澳洲学者模拟大白鲨视觉验证了“误认身份理论”:大白鲨很容易把泳者或冲浪者误认为海豹
正文翻译
(本文发表于2021年11月10日,作者为麦考瑞大学生物科学系博士后劳拉·瑞恩,弗林德斯大学副教授查理·胡维尼耶斯)
(图解:鲨鱼视角中划水的冲浪者和海豹,表明大白鲨可能很难区分这两者)
(图解:弗里曼特尔(珀斯)港附近的海滩在一起致命的鲨鱼咬人事件后被关闭)
(本文发表于2021年11月10日,作者为麦考瑞大学生物科学系博士后劳拉·瑞恩,弗林德斯大学副教授查理·胡维尼耶斯)
The presumed death of 57-year-old Paul Millachip in an apparently fatal shark bite incident near Perth on November 6 is a traumatising reminder that while shark bites are rare, they can have tragic consequences.
11月6日,57岁的保罗·米拉齐普在珀斯附近发生的一起显然很致命的鲨鱼咬人事件中被推定死亡,这是一次让人伤心的提醒,提醒人们虽然鲨鱼咬人的情况很罕见,但它们可能会带来悲剧性的后果。
11月6日,57岁的保罗·米拉齐普在珀斯附近发生的一起显然很致命的鲨鱼咬人事件中被推定死亡,这是一次让人伤心的提醒,提醒人们虽然鲨鱼咬人的情况很罕见,但它们可能会带来悲剧性的后果。
Despite the understandably huge media attention these incidents generate, there has been little scientific insight into how and why they happen.
Sharks in general, and white sharks in particular, have long been described as “mindless killers” and “man-eaters”.
But our recent research confirms that some bites on humans may be the result of mistaken identity, whereby the sharks mistake humans for their natural prey based on visual similarities.
尽管这些事件引发了媒体的大量关注(这也可以理解),但是,关于这些事件是如何发生的以及为什么发生,相关的科学洞见却少之又少。
一般来说,鲨鱼,特别是大白鲨,长久以来都被描述为“盲目的杀手”和“食人生物”。
但我们最近的研究证实,有些咬人事件可能是误认身份的结果,即鲨鱼基于视觉上的相似性,把人误认为了它们的天然猎物。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Sharks in general, and white sharks in particular, have long been described as “mindless killers” and “man-eaters”.
But our recent research confirms that some bites on humans may be the result of mistaken identity, whereby the sharks mistake humans for their natural prey based on visual similarities.
尽管这些事件引发了媒体的大量关注(这也可以理解),但是,关于这些事件是如何发生的以及为什么发生,相关的科学洞见却少之又少。
一般来说,鲨鱼,特别是大白鲨,长久以来都被描述为“盲目的杀手”和“食人生物”。
但我们最近的研究证实,有些咬人事件可能是误认身份的结果,即鲨鱼基于视觉上的相似性,把人误认为了它们的天然猎物。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Sharks have an impressive array of senses, but vision is thought to be particularly important for prey detection in white sharks. For example, they can attack seal-shaped decoys at the surface of the water even though these decoys lack other sensory cues such as scent.
鲨鱼拥有一系列令人印象深刻的感官,但视觉被认为是对大白鲨探测猎物尤为重要的感官。比如说,它们会攻击水面上海豹形状的诱饵,即使这些诱饵缺乏其他感官线索,比如说气味。
鲨鱼拥有一系列令人印象深刻的感官,但视觉被认为是对大白鲨探测猎物尤为重要的感官。比如说,它们会攻击水面上海豹形状的诱饵,即使这些诱饵缺乏其他感官线索,比如说气味。
The visual world of a white shark varies substantially from that of our own. White sharks are likely colourblind and rely on brightness, essentially experiencing their world in shades of grey. Their eyesight is also much less acute than ours – in fact, it’s probably more akin to the blurry images a human would see underwater without a mask or goggles.
大白鲨的视觉世界与我们的大相径庭。大白鲨很可能是色盲,依靠的是亮度,基本上是以各种浓淡的灰色调在体验它们的世界。它们的视力也远不如我们敏锐,事实上,它们目力所见的很可能更接近人类在不戴面具或护目镜情况下在水下看到的模糊图像。
大白鲨的视觉世界与我们的大相径庭。大白鲨很可能是色盲,依靠的是亮度,基本上是以各种浓淡的灰色调在体验它们的世界。它们的视力也远不如我们敏锐,事实上,它们目力所见的很可能更接近人类在不戴面具或护目镜情况下在水下看到的模糊图像。
The mistaken identity theory
误认身份理论
误认身份理论
Bites on surfers have often been explained by the fact that, seen from underneath, a paddling surfer looks a lot like a seal. But this presumed similarity has only previously been assessed based on human vision, using underwater photographs to compare their silhouettes.
冲浪者被咬,通常都会这样解释:从下往上看,划水的冲浪者看起来很像一头海豹。但这种假想中的相似性,之前都只是根据人类的视觉评估出来的,为了比较它们的暗色轮廓,用的是在水下拍摄的照片。
冲浪者被咬,通常都会这样解释:从下往上看,划水的冲浪者看起来很像一头海豹。但这种假想中的相似性,之前都只是根据人类的视觉评估出来的,为了比较它们的暗色轮廓,用的是在水下拍摄的照片。
Recent developments in our understanding of sharks’ vision have now made it possible to examine the mistaken identity theory from the shark’s perspective, using a virtual system that generates “shark’s-eye” images.
最近,我们对鲨鱼视觉的理解有了新的进展,能使我们有可能从鲨鱼的视角来检验误认身份理论,我们用了一套虚拟系统来生成“鲨鱼眼”中的影像。
最近,我们对鲨鱼视觉的理解有了新的进展,能使我们有可能从鲨鱼的视角来检验误认身份理论,我们用了一套虚拟系统来生成“鲨鱼眼”中的影像。
In our study, published last month, we and our colleagues in Australia, South Africa and the United Kingdom compared video footage of seals and of humans swimming and paddling surfboards, to predict what a young white shark sees when looking up from below.
在我们上个月发表的研究中,我们和来自澳大利亚、南非和英国的同事们比较了海豹和人类游泳以及划冲浪板的视频片段,以此来预测一条年轻的大白鲨从水下往上看时能看到的东西。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
在我们上个月发表的研究中,我们和来自澳大利亚、南非和英国的同事们比较了海豹和人类游泳以及划冲浪板的视频片段,以此来预测一条年轻的大白鲨从水下往上看时能看到的东西。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
(图解:鲨鱼视角中划水的冲浪者和海豹,表明大白鲨可能很难区分这两者)
We specifically studied juvenile white sharks – between of 2m and 2.5m in length – because data from New South Wales suggests they are more common in the surf zone and are disproportionately involved in bites on humans. This might be because juvenile sharks are more likely to make mistakes as they switch to hunting larger prey such as seals.
我们专门研究了青少年时期的大白鲨(长度在2米到2.5米之间),因为来自新南威尔士州的数据表明,这部分鲨鱼在冲浪区更常见,而且其在咬人事件中的占比高到不成比例。这可能是因为幼年鲨鱼在切换到捕食体型更大的猎物(如海豹)时,更容易犯错。
我们专门研究了青少年时期的大白鲨(长度在2米到2.5米之间),因为来自新南威尔士州的数据表明,这部分鲨鱼在冲浪区更常见,而且其在咬人事件中的占比高到不成比例。这可能是因为幼年鲨鱼在切换到捕食体型更大的猎物(如海豹)时,更容易犯错。
Our results showed it was impossible for the virtual visual system to distinguish swimming or paddling humans from seals. This suggests both activities pose a risk, and that the greater occurrence of bites on surfers might be lixed to the times and locations of when and where people surf.
我们的研究结果显示,想让这套虚拟视觉系统将游泳或划水的人类和海豹区分开来是不可能的。这就表明这两种活动都会带来风险,而冲浪者被咬发生得更多,可能与人们冲浪的次数、时间、地点有关。
我们的研究结果显示,想让这套虚拟视觉系统将游泳或划水的人类和海豹区分开来是不可能的。这就表明这两种活动都会带来风险,而冲浪者被咬发生得更多,可能与人们冲浪的次数、时间、地点有关。
Our analysis suggests the “mistaken identity” theory is indeed plausible, from a visual perspective at least. But sharks can also detect prey using other sensory systems, such as smell, sound, touch and detection of electrical fields.
我们的分析表明,至少从视觉角度来看,“误认身份”理论确实是可信的。但是鲨鱼也能用其他感官系统探测猎物,比如嗅觉、听觉、触觉和探测(生物)电场。
我们的分析表明,至少从视觉角度来看,“误认身份”理论确实是可信的。但是鲨鱼也能用其他感官系统探测猎物,比如嗅觉、听觉、触觉和探测(生物)电场。
While it seems unlikely every bite on a human by a white shark is a case of mistaken identity, it is certainly a possibility in cases where the human is on the surface and the shark approaches from below.
虽然大白鲨每一次咬人貌似不太可能都是出于误认,但是,人在水面上而鲨鱼从下方接近的情况下,这毫无疑问是一种可能性。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
虽然大白鲨每一次咬人貌似不太可能都是出于误认,但是,人在水面上而鲨鱼从下方接近的情况下,这毫无疑问是一种可能性。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
However, the mistaken identity theory cannot explain all shark bites and other factors, such as curiosity, hunger or aggression are likely to also explains some shark bites.
不过,误认身份理论无法解释所有的鲨鱼咬人事件,其他因素,比如好奇心、饥饿感或攻击性也许也能解释一部分鲨鱼咬人事件。
不过,误认身份理论无法解释所有的鲨鱼咬人事件,其他因素,比如好奇心、饥饿感或攻击性也许也能解释一部分鲨鱼咬人事件。
(图解:弗里曼特尔(珀斯)港附近的海滩在一起致命的鲨鱼咬人事件后被关闭)
Can this knowledge help protect us?
这部分知识能帮助我们保护自己吗?
这部分知识能帮助我们保护自己吗?
As summer arrives and COVID restrictions lift, more Australians will head to the beach over the coming months, increasing the chances they might come into close proximity with a shark. Often, people may not even realise a shark is close by. But the past weekend gave us a reminder that shark encounters can also tragically result in serious injury or death.
随着夏天的到来以及新冠(出行)限制的撤销,在未来几个月内会有更多的澳大利亚人前往海滩,这也增高了他们与鲨鱼亲密接触的几率。通常情况下,人们甚至都意识不到鲨鱼就在附近。但是,上周末的事件提醒了我们,遭遇鲨鱼也可能会导致悲剧性的重伤或死亡。
随着夏天的到来以及新冠(出行)限制的撤销,在未来几个月内会有更多的澳大利亚人前往海滩,这也增高了他们与鲨鱼亲密接触的几率。通常情况下,人们甚至都意识不到鲨鱼就在附近。但是,上周末的事件提醒了我们,遭遇鲨鱼也可能会导致悲剧性的重伤或死亡。
Understanding why shark bites happen is a good first step towards helping reduce the risk. Our research has inspired the design of non-invasive, vision-based shark mitigation devices that are currently being tested, and which change the shape of the silhouette.
理解鲨鱼咬人事件的发生原因,是帮助降低风险的第一步。我们的研究为非侵入性且基于视觉的鲨患缓解装置的设计提供了灵感,该装置目前正在接受测试,它改变了暗色轮廓的形状。
理解鲨鱼咬人事件的发生原因,是帮助降低风险的第一步。我们的研究为非侵入性且基于视觉的鲨患缓解装置的设计提供了灵感,该装置目前正在接受测试,它改变了暗色轮廓的形状。
评论翻译
Craig Stevens
Is there a lix between weather patterns and shark/human activity? El Nino/La Nina
I recall that last time we had La Nina conditions the water temp was different closer to the East Coast and shark activity was therefore closer to humans.
气候模式和鲨鱼/人类活动之间有关系吗?比如说厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜现象
我记得上次我们这儿出现拉尼娜现象的时候,水温不一样了,更接近东海岸的水温,因此,鲨鱼活动也距离人类更近了。
Is there a lix between weather patterns and shark/human activity? El Nino/La Nina
I recall that last time we had La Nina conditions the water temp was different closer to the East Coast and shark activity was therefore closer to humans.
气候模式和鲨鱼/人类活动之间有关系吗?比如说厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜现象
我记得上次我们这儿出现拉尼娜现象的时候,水温不一样了,更接近东海岸的水温,因此,鲨鱼活动也距离人类更近了。
David Young
Vision based solution is a good area to research. It seems incidents involve a mix of contributing factors, such as food source species migration or poor visibility.
基于视觉的解决方案是一个很不错的研究领域。似乎这类咬人事件会牵扯到各种促成因素,比如其食物来源物种的迁徙,或是很低的能见度。
Vision based solution is a good area to research. It seems incidents involve a mix of contributing factors, such as food source species migration or poor visibility.
基于视觉的解决方案是一个很不错的研究领域。似乎这类咬人事件会牵扯到各种促成因素,比如其食物来源物种的迁徙,或是很低的能见度。
Sharks function as aquatic undertakers; they take away the dead and nearly dead. Shark biting human events in the Whitsunday region a couple of years ago were all seemingly lixed to victims behaving like wounded creatures. Washing hair, dangling legs, clambering on and off a board, fighting playfully, and all cases involved lowered visibility (late afternoon and/or higher turbidity). Competent and confident behaviour in well-lit water doesn’t attract shark attention.
鲨鱼发挥了为水生动物送葬的功能;它们会清理掉死去的和濒死的动物。两年前,圣灵群岛地区发生的一系列鲨鱼咬人事件,似乎全都和受害者表现出了类似受伤生物的行为有关。洗头发、晃荡腿、在甲板上爬上爬下、嬉戏打闹,而且所有的案例都牵扯到较低的能见度(时间为傍晚,和/或较高的海水浑浊度)。在被阳光照彻的海水中,得力且自信的动作行为就不会吸引鲨鱼的注意。
(译注:圣灵群岛即降灵群岛,位于大堡礁的中心位置)
鲨鱼发挥了为水生动物送葬的功能;它们会清理掉死去的和濒死的动物。两年前,圣灵群岛地区发生的一系列鲨鱼咬人事件,似乎全都和受害者表现出了类似受伤生物的行为有关。洗头发、晃荡腿、在甲板上爬上爬下、嬉戏打闹,而且所有的案例都牵扯到较低的能见度(时间为傍晚,和/或较高的海水浑浊度)。在被阳光照彻的海水中,得力且自信的动作行为就不会吸引鲨鱼的注意。
(译注:圣灵群岛即降灵群岛,位于大堡礁的中心位置)
Advice is now given to visitors not to swim in early morning or late afternoon, not to swim near where others are fishing (or regularly do) not to swim when bait-fish schooling, not to behave like a floundering fool.
而现在,给游客的建议是:
不要在清晨或傍晚时分下水游泳,
不要在别人钓鱼的地方(或是固定钓鱼点)附近游泳,
不要在饵鱼成群的时候游泳,
不要像蠢货那样挣扎个不停。
而现在,给游客的建议是:
不要在清晨或傍晚时分下水游泳,
不要在别人钓鱼的地方(或是固定钓鱼点)附近游泳,
不要在饵鱼成群的时候游泳,
不要像蠢货那样挣扎个不停。
Kaplan Barla
Sharks and Crocodiles are my best friends. They gotta eat something too. They help improve the human gene pool.
鲨鱼和鳄鱼是我最好的朋友。它们总得吃点东西吧。它们有助于改良人类的基因库。
Sharks and Crocodiles are my best friends. They gotta eat something too. They help improve the human gene pool.
鲨鱼和鳄鱼是我最好的朋友。它们总得吃点东西吧。它们有助于改良人类的基因库。
Charlie Huveneers
I’ve seen many small juvenile white sharks (as small as 2 m) with seal bites on their heads showing evidence of interactions between small white sharks and seals.
The vision abilities of white sharks is also unlikely to change between 2-2.5 and 3 m, so the models inferred from a 2 m white shark retina are likely to still be applicable to a 3 or even 3.5 m white shark.
(作者)我见过很多体型很小的大白鲨幼体(小到2米),它们的头部有海豹的咬痕,这便成为了小体型大白鲨和海豹互动的证据。
体型为2-2.5米到3米的大白鲨,其视觉能力也不太可能发生变化,所以根据一条体长2米大白鲨的视网膜推断出来的模型,很可能仍然适用于3米,甚或是3.5米的大白鲨。
I’ve seen many small juvenile white sharks (as small as 2 m) with seal bites on their heads showing evidence of interactions between small white sharks and seals.
The vision abilities of white sharks is also unlikely to change between 2-2.5 and 3 m, so the models inferred from a 2 m white shark retina are likely to still be applicable to a 3 or even 3.5 m white shark.
(作者)我见过很多体型很小的大白鲨幼体(小到2米),它们的头部有海豹的咬痕,这便成为了小体型大白鲨和海豹互动的证据。
体型为2-2.5米到3米的大白鲨,其视觉能力也不太可能发生变化,所以根据一条体长2米大白鲨的视网膜推断出来的模型,很可能仍然适用于3米,甚或是3.5米的大白鲨。
SteveShearer
I’m still not convinced of the usefulness of the study, especially for juvenile/sub-adult East Coast white sharks.
If they were born in the Port Stephens breeding ground it’s highly likely they have spent most of their life in sub-tropical waters where pinnipeds (seals) are absent, preying on fish/rays/dolphins etc etc
In which case they would not have developed search images for seal prey.
这项研究管不管用我还是不敢确信,能否适用于东海岸的幼年/亚成年大白鲨我就更不确定了。
如果它们出生在斯蒂芬斯港的繁殖地,那么它们一生的大部分时间很可能都是在亚热带水域度过的,那里缺少鳍脚类动物(如海豹),它们的捕食对象是鱼类/鳐魟类/海豚等等。
在这种情况下,它们不会发展出针对海豹这种猎物的搜索图像。
I’m still not convinced of the usefulness of the study, especially for juvenile/sub-adult East Coast white sharks.
If they were born in the Port Stephens breeding ground it’s highly likely they have spent most of their life in sub-tropical waters where pinnipeds (seals) are absent, preying on fish/rays/dolphins etc etc
In which case they would not have developed search images for seal prey.
这项研究管不管用我还是不敢确信,能否适用于东海岸的幼年/亚成年大白鲨我就更不确定了。
如果它们出生在斯蒂芬斯港的繁殖地,那么它们一生的大部分时间很可能都是在亚热带水域度过的,那里缺少鳍脚类动物(如海豹),它们的捕食对象是鱼类/鳐魟类/海豚等等。
在这种情况下,它们不会发展出针对海豹这种猎物的搜索图像。
Much more likely is the hypothesis that as opportunistic, ambush predators these are reaction/exploratory bites.
As we have seen in WA though with adult sharks, often the body is consumed and not recovered.
更有可能的是这种假设:作为奉行机会主义且善打埋伏的掠食者,这些是因应/试探性质的咬人。
但正如我们在西澳大利亚看到的成年鲨鱼的情况那样,尸体通常会被吃掉,找是找不回来的。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
As we have seen in WA though with adult sharks, often the body is consumed and not recovered.
更有可能的是这种假设:作为奉行机会主义且善打埋伏的掠食者,这些是因应/试探性质的咬人。
但正如我们在西澳大利亚看到的成年鲨鱼的情况那样,尸体通常会被吃掉,找是找不回来的。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Hayward Maberley
I can never understand why a swimmer/surfer goes into the ocean wearing a black wet suit that looks even more like a seal?
Yes sharks do not see colour as we do, but they must ba able to distinguish light sides from dark shades.
我一直都不明白,为什么泳者或冲浪者会穿着黑色的潜水服入到海里,这么穿看上去不就更像一只海豹了?
是的,鲨鱼和我们不一样,它们看不到颜色,但它们一定能分辨出光亮和深暗的色泽。
I can never understand why a swimmer/surfer goes into the ocean wearing a black wet suit that looks even more like a seal?
Yes sharks do not see colour as we do, but they must ba able to distinguish light sides from dark shades.
我一直都不明白,为什么泳者或冲浪者会穿着黑色的潜水服入到海里,这么穿看上去不就更像一只海豹了?
是的,鲨鱼和我们不一样,它们看不到颜色,但它们一定能分辨出光亮和深暗的色泽。
Sharks are unable to distinguish colors, even though their close relatives rays and chimaeras have some color vision, according to new research by Dr. Nathan Scott Hart and colleagues from the University of Western Australia and the University of Queensland in Australia.
Their study shows that although the eyes of sharks function over a wide range of light levels, they only have a single long-wavelength-sensitive cone* type in the retina and therefore are potentially totally color blind.
(回)根据澳大利亚的西澳大利亚大学和昆士兰大学的内森·斯科特·哈特博士及其同事的新研究,鲨鱼是无法区分颜色的,尽管它们的近亲鳐鱼和银鲛拥有一部分色觉。
他们的研究表明,尽管鲨鱼的眼睛能在很宽广的光照等级范围内发挥作用,但它们的视网膜上只存在一种对长波长敏感的视锥细胞,因此有可能是全色盲者。
Their study shows that although the eyes of sharks function over a wide range of light levels, they only have a single long-wavelength-sensitive cone* type in the retina and therefore are potentially totally color blind.
(回)根据澳大利亚的西澳大利亚大学和昆士兰大学的内森·斯科特·哈特博士及其同事的新研究,鲨鱼是无法区分颜色的,尽管它们的近亲鳐鱼和银鲛拥有一部分色觉。
他们的研究表明,尽管鲨鱼的眼睛能在很宽广的光照等级范围内发挥作用,但它们的视网膜上只存在一种对长波长敏感的视锥细胞,因此有可能是全色盲者。
"This new research on how sharks see may help to prevent attacks on humans and assist in the development of fishing gear that may reduce shark bycatch in long-line fisheries. Our study shows that contrast against the background, rather than colour per se, may be more important for obxt detection by sharks. This may help us to design long-line fishing lures that are less attractive to sharks as well as to design swimming attire and surf craft that have a lower visual contrast to sharks and, therefore, are less 'attractive' to them," said Prof. Hart.
"这项关于鲨鱼如何看东西的新研究可能有助于防止它们对人类的攻击,还能帮助开发能在延绳钓渔业中减少鲨鱼成为副渔获物可能的渔具。我们的研究表明,对鲨鱼的目标探测更为重要的可能是与背景的对比度,而不是颜色本身。哈特教授说:“这也许有助于我们设计出对鲨鱼吸引力较小的延绳鱼饵,以及对鲨鱼来说视觉对比较低的游泳服和冲浪板,这样对它们的‘吸引力'就会变小。”
(译注:副渔获物是指在捕捞目标品种的同时意外捕到的非目标品种或目标品种的幼体)
"这项关于鲨鱼如何看东西的新研究可能有助于防止它们对人类的攻击,还能帮助开发能在延绳钓渔业中减少鲨鱼成为副渔获物可能的渔具。我们的研究表明,对鲨鱼的目标探测更为重要的可能是与背景的对比度,而不是颜色本身。哈特教授说:“这也许有助于我们设计出对鲨鱼吸引力较小的延绳鱼饵,以及对鲨鱼来说视觉对比较低的游泳服和冲浪板,这样对它们的‘吸引力'就会变小。”
(译注:副渔获物是指在捕捞目标品种的同时意外捕到的非目标品种或目标品种的幼体)
They looked at the retinas of 17 shark species caught in a variety of waters in both Queensland and Western Australia. Rod cells were the most common type of photoreceptor in all species. In ten of the 17 species, no cone cells were observed. However, cones were found in the retinae of 7 species of shark from three different families and in each case only a single type of long-wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptor was present. Hart and team's results provide strong evidence that sharks possess only a single cone type, suggesting that sharks may be cone monochromats, and therefore potentially totally color blind.
他们研究了在昆士兰州和西澳大利亚州各种水域中捕获的17种鲨鱼的视网膜。在所有这些物种中,视杆细胞是最常见的光感受器类型。在17个物种中,有10个没有观察到视锥细胞。然而,在来自三个不同家族的7种鲨鱼的视网膜中发现了视锥细胞,而且在其中每一个案例中,只存在一种单一类型的对长波长敏感的视锥光感受器。哈特和团队的研究成果提供了强有力的证据,证明鲨鱼只拥有单一类型的视锥细胞,表明鲨鱼可能是锥体单色视者,因此很可能是全色盲者。
他们研究了在昆士兰州和西澳大利亚州各种水域中捕获的17种鲨鱼的视网膜。在所有这些物种中,视杆细胞是最常见的光感受器类型。在17个物种中,有10个没有观察到视锥细胞。然而,在来自三个不同家族的7种鲨鱼的视网膜中发现了视锥细胞,而且在其中每一个案例中,只存在一种单一类型的对长波长敏感的视锥光感受器。哈特和团队的研究成果提供了强有力的证据,证明鲨鱼只拥有单一类型的视锥细胞,表明鲨鱼可能是锥体单色视者,因此很可能是全色盲者。
The authors conclude: "While cone monochromacy on land is rare, it may be a common strategy in the marine environment. Many aquatic mammals − whales, dolphins and seals − also possess only a single, green-sensitive cone type. It appears that both sharks and marine mammals may have arrived at the same visual design by convergent evolution, in other words, they acquired the same biological trait in unrelated lineages."
作者得出结论:"虽然在陆生动物中,锥体全色盲是罕见的,但在海洋环境中,这可能是一种常见策略。很多水生哺乳动物(鲸、海豚和海豹)也只拥有一种对绿色敏感的锥体类型。看来,鲨鱼和海生哺乳动物可能是通过趋同进化成就了相同的视觉设计,也即,它们在互不相关的谱系中逐渐获得了相同的生物性状。”
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
作者得出结论:"虽然在陆生动物中,锥体全色盲是罕见的,但在海洋环境中,这可能是一种常见策略。很多水生哺乳动物(鲸、海豚和海豹)也只拥有一种对绿色敏感的锥体类型。看来,鲨鱼和海生哺乳动物可能是通过趋同进化成就了相同的视觉设计,也即,它们在互不相关的谱系中逐渐获得了相同的生物性状。”
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
*Note: There are two main types of photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye. Rod cells are very sensitive to light and allow night vision. Cone cells also react to light but are less sensitive to it. Eyes with different spectral types of cone cells can distinguish different colors. Rod cells cannot tell colors apart.
*注意:眼睛的视网膜上存在两种主要的光感受器细胞。视杆细胞对光非常敏感,而且支持夜视。视锥细胞也会对光作出反应,但对光的敏感度较低。拥有不同光谱类型视锥细胞的眼睛可以分辨出不同的颜色。视杆细胞无法区分颜色。
*注意:眼睛的视网膜上存在两种主要的光感受器细胞。视杆细胞对光非常敏感,而且支持夜视。视锥细胞也会对光作出反应,但对光的敏感度较低。拥有不同光谱类型视锥细胞的眼睛可以分辨出不同的颜色。视杆细胞无法区分颜色。
Alan Luscombe
Understanding why shark bites happen is a good first step towards helping reduce the risk
I think that the idea that sharks can be understood at such a detailed level is super optimistic. They are animals, wild in their own environment, they can behave randomly. They don’t need reason to bite anything in the water, just the action.
“理解鲨鱼咬人事件的发生原因,是帮助降低风险的第一步。”
我觉得,这种“能在如此细微的层面上理解鲨鱼”的想法实在是太过乐观了。 它们是动物,在它们自己的环境中是野生的,它们的行为可以是随机的。它们去咬水里的任何东西都是不需要理由的,只是一个动作罢了。
Understanding why shark bites happen is a good first step towards helping reduce the risk
I think that the idea that sharks can be understood at such a detailed level is super optimistic. They are animals, wild in their own environment, they can behave randomly. They don’t need reason to bite anything in the water, just the action.
“理解鲨鱼咬人事件的发生原因,是帮助降低风险的第一步。”
我觉得,这种“能在如此细微的层面上理解鲨鱼”的想法实在是太过乐观了。 它们是动物,在它们自己的环境中是野生的,它们的行为可以是随机的。它们去咬水里的任何东西都是不需要理由的,只是一个动作罢了。
Just had an idea, surfboards currently can have powerful batteries embedded.
There are often many surfers in the same area waiting for waves.
The idea is this: connect the communications of surfboards using e.g. low power bluetooth to synchronise and change e.g. LED lights, or lasers to produce the illusion of a much bigger more dangerous looking beast; or perhaps school of beasts (sea creatures, whatever)
我刚才想到一个点子,现在的冲浪板是可以内置很强大的电池的。
在同一地区经常会有很多冲浪者在等待海浪。
这个点子是这样的:使用低功耗的蓝牙连接上冲浪板的通信,以同步亮起和改变如LED灯或激光等,让鲨鱼产生一种“那是一个更大更危险的野兽(或是一群野兽(反正是海洋生物)”的错觉。
There are often many surfers in the same area waiting for waves.
The idea is this: connect the communications of surfboards using e.g. low power bluetooth to synchronise and change e.g. LED lights, or lasers to produce the illusion of a much bigger more dangerous looking beast; or perhaps school of beasts (sea creatures, whatever)
我刚才想到一个点子,现在的冲浪板是可以内置很强大的电池的。
在同一地区经常会有很多冲浪者在等待海浪。
这个点子是这样的:使用低功耗的蓝牙连接上冲浪板的通信,以同步亮起和改变如LED灯或激光等,让鲨鱼产生一种“那是一个更大更危险的野兽(或是一群野兽(反正是海洋生物)”的错觉。
The question then: does this work? Does it cause other problems?
The inspiration for this is the Chinese Olympics opening show with the synchronised drones. Clearly it’s technically feasible. Does it keep the sharks away from surfers?
那么问题来了:这能奏效吗?这是否会引发其他问题?
我这个点子的灵感来自于中国奥运会开幕式上的无人机同步表演。显然,这在技术上是可行的。它能让鲨鱼远离冲浪者吗?
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The inspiration for this is the Chinese Olympics opening show with the synchronised drones. Clearly it’s technically feasible. Does it keep the sharks away from surfers?
那么问题来了:这能奏效吗?这是否会引发其他问题?
我这个点子的灵感来自于中国奥运会开幕式上的无人机同步表演。显然,这在技术上是可行的。它能让鲨鱼远离冲浪者吗?
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Most of the attacks on surfers are on solo or small groups of surfers, so it’s likely crowds of surfers already have a deterrent effect.
(回)大部分对冲浪者的攻击,针对的都是落单或小群体的冲浪者,所以很可能大群的冲浪者已经产生了威慑的效果。
(回)大部分对冲浪者的攻击,针对的都是落单或小群体的冲浪者,所以很可能大群的冲浪者已经产生了威慑的效果。
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