挪威通过石油收益建立了国家主权基金， 并成为世界上最赚钱的基金之一，价值超过1.3万亿美元，足以养活这个国家很多年
正文翻译
The Government Pension Fund of Norway comprises two sovereign wealth funds owned by the government of Norway.
The Government Pension Fund Global (correct translation: Sovereign Pension Fund – Foreign), also known as the Oil Fund, was established in 1990 to invest the surplus revenues of the Norwegian petroleum sector. It has over US$1.35 trillion in assets,[1] and holds 1.4% of all of the world’s listed companies, making it the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund.[2][3] In December 2021, it was worth about $250,000 per Norwegian citizen.[1] It also holds portfolios of real estate and fixed-income investments.
挪威政国家主权基金是由两个政府掌控的主权财富基金组成。
（1）挪威政府全球养老基金，又称石油基金，成立于1990年，用于投资挪威石油部门的盈余收入。 它拥有超过1.35万亿美元的资产，持有的股份占全球上市公司市值的1.4%，是世界上最大的主权财富基金。到2021年12月为止，它的价值平均到每个挪威公民身上为25万美元 它还持有房地产和其他固定收益投资项目。
The Government Pension Fund Global (correct translation: Sovereign Pension Fund – Foreign), also known as the Oil Fund, was established in 1990 to invest the surplus revenues of the Norwegian petroleum sector. It has over US$1.35 trillion in assets,[1] and holds 1.4% of all of the world’s listed companies, making it the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund.[2][3] In December 2021, it was worth about $250,000 per Norwegian citizen.[1] It also holds portfolios of real estate and fixed-income investments.
挪威政国家主权基金是由两个政府掌控的主权财富基金组成。
（1）挪威政府全球养老基金，又称石油基金，成立于1990年，用于投资挪威石油部门的盈余收入。 它拥有超过1.35万亿美元的资产，持有的股份占全球上市公司市值的1.4%，是世界上最大的主权财富基金。到2021年12月为止，它的价值平均到每个挪威公民身上为25万美元 它还持有房地产和其他固定收益投资项目。
The Government Pension Fund Norway is smaller and was established in 1967 as a type of national insurance fund. It is managed separately from the Oil Fund and is limited to domestic and Scandinavian investments and is therefore a key stock holder in many large Norwegian companies, predominantly via the Oslo Stock Exchange.
（2）挪威政府养老基金，成立于1967年，是一种国民保险基金。 它与石油基金分开管理，仅限于国内和斯堪的纳维亚投资，因此是许多挪威大型公司的主要股东，主要通过奥斯陆证券交易所持有。
（2）挪威政府养老基金，成立于1967年，是一种国民保险基金。 它与石油基金分开管理，仅限于国内和斯堪的纳维亚投资，因此是许多挪威大型公司的主要股东，主要通过奥斯陆证券交易所持有。
Government Pension Fund Global
The Petroleum Fund was established in 1990 after a decision by the country's legislature to counter the effects of the forthcoming decline in income and to smooth out the disruptive effects of highly fluctuating oil prices.
挪威政府全球养老基金，是通过挪威石油收入产生的盈余财富存入的基金。 2006年1月，更名为挪威石油基金。
石油基金是该国立法机构于1990年设立的，目的是抵消未来可能的收入下降影响，并消除石油价格剧烈波动带来的破坏性影响。
The Petroleum Fund was established in 1990 after a decision by the country's legislature to counter the effects of the forthcoming decline in income and to smooth out the disruptive effects of highly fluctuating oil prices.
挪威政府全球养老基金，是通过挪威石油收入产生的盈余财富存入的基金。 2006年1月，更名为挪威石油基金。
石油基金是该国立法机构于1990年设立的，目的是抵消未来可能的收入下降影响，并消除石油价格剧烈波动带来的破坏性影响。
Norway has experienced economic surpluses since the development of its hydrocarbon resources in the 70s. This reality, coupled with the desire to mitigate volatility stemming from fluctuating oil prices, motivated the creation of Norway's Oil Fund, now the Government Pension Fund-Global (GPF-G).[4] The instability of oil prices has been of constant concern for oil-dependent countries since the start of the oil boom, but especially so in the decades following the first oil shocks in the 1970s.[5] As the real GDP of oil-exporting states is lixed with the price of oil, it has been a goal of these exporters to stabilize oil consumption patterns, and a host of these exporting states singled out sovereign wealth funds as an effective policy tool for achieving this outcome.[5] The adoption of the GPF-G has been in line global economic trends, especially investment patterns.
自上世纪70年代油气资源开发以来，挪威的经济一直处于盈余状态。 再加上想要减少油价波动带来的影响，促使挪威建立了石油基金，现在是政府全球养老基金。
自石油繁荣开始以来，石油价格的不稳定性一直是依赖石油出口的国家所共同关注的问题，但自从20世纪70年代第一次石油危机之后，几十年里石油价格一直不稳定。
由于石油出口国的国内生产总值(GDP)与石油价格挂钩，稳定石油消费模式一直是这些出口国的目标，许多出口国都将主权财富基金作为实现这一目标的有效政策工具。
石油基金的设立符合全球经济趋势，特别是投资模式。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
自上世纪70年代油气资源开发以来，挪威的经济一直处于盈余状态。 再加上想要减少油价波动带来的影响，促使挪威建立了石油基金，现在是政府全球养老基金。
自石油繁荣开始以来，石油价格的不稳定性一直是依赖石油出口的国家所共同关注的问题，但自从20世纪70年代第一次石油危机之后，几十年里石油价格一直不稳定。
由于石油出口国的国内生产总值(GDP)与石油价格挂钩，稳定石油消费模式一直是这些出口国的目标，许多出口国都将主权财富基金作为实现这一目标的有效政策工具。
石油基金的设立符合全球经济趋势，特别是投资模式。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
In September 2017, the fund exceeded US$1 trillion in value for the first time, a thirteen-fold increase since 2002. With a population of 5.2 million people, the fund was worth $192,307 per Norwegian citizen. Of the assets, 65% were equities (accounting for 1.3% of global equity markets), and the rest were property and fixed-income investments. Norway can withdraw up to 3% of the fund's value each year.[9] According to the forecast, a worst-case scenario for the fund value in 2030 was forecast at $455 billion, and a best case scenario at $3.3 trillion.[12] With 2.33 percent of European stocks,[13] it is the largest stock owner in Europe.[14]
2017年9月，该基金的价值首次超过1万亿美元，自2002年以来增长了13倍。 挪威人口为520万，该基金的人均价值为19万2307美元。 在这些资产中，65%是股票(占全球股票市场的1.3%)，其余是房地产和固定收益投资。 挪威每年最多可以提取该基金价值的3%用于政府开支。根据该预测，2030年，该基金的最坏情况为4550亿美元，最好情况为3.3万亿美元 它拥有欧洲2.33%的股份，是欧洲最大的股东。
2017年9月，该基金的价值首次超过1万亿美元，自2002年以来增长了13倍。 挪威人口为520万，该基金的人均价值为19万2307美元。 在这些资产中，65%是股票(占全球股票市场的1.3%)，其余是房地产和固定收益投资。 挪威每年最多可以提取该基金价值的3%用于政府开支。根据该预测，2030年，该基金的最坏情况为4550亿美元，最好情况为3.3万亿美元 它拥有欧洲2.33%的股份，是欧洲最大的股东。
评论翻译
ttrut
They are leaving a rich legacy and good foundation for next generations.
他们为下一代留下了富有的遗产和良好的基础。
They are leaving a rich legacy and good foundation for next generations.
他们为下一代留下了富有的遗产和良好的基础。
Helpful3Silver
"Society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit in."
当老人种下知道自己永远都无法坐下乘凉的树时，社会才会不断发展进步。
"Society grows great when old men plant trees whose shade they know they shall never sit in."
当老人种下知道自己永远都无法坐下乘凉的树时，社会才会不断发展进步。
u38cg2
e's a story about Napoleon on similar lines. He wakes up one day and calls his aide, and tells him he wants trees planted along the sides of all the principal routes of la France to shade his troops as they marched. "But Monsieur le Empereur!", squeaks the aide, "the trees will take thirty years to grow!"
"Well, then, we must start at once!"
拿破仑也有类似的故事。 有一天，他醒来，对他的助手说，他要在法国所有主干道的两侧种上树木，以便他的部队行进时能遮荫。 “可是，皇帝先生!”副官尖声说，“这些树要三十年才能长好!”
“那么，我们必须现在就开始做了!”
e's a story about Napoleon on similar lines. He wakes up one day and calls his aide, and tells him he wants trees planted along the sides of all the principal routes of la France to shade his troops as they marched. "But Monsieur le Empereur!", squeaks the aide, "the trees will take thirty years to grow!"
"Well, then, we must start at once!"
拿破仑也有类似的故事。 有一天，他醒来，对他的助手说，他要在法国所有主干道的两侧种上树木，以便他的部队行进时能遮荫。 “可是，皇帝先生!”副官尖声说，“这些树要三十年才能长好!”
“那么，我们必须现在就开始做了!”
other_usernames_gone
"The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time is today"
种树的最佳时间是20年前，其次最好的时间是今天”
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
"The best time to plant a tree is 20 years ago, the second best time is today"
种树的最佳时间是20年前，其次最好的时间是今天”
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Tsupernami
How do I become Norwegian?
我该如何成为挪威人?
How do I become Norwegian?
我该如何成为挪威人?
AutomationAndy
By being born to Norwegian parents.
父母是挪威人。
By being born to Norwegian parents.
父母是挪威人。
Tsupernami
Have you got a plan B?
还有别的办法吗？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Have you got a plan B?
还有别的办法吗？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Takeoded
there are 2 main options (there are lots of other ways, but not applicable to everyone);
option 1: live in Norway for at least 7 of the last 10 years, and learn enough Norwegian to pass a "A2 proficiency test" (Norwegian is very easy to learn for english-speaking people though)
option 2: Mary a norwegian person and live in Norway for at least 3 of the last 10 years and learn enough Norwegian to pass a "A2 proficiency test" (again, Norwegian is very easy to learn for english-speaking people)
有2个主要条件(注:还有许多其他方法，但并不适用于所有人);
条件1:在挪威生活至少7年，并学习足够的挪威语，通过“A2水平测试”(对于英语国家来说，挪威语是非常容易学习的)
条件2:结婚对象是挪威人，在挪威生活了至少3年，并学习了足够的挪威语，通过“A2水平测试”
there are 2 main options (there are lots of other ways, but not applicable to everyone);
option 1: live in Norway for at least 7 of the last 10 years, and learn enough Norwegian to pass a "A2 proficiency test" (Norwegian is very easy to learn for english-speaking people though)
option 2: Mary a norwegian person and live in Norway for at least 3 of the last 10 years and learn enough Norwegian to pass a "A2 proficiency test" (again, Norwegian is very easy to learn for english-speaking people)
有2个主要条件(注:还有许多其他方法，但并不适用于所有人);
条件1:在挪威生活至少7年，并学习足够的挪威语，通过“A2水平测试”(对于英语国家来说，挪威语是非常容易学习的)
条件2:结婚对象是挪威人，在挪威生活了至少3年，并学习了足够的挪威语，通过“A2水平测试”
juventinosochi
Laughing in Russian, we have it all - oil, gas, diamonds, gold, you name it, and by our Constitution it all belongs to the people of Russia while in reality it all belongs to oligarchy and Putin's friends
作为俄国人笑出了声，我们拥有的一切——石油、天然气、钻石、黄金，你能想到的一切，根据我们的宪法，这些都属于俄罗斯人民，但实际上它们都属于政治寡头和普京的朋友们
Laughing in Russian, we have it all - oil, gas, diamonds, gold, you name it, and by our Constitution it all belongs to the people of Russia while in reality it all belongs to oligarchy and Putin's friends
作为俄国人笑出了声，我们拥有的一切——石油、天然气、钻石、黄金，你能想到的一切，根据我们的宪法，这些都属于俄罗斯人民，但实际上它们都属于政治寡头和普京的朋友们
PensiveinNJ
Some pigs are more equal than others.
有些猪比其他猪更平等。
Some pigs are more equal than others.
有些猪比其他猪更平等。
DaytronTheDestroyer
Yeah I live in Canada, we discovered oil over a hundred years ago and have given almost all of the money to a few companies that aren’t based out of canada. We are run by morons
是的，我住在加拿大，我们在一百多年前发现了石油，却把几乎所有的石油财富给了一些总部都不在加拿大的公司。 我们被一群白痴管理着
Yeah I live in Canada, we discovered oil over a hundred years ago and have given almost all of the money to a few companies that aren’t based out of canada. We are run by morons
是的，我住在加拿大，我们在一百多年前发现了石油，却把几乎所有的石油财富给了一些总部都不在加拿大的公司。 我们被一群白痴管理着
VTGCamera
Look at the irony, our (Colombia) gold and other very valuable resources are being exploited by mainly Canadian corporations and the Saudi government...
讽刺的是，我们(哥伦比亚)的黄金和其他非常宝贵的资源正在被加拿大公司和沙特政府开采…
Look at the irony, our (Colombia) gold and other very valuable resources are being exploited by mainly Canadian corporations and the Saudi government...
讽刺的是，我们(哥伦比亚)的黄金和其他非常宝贵的资源正在被加拿大公司和沙特政府开采…
PresidentialBruxism
Theyre not canadian corporations. Theyre american and european corporations based in Canada because of fiscal advantages
他们不是加拿大公司。 他们是美国和欧洲的公司，只是为了省钱而把总部设在加拿大
Theyre not canadian corporations. Theyre american and european corporations based in Canada because of fiscal advantages
他们不是加拿大公司。 他们是美国和欧洲的公司，只是为了省钱而把总部设在加拿大
jvfranco
This mining company called Hydro, which biggest shareholder is the government of Norway (34,3%), is destroying the Amazon rainforest and killing the natives with heavy pollution . Of course Norway criticized Brazil because of deforestation, motherfuckers .
挪威政府是Hydro矿业公司的最大股东(34.3%)，该公司不断破坏亚马逊雨林，严重污染当地居民。 然后挪威还因为森林砍伐而批评巴西，真是杂种。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
This mining company called Hydro, which biggest shareholder is the government of Norway (34,3%), is destroying the Amazon rainforest and killing the natives with heavy pollution . Of course Norway criticized Brazil because of deforestation, motherfuckers .
挪威政府是Hydro矿业公司的最大股东(34.3%)，该公司不断破坏亚马逊雨林，严重污染当地居民。 然后挪威还因为森林砍伐而批评巴西，真是杂种。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Barry_OffWhite
Here in Canada, we had the National Energy Program started by Trudeau that nationalized Canadian oil.The major oil companies used their political clout to get rid of it.Alberta specifically had the Heritage Trust Fund which was started before Norway started theirs. Our dirty politicians cleaned it out.Alberta lost potentially over a trillion dollars as a result. We could have been fat rich like Norway but we got screwed like the country rubes from There will be blood.
在加拿大，特鲁多曾经发起了一个国家能源计划，旨在将加拿大的石油国有化。但石油公司则利用他们的政治影响力阻止了它。
阿尔伯塔省曾经也有一个基金，早在挪威之前就开始运行了。 但我们那些肮脏的政客却把它搞砸了。
阿尔伯塔省因此可能损失超过一万亿美元。 我们本可以像挪威一样富裕，但我们却像乡巴佬一样被耍了。
Here in Canada, we had the National Energy Program started by Trudeau that nationalized Canadian oil.The major oil companies used their political clout to get rid of it.Alberta specifically had the Heritage Trust Fund which was started before Norway started theirs. Our dirty politicians cleaned it out.Alberta lost potentially over a trillion dollars as a result. We could have been fat rich like Norway but we got screwed like the country rubes from There will be blood.
在加拿大，特鲁多曾经发起了一个国家能源计划，旨在将加拿大的石油国有化。但石油公司则利用他们的政治影响力阻止了它。
阿尔伯塔省曾经也有一个基金，早在挪威之前就开始运行了。 但我们那些肮脏的政客却把它搞砸了。
阿尔伯塔省因此可能损失超过一万亿美元。 我们本可以像挪威一样富裕，但我们却像乡巴佬一样被耍了。
TatteredCarcosa
Alberta’s Heritage Savings Trust Fund was created almost 40 years ago by former premier Peter Lougheed with a one-time investment of $1.5 billion. Since then, the fund has dwindled in priority. At last count, it held $17.4 billion in oil and gas revenue. That’s less than two per cent of the amount in Norway’s savings account.
Norway realized revenues of $87.69 per barrel in 2013. Alaska managed $38.54. And Alberta? Just $4.38 — one-twentieth what our Norwegian cousins managed to rake in," Anderson writes.
Back in Alberta, that money has flowed into corporate coffers instead of into the public bank account.
Sometimes it’s seen that this is a social-democratic orientation that Norway’s taken. Quite the opposite. They’re ruthless capitalists and understand fiscal conservatism and capital finance.”
Leach says that the comparison to Norway just doesn’t recognize the history of the resource. Back in Lougheed’s day, Leach points out, there was an incredible amount of excess revenue due to oil embargoes. There was too much money not to invest. But then came the oil glut of 1986. Investments in the fund plummeted with the returns.
Added to its glory is that the principal is never touched, only the interest. Poelzer compares the outcomes — massive and predictable investments in roads, schools, welfare — as the golden eggs of a white goose, boosting competitiveness, education and well-being.
But he’s not naive about the significance of social consensus. Albertans aren’t exactly well-trained in delayed gratification. Some simply work here for a few years before moving somewhere with a better view of the ocean. Norway sports heavily regulated immigration and taxation. Most Albertans are incredibly averse to the latter, making it difficult to fill the gap that investments in the fund would require
阿尔伯塔省的信托基金是在40年前由前总理彼得·洛希德创建的，一次性投资15亿美元。 自那以后，基金的优先地位逐渐下降。 据最新统计，它目前只拥有174亿美元的石油和天然气收入。 这还不到挪威基金账户总金额的2%。
2013年，挪威实现了每桶石油87.69美元的回报。 阿拉斯加为38.54美元。 阿尔伯塔省? 只有4.38美元，是挪威投资回报的二十分之一。
而且在阿尔伯塔省，这笔钱最终流入了企业的金库，而不是公共银行账户。
有时人们以为挪威采取的是社会民主主义。 但恰恰相反。 他们是无情的资本家，懂得利用财政保守主义和金融投资攫取更多回报。
与挪威相比，阿尔伯塔省根本没有认识到这一点。在彼得·洛希德时代，由于石油禁运带来的超额石油收入高到令人难以置信。 阿尔伯塔省赚了太多的钱却没有投资。 等到1986年出现了石油过剩。 该基金的投资与回报一起暴跌。
挪威永远不会动基金的本金，只会使用利息。并在道路、学校和福利领域进行大规模可预测的投资——以此促进竞争力、教育和福祉。
而阿尔伯塔人没有意识到达成社会共识的重要性，民众在延迟满足方面没有受过良好的训练。 有些人在阿尔伯塔省工作几年后，便搬到一个能看到更好海景的地方。
而挪威对移民和税收进行了严格管制。 大多数阿尔伯塔人则非常反对后者，这使得政府想要填补基金投资所需的缺口变得十分困难。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Alberta’s Heritage Savings Trust Fund was created almost 40 years ago by former premier Peter Lougheed with a one-time investment of $1.5 billion. Since then, the fund has dwindled in priority. At last count, it held $17.4 billion in oil and gas revenue. That’s less than two per cent of the amount in Norway’s savings account.
Norway realized revenues of $87.69 per barrel in 2013. Alaska managed $38.54. And Alberta? Just $4.38 — one-twentieth what our Norwegian cousins managed to rake in," Anderson writes.
Back in Alberta, that money has flowed into corporate coffers instead of into the public bank account.
Sometimes it’s seen that this is a social-democratic orientation that Norway’s taken. Quite the opposite. They’re ruthless capitalists and understand fiscal conservatism and capital finance.”
Leach says that the comparison to Norway just doesn’t recognize the history of the resource. Back in Lougheed’s day, Leach points out, there was an incredible amount of excess revenue due to oil embargoes. There was too much money not to invest. But then came the oil glut of 1986. Investments in the fund plummeted with the returns.
Added to its glory is that the principal is never touched, only the interest. Poelzer compares the outcomes — massive and predictable investments in roads, schools, welfare — as the golden eggs of a white goose, boosting competitiveness, education and well-being.
But he’s not naive about the significance of social consensus. Albertans aren’t exactly well-trained in delayed gratification. Some simply work here for a few years before moving somewhere with a better view of the ocean. Norway sports heavily regulated immigration and taxation. Most Albertans are incredibly averse to the latter, making it difficult to fill the gap that investments in the fund would require
阿尔伯塔省的信托基金是在40年前由前总理彼得·洛希德创建的，一次性投资15亿美元。 自那以后，基金的优先地位逐渐下降。 据最新统计，它目前只拥有174亿美元的石油和天然气收入。 这还不到挪威基金账户总金额的2%。
2013年，挪威实现了每桶石油87.69美元的回报。 阿拉斯加为38.54美元。 阿尔伯塔省? 只有4.38美元，是挪威投资回报的二十分之一。
而且在阿尔伯塔省，这笔钱最终流入了企业的金库，而不是公共银行账户。
有时人们以为挪威采取的是社会民主主义。 但恰恰相反。 他们是无情的资本家，懂得利用财政保守主义和金融投资攫取更多回报。
与挪威相比，阿尔伯塔省根本没有认识到这一点。在彼得·洛希德时代，由于石油禁运带来的超额石油收入高到令人难以置信。 阿尔伯塔省赚了太多的钱却没有投资。 等到1986年出现了石油过剩。 该基金的投资与回报一起暴跌。
挪威永远不会动基金的本金，只会使用利息。并在道路、学校和福利领域进行大规模可预测的投资——以此促进竞争力、教育和福祉。
而阿尔伯塔人没有意识到达成社会共识的重要性，民众在延迟满足方面没有受过良好的训练。 有些人在阿尔伯塔省工作几年后，便搬到一个能看到更好海景的地方。
而挪威对移民和税收进行了严格管制。 大多数阿尔伯塔人则非常反对后者，这使得政府想要填补基金投资所需的缺口变得十分困难。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
broccoliO157
Norway modeled its wealth fund after Alberta's, which was super progressive half a century ago.
Then all the dumbest assholes across the country flocked to Alberta for the awesome jobs, and consistently voted to privatize everything (including telecomunications, fuck you telus)
Boom industries attract non-critical thinkers who vote against their own interests and ruin everything.
挪威效仿的是阿尔伯塔省的财富基金模式，阿尔伯塔省在半个世纪前还非常进步。
然后加拿大全国所有的蠢蛋都蜂拥到阿尔伯塔省找工作，并且一致投票将一切私有化(包括电信，去TM的telus公司)
繁荣的产业吸引了没有批判思维的人，他们投票反对自己的未来利益，然后毁掉了一切。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Norway modeled its wealth fund after Alberta's, which was super progressive half a century ago.
Then all the dumbest assholes across the country flocked to Alberta for the awesome jobs, and consistently voted to privatize everything (including telecomunications, fuck you telus)
Boom industries attract non-critical thinkers who vote against their own interests and ruin everything.
挪威效仿的是阿尔伯塔省的财富基金模式，阿尔伯塔省在半个世纪前还非常进步。
然后加拿大全国所有的蠢蛋都蜂拥到阿尔伯塔省找工作，并且一致投票将一切私有化(包括电信，去TM的telus公司)
繁荣的产业吸引了没有批判思维的人，他们投票反对自己的未来利益，然后毁掉了一切。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
WholesomeAll-Seeing
Canada did not nationalize oil under Trudeau. What the National Energy Plan was a protectionist price control system. The price of a barrel of oil produced in Alberta was frozen at $21.75/barrel. Whereas oil imported from abroad was bought at market prices of over $50/barrel.
The policy was popular early on because people associated the slight drops in prices with the plan. But then it became known that Canada has very limited infrastructure going east-west and actually, most of Ontario/Quebec's oil was coming from America. Price drops were actually just... normal market forces.
What this did was limited how much Alberta could sell their oil to Americans and so Americans would get half price oil from Alberta, refine it... and then ship it to Ontario for a large profit.
Trudeau had a semi-approach to nationalizing oil with the creation of Petro Canada 5 years before the National Energy Plan. Petro Canada gained all of the Canadian government's oilfield assets and bought out BP's refineries and a few other smaller oil companies. But it wasn't nationalized like Norway. Petro Canada was smaller than Irving Oil while it was government owned.
As for the Heritage Fund, Alberta could have never been as successful as Norway. Alberta has only ever received a portion of oil subsidies and the federal government gets the big cut of it. Because Alberta doesn't really control its own resources (like Norway does) it limits their ability to create refineries and expand. Alberta is also land locked which has meant for the last 60 years Alberta's main customer is America... all attempts at creating pipelines out of Alberta have been blocked by the federal government (Norway has no such problems, Europe happily has pipelines everywhere).
Finally, Norway was wealthy without oil. They didn't need their oil revenues to finance their social programs and quality of life, the oil was just an extra boon. Alberta on the other hand was very poor before oil... mostly farming. The Heritage Fund still exists and actually is still growing. The fund has an average rate of return of 8% and every now and then when times are tough the Heritage Fund's earnings are garnished to help pay for social programs.
特鲁没能将加拿大的石油国有化。 国家能源计划只是一个带有保护主义的价格控制系统。 阿尔伯塔省生产的石油价格限制在每桶21.75美元。 而从国外进口的石油是以每桶50美元以上的市场价格购买的。
这项政策一开始很受欢迎，因为人们把石油价格的小幅下降与该计划联系在一起。 但后来人们发现，加拿大东西方向的基础设施非常有限，所以安大略/魁北克的大部分石油都来自美国。 价格下降实际上只是正常的市场力量。
阿尔伯塔省的石油无法大量输送安大略/魁北克省，反而是美国人可以半价从阿尔伯塔省获得石油，然后提炼它……再运到安大略省大赚一笔
在国家能源计划出台5年前，特鲁多就提出了将石油半国有化的思路，成立了加拿大石油公司。 加拿大石油公司获得了加拿大政府所有的油田资产，并收购了英国石油公司的炼油厂和其他几家较小的石油公司。 但它不像挪威那样全面国有化。 加拿大石油公司完全被政府掌控的部分，比欧文石油公司的规模还小。
至于基金，阿尔伯塔省可能永远不会像挪威那样成功。 阿尔伯塔省只收取了一部分石油回报，而联邦政府收取了大部分回报。阿尔伯塔省并不像挪威那样真正控制自己的资源，这限制了他们建造炼油厂和扩张的能力。
阿尔伯塔省也是内陆省，这意味着在过去60年里，阿尔伯塔省的主要客户是美国……阿尔伯塔向外修建输油管道的尝试都被联邦政府阻止了(挪威就没有这样的问题，欧洲到处都有输油管道)。最后，挪威即使没有石油也很富有。 他们不需要石油收入来支撑他们的社会项目和生活质量，石油收入只是一个额外的福利。 另一方面，在石油出现之前，阿尔伯塔省非常贫穷。 主要依靠农业。
阿尔伯塔省的基金仍然存在，实际上还在增长。 该基金的平均回报率为8%，每当时局艰难时，基金的收益就会被用来资助社会项目。
Canada did not nationalize oil under Trudeau. What the National Energy Plan was a protectionist price control system. The price of a barrel of oil produced in Alberta was frozen at $21.75/barrel. Whereas oil imported from abroad was bought at market prices of over $50/barrel.
The policy was popular early on because people associated the slight drops in prices with the plan. But then it became known that Canada has very limited infrastructure going east-west and actually, most of Ontario/Quebec's oil was coming from America. Price drops were actually just... normal market forces.
What this did was limited how much Alberta could sell their oil to Americans and so Americans would get half price oil from Alberta, refine it... and then ship it to Ontario for a large profit.
Trudeau had a semi-approach to nationalizing oil with the creation of Petro Canada 5 years before the National Energy Plan. Petro Canada gained all of the Canadian government's oilfield assets and bought out BP's refineries and a few other smaller oil companies. But it wasn't nationalized like Norway. Petro Canada was smaller than Irving Oil while it was government owned.
As for the Heritage Fund, Alberta could have never been as successful as Norway. Alberta has only ever received a portion of oil subsidies and the federal government gets the big cut of it. Because Alberta doesn't really control its own resources (like Norway does) it limits their ability to create refineries and expand. Alberta is also land locked which has meant for the last 60 years Alberta's main customer is America... all attempts at creating pipelines out of Alberta have been blocked by the federal government (Norway has no such problems, Europe happily has pipelines everywhere).
Finally, Norway was wealthy without oil. They didn't need their oil revenues to finance their social programs and quality of life, the oil was just an extra boon. Alberta on the other hand was very poor before oil... mostly farming. The Heritage Fund still exists and actually is still growing. The fund has an average rate of return of 8% and every now and then when times are tough the Heritage Fund's earnings are garnished to help pay for social programs.
特鲁没能将加拿大的石油国有化。 国家能源计划只是一个带有保护主义的价格控制系统。 阿尔伯塔省生产的石油价格限制在每桶21.75美元。 而从国外进口的石油是以每桶50美元以上的市场价格购买的。
这项政策一开始很受欢迎，因为人们把石油价格的小幅下降与该计划联系在一起。 但后来人们发现，加拿大东西方向的基础设施非常有限，所以安大略/魁北克的大部分石油都来自美国。 价格下降实际上只是正常的市场力量。
阿尔伯塔省的石油无法大量输送安大略/魁北克省，反而是美国人可以半价从阿尔伯塔省获得石油，然后提炼它……再运到安大略省大赚一笔
在国家能源计划出台5年前，特鲁多就提出了将石油半国有化的思路，成立了加拿大石油公司。 加拿大石油公司获得了加拿大政府所有的油田资产，并收购了英国石油公司的炼油厂和其他几家较小的石油公司。 但它不像挪威那样全面国有化。 加拿大石油公司完全被政府掌控的部分，比欧文石油公司的规模还小。
至于基金，阿尔伯塔省可能永远不会像挪威那样成功。 阿尔伯塔省只收取了一部分石油回报，而联邦政府收取了大部分回报。阿尔伯塔省并不像挪威那样真正控制自己的资源，这限制了他们建造炼油厂和扩张的能力。
阿尔伯塔省也是内陆省，这意味着在过去60年里，阿尔伯塔省的主要客户是美国……阿尔伯塔向外修建输油管道的尝试都被联邦政府阻止了(挪威就没有这样的问题，欧洲到处都有输油管道)。最后，挪威即使没有石油也很富有。 他们不需要石油收入来支撑他们的社会项目和生活质量，石油收入只是一个额外的福利。 另一方面，在石油出现之前，阿尔伯塔省非常贫穷。 主要依靠农业。
阿尔伯塔省的基金仍然存在，实际上还在增长。 该基金的平均回报率为8%，每当时局艰难时，基金的收益就会被用来资助社会项目。
monke_business
North Dakota modeled our Legacy Fund after this. It’s been set up for a little over a decade and has generated $8.4 billion or so in savings.
And of course special interest groups and the Legislature are already trying to tap into it. All we’ve spent it on so far is helping balance the state budget, with some additional spending coming on highways and critical infrastructure.
They estimate it could be in the $200 billion range by 2060 if it was just left alone.
北达科他州的基金就是以挪威基金为榜样。 它成立10年多一点，已经产生了大约84亿美元的收益储蓄。
当然，特殊利益集团和立法机构已经试图利用它。 到目前为止，我们把这些钱花在了平衡州预算上，并在高速公路和关键基础设施上增加了一些额外的支出。
如果不干预的话，到2060年，该基金的价值可能会达到2000亿美元左右。
North Dakota modeled our Legacy Fund after this. It’s been set up for a little over a decade and has generated $8.4 billion or so in savings.
And of course special interest groups and the Legislature are already trying to tap into it. All we’ve spent it on so far is helping balance the state budget, with some additional spending coming on highways and critical infrastructure.
They estimate it could be in the $200 billion range by 2060 if it was just left alone.
北达科他州的基金就是以挪威基金为榜样。 它成立10年多一点，已经产生了大约84亿美元的收益储蓄。
当然，特殊利益集团和立法机构已经试图利用它。 到目前为止，我们把这些钱花在了平衡州预算上，并在高速公路和关键基础设施上增加了一些额外的支出。
如果不干预的话，到2060年，该基金的价值可能会达到2000亿美元左右。
alohalii
The Norwegian fund already creates more money in interest and profit from its investments than they do from oil each year so its a good self sustaining investment.
挪威基金每年从投资中创造的利息和利润已经超过了石油收入，所以这是一个很好的能够自我维持的投资案例。
The Norwegian fund already creates more money in interest and profit from its investments than they do from oil each year so its a good self sustaining investment.
挪威基金每年从投资中创造的利息和利润已经超过了石油收入，所以这是一个很好的能够自我维持的投资案例。
censeiX
the revenue generated from this national fund has exceeded that of the oil and gas production since 2016. That is simply amazing. There is also political consensus on a limit to how much can be pulled out of the fund on a yearly basis in order to protect the growth of the fund and interests of future generations. The concept is that this natural resource does not simply belong to the random generation that stumbled upon it, but should benefit also future and unborn generarions. Then compare with other oil rich nations where sovereigns and their families are competing in the who-has-the-most-expensive-yacht-competition...
自2016年以来，挪威国家基金的收入已经超过了油气收入。 这简直太神奇了。 为了保护基金的增长和子孙后代的利益，挪威对每年抽取资金的限度也达成了政治共识。自然资源不只属于偶然发现它的某个世代，而应该造福于未来子孙后代。 与其他石油国相比，这些石油国和他们的家族正在竞争谁拥有最昂贵的游艇……
the revenue generated from this national fund has exceeded that of the oil and gas production since 2016. That is simply amazing. There is also political consensus on a limit to how much can be pulled out of the fund on a yearly basis in order to protect the growth of the fund and interests of future generations. The concept is that this natural resource does not simply belong to the random generation that stumbled upon it, but should benefit also future and unborn generarions. Then compare with other oil rich nations where sovereigns and their families are competing in the who-has-the-most-expensive-yacht-competition...
自2016年以来，挪威国家基金的收入已经超过了油气收入。 这简直太神奇了。 为了保护基金的增长和子孙后代的利益，挪威对每年抽取资金的限度也达成了政治共识。自然资源不只属于偶然发现它的某个世代，而应该造福于未来子孙后代。 与其他石油国相比，这些石油国和他们的家族正在竞争谁拥有最昂贵的游艇……
ansionnachcliste
As a non-Norwegian living in Norway, I saw the usefulness of this when Covid hit. They were able to use some of that money to help the workers who had temporarily (for almost a year, I guess) lost their jobs; Aircrew, pub workers, etc. There was money in the bank for them to ensure these workers had some sort of income.
作为一名生活在挪威的非挪威人，我在新冠疫情爆发时看到了基金的重要性。 他们可以用这些钱来帮助那些暂时(我猜是将近一年)失去工作的工人; 空勤人员、酒吧工作人员等。 银行里有政府拨发的专门款项，以确保这些工人有一定的收入。
As a non-Norwegian living in Norway, I saw the usefulness of this when Covid hit. They were able to use some of that money to help the workers who had temporarily (for almost a year, I guess) lost their jobs; Aircrew, pub workers, etc. There was money in the bank for them to ensure these workers had some sort of income.
作为一名生活在挪威的非挪威人，我在新冠疫情爆发时看到了基金的重要性。 他们可以用这些钱来帮助那些暂时(我猜是将近一年)失去工作的工人; 空勤人员、酒吧工作人员等。 银行里有政府拨发的专门款项，以确保这些工人有一定的收入。
alphabet_assassin
That's exactly how a developed country should behave
这才是一个发达国家应该做的
That's exactly how a developed country should behave
这才是一个发达国家应该做的
Teuvo404
The Netherlands found their gas reserves around the same time. Some political parties suggested to do the same as the Norwegians but instead they made it part of the national income. So we don’t have a big pile of money, but we do have a great bicycle infrastructure.
荷兰大约在同一时间发现了天然气。 一些政党建议像挪威人那样设立基金，但他们却把天然气变成了国家收入的一部分。 所以虽然我们荷兰钱不是很多，但是我们有很棒的自行车基础设施。
The Netherlands found their gas reserves around the same time. Some political parties suggested to do the same as the Norwegians but instead they made it part of the national income. So we don’t have a big pile of money, but we do have a great bicycle infrastructure.
荷兰大约在同一时间发现了天然气。 一些政党建议像挪威人那样设立基金，但他们却把天然气变成了国家收入的一部分。 所以虽然我们荷兰钱不是很多，但是我们有很棒的自行车基础设施。
Rolten
To my knowledge it was for a large part earmarked for infrastructure projects. Given that our infrastructure is one of the best in the world I think that wasn't the worst choice.
据我所知，这笔钱有很大一部分专门用于基础设施项目。 考虑到我们的基础设施是世界上最好的之一，我认为这并不是最糟糕的选择。
To my knowledge it was for a large part earmarked for infrastructure projects. Given that our infrastructure is one of the best in the world I think that wasn't the worst choice.
据我所知，这笔钱有很大一部分专门用于基础设施项目。 考虑到我们的基础设施是世界上最好的之一，我认为这并不是最糟糕的选择。
AlexKangaroo
Yea the Netherlands port and road infrastructure are what attracts a ton of business to the country.
是的，荷兰的港口和道路基础设施吸引了大量商业项目到这个国家。
Yea the Netherlands port and road infrastructure are what attracts a ton of business to the country.
是的，荷兰的港口和道路基础设施吸引了大量商业项目到这个国家。
darknum
Also location matters. Netherlands is lucky . You are in a way a giant port of Europe mainland.
位置也很重要。荷兰是幸运的。 在某种程度上，你们是欧洲大陆的一个巨大港口。
Also location matters. Netherlands is lucky . You are in a way a giant port of Europe mainland.
位置也很重要。荷兰是幸运的。 在某种程度上，你们是欧洲大陆的一个巨大港口。
TakeshiKovacsSleeve3
This pisses me off.
We're one of the largest natural gas exporters in the world but you cannot buy natural gas in this country that is produced in this country for a fair price anymore. Why?
25 years ago gas was practically free. Now it's unavailable and if you can get it the prices are astronomical.
Iron ore, our biggest export. But the economy and therefore the tax payer isn't benefiting. Gina Rinehart is. She's the one that makes all the money. The government takes home a hundred million and Gina takes a billion.
Oil rights are sold to Shell, BP, Ampol etc for royalties of a few cents per dollar of oil extracted.
Oh and these multinationals as well as paying a tiny pittance for the oil and gas they extract, don't pay any taxes on their earnings.
Norway having been a fairly poor country up to and after WW2 knew what they were on to. They told Big Oil to suck eggs and that if they wanted any of the revenue, they'd have to stump up the cash and take like ten percent otherwise Norway would just nationalise the fields, borrow the money and keep the entirety of the oil proceeds themselves. Surprisingly oil companies did the maths and came up with the notion that something is better than nothing and took the deal.
That's how the Norges kept their money. They told Oil to go fuck itself.
这让我很生气。
我们澳大利亚是世界上最大的天然气出口国之一，但你无法在这个国家以合理的价格购买天然气。 为什么?
25年前，天然气几乎是免费的。 现在已经买不到了，如果你能买到，价格也是天文数字。
铁矿石是我们最大的出口产品。 但是国家经济和纳税人并没有因此受益。 所有的钱都被吉娜莱因哈特赚了。 政府赚一亿，她赚十亿。
石油开采权被出售给壳牌、BP、Ampol等公司，每开采一美元石油，政府只收取几美分的特许权使用费。
这些跨国公司除了为他们开采的石油和天然气支付微薄的费用外，他们的收入基本不用缴税。
挪威在二战前后一直是一个相当贫穷的国家，他们知道自己在做什么。 他们告诉石油巨头们滚蛋。如果他们想要赚钱，就必须上缴大部分利润，只能拿走10%的收益，否则挪威就会将这些油田国有化，自己拥有全部的石油收益。 令人惊讶的是，石油公司做了一番计算，本着 “有总比没有好”的想法，接受了这笔交易。
挪威人就是这样为自己争取了利益。面对石油公司非常硬气。
This pisses me off.
We're one of the largest natural gas exporters in the world but you cannot buy natural gas in this country that is produced in this country for a fair price anymore. Why?
25 years ago gas was practically free. Now it's unavailable and if you can get it the prices are astronomical.
Iron ore, our biggest export. But the economy and therefore the tax payer isn't benefiting. Gina Rinehart is. She's the one that makes all the money. The government takes home a hundred million and Gina takes a billion.
Oil rights are sold to Shell, BP, Ampol etc for royalties of a few cents per dollar of oil extracted.
Oh and these multinationals as well as paying a tiny pittance for the oil and gas they extract, don't pay any taxes on their earnings.
Norway having been a fairly poor country up to and after WW2 knew what they were on to. They told Big Oil to suck eggs and that if they wanted any of the revenue, they'd have to stump up the cash and take like ten percent otherwise Norway would just nationalise the fields, borrow the money and keep the entirety of the oil proceeds themselves. Surprisingly oil companies did the maths and came up with the notion that something is better than nothing and took the deal.
That's how the Norges kept their money. They told Oil to go fuck itself.
这让我很生气。
我们澳大利亚是世界上最大的天然气出口国之一，但你无法在这个国家以合理的价格购买天然气。 为什么?
25年前，天然气几乎是免费的。 现在已经买不到了，如果你能买到，价格也是天文数字。
铁矿石是我们最大的出口产品。 但是国家经济和纳税人并没有因此受益。 所有的钱都被吉娜莱因哈特赚了。 政府赚一亿，她赚十亿。
石油开采权被出售给壳牌、BP、Ampol等公司，每开采一美元石油，政府只收取几美分的特许权使用费。
这些跨国公司除了为他们开采的石油和天然气支付微薄的费用外，他们的收入基本不用缴税。
挪威在二战前后一直是一个相当贫穷的国家，他们知道自己在做什么。 他们告诉石油巨头们滚蛋。如果他们想要赚钱，就必须上缴大部分利润，只能拿走10%的收益，否则挪威就会将这些油田国有化，自己拥有全部的石油收益。 令人惊讶的是，石油公司做了一番计算，本着 “有总比没有好”的想法，接受了这笔交易。
挪威人就是这样为自己争取了利益。面对石油公司非常硬气。
suggestiondude
Every year the Nordic countries have a top 10 happiness rate, I don't know why all countries don't adopt their ways that can.
每年北欧国家的幸福指数都排在前十名，我不知道为什么所有的国家都不采用他们的方法。
Every year the Nordic countries have a top 10 happiness rate, I don't know why all countries don't adopt their ways that can.
每年北欧国家的幸福指数都排在前十名，我不知道为什么所有的国家都不采用他们的方法。
1Eternallylost
Bear in mind that the population of Norway is only 5.3 million people. So a sovereign fund of over $1.3T makes each and every citizen worth nearly a quarter million USD. Revenue is highly volatile, so it's very hard to pin down how much the govt. has to spend per citizen from year to year.
For perspective, in order for the USA to have a similar amount per citizen and an equivalent withdraw last year, it would need a sovereign wealth fund worth nearly $81T USD, with a withdrawal of $2.3T dollars. The economy of the entire planet is only about $94T USD, according to google.
记住，挪威的人口只有530万。 因此，超过1.3万亿美元的基金使得每个公民可以平均分得25万美元。但是基金收入是非常不稳定的，所以很难确定政府每年可以在每个公民身上花多少钱。
从这个角度来看，如果要让美国拥有类似的人均存款和同比例的支取数额，它需要一个价值近81万亿美元的财富基金，并从中提取2.3万亿美元用于疫情救济。 而根据谷歌的数据，全球经济总量也只有大约94万亿美元的规模。
Bear in mind that the population of Norway is only 5.3 million people. So a sovereign fund of over $1.3T makes each and every citizen worth nearly a quarter million USD. Revenue is highly volatile, so it's very hard to pin down how much the govt. has to spend per citizen from year to year.
For perspective, in order for the USA to have a similar amount per citizen and an equivalent withdraw last year, it would need a sovereign wealth fund worth nearly $81T USD, with a withdrawal of $2.3T dollars. The economy of the entire planet is only about $94T USD, according to google.
记住，挪威的人口只有530万。 因此，超过1.3万亿美元的基金使得每个公民可以平均分得25万美元。但是基金收入是非常不稳定的，所以很难确定政府每年可以在每个公民身上花多少钱。
从这个角度来看，如果要让美国拥有类似的人均存款和同比例的支取数额，它需要一个价值近81万亿美元的财富基金，并从中提取2.3万亿美元用于疫情救济。 而根据谷歌的数据，全球经济总量也只有大约94万亿美元的规模。
StickInMyCraw
I believe it is big enough and Norway's population is small enough that it technically makes every Norwegian a millionaire in their currency.
EDIT: 1.3 trillion USD -> 11.5 trillion NOK, with 5.4 million people you get 2.1 million NOK per Norwegian.
我认为挪威的国家基金足够大，而挪威的人口又足够少，从技术上讲，每一个挪威人都可以成为挪威的百万富翁。
1.3万亿美元=11.5万亿挪威克朗，挪威540万人口，每个挪威人平均得到210万挪威克朗。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I believe it is big enough and Norway's population is small enough that it technically makes every Norwegian a millionaire in their currency.
EDIT: 1.3 trillion USD -> 11.5 trillion NOK, with 5.4 million people you get 2.1 million NOK per Norwegian.
我认为挪威的国家基金足够大，而挪威的人口又足够少，从技术上讲，每一个挪威人都可以成为挪威的百万富翁。
1.3万亿美元=11.5万亿挪威克朗，挪威540万人口，每个挪威人平均得到210万挪威克朗。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
ThePevster
The key part is in their currency. 2.1 million NOK is about $236,000 USD. Otherwise, every single person in Zimbabwe in 2007 was a millionaire lol
关键在于他们的货币价值。 210万挪威克朗相当于23.6万美元。 否则按你的逻辑，2007年津巴布韦的每个人都是百万富翁，哈哈
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The key part is in their currency. 2.1 million NOK is about $236,000 USD. Otherwise, every single person in Zimbabwe in 2007 was a millionaire lol
关键在于他们的货币价值。 210万挪威克朗相当于23.6万美元。 否则按你的逻辑，2007年津巴布韦的每个人都是百万富翁，哈哈
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
[dexed]
If you have 1.3mil nok in norway you are a millionaire in norway. The dollar has never been a defining standard
如果你在挪威拥有130万挪威克朗，你就是挪威的百万富翁。 美元从来都不是一个定义百万富翁的标准。
If you have 1.3mil nok in norway you are a millionaire in norway. The dollar has never been a defining standard
如果你在挪威拥有130万挪威克朗，你就是挪威的百万富翁。 美元从来都不是一个定义百万富翁的标准。
RuTsui
I actually did a study of this not too long ago, and one of the major concerns of Norway is their reliance on their oil fund. They are trying to push their economy away from it's two larger sources - oil and fishing - and into more manufacturing and information services.
我不久前做过一个研究，挪威最关心的问题之一就是他们对石油基金过于依赖。 他们正试图将经济从石油和渔业这两大来源转移到制造业和信息服务业。
I actually did a study of this not too long ago, and one of the major concerns of Norway is their reliance on their oil fund. They are trying to push their economy away from it's two larger sources - oil and fishing - and into more manufacturing and information services.
我不久前做过一个研究，挪威最关心的问题之一就是他们对石油基金过于依赖。 他们正试图将经济从石油和渔业这两大来源转移到制造业和信息服务业。
DariegoAltanis
Many rumblings about how we’re gonna make money once we stop producing oil
很多人都在议论，一旦我们停止生产石油，我们将如何赚钱
Many rumblings about how we’re gonna make money once we stop producing oil
很多人都在议论，一旦我们停止生产石油，我们将如何赚钱
Fernspaeher6
Btw: This fund guarantees a pension for every Norwegian who has not yet been born.
顺便说一下，这一基金为每个尚未出生的挪威人提供养老金保障。
Btw: This fund guarantees a pension for every Norwegian who has not yet been born.
顺便说一下，这一基金为每个尚未出生的挪威人提供养老金保障。
goodvibezone
They did, few natural resources. they did the sensible thing,.
他们做到了，虽然其他自然资源很少。 但他们做了明智的事情。
They did, few natural resources. they did the sensible thing,.
他们做到了，虽然其他自然资源很少。 但他们做了明智的事情。
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