the ancient world. Meanwhile, Rome was but a regional backwater city, founded by two boys who had to resort to suckling on the tit of a stray dog.
让我们弄清楚一件事，非洲实际上产生了一些最伟大的，最复杂的，最长寿的文明，在整个人类历史上——古埃及和迦太基，舒适地肩并肩地站在历史上最伟大的文明的万神殿之上。
迦太基，公元前814年-公元前146年，北非。
七个世纪以来，北非城邦迦太基控制着一个庞大的商业帝国，这个帝国统治着地中海，从西班牙到葡萄牙，横跨北非，并包围了地中海的大部分岛屿和许多其他卫星国。迦太基最终在公元前4世纪成为世界上最大的城市。这个被（提问者）认为是不发达的文明控制了世界上最好的海军数个世纪，建造了古代世界上最不可思议的港口。
与此同时，罗马只是一个落后的地方城市，是两个男孩建立的，他们不得不靠吃流浪狗的奶水为生。
Now, rather than continue prattling on about Carthage, and writing for hours about the wonders of the various Egyptian civilisations that thrived for more than three thousand years, leaving Africa as the home of some of the finest and most breathtaking monuments ever produced by our species, throughout our entire history.
Instead, I'm going to highlight one of the craziest cycles on earth, that handicapped Africa, causing the continent to fall behind Europe.
The Earth’s wobble, a 23,000-year cycle that has worked like clockwork for more than 9 million years.
Between 15,000 and 5,000 years ago, the orbital cycle of Earth tilted favourably for North Africa once again, leaning towards the sun, resulting in increased humidity and rainfall drawn in from the Atlantic, leading to extreme monsoons across the Sahara desert region, this climate change lasted ten thousand years, we call this the - African humid period.
现在，与其继续喋喋不休地谈论迦太基、用长达数小时的文字去记录埃及文明的奇迹，这些文明繁荣了3000多年，让非洲成为我们人类在整个历史中创造的一些最精美、最令人惊叹的纪念碑的家园，相反，我更愿意强调地球上最疯狂的周期之一，正是它阻碍了非洲，导致非洲大陆落后于欧洲——地球的摆动，一个23000年的周期，像时钟一样工作了900多万年。
在15000到5000年前，地球的轨道周期再次向北非倾斜，向太阳倾斜，导致从大西洋吸收的湿度和降雨增加，导致了撒哈拉沙漠地区的极端季风，这种气候变化持续了一万年，我们称之为非洲湿润期。
Instead, I'm going to highlight one of the craziest cycles on earth, that handicapped Africa, causing the continent to fall behind Europe.
The Earth’s wobble, a 23,000-year cycle that has worked like clockwork for more than 9 million years.
Between 15,000 and 5,000 years ago, the orbital cycle of Earth tilted favourably for North Africa once again, leaning towards the sun, resulting in increased humidity and rainfall drawn in from the Atlantic, leading to extreme monsoons across the Sahara desert region, this climate change lasted ten thousand years, we call this the - African humid period.
现在，与其继续喋喋不休地谈论迦太基、用长达数小时的文字去记录埃及文明的奇迹，这些文明繁荣了3000多年，让非洲成为我们人类在整个历史中创造的一些最精美、最令人惊叹的纪念碑的家园，相反，我更愿意强调地球上最疯狂的周期之一，正是它阻碍了非洲，导致非洲大陆落后于欧洲——地球的摆动，一个23000年的周期，像时钟一样工作了900多万年。
在15000到5000年前，地球的轨道周期再次向北非倾斜，向太阳倾斜，导致从大西洋吸收的湿度和降雨增加，导致了撒哈拉沙漠地区的极端季风，这种气候变化持续了一万年，我们称之为非洲湿润期。
North Africa and the massive Sahara desert were once green and lush for thousands of years, freshwater lakes the size of the British isles, and torrid immense rivers fed grasslands and forests. Imagine if Europe turned from today's river networks, lakes, and fertile agricultural lands, into an arid desert of mountain-like sand dunes, an inhospitable wasteland. Well, that is exactly what happened to most of the north of Africa.
Until roughly 5,000BC the whole of North of Africa had been a fertile paradise of grasslands and forests for ten thousand years, this area supported widespread human populations, settlements and agriculture.
The people of this region gave birth to the early Egyptian civilisation and likely interacted, influenced and outright settled around the Mediterranean. This area in the north of Africa was a major human population centre, and today, more cave paintings and neolithic artwork are found in the Sahara than maybe anywhere else on earth, in fact, some say the Sahara desert is perhaps the largest art museum in the world.
Deep in the Libyan Sahara desert, far from freshwater and settlements, there is a Cave full of paintings of people swimming, fracking swimming, in an area so parched it makes my mouth dry thinking about it.
数千年来，北非和广袤的撒哈拉沙漠一直郁郁葱葱，淡水湖有不列颠群岛那么大，炙热的大河滋养着草原和森林。想象一下，如果欧洲从今天的河网、湖泊和肥沃的农业土地，变成像高耸沙丘一样的干旱沙漠，一个不适合居住的荒地。这正是发生在非洲北部大部分地区的事情。
直到大约公元前5000年，整个北非地区在一万年的时间里一直是草原和森林的肥沃天堂，这一地区养活了大片人类、定居点和农业。这一地区的人民孕育了早期埃及文明，并可能与地中海周围的人互动、影响和定居。这个位于非洲北部的地区曾是一个主要的人口中心，今天，在撒哈拉沙漠发现的洞穴壁画和新石器时代艺术品可能比地球上任何地方都多，事实上，有些人说撒哈拉沙漠可能是世界上最大的艺术博物馆。在利比亚的撒哈拉沙漠深处，远离淡水和定居点，有一个山洞，里面满是人们游泳的绘画，这个地方太干燥了，我一想到它就口干。
Until roughly 5,000BC the whole of North of Africa had been a fertile paradise of grasslands and forests for ten thousand years, this area supported widespread human populations, settlements and agriculture.
The people of this region gave birth to the early Egyptian civilisation and likely interacted, influenced and outright settled around the Mediterranean. This area in the north of Africa was a major human population centre, and today, more cave paintings and neolithic artwork are found in the Sahara than maybe anywhere else on earth, in fact, some say the Sahara desert is perhaps the largest art museum in the world.
Deep in the Libyan Sahara desert, far from freshwater and settlements, there is a Cave full of paintings of people swimming, fracking swimming, in an area so parched it makes my mouth dry thinking about it.
数千年来，北非和广袤的撒哈拉沙漠一直郁郁葱葱，淡水湖有不列颠群岛那么大，炙热的大河滋养着草原和森林。想象一下，如果欧洲从今天的河网、湖泊和肥沃的农业土地，变成像高耸沙丘一样的干旱沙漠，一个不适合居住的荒地。这正是发生在非洲北部大部分地区的事情。
直到大约公元前5000年，整个北非地区在一万年的时间里一直是草原和森林的肥沃天堂，这一地区养活了大片人类、定居点和农业。这一地区的人民孕育了早期埃及文明，并可能与地中海周围的人互动、影响和定居。这个位于非洲北部的地区曾是一个主要的人口中心，今天，在撒哈拉沙漠发现的洞穴壁画和新石器时代艺术品可能比地球上任何地方都多，事实上，有些人说撒哈拉沙漠可能是世界上最大的艺术博物馆。在利比亚的撒哈拉沙漠深处，远离淡水和定居点，有一个山洞，里面满是人们游泳的绘画，这个地方太干燥了，我一想到它就口干。
Had the Sahara remained one of the most fertile and populated regions on earth, had the Earth’s wobble not handicapped Africa, then Eyqpt and Carthage would have been joined by a thriving patchwork of civilisations across time, spawned from an unrecognisable North Africa that would have dominated the Mediterranean to this day.
The oldest intact boat ever found was unearthed in the Sahara, people were sailing from the Sahara at least 8,000 years ago, this fact coupled with the prehistoric artwork we know of, and the countless yet to be discovered archaeological sites beneath the sands, boggle the mind.
Even with this bonkers handicap, Carthage still dominated the Mediterranean for hundreds of years, bullying Rome at sea and on land, invading Italy and laying waste to multiple Roman armies, ancient Egyptian monuments remain wonders of the world, and for unknown centuries North African agriculture supplied and sustained Europe.
如果撒哈拉沙漠仍然是地球上最肥沃和人口最稠密的地区之一，如果地球的抖动没有妨碍非洲，那么埃及和迦太基就会被不同时期的繁荣文明拼凑在一起，产生于一个（今天）无法辨认的北非，而这个北非直到今天仍然将统治着地中海。
迄今为止发现的最古老完整的船是在撒哈拉沙漠出土的，人们在至少8000年前就从撒哈拉出发了，这一事实，加上我们所知道的史前艺术品，以及无数尚未发现的沙滩下的考古遗址，都令人难以置信。
即使有这么疯狂的障碍，迦太基仍然统治了地中海数百年，在海上和陆地上欺凌罗马，入侵意大利，摧毁了多个罗马军队，古埃及遗迹仍然是世界奇迹，在未知的几个世纪里，北非的农业一直供应和支撑着欧洲。
The oldest intact boat ever found was unearthed in the Sahara, people were sailing from the Sahara at least 8,000 years ago, this fact coupled with the prehistoric artwork we know of, and the countless yet to be discovered archaeological sites beneath the sands, boggle the mind.
Even with this bonkers handicap, Carthage still dominated the Mediterranean for hundreds of years, bullying Rome at sea and on land, invading Italy and laying waste to multiple Roman armies, ancient Egyptian monuments remain wonders of the world, and for unknown centuries North African agriculture supplied and sustained Europe.
如果撒哈拉沙漠仍然是地球上最肥沃和人口最稠密的地区之一，如果地球的抖动没有妨碍非洲，那么埃及和迦太基就会被不同时期的繁荣文明拼凑在一起，产生于一个（今天）无法辨认的北非，而这个北非直到今天仍然将统治着地中海。
迄今为止发现的最古老完整的船是在撒哈拉沙漠出土的，人们在至少8000年前就从撒哈拉出发了，这一事实，加上我们所知道的史前艺术品，以及无数尚未发现的沙滩下的考古遗址，都令人难以置信。
即使有这么疯狂的障碍，迦太基仍然统治了地中海数百年，在海上和陆地上欺凌罗马，入侵意大利，摧毁了多个罗马军队，古埃及遗迹仍然是世界奇迹，在未知的几个世纪里，北非的农业一直供应和支撑着欧洲。
Henrey Bradley
So, it appears many people do not concider Carthage and the Ancient Egyptian civilisations along the Nile, to be really African.
The people of these regions were African, trying to form an argument based on the presumed colour of their skin is ludicrous.
It's like saying the people of Northern Europe are whiter than those in Southern Europe, therefore the Southern Europeans are not really Europeans… Bonkers logic.
似乎很多人并不认为迦太基和尼罗河沿岸的古埃及文明是真正的非洲文明。
这些地区的人都是非洲人，试图以假定的肤色来形成一个论点是可笑的。
这就好比说北欧人比南欧人更白，因此南欧人不是真正的欧洲人……疯狂的逻辑。
So, it appears many people do not concider Carthage and the Ancient Egyptian civilisations along the Nile, to be really African.
The people of these regions were African, trying to form an argument based on the presumed colour of their skin is ludicrous.
It's like saying the people of Northern Europe are whiter than those in Southern Europe, therefore the Southern Europeans are not really Europeans… Bonkers logic.
似乎很多人并不认为迦太基和尼罗河沿岸的古埃及文明是真正的非洲文明。
这些地区的人都是非洲人，试图以假定的肤色来形成一个论点是可笑的。
这就好比说北欧人比南欧人更白，因此南欧人不是真正的欧洲人……疯狂的逻辑。
Gregory Garland
A good start. But Sub-Saharan Africa had sophisticated cultures as well, starting with ancient Ethiopia, a rival to pharaonic Egypt as noted repeatedly in the Bible. More recently, there was the series of West African empires—-Ghana, Mali, and Songhay—-literate Islamic societies with university-like institutions. Under Samory Toure, a West African force held out against late 19th century French armies, losing ultimately because of the superiority of European arms. Similarly, it was superiority of arms that defeated the Zulus in South Africa, and even then, Zulu generalship won several key battles against Afrikaner and British forces. In the end, gunpowder and Gatling guns made the difference, much as earlier versions of firearms had done in the Americas.
撒哈拉以南的非洲也有复杂的文化，从古埃塞俄比亚开始，它是法老埃及的对手，正如《圣经》中反复提到的那样。之后，西非还出现了一系列帝国——加纳、马里和桑海——有文化的伊斯兰社会，拥有类似大学的机构。在萨莫里·杜尔(Samory Toure)的领导下，一支西非军队与19世纪晚期的法国军队作战，但最终因欧洲军队的优势而失败。
同样，是武器优势打败了南非的祖鲁人，即使在那时，祖鲁将军也赢得了几场对抗阿非利卡人（南非白人）和英国军队的关键战役。
最终，火药和加特林枪改变了局面，就像早期的枪支在美洲所起的作用一样。
A good start. But Sub-Saharan Africa had sophisticated cultures as well, starting with ancient Ethiopia, a rival to pharaonic Egypt as noted repeatedly in the Bible. More recently, there was the series of West African empires—-Ghana, Mali, and Songhay—-literate Islamic societies with university-like institutions. Under Samory Toure, a West African force held out against late 19th century French armies, losing ultimately because of the superiority of European arms. Similarly, it was superiority of arms that defeated the Zulus in South Africa, and even then, Zulu generalship won several key battles against Afrikaner and British forces. In the end, gunpowder and Gatling guns made the difference, much as earlier versions of firearms had done in the Americas.
撒哈拉以南的非洲也有复杂的文化，从古埃塞俄比亚开始，它是法老埃及的对手，正如《圣经》中反复提到的那样。之后，西非还出现了一系列帝国——加纳、马里和桑海——有文化的伊斯兰社会，拥有类似大学的机构。在萨莫里·杜尔(Samory Toure)的领导下，一支西非军队与19世纪晚期的法国军队作战，但最终因欧洲军队的优势而失败。
同样，是武器优势打败了南非的祖鲁人，即使在那时，祖鲁将军也赢得了几场对抗阿非利卡人（南非白人）和英国军队的关键战役。
最终，火药和加特林枪改变了局面，就像早期的枪支在美洲所起的作用一样。
Jeff
Sigh. Like how Egypt was for thousands of years ahead of most of the rest of the world?
Like when the great African general Hannibal invaded and ransacked Italy for 18 years?
Like the wealthiest man of all time, Mansa Musa?
The creation of one of the Medi World’s greatest centers of learning in Timbuktu?
Explorers like Ibn Battuta, who traveled three times as far as Marco Polo and actually wrote his own account, unlike the illiterate merchant from Venice?
Or ship pilots who regularly traveled to India, and who Vasco da Gama relied on to get to India himself?
Perhaps others will point out Sudan had more pyramids than Egypt, or the Great Zimbabwe fortress that the modern nation bases itself on, or the almost eight centuries African Muslims governed Spain, or the defeat of European knights during the Crusades by African as well as Arab forces, or the existence of a literary tradition in Ethiopia going back thousands of years. I’m exhausted from re-answering this ignorant and endlessly repeated false premise. Does no one check for similar questions?
Europe has had a few good centuries these last five hundred years, but history goes back farther than that.
Civilizations rise and fall, and as the Good Book itself tells us, it is pride that precedes such a fall.
（非洲没有发达的文明？）
比如，埃及比世界上其他地方领先了几千年；
比如，非洲将军汉尼拔入侵并洗劫意大利长达18年；
比如，史上最富有的人曼莎·穆萨（Mansa Musa）；
比如，中世纪世界最伟大的学习中心之一在廷巴克图；
再比如，伊本·白图泰（ Ibn Battuta）这样的探险家，他旅行的距离是马可·波罗的三倍，而且他自己写了自己的故事，不像（马可波罗）是来自威尼斯的文盲商人；
也许其他人会指出，苏丹拥有的金字塔比埃及还多，或者是现代国家立足的大津巴布韦要塞，或者是非洲穆斯林统治了西班牙近8个世纪，或者是非洲和阿拉伯军队在十字军东征军中击败了欧洲骑士，或者埃塞俄比亚文学传统的存在可以追溯到几千年前。我已经厌倦了重复这个无知的、不断重复的错误前提。就没有人检查一下类似的问题吗?
在过去的500年里，欧洲经历了几个美好世纪，但历史可以追溯到更早的时候。
文明有起有落，正如《圣经》告诉我们的那样，骄傲是文明衰落的先兆。
Sigh. Like how Egypt was for thousands of years ahead of most of the rest of the world?
Like when the great African general Hannibal invaded and ransacked Italy for 18 years?
Like the wealthiest man of all time, Mansa Musa?
The creation of one of the Medi World’s greatest centers of learning in Timbuktu?
Explorers like Ibn Battuta, who traveled three times as far as Marco Polo and actually wrote his own account, unlike the illiterate merchant from Venice?
Or ship pilots who regularly traveled to India, and who Vasco da Gama relied on to get to India himself?
Perhaps others will point out Sudan had more pyramids than Egypt, or the Great Zimbabwe fortress that the modern nation bases itself on, or the almost eight centuries African Muslims governed Spain, or the defeat of European knights during the Crusades by African as well as Arab forces, or the existence of a literary tradition in Ethiopia going back thousands of years. I’m exhausted from re-answering this ignorant and endlessly repeated false premise. Does no one check for similar questions?
Europe has had a few good centuries these last five hundred years, but history goes back farther than that.
Civilizations rise and fall, and as the Good Book itself tells us, it is pride that precedes such a fall.
（非洲没有发达的文明？）
比如，埃及比世界上其他地方领先了几千年；
比如，非洲将军汉尼拔入侵并洗劫意大利长达18年；
比如，史上最富有的人曼莎·穆萨（Mansa Musa）；
比如，中世纪世界最伟大的学习中心之一在廷巴克图；
再比如，伊本·白图泰（ Ibn Battuta）这样的探险家，他旅行的距离是马可·波罗的三倍，而且他自己写了自己的故事，不像（马可波罗）是来自威尼斯的文盲商人；
也许其他人会指出，苏丹拥有的金字塔比埃及还多，或者是现代国家立足的大津巴布韦要塞，或者是非洲穆斯林统治了西班牙近8个世纪，或者是非洲和阿拉伯军队在十字军东征军中击败了欧洲骑士，或者埃塞俄比亚文学传统的存在可以追溯到几千年前。我已经厌倦了重复这个无知的、不断重复的错误前提。就没有人检查一下类似的问题吗?
在过去的500年里，欧洲经历了几个美好世纪，但历史可以追溯到更早的时候。
文明有起有落，正如《圣经》告诉我们的那样，骄傲是文明衰落的先兆。
p.s. I’m adding a few personal photos from a trek up to Kaduna Nigeria a couple of years ago to show some of the lesser known relics littering the land. These aren’t intended to showcase any great civilization but they do show how common even small scale ruins are within West Africa. Most of these are known to locals and a few archeologists but not to the greater public. The point is there is much people outside of the continent don’t know:
We’ll start with a well known example of terra cotta pottery made by the Nok people (we’re in the Nok village for this trip, an area settled, farmed, and producing iron tools and complex art for over 2000 years, and still going strong today):
补充：我在这里添加了几张几年前徒步前往尼日利亚卡杜纳的个人照片，展示了一些不太为人所知的遗迹。这些并不是为了展示任何伟大的文明，但它们确实表明，在西非，即使是小规模的废墟也很常见。其中大多数都为当地人和少数考古学家所知，而不是为更多的公众所知。关键是，非洲大陆以外的很多人都不知道:
我们将从一个众所周知的、由诺克人（the Nok people）制作的陶土陶器的例子开始(我们这次旅行是在诺克村，这是一个有超过2000年历史的定居、农业和生产铁器和复杂艺术的地区，直到今天仍然很强大):
（注：相关内容和图片略）
同样，这并不是一个伟大的隐藏文明的证据，而是人们参与复杂社会的证据——有人工制品，劳动分工，技术专长和其他方面的社会活动。这不是不寻常的，也不是罕见的:这是那种很容易被那些希望用开放的思想和心灵去探索的人发现的东西。它确实显示了古老的文化是如何在非洲存在和延续的。
We’ll start with a well known example of terra cotta pottery made by the Nok people (we’re in the Nok village for this trip, an area settled, farmed, and producing iron tools and complex art for over 2000 years, and still going strong today):
补充：我在这里添加了几张几年前徒步前往尼日利亚卡杜纳的个人照片，展示了一些不太为人所知的遗迹。这些并不是为了展示任何伟大的文明，但它们确实表明，在西非，即使是小规模的废墟也很常见。其中大多数都为当地人和少数考古学家所知，而不是为更多的公众所知。关键是，非洲大陆以外的很多人都不知道:
我们将从一个众所周知的、由诺克人（the Nok people）制作的陶土陶器的例子开始(我们这次旅行是在诺克村，这是一个有超过2000年历史的定居、农业和生产铁器和复杂艺术的地区，直到今天仍然很强大):
（注：相关内容和图片略）
同样，这并不是一个伟大的隐藏文明的证据，而是人们参与复杂社会的证据——有人工制品，劳动分工，技术专长和其他方面的社会活动。这不是不寻常的，也不是罕见的:这是那种很容易被那些希望用开放的思想和心灵去探索的人发现的东西。它确实显示了古老的文化是如何在非洲存在和延续的。
Norris Igbineweka
Please look up ‘Benin Kingdom’. Sometimes it is good to be perceptive of the fact that there are things that you know that you don't know and things that you don't know, that you don't know. It would have been been better to ask the question ‘were there any civilised kingdoms in Africa?’ And then let others educate you. It's called humility for the world around. Accepting that you or I may not know everything or our awareness may be skewed by limited info i.e. through skewed media or skewed conversations.
请查找“贝宁王国”。有时候，感知到有些事情你知道，有些事情你不知道，这是好事。
如果提问者问的是“非洲有文明王国吗?”然后让别人来教育你，这叫谦虚。
接受你或我可能不知道的一切，或者我们的意识可能被有限的信息扭曲。
Please look up ‘Benin Kingdom’. Sometimes it is good to be perceptive of the fact that there are things that you know that you don't know and things that you don't know, that you don't know. It would have been been better to ask the question ‘were there any civilised kingdoms in Africa?’ And then let others educate you. It's called humility for the world around. Accepting that you or I may not know everything or our awareness may be skewed by limited info i.e. through skewed media or skewed conversations.
请查找“贝宁王国”。有时候，感知到有些事情你知道，有些事情你不知道，这是好事。
如果提问者问的是“非洲有文明王国吗?”然后让别人来教育你，这叫谦虚。
接受你或我可能不知道的一切，或者我们的意识可能被有限的信息扭曲。
José Mena
I like to point to a region that, when people think of Africa, doesn’t get mentioned very often, East Africa. When people think of the history of this region they usually point out to Nubia (Sudan) or Aksum (Abyssinia/Ethiopia), but I want to talk about other areas that form this region: Somalia, the Swahili Coast (the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique) and the island of Madagascar. These territories were filled with kingdoms, republics and city states that were quite wealthy and developed through out antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era, all thanks to their participation in the lucrative Indian Ocean trade, which went from Egypt all the way to China.
Somalia.Sadly when people think of Somalia today they only point out it’s piracy problem, and the chaos caused by the civil war, and when they think on the era before colonialism they simply dismiss it as some tribal backwater, but this couldn’t be further from the truth. Before the 19th century, more specifically before the scramble for Africa, Somalia experienced and enjoined the rise and fall of multiple polities.
我想指出一个地区，当人们想到非洲时，并不经常被提到——东非。当人们想到这个地区的历史时，他们通常会指出努比亚(苏丹)或阿克苏姆(阿比西尼亚/埃塞俄比亚)，但我想谈谈这个地区的其他地区:索马里、斯瓦希里海岸(肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和莫桑比克的海岸)和马达加斯加岛。这些领土上布满了王国、共和国和城邦，它们在古代、中世纪和近代早期都非常富裕和发达，这都要归功于它们参与了从埃及一路到中国的、利润丰厚的印度洋贸易。
索马里
可悲的是，当人们想到今天的索马里时，他们只会指出海盗问题和内战造成的混乱，而当他们想到殖民主义之前的时代时，他们只是简单地将其视为部落的闭塞之地，但这确实是事实。在19世纪之前，更具体地说，在争夺非洲之前，索马里经历了多次政治兴衰。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I like to point to a region that, when people think of Africa, doesn’t get mentioned very often, East Africa. When people think of the history of this region they usually point out to Nubia (Sudan) or Aksum (Abyssinia/Ethiopia), but I want to talk about other areas that form this region: Somalia, the Swahili Coast (the coasts of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique) and the island of Madagascar. These territories were filled with kingdoms, republics and city states that were quite wealthy and developed through out antiquity, the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Era, all thanks to their participation in the lucrative Indian Ocean trade, which went from Egypt all the way to China.
Somalia.Sadly when people think of Somalia today they only point out it’s piracy problem, and the chaos caused by the civil war, and when they think on the era before colonialism they simply dismiss it as some tribal backwater, but this couldn’t be further from the truth. Before the 19th century, more specifically before the scramble for Africa, Somalia experienced and enjoined the rise and fall of multiple polities.
我想指出一个地区，当人们想到非洲时，并不经常被提到——东非。当人们想到这个地区的历史时，他们通常会指出努比亚(苏丹)或阿克苏姆(阿比西尼亚/埃塞俄比亚)，但我想谈谈这个地区的其他地区:索马里、斯瓦希里海岸(肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚和莫桑比克的海岸)和马达加斯加岛。这些领土上布满了王国、共和国和城邦，它们在古代、中世纪和近代早期都非常富裕和发达，这都要归功于它们参与了从埃及一路到中国的、利润丰厚的印度洋贸易。
索马里
可悲的是，当人们想到今天的索马里时，他们只会指出海盗问题和内战造成的混乱，而当他们想到殖民主义之前的时代时，他们只是简单地将其视为部落的闭塞之地，但这确实是事实。在19世纪之前，更具体地说，在争夺非洲之前，索马里经历了多次政治兴衰。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
1. The Kingdom of Punt: Punt was a trade partner of ancient Egypt believed by Egyptologists to have been situated in Somalia. The first records about the presence of Punt’s products goes as far back as the Egyptian fourth dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.). Meaning there was a civilization in Africa other than Egypt that was far older than the Greeks and Romans. The products of Punt included gold, aromatic resins, blackwood, ebony, ivory, and wild animals. Plenty of this items were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians. Records of Egyptian trade expeditions to Punt end at New Kingdom period (1550-1077 B.C.).
2. The northern Barbara city-states: Various Hellenic texts describe the city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon and Sarapion, all of them situated in the horn of Africa.
Ptolemy's Geographia mentions Sarapion as a trade harbor encountered by sailing south along the Indian Ocean trade routes. Sarapion was located in modern day Mogadishu.
All of these ports developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire.
3. The Sultanate of Mogadishu and the Ajuran Sultanate: Established in the 9th century A.D. Mogadishu was a trading power notable for it’s domination of the regional gold trade and minting it’s own currency allowing it to establish an economical hegemony over the other states of the horn. Archaeological excavations have recovered Chinese coins dating back to the Song dynasty.
In the 13th century the city came under the control, and became the capital of the Ajuran Sultanate. This was probably the strongest and wealthiest of all the Somali states, with it’s trade enterprise going as far as Barcelona and Beijing.
1. 邦特王国:邦特是古埃及的贸易伙伴，埃及学家认为它位于索马里。关于邦特产品存在的最早记录可以追溯到埃及第四王朝(公元前2613-2498年)。这意味着在非洲，除了埃及，还有一种文明比希腊和罗马的文明要古老得多。庞特的产品包括黄金、芳香树脂、黑檀木、象牙和野生动物。古埃及人、腓尼基人、迈锡尼人和巴比伦人都认为这些物品是有价值的奢侈品。从埃及到普特的贸易远征记录，直到新王国时期(公元前1550-1077年)才结束。
2. 北部芭芭拉城邦:各种希腊文献描述了Mosylon、Opone、Mundus、Isis、Malao、Avalites、Essina、Nikon和Sarapion的城邦，它们都位于非洲之角（注：今索马里一带）。
托勒密的地理书中提到Sarapion是沿印度洋贸易路线向南航行时遇到的一个贸易港口。Sarapion位于今天的摩加迪沙（索马里首都）。
所有这些港口都形成了一个利润丰厚的贸易网络，连接着来自托勒密埃及、古希腊、腓尼基、帕提亚波斯、萨巴、纳巴泰王国和罗马帝国的商人。
3. 摩加迪沙的苏丹国和Ajuran苏丹国:建立于公元9世纪，摩加迪沙是一个贸易大国，因其在地区黄金贸易中的统治地位和铸造自己的货币而闻名，这使得它能够建立对其他非洲国家的经济霸权。考古发掘发现了中国宋朝的钱币。在13世纪，这座城市被控制，成为Ajuran苏丹国的首都。这可能是索马里所有国家中最强大和最富有的，它的贸易企业远至巴塞罗那和北京。
2. The northern Barbara city-states: Various Hellenic texts describe the city-states of Mosylon, Opone, Mundus, Isis, Malao, Avalites, Essina, Nikon and Sarapion, all of them situated in the horn of Africa.
Ptolemy's Geographia mentions Sarapion as a trade harbor encountered by sailing south along the Indian Ocean trade routes. Sarapion was located in modern day Mogadishu.
All of these ports developed a lucrative trade network, connecting with merchants from Ptolemaic Egypt, Ancient Greece, Phoenicia, Parthian Persia, Saba, the Nabataean Kingdom, and the Roman Empire.
3. The Sultanate of Mogadishu and the Ajuran Sultanate: Established in the 9th century A.D. Mogadishu was a trading power notable for it’s domination of the regional gold trade and minting it’s own currency allowing it to establish an economical hegemony over the other states of the horn. Archaeological excavations have recovered Chinese coins dating back to the Song dynasty.
In the 13th century the city came under the control, and became the capital of the Ajuran Sultanate. This was probably the strongest and wealthiest of all the Somali states, with it’s trade enterprise going as far as Barcelona and Beijing.
1. 邦特王国:邦特是古埃及的贸易伙伴，埃及学家认为它位于索马里。关于邦特产品存在的最早记录可以追溯到埃及第四王朝(公元前2613-2498年)。这意味着在非洲，除了埃及，还有一种文明比希腊和罗马的文明要古老得多。庞特的产品包括黄金、芳香树脂、黑檀木、象牙和野生动物。古埃及人、腓尼基人、迈锡尼人和巴比伦人都认为这些物品是有价值的奢侈品。从埃及到普特的贸易远征记录，直到新王国时期(公元前1550-1077年)才结束。
2. 北部芭芭拉城邦:各种希腊文献描述了Mosylon、Opone、Mundus、Isis、Malao、Avalites、Essina、Nikon和Sarapion的城邦，它们都位于非洲之角（注：今索马里一带）。
托勒密的地理书中提到Sarapion是沿印度洋贸易路线向南航行时遇到的一个贸易港口。Sarapion位于今天的摩加迪沙（索马里首都）。
所有这些港口都形成了一个利润丰厚的贸易网络，连接着来自托勒密埃及、古希腊、腓尼基、帕提亚波斯、萨巴、纳巴泰王国和罗马帝国的商人。
3. 摩加迪沙的苏丹国和Ajuran苏丹国:建立于公元9世纪，摩加迪沙是一个贸易大国，因其在地区黄金贸易中的统治地位和铸造自己的货币而闻名，这使得它能够建立对其他非洲国家的经济霸权。考古发掘发现了中国宋朝的钱币。在13世纪，这座城市被控制，成为Ajuran苏丹国的首都。这可能是索马里所有国家中最强大和最富有的，它的贸易企业远至巴塞罗那和北京。
The Ajurans also minted their own currency, with pieces found as far as Persia. Mogadishu became the richest city in Africa. The Ajurans didn’t rely on trade alone however, as unlike previous Somali states, they controlled land in the interior of the horn which worked as a source of agriculture.
Of course this wealth brought them into conflict with other ambitious states, particularly the Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese would try numerous unsuccessful attacks against Mogadishu, repealed thanks to cooperation between the Somalis and the Ottomans.
The Ajurans would eventually decline and collapse in the late 17th century A.D. to internal dissent, paving the way for other Somali states that would last until the scramble for Africa in 1881 A.D.
Unlike Somalia, the countries that from this region barely get mentioned today, with only small things like Zanzibar (Tanzania) being the birthplace of Freddie Mercury. But the history of this region, while scarce, goes far back into antiquity. This region was known as Azania by the Greeks and Romans and there’s archaeological evidence of Hindu settlements from the 2nd century A.D.
Ajuran人还铸造了自己的货币，甚至在波斯也能找到。摩加迪沙成为非洲最富有的城市。然而，与之前的索马里国家不同，Ajuran人并不仅仅依靠贸易，他们控制着”牛角”内部（注：索马里地区从地图上看像一个犄角）的土地，这些土地是农业的来源。
当然，这些财富使他们与其他野心勃勃的国家发生冲突，尤其是葡萄牙帝国。葡萄牙人试图对摩加迪沙进行多次不成功的攻击，但由于索马里人和奥斯曼人的合作而被中止。
Ajuran人最终在公元17世纪晚期因内部异议而衰落和崩溃，为其他索马里国家铺平了道路，直到公元1881年争夺非洲。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Of course this wealth brought them into conflict with other ambitious states, particularly the Portuguese Empire. The Portuguese would try numerous unsuccessful attacks against Mogadishu, repealed thanks to cooperation between the Somalis and the Ottomans.
The Ajurans would eventually decline and collapse in the late 17th century A.D. to internal dissent, paving the way for other Somali states that would last until the scramble for Africa in 1881 A.D.
Unlike Somalia, the countries that from this region barely get mentioned today, with only small things like Zanzibar (Tanzania) being the birthplace of Freddie Mercury. But the history of this region, while scarce, goes far back into antiquity. This region was known as Azania by the Greeks and Romans and there’s archaeological evidence of Hindu settlements from the 2nd century A.D.
Ajuran人还铸造了自己的货币，甚至在波斯也能找到。摩加迪沙成为非洲最富有的城市。然而，与之前的索马里国家不同，Ajuran人并不仅仅依靠贸易，他们控制着”牛角”内部（注：索马里地区从地图上看像一个犄角）的土地，这些土地是农业的来源。
当然，这些财富使他们与其他野心勃勃的国家发生冲突，尤其是葡萄牙帝国。葡萄牙人试图对摩加迪沙进行多次不成功的攻击，但由于索马里人和奥斯曼人的合作而被中止。
Ajuran人最终在公元17世纪晚期因内部异议而衰落和崩溃，为其他索马里国家铺平了道路，直到公元1881年争夺非洲。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Unlike Somalia, the countries that from this region barely get mentioned today, with only small things like Zanzibar (Tanzania) being the birthplace of Freddie Mercury. But the history of this region, while scarce, goes far back into antiquity. This region was known as Azania by the Greeks and Romans and there’s archaeological evidence of Hindu settlements from the 2nd century A.D.
1. The City of Rhapta:
Though the account only mentions ivory and tortoise shell as the only goods in Rhapta, others speculate that the port also traded cinnamon and cassia bark.
2. The Kilwa Sultanate: This Kingdom started with the founding of the city of Kilwa, a Persian colony founded in the 10th century A.D. The city came to challenge the trade dominance of Mogadishu and later the Ajuran Sultanate, by taking control of the city of Sofala, mogadishu’s source of gold and ivory, thanks to it being the door to trade with the inland city of Great Zimbabwe.
By the 15th century A.D. Kilwa had become the overlord of the entire Swahili coast, controlling cities as far south as Inhambane and as far north as Mombasa, and islands like Zanzibar and Grand Comore. Kilwa’s exports included gold, copper, iron, incense, myrrh, slaves, ebony, vinegar, etc…
斯瓦希里海岸
（注：位于马达加斯加岛左上方非洲大陆沿海一带）与索马里不同，这个地区的国家如今很少被提及，只有像桑给巴尔(坦桑尼亚)偶尔提及——这样的小国是弗雷迪·墨丘利（Freddie Mercury）的出生地。但是这个地区的历史，虽然不多，却可以追溯到古代。这个地区被希腊人和罗马人称为阿扎尼亚，从公元2世纪开始就有印度人定居的考古证据。
（注：佛莱迪·摩克瑞（Freddie Mercury，1946年-1991年），出生于坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔岛，帕西人，英国男歌手、音乐家，摇滚乐队皇后乐队（Queen）的主唱。）
1. Rhapta之城
虽然记述中只提到象牙和龟壳是Rhapta唯一的商品，但其他人猜测，该港口也交易肉桂和桂皮。
2. Kilwa苏丹国
这个王国开始于Kilwa城的建立，这是公元10世纪波斯殖民地的建立。摩加迪沙控制了索法拉市，而这里是摩加迪沙黄金和象牙的来源，因为它是与内陆城市大津巴布韦贸易的门户，也因此挑战了摩加迪沙以及后来Ajuran苏丹国的贸易主导地位。
1. The City of Rhapta:
Though the account only mentions ivory and tortoise shell as the only goods in Rhapta, others speculate that the port also traded cinnamon and cassia bark.
2. The Kilwa Sultanate: This Kingdom started with the founding of the city of Kilwa, a Persian colony founded in the 10th century A.D. The city came to challenge the trade dominance of Mogadishu and later the Ajuran Sultanate, by taking control of the city of Sofala, mogadishu’s source of gold and ivory, thanks to it being the door to trade with the inland city of Great Zimbabwe.
By the 15th century A.D. Kilwa had become the overlord of the entire Swahili coast, controlling cities as far south as Inhambane and as far north as Mombasa, and islands like Zanzibar and Grand Comore. Kilwa’s exports included gold, copper, iron, incense, myrrh, slaves, ebony, vinegar, etc…
斯瓦希里海岸
（注：位于马达加斯加岛左上方非洲大陆沿海一带）与索马里不同，这个地区的国家如今很少被提及，只有像桑给巴尔(坦桑尼亚)偶尔提及——这样的小国是弗雷迪·墨丘利（Freddie Mercury）的出生地。但是这个地区的历史，虽然不多，却可以追溯到古代。这个地区被希腊人和罗马人称为阿扎尼亚，从公元2世纪开始就有印度人定居的考古证据。
（注：佛莱迪·摩克瑞（Freddie Mercury，1946年-1991年），出生于坦桑尼亚桑给巴尔岛，帕西人，英国男歌手、音乐家，摇滚乐队皇后乐队（Queen）的主唱。）
1. Rhapta之城
虽然记述中只提到象牙和龟壳是Rhapta唯一的商品，但其他人猜测，该港口也交易肉桂和桂皮。
2. Kilwa苏丹国
这个王国开始于Kilwa城的建立，这是公元10世纪波斯殖民地的建立。摩加迪沙控制了索法拉市，而这里是摩加迪沙黄金和象牙的来源，因为它是与内陆城市大津巴布韦贸易的门户，也因此挑战了摩加迪沙以及后来Ajuran苏丹国的贸易主导地位。
By the 15th century A.D. Kilwa had become the overlord of the entire Swahili coast, controlling cities as far south as Inhambane and as far north as Mombasa, and islands like Zanzibar and Grand Comore. Kilwa’s exports included gold, copper, iron, incense, myrrh, slaves, ebony, vinegar, etc…
Sadly this prosperity would not last as this wealth attracted the attention of the Portuguese. The Portuguese wanted access to the Indian Ocean trade but they had nothing to trade except muskets and cannons, and the Reconquista had left the mentality that the only way to deal with Muslims states was from a position of power so they were hesitant to trade away these two advantages. So they entered the trade as pirates and conquerors. The city of Mombasa would be sacked twice in 1498 A.D and 1528 A.D. In 1502 A.D. they would use their menacing fleet to extract tribute from Kilwa. The cities of Malandi and Sofala soon became Portuguese allies and later vassals. In 1505 A.D. Portugal would attack Kilwa, depose it’s ruler and install it’s own puppet vassal. Portuguese rule was disastrous for the economies of the Swahili coast as they would implement mercantilist restrictions forbidding all but Portuguese ships to carry trade putting Swahili merchants out of business. This lead to violent revolts that devastated the city and marked the end of the Sultanate. Kilwa never recovered and the city still in ruins to this day.
The other cities and islands of the Swahili coast would continue to trade hands between the Portuguese Empire and the Imamate of Oman, with some brief bouts of independence like the Sultanate of Zanzibar in 1856 A.D. until they all eventually fell into the hands of the British and the Germans during the scramble for Africa.
到公元15世纪，Kilwa成为整个斯瓦希里海岸的霸主，南至伊尼扬巴内（注：莫桑比克境内），北至蒙巴萨（注：肯尼亚），还有桑给巴尔和大科摩罗等岛屿。Kilwa的出口包括黄金、铜、铁、熏香、没药、奴隶、乌木、醋等。
不幸的是，这种繁荣并没有持续下去，因为这些财富吸引了葡萄牙人的注意。葡萄牙人想要进入印度洋进行贸易，但除了步枪和大炮外，他们没有什么可交易的，“收复失地运动”留下了这样的心态:与穆斯林国家打交道的唯一方式就是从实力的角度出发，所以他们不愿放弃这两个优势。所以他们以海盗和征服者的身份进入这一领域。
（注：收复失地运动（西班牙语：Reconquista），又称再征服运动、列康吉斯达运动，是公元718至1492年间，西班牙人反对阿拉伯人占领，收复失地的运动。从 718年的科法敦加战役开始，到1492年格拉纳达战役结束，共经历了8个世纪。 在西班牙语和葡萄牙语中，“Reconquista”一词有“重新征服”的意思。）
蒙巴萨城在1498年被洗劫了两次。公元1502年，他们利用自己的舰队向Kilwa进贡。马兰蒂和索法拉城很快成为葡萄牙的盟友，后来又成为葡萄牙的附属国。公元1505年，葡萄牙攻打Kilwa，废黜了它的统治者，建立了自己的傀儡附庸国。葡萄牙的统治对斯瓦希里海岸的经济是灾难性的，因为他们实施重商主义限制，禁止除葡萄牙船只以外的所有船只进行贸易，这让斯瓦希里商人失去了生意。这导致了暴力起义，摧毁了这座城市，标志着苏丹国的结束。Kilwa至今仍是一片废墟。
斯瓦希里海岸的其他城市和岛屿将继续在葡萄牙帝国和阿曼的伊玛目(Imamate of Oman)之间进行贸易，并经历了一些短暂的独立，比如公元1856年桑给巴尔(Zanzibar)的苏丹国，直到他们最终在争夺非洲的过程中落入英国人和德国人手中。
Sadly this prosperity would not last as this wealth attracted the attention of the Portuguese. The Portuguese wanted access to the Indian Ocean trade but they had nothing to trade except muskets and cannons, and the Reconquista had left the mentality that the only way to deal with Muslims states was from a position of power so they were hesitant to trade away these two advantages. So they entered the trade as pirates and conquerors. The city of Mombasa would be sacked twice in 1498 A.D and 1528 A.D. In 1502 A.D. they would use their menacing fleet to extract tribute from Kilwa. The cities of Malandi and Sofala soon became Portuguese allies and later vassals. In 1505 A.D. Portugal would attack Kilwa, depose it’s ruler and install it’s own puppet vassal. Portuguese rule was disastrous for the economies of the Swahili coast as they would implement mercantilist restrictions forbidding all but Portuguese ships to carry trade putting Swahili merchants out of business. This lead to violent revolts that devastated the city and marked the end of the Sultanate. Kilwa never recovered and the city still in ruins to this day.
The other cities and islands of the Swahili coast would continue to trade hands between the Portuguese Empire and the Imamate of Oman, with some brief bouts of independence like the Sultanate of Zanzibar in 1856 A.D. until they all eventually fell into the hands of the British and the Germans during the scramble for Africa.
到公元15世纪，Kilwa成为整个斯瓦希里海岸的霸主，南至伊尼扬巴内（注：莫桑比克境内），北至蒙巴萨（注：肯尼亚），还有桑给巴尔和大科摩罗等岛屿。Kilwa的出口包括黄金、铜、铁、熏香、没药、奴隶、乌木、醋等。
不幸的是，这种繁荣并没有持续下去，因为这些财富吸引了葡萄牙人的注意。葡萄牙人想要进入印度洋进行贸易，但除了步枪和大炮外，他们没有什么可交易的，“收复失地运动”留下了这样的心态:与穆斯林国家打交道的唯一方式就是从实力的角度出发，所以他们不愿放弃这两个优势。所以他们以海盗和征服者的身份进入这一领域。
（注：收复失地运动（西班牙语：Reconquista），又称再征服运动、列康吉斯达运动，是公元718至1492年间，西班牙人反对阿拉伯人占领，收复失地的运动。从 718年的科法敦加战役开始，到1492年格拉纳达战役结束，共经历了8个世纪。 在西班牙语和葡萄牙语中，“Reconquista”一词有“重新征服”的意思。）
蒙巴萨城在1498年被洗劫了两次。公元1502年，他们利用自己的舰队向Kilwa进贡。马兰蒂和索法拉城很快成为葡萄牙的盟友，后来又成为葡萄牙的附属国。公元1505年，葡萄牙攻打Kilwa，废黜了它的统治者，建立了自己的傀儡附庸国。葡萄牙的统治对斯瓦希里海岸的经济是灾难性的，因为他们实施重商主义限制，禁止除葡萄牙船只以外的所有船只进行贸易，这让斯瓦希里商人失去了生意。这导致了暴力起义，摧毁了这座城市，标志着苏丹国的结束。Kilwa至今仍是一片废墟。
斯瓦希里海岸的其他城市和岛屿将继续在葡萄牙帝国和阿曼的伊玛目(Imamate of Oman)之间进行贸易，并经历了一些短暂的独立，比如公元1856年桑给巴尔(Zanzibar)的苏丹国，直到他们最终在争夺非洲的过程中落入英国人和德国人手中。
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