法国在1971年真的派了一艘军舰去美国取回其黄金储备吗？许多关于"尼克松冲击"的书籍都采取了这一说法，但从来没有人能够说出这艘船的名字
正文翻译
Did France really send a warship to the USA in 1971 to retrieve its gold stocks? Many books about the 'Nixon shock' report this but nobody has ever been able to name the ship.
法国在1971年真的派了一艘军舰去美国取回其黄金储备吗？许多关于"尼克松冲击"的书籍都采取了这一说法，但从来没有人能够说出这艘船的名字。
Did France really send a warship to the USA in 1971 to retrieve its gold stocks? Many books about the 'Nixon shock' report this but nobody has ever been able to name the ship.
法国在1971年真的派了一艘军舰去美国取回其黄金储备吗？许多关于"尼克松冲击"的书籍都采取了这一说法，但从来没有人能够说出这艘船的名字。
评论翻译
Brent Cooper
, Trial and appellate counsel for Cooper & Scully (1993-present)
The reporting on this event was less than inspired. You had financial reporters reporting on the type of ship sent by France. As expected, they got it wrong.
It was a Sunday, August 16, 1971, and President Richard Nixon suspended convertability of the US dollar into gold, effectively ending the 25-year Bretton Woods era of fixed currency exchange rates against the US dollar. US gold reserves were facing enormous pressure due to balance of payment concerns, the Vietnam War debt and Great Society programs, and the ensuing monetary inflation. A growing number of countries began to redeem their dollar holdings for gold.
In addition, the German withdrawal from the Bretton Woods agreement sparked panic and a currency crisis. By the end of June 1971, $22 billion in assets had left the US. In July 1971, Switzerland redeemed $50 million for gold and one month later in August, pulled its Swiss Franc from the Bretton Woods agreement. At the same time, France redeemed $191 million for gold by sending a French battleship to New York to take delivery of the gold from the Federal Reserve and to bring back to France.
France sent a warship (some reported it as a battleship but France had none. It was a destroyer) to New York (other reports indicated it was New Jersey) harbor in early August 1971 with instructions to bring back its gold from the New York Federal Reserve Bank.
I have checked the NYT for August 15 and 16, 1971. There is no mention of the ship. Only that a warship had been sent. No source seems to have the name. Likewise, I have found no picture of the ship.
对这一事件没有什么有价值的报道。有财经记者报道了法国派出的船的类型。正如所料，他们搞错了。
那是一个星期天，1971年8月16日，理查德-尼克松总统暂停了美元与黄金的兑换，有效地结束了25年的布雷顿森林体系对美元的固定汇率时代。由于国际收支问题、越战债务和伟大社会计划以及随之而来的货币通胀，美国的黄金储备面临巨大压力。越来越多的国家开始用美元赎回其持有的黄金。
此外，德国退出布雷顿森林体系协议引发了恐慌和货币危机。到1971年6月底，220亿美元的资产已经离开美国。1971年7月，瑞士赎回了5000万美元的黄金，一个月后的8月，将其瑞士法郎从布雷顿森林协议中撤出。同时，法国通过派遣一艘法国战舰到纽约从美联储手中接过黄金并带回法国，赎回了1.91亿美元的黄金。
法国在1971年8月初派出一艘军舰（有些报道说是战舰，但 不是，是一艘驱逐舰）到纽约（其他报道说是到新泽西）港，指示从纽约联邦储备银行带回其黄金。
我查看了1971年8月15日和16日的《纽约时报》。没有有提到这艘船的报道。只说派出了一艘军舰。似乎没有消息来源提到它的名字。同样，我也没有找到该船的照片。
, Trial and appellate counsel for Cooper & Scully (1993-present)
The reporting on this event was less than inspired. You had financial reporters reporting on the type of ship sent by France. As expected, they got it wrong.
It was a Sunday, August 16, 1971, and President Richard Nixon suspended convertability of the US dollar into gold, effectively ending the 25-year Bretton Woods era of fixed currency exchange rates against the US dollar. US gold reserves were facing enormous pressure due to balance of payment concerns, the Vietnam War debt and Great Society programs, and the ensuing monetary inflation. A growing number of countries began to redeem their dollar holdings for gold.
In addition, the German withdrawal from the Bretton Woods agreement sparked panic and a currency crisis. By the end of June 1971, $22 billion in assets had left the US. In July 1971, Switzerland redeemed $50 million for gold and one month later in August, pulled its Swiss Franc from the Bretton Woods agreement. At the same time, France redeemed $191 million for gold by sending a French battleship to New York to take delivery of the gold from the Federal Reserve and to bring back to France.
France sent a warship (some reported it as a battleship but France had none. It was a destroyer) to New York (other reports indicated it was New Jersey) harbor in early August 1971 with instructions to bring back its gold from the New York Federal Reserve Bank.
I have checked the NYT for August 15 and 16, 1971. There is no mention of the ship. Only that a warship had been sent. No source seems to have the name. Likewise, I have found no picture of the ship.
对这一事件没有什么有价值的报道。有财经记者报道了法国派出的船的类型。正如所料，他们搞错了。
那是一个星期天，1971年8月16日，理查德-尼克松总统暂停了美元与黄金的兑换，有效地结束了25年的布雷顿森林体系对美元的固定汇率时代。由于国际收支问题、越战债务和伟大社会计划以及随之而来的货币通胀，美国的黄金储备面临巨大压力。越来越多的国家开始用美元赎回其持有的黄金。
此外，德国退出布雷顿森林体系协议引发了恐慌和货币危机。到1971年6月底，220亿美元的资产已经离开美国。1971年7月，瑞士赎回了5000万美元的黄金，一个月后的8月，将其瑞士法郎从布雷顿森林协议中撤出。同时，法国通过派遣一艘法国战舰到纽约从美联储手中接过黄金并带回法国，赎回了1.91亿美元的黄金。
法国在1971年8月初派出一艘军舰（有些报道说是战舰，但 不是，是一艘驱逐舰）到纽约（其他报道说是到新泽西）港，指示从纽约联邦储备银行带回其黄金。
我查看了1971年8月15日和16日的《纽约时报》。没有有提到这艘船的报道。只说派出了一艘军舰。似乎没有消息来源提到它的名字。同样，我也没有找到该船的照片。
Martin Porter
This is a more interesting story than I thought when I asked the question. It seems this was certainly reported, in papers that are usually reputable sources, but there’s no evidence that it was based on fact. It seems likely now a ship wasn’t sent, but that begs the question of whether there was a serious request for the gold at all.
这是个比我提问时想象的更有趣的故事。看起来这确实被报道过，在通常是有信誉的报纸上，但没有证据表明它是基于事实的。现在看来，很可能没有派船去，但这就引出了一个问题：到底有没有人认真地要求得到这些黄金。
This is a more interesting story than I thought when I asked the question. It seems this was certainly reported, in papers that are usually reputable sources, but there’s no evidence that it was based on fact. It seems likely now a ship wasn’t sent, but that begs the question of whether there was a serious request for the gold at all.
这是个比我提问时想象的更有趣的故事。看起来这确实被报道过，在通常是有信誉的报纸上，但没有证据表明它是基于事实的。现在看来，很可能没有派船去，但这就引出了一个问题：到底有没有人认真地要求得到这些黄金。
Don Stursma
The lack of press coverage of the physical transfer could reflect tight security - to be expected when tons of gold are involved. Perhaps a few reporters got wind of something but had only rumors or disinformation to work with.
缺乏对实物转让的新闻报道可能反映了严格的安全保障--当涉及到成吨的黄金时，这是可以预期的。也许一些记者得到了一些风声，但只有谣言或假消息可以利用。
The lack of press coverage of the physical transfer could reflect tight security - to be expected when tons of gold are involved. Perhaps a few reporters got wind of something but had only rumors or disinformation to work with.
缺乏对实物转让的新闻报道可能反映了严格的安全保障--当涉及到成吨的黄金时，这是可以预期的。也许一些记者得到了一些风声，但只有谣言或假消息可以利用。
Hubert Okari
On what is the dollar pegged now?
美元现在是与什么挂钩？
On what is the dollar pegged now?
美元现在是与什么挂钩？
Timothy Turner
It’s not pegged on anything.
“Pegged” essentialy means “being nailed”. So if one dollar is always exchangeable for an ounce of gold, the dollar is “pegged” to gold.
The US dollar is now free-floating. It isn’t pegged to anything. It moves up and down relative to everything.
它没有与任何东西挂钩。
"挂钩"的基本含义是"被钉住"。因此，如果一美元总是可以兑换一盎司黄金，那么美元就与黄金"挂钩"了。
美元现在是自由浮动的。它并不与任何东西挂钩。它相对于任何东西都可以上下波动。
It’s not pegged on anything.
“Pegged” essentialy means “being nailed”. So if one dollar is always exchangeable for an ounce of gold, the dollar is “pegged” to gold.
The US dollar is now free-floating. It isn’t pegged to anything. It moves up and down relative to everything.
它没有与任何东西挂钩。
"挂钩"的基本含义是"被钉住"。因此，如果一美元总是可以兑换一盎司黄金，那么美元就与黄金"挂钩"了。
美元现在是自由浮动的。它并不与任何东西挂钩。它相对于任何东西都可以上下波动。
Mike McAvoy
Mr. Turner: Military force has its limitations.
Whereas the Federal Reserve and monetary policy can destroy foreign economies by raising or lowering interest rates.
When the Fed raises or lowers interest rates this impact will not be felt just in the United States, however, for increased rates will have huge ramifications abroad. It will drive the GDP of many countries, affect the cost of their debt service, the behavior of their banks, and the activities of their investors.
It could also lead to serious local and geopolitical consequences that come with new economic and financial strains.
For example, new economic pressures on Turkey could undercut its willingness to take in Syrian refugees, or it could affect the resources it will devote to fighting the Islamic State.
Tightening economic conditions on Indonesia could make the country turn increasingly inward, with negative implications for the integration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN.
The Feds could have walked into Bin Laden’s compound with several briefcases of money to bribe his supporters. Who knows? This might have worked instead of wasting hundreds of billions of dollars on military operations in Afghanistan and looking for him for 10 years.
特纳先生。军事力量有其局限性。
而美联储和货币政策可以通过提高或降低利率破坏外国经济。
当美联储提高或降低利率时，这种影响不仅仅是在美国，利率的提高将在国外产生巨大影响。它将推动许多国家的国内生产总值，影响其偿债成本，影响其银行的行为，以及其投资者的活动。
它还可能导致严重的地方和地缘政治后果，伴随着新的经济和金融压力。
例如，土耳其面临的新的经济压力可能会削弱其接收叙利亚难民的意愿，或者会影响其用于打击伊斯兰国的资源。
印度尼西亚经济状况的收紧可能使该国日益转向内向，对东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟）的一体化产生负面影响。
联邦调查局本可以带着几个公文包走进本-拉登的前驻地，贿赂他的支持者。谁知道呢？这可能会奏效，而不是在阿富汗的军事行动上浪费数千亿美元，并寻找他10年之久。
Mr. Turner: Military force has its limitations.
Whereas the Federal Reserve and monetary policy can destroy foreign economies by raising or lowering interest rates.
When the Fed raises or lowers interest rates this impact will not be felt just in the United States, however, for increased rates will have huge ramifications abroad. It will drive the GDP of many countries, affect the cost of their debt service, the behavior of their banks, and the activities of their investors.
It could also lead to serious local and geopolitical consequences that come with new economic and financial strains.
For example, new economic pressures on Turkey could undercut its willingness to take in Syrian refugees, or it could affect the resources it will devote to fighting the Islamic State.
Tightening economic conditions on Indonesia could make the country turn increasingly inward, with negative implications for the integration of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or ASEAN.
The Feds could have walked into Bin Laden’s compound with several briefcases of money to bribe his supporters. Who knows? This might have worked instead of wasting hundreds of billions of dollars on military operations in Afghanistan and looking for him for 10 years.
特纳先生。军事力量有其局限性。
而美联储和货币政策可以通过提高或降低利率破坏外国经济。
当美联储提高或降低利率时，这种影响不仅仅是在美国，利率的提高将在国外产生巨大影响。它将推动许多国家的国内生产总值，影响其偿债成本，影响其银行的行为，以及其投资者的活动。
它还可能导致严重的地方和地缘政治后果，伴随着新的经济和金融压力。
例如，土耳其面临的新的经济压力可能会削弱其接收叙利亚难民的意愿，或者会影响其用于打击伊斯兰国的资源。
印度尼西亚经济状况的收紧可能使该国日益转向内向，对东南亚国家联盟（简称东盟）的一体化产生负面影响。
联邦调查局本可以带着几个公文包走进本-拉登的前驻地，贿赂他的支持者。谁知道呢？这可能会奏效，而不是在阿富汗的军事行动上浪费数千亿美元，并寻找他10年之久。
Mike McAvoy
Mr. Turner: In terms of true power, the U.S. Federal Reserve is more powerful then the U.S. military.
特纳先生，就真正的权力而言，美国联邦储备局比美国军队更强大。
Mr. Turner: In terms of true power, the U.S. Federal Reserve is more powerful then the U.S. military.
特纳先生，就真正的权力而言，美国联邦储备局比美国军队更强大。
Don Johnson
Well, they’re different kinds of power, and I’m not sure you can easily compare them. When we wanted Bin Laden dead we didn’t send the Fed.
怎么说呢，它们是不同种类的权力，我不确定你能轻易地将它们进行比较。当我们想让本-拉登死的时候，我们并没有派联邦调查局去。
Well, they’re different kinds of power, and I’m not sure you can easily compare them. When we wanted Bin Laden dead we didn’t send the Fed.
怎么说呢，它们是不同种类的权力，我不确定你能轻易地将它们进行比较。当我们想让本-拉登死的时候，我们并没有派联邦调查局去。
Jeff B. Kurland
Is it the USD that moves up and down or is it gold that moves down and up?
是美元上下波动，还是黄金上下波动？
Is it the USD that moves up and down or is it gold that moves down and up?
是美元上下波动，还是黄金上下波动？
Timothy Turner
Both. The price of everything moves up and down based on supply and demand. Labor, apples, homes, fuel, etc. The price of money is managed by the Federal Reserve (in America) and they aim to create about a 2% to 3% annual decrease in the buying power of the dollar.
两者都是。一切事物的价格都是根据供求关系上下波动的。劳动力、食物、房屋、燃料等等。货币的价格由美联储（在美国）管理，他们的目标是使美元的购买力每年减少约2%至3%。
Both. The price of everything moves up and down based on supply and demand. Labor, apples, homes, fuel, etc. The price of money is managed by the Federal Reserve (in America) and they aim to create about a 2% to 3% annual decrease in the buying power of the dollar.
两者都是。一切事物的价格都是根据供求关系上下波动的。劳动力、食物、房屋、燃料等等。货币的价格由美联储（在美国）管理，他们的目标是使美元的购买力每年减少约2%至3%。
Steffen Krause
Essentially like any currency on the fact that the US government collects taxes in USD. This means, any US tax subject needs to have USD
本质上就像任何货币一样，美国政府以美元收税。这意味着，任何美国税收主体都需要有美元
Essentially like any currency on the fact that the US government collects taxes in USD. This means, any US tax subject needs to have USD
本质上就像任何货币一样，美国政府以美元收税。这意味着，任何美国税收主体都需要有美元
Raymond Ona
The reputation of the FED that they ensure US government debt is paid in the specified USD amount
美联储确保了美国政府债务以指定的美元金额偿还的声誉
The reputation of the FED that they ensure US government debt is paid in the specified USD amount
美联储确保了美国政府债务以指定的美元金额偿还的声誉
Hubert Okari
My question was, on what is dollars pegged on now? It was pegged on gold but they abandoned gold. So, on what is it pegged now?
我的问题是，现在美元是与什么挂钩的？它曾经与黄金挂钩，但他们放弃了黄金。那么，现在它与什么挂钩呢？
My question was, on what is dollars pegged on now? It was pegged on gold but they abandoned gold. So, on what is it pegged now?
我的问题是，现在美元是与什么挂钩的？它曾经与黄金挂钩，但他们放弃了黄金。那么，现在它与什么挂钩呢？
Mark Daly
“… the U.S. government essentially promises that the dollar is worth what it says it is. Currency, therefore, is something of a promissory note from the government that indicates they have the means to convert every dollar in circulation into real wealth in some way. If this sounds risky and confusing to you, you're not alone; it is both a less easily understood and more complex way of establishing wealth. That being said, it has worked nationally and internationally for many decades.” — How Is the US Dollar Backed? | Sapling
The US dollar is based on the US government’s reputation. Yeah, I think that’s a little insane but it seems to work, for now. Mostly everyone in the world just pretends that makes sense.
“Another fact about the U.S. dollar that's worth noting is that it is the top reserve currency in the world. A reserve currency is held in central banks or other monetary authorities (almost always government-owned) in foreign countries.” [same source]
“These reserve currencies help back up other money. So, for example, the Japanese Yen derives some of its value based on how many U.S. dollars Japan holds and vice versa. That's a relatively simple way of understanding it, but essentially what it creates is a truly global, interdependent monetary system. It's also what allows the U.S. dollar to be easily converted into other currencies used worldwide.”
So, the answer is: it’s complicated.
"……美国政府基本上承诺美元物有所值。因此，货币是政府的一种承诺书，表明他们有办法将流通中的每一美元以某种方式转化为真正的财富。如果这对你来说听起来有风险和令人困惑，你并不孤单；这是一种不太容易理解和更复杂的建立财富的方式。话虽如此，它已经在国内和国际上工作了几十年。" ——美元是如何支撑的？| 小树苗网
美元是以美国政府的信誉为基础的。是的，我认为这有点疯狂，但它似乎是有效的，就目前而言。世界上大多数人只是假装这有意义。
"关于美元的另一个值得注意的事实是，它是世界上的顶级储备货币。储备货币由外国的中央银行或其他货币当局（几乎总是政府所有）持有。" [同一来源]
"这些储备货币帮助支持其他货币。因此，举例来说，日元的部分价值是基于日本持有多少美元，反之亦然。这是一个相对简单的理解方式，但从本质上讲，它所创造的是一个真正的全球性、相互依存的货币体系。这也是使美元能够很容易地转换为全世界使用的其他货币的原因。
所以，答案是：它很复杂。
“… the U.S. government essentially promises that the dollar is worth what it says it is. Currency, therefore, is something of a promissory note from the government that indicates they have the means to convert every dollar in circulation into real wealth in some way. If this sounds risky and confusing to you, you're not alone; it is both a less easily understood and more complex way of establishing wealth. That being said, it has worked nationally and internationally for many decades.” — How Is the US Dollar Backed? | Sapling
The US dollar is based on the US government’s reputation. Yeah, I think that’s a little insane but it seems to work, for now. Mostly everyone in the world just pretends that makes sense.
“Another fact about the U.S. dollar that's worth noting is that it is the top reserve currency in the world. A reserve currency is held in central banks or other monetary authorities (almost always government-owned) in foreign countries.” [same source]
“These reserve currencies help back up other money. So, for example, the Japanese Yen derives some of its value based on how many U.S. dollars Japan holds and vice versa. That's a relatively simple way of understanding it, but essentially what it creates is a truly global, interdependent monetary system. It's also what allows the U.S. dollar to be easily converted into other currencies used worldwide.”
So, the answer is: it’s complicated.
"……美国政府基本上承诺美元物有所值。因此，货币是政府的一种承诺书，表明他们有办法将流通中的每一美元以某种方式转化为真正的财富。如果这对你来说听起来有风险和令人困惑，你并不孤单；这是一种不太容易理解和更复杂的建立财富的方式。话虽如此，它已经在国内和国际上工作了几十年。" ——美元是如何支撑的？| 小树苗网
美元是以美国政府的信誉为基础的。是的，我认为这有点疯狂，但它似乎是有效的，就目前而言。世界上大多数人只是假装这有意义。
"关于美元的另一个值得注意的事实是，它是世界上的顶级储备货币。储备货币由外国的中央银行或其他货币当局（几乎总是政府所有）持有。" [同一来源]
"这些储备货币帮助支持其他货币。因此，举例来说，日元的部分价值是基于日本持有多少美元，反之亦然。这是一个相对简单的理解方式，但从本质上讲，它所创造的是一个真正的全球性、相互依存的货币体系。这也是使美元能够很容易地转换为全世界使用的其他货币的原因。
所以，答案是：它很复杂。
Jay Snead
It is pegged on the “full faith and confidence” in the US government to pay. It is fiat currency just like the currencies of every other country. People have great faith in the US ability to pay. It always has paid its debts and it is the country least likely to be invaded, have a financial collapse, or suffer a revolution.
它与对美国政府的"充分信任"挂钩，由其支付。它是法定货币，就像其他所有国家的货币一样。人们对美国的支付能力非常有信心。它一直在偿还债务，它是最不可能被入侵、发生金融崩溃或遭受革命的国家。
It is pegged on the “full faith and confidence” in the US government to pay. It is fiat currency just like the currencies of every other country. People have great faith in the US ability to pay. It always has paid its debts and it is the country least likely to be invaded, have a financial collapse, or suffer a revolution.
它与对美国政府的"充分信任"挂钩，由其支付。它是法定货币，就像其他所有国家的货币一样。人们对美国的支付能力非常有信心。它一直在偿还债务，它是最不可能被入侵、发生金融崩溃或遭受革命的国家。
Stephen Fretz
It’s pegged to nothing. Dollars have value because people want them.
And gold is valuable because people want it. Same difference.
它与任何东西挂钩。美元有价值是因为人们想要它们。
而黄金之所以有价值，是因为人们想要它。同样的区别。
It’s pegged to nothing. Dollars have value because people want them.
And gold is valuable because people want it. Same difference.
它与任何东西挂钩。美元有价值是因为人们想要它们。
而黄金之所以有价值，是因为人们想要它。同样的区别。
Donald Foster
Gold at least has utility. What can one do with a dollar? Start a fire?
黄金至少有实用价值。一美元能做什么？生火吗？
Gold at least has utility. What can one do with a dollar? Start a fire?
黄金至少有实用价值。一美元能做什么？生火吗？
Don Johnson
At present dollars have a lot more utility than gold; you can trade them for other things.
目前，美元比黄金有更大的效用；你可以用它们来换取其他东西。
At present dollars have a lot more utility than gold; you can trade them for other things.
目前，美元比黄金有更大的效用；你可以用它们来换取其他东西。
Mark Barta
You can trade it for any number of things at present. Depending on how many dollars you have available to you.
目前，你可以用它来换取任何数量的东西。取决于你有多少美元可用。
You can trade it for any number of things at present. Depending on how many dollars you have available to you.
目前，你可以用它来换取任何数量的东西。取决于你有多少美元可用。
Donald Foster
Lol ok… right. But, I think you understand my point.
笑，好吧......没错。但是，我想你明白我的意思。
Lol ok… right. But, I think you understand my point.
笑，好吧......没错。但是，我想你明白我的意思。
Stephen Fretz
If the only value gold had was its utility it would be a LOT cheaper than it is, because there are even cheaper materials that work well in electronic circuits. “Gold is an innate store of value” just isn’t true in the way Gold Bugs think it is. There’s a reason we’ve never had another Great Depression or even 70s style Stagflation.
Economics at the scale of nation-states is like quantum mechanics and relativity - it’s not “common sense”
如果黄金的唯一价值是它的实用性，它就会比现在便宜得多，因为有更便宜的材料可以在电子电路中很好地发挥作用。"黄金是一种与生俱来的价值储存"，但这并不是"淘金者"所认为的那样。我们美国从未发生过另一次大萧条，甚至是70年代风格的滞胀，这是一个原因。
民族国家规模的经济学就像量子力学和相对论--它不是一种"常识"
If the only value gold had was its utility it would be a LOT cheaper than it is, because there are even cheaper materials that work well in electronic circuits. “Gold is an innate store of value” just isn’t true in the way Gold Bugs think it is. There’s a reason we’ve never had another Great Depression or even 70s style Stagflation.
Economics at the scale of nation-states is like quantum mechanics and relativity - it’s not “common sense”
如果黄金的唯一价值是它的实用性，它就会比现在便宜得多，因为有更便宜的材料可以在电子电路中很好地发挥作用。"黄金是一种与生俱来的价值储存"，但这并不是"淘金者"所认为的那样。我们美国从未发生过另一次大萧条，甚至是70年代风格的滞胀，这是一个原因。
民族国家规模的经济学就像量子力学和相对论--它不是一种"常识"
John Lavery
The confidence of the international community
国际社会的信心
The confidence of the international community
国际社会的信心
Daniel Vianna
You would need to check the French press for such details.
你需要查看一下法国新闻业关于这件事的细节。
You would need to check the French press for such details.
你需要查看一下法国新闻业关于这件事的细节。
Darren
It was probably more about safety and capacity during transportion. more than any sort of intimidation of the us.
It took 33 loaded freight trains to haul the gold to ft Knox. Not cars. Trains.
gold is heavy.
They could have sent a container ship with a warship escort. Or just send a warship.
这可能更多的是关于运输过程中的安全和能力，而不是对美国的任何形式的恫吓。
花了33辆满载的货运列车才把黄金运到诺克斯堡不是汽车。是火车。
黄金很重的。
不过他们本可以派一艘有军舰护送的集装箱船。或者直接派一艘军舰。
It was probably more about safety and capacity during transportion. more than any sort of intimidation of the us.
It took 33 loaded freight trains to haul the gold to ft Knox. Not cars. Trains.
gold is heavy.
They could have sent a container ship with a warship escort. Or just send a warship.
这可能更多的是关于运输过程中的安全和能力，而不是对美国的任何形式的恫吓。
花了33辆满载的货运列车才把黄金运到诺克斯堡不是汽车。是火车。
黄金很重的。
不过他们本可以派一艘有军舰护送的集装箱船。或者直接派一艘军舰。
David Johnson
Ummm, at $35 an ounce, $191 million is about 170 tons. That's just six, seven freight cars worth. That's not even a train, let alone 33 of them.
呃，按每盎司35美元计算，1.91亿美元大约是170吨黄金。这只是六、七节货运车厢的价值。这甚至不足一列火车，更不用说33辆了。
Ummm, at $35 an ounce, $191 million is about 170 tons. That's just six, seven freight cars worth. That's not even a train, let alone 33 of them.
呃，按每盎司35美元计算，1.91亿美元大约是170吨黄金。这只是六、七节货运车厢的价值。这甚至不足一列火车，更不用说33辆了。
Don Kerouac
The price of gold has bounced around between $1,000 and $2,000/ounce for many years. Currently, it is about $1,800/ounce. You’ll find out that $191 million dollars worth of gold doesn’t make a very impressive pile. $1 million will only get you about 35 pounds of the stuff…that’s only a little more than 1 bar. $191 million dollars would come in at about 3 1/4 tons.
Melted down to a cube (a bit over 1 meter square), it could feasibly fit on your lap…if you didn’t mind having your legs crushed.
多年来，黄金价格一直在1000至2000美元/盎司之间跳动。目前，它大约是1800美元/盎司。你会发现，价值1.91亿美元的黄金并不能形成一个非常令人印象深刻的土堆。100万美元只能让你得到大约35磅的东西......这只比1条多一点。1亿9千1百万美元将得到大约3/4吨。
融化成立方体（1米多一点的正方形），它都可以放在你的腿上......如果你不介意你的腿被压断的话。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The price of gold has bounced around between $1,000 and $2,000/ounce for many years. Currently, it is about $1,800/ounce. You’ll find out that $191 million dollars worth of gold doesn’t make a very impressive pile. $1 million will only get you about 35 pounds of the stuff…that’s only a little more than 1 bar. $191 million dollars would come in at about 3 1/4 tons.
Melted down to a cube (a bit over 1 meter square), it could feasibly fit on your lap…if you didn’t mind having your legs crushed.
多年来，黄金价格一直在1000至2000美元/盎司之间跳动。目前，它大约是1800美元/盎司。你会发现，价值1.91亿美元的黄金并不能形成一个非常令人印象深刻的土堆。100万美元只能让你得到大约35磅的东西......这只比1条多一点。1亿9千1百万美元将得到大约3/4吨。
融化成立方体（1米多一点的正方形），它都可以放在你的腿上......如果你不介意你的腿被压断的话。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Darren
I’ll see if I can find the article.
I doubt that they just dumped it in like coal.
but I was referring to ft Knox gold. Far far more than $190m
我看看还能不能找到那篇这么说的文章。
我怀疑他们只是把它像煤一样倒进去。
但我指的是诺克斯的黄金。远远多于1.9亿美元
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I’ll see if I can find the article.
I doubt that they just dumped it in like coal.
but I was referring to ft Knox gold. Far far more than $190m
我看看还能不能找到那篇这么说的文章。
我怀疑他们只是把它像煤一样倒进去。
但我指的是诺克斯的黄金。远远多于1.9亿美元
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
David Johnson
30 tons of gold is about 56 cubic feet, so you’d make a small stack of them in each car - a cube about four feet on a side.
30吨黄金大约是56立方英尺，所以你只能在每辆车上堆一个小堆--一个边长约4英尺的立方体。
30 tons of gold is about 56 cubic feet, so you’d make a small stack of them in each car - a cube about four feet on a side.
30吨黄金大约是56立方英尺，所以你只能在每辆车上堆一个小堆--一个边长约4英尺的立方体。
Chris Ward
I would think that the Federal Reserve has very accurate records of the transaction, though they may not be publicly available. The Port Authority may also have records related to the ship.
我认为，美联储有非常准确的交易记录，尽管它们可能不会被公开。港务局可能也有与该船有关的记录。
I would think that the Federal Reserve has very accurate records of the transaction, though they may not be publicly available. The Port Authority may also have records related to the ship.
我认为，美联储有非常准确的交易记录，尽管它们可能不会被公开。港务局可能也有与该船有关的记录。
Daniel U. Thibault
A cursory search of French sources mentions the Colbert, but it’s not clear whether the ship actually did do the trip or if the possibility of sending it was merely discussed.
粗略地搜索了一下法国方面的资料，提到了科尔伯特号，但不清楚这艘船是否真的做了这次旅行，还是仅仅讨论了发送的可能性。
A cursory search of French sources mentions the Colbert, but it’s not clear whether the ship actually did do the trip or if the possibility of sending it was merely discussed.
粗略地搜索了一下法国方面的资料，提到了科尔伯特号，但不清楚这艘船是否真的做了这次旅行，还是仅仅讨论了发送的可能性。
Remi Doyen
According to some sources such as Wikipedia or Marine Net, the cruiser Colbert which would have otherwise been an excellent choice, was being modernised in a naval yard between 1970 and 1972, therefore not available.
I am really puzzled by this story. I found no reliable information on the internet. Don’t know where the other Quoran who responded, got his ridiculous story of the French government sending Océan (ex-cruiser Suffren) across the ocean and back…
根据一些资料显示，如维基百科或Marine Net，科尔伯特号巡洋舰本来是一个很好的选择，但在1970年和1972年之间其正在一个海军造船厂进行现代化改造，因此无法使用。
我真的对这个故事感到很困惑。我在互联网上没有找到可靠的信息。我不知道另一个回复的Quoran从哪里得到他的荒谬的故事，即法国政府把Océan号（前巡洋舰Suffren号）送过海洋又送回来......
According to some sources such as Wikipedia or Marine Net, the cruiser Colbert which would have otherwise been an excellent choice, was being modernised in a naval yard between 1970 and 1972, therefore not available.
I am really puzzled by this story. I found no reliable information on the internet. Don’t know where the other Quoran who responded, got his ridiculous story of the French government sending Océan (ex-cruiser Suffren) across the ocean and back…
根据一些资料显示，如维基百科或Marine Net，科尔伯特号巡洋舰本来是一个很好的选择，但在1970年和1972年之间其正在一个海军造船厂进行现代化改造，因此无法使用。
我真的对这个故事感到很困惑。我在互联网上没有找到可靠的信息。我不知道另一个回复的Quoran从哪里得到他的荒谬的故事，即法国政府把Océan号（前巡洋舰Suffren号）送过海洋又送回来......
Sebastien Dorat
So I’m French and never had heard about this story but I found it funny-intriguing so I deep dived a bit into it and searched throughout French sources. All what I could find (ie nothing) confirm that it is only a “ghost ship” story. The most reliable source is an extract of an interview of former French President Valéry Giscard-d’Estaing.
He told as an anecdot to a journalist that when he was serving as minister of Finances in the government of Charles De Gaulle (from 1964 to 1966), one day the General told him that he found that the process of conversion of dollars held by France into gold, started well before Nixon’s decision in 1971, was taking way too long to his taste. This conversation occured several years before Nixon’s decision in 1971, most probably in 1966 but in any case no later than that since Valery Giscard d'Estaing who is the one who launched this gold warship anecdot was evicted of De Gaulle's government in 1966. He would come back as Finance Minister only in 1969 after the resignation of General De Gaulle, in the government of his successor Pompidou,
The French government had already started to repatriate the remaining part of its gold reserves in the US in the 60s. E.g. in 1965 alone France had recovered for 150 millions of US dollars of its gold from the US Federal Reserve.
Back to the story of the ghost gold French ship, here is what VGE said about this during his interview. Quote:
I can, on this subject, tell you another anecdot : General De Gaulle had announced, during this infamous press conference, that France would convert into gold its dollars’ surplus. Every month we thus repatriated a few tons, as many as what security measures in this domain could allow. The General, asking me about that, found that all of this was going a lot too slowly. And he suggested me to send the cruiser Colbert to New-York, to load our gold and reclaim it to the Americans. You can imagine the effect that the arrival of this warship would have produced… Luckily, we (VGE’s government) could waive off this suggestion.
That’s it. I don’t have the source of this interview but this is apparently where lies the origin of this reference to a French warship and to the cruiser Colbert in particular. It was another rough idea amongst others launched by De Gaulle but never was followed by facts. I guess that everyone would have found that sending a warship into the civil port of a friendly country to repatriate some gold would be a weird PR and diplomatic move, more symbolic than anything else.
My personal assumption is that it was a sentence launched to the face of his minister of Finances that De Gaulle didn’t really believed into himself. More a rough formula to his minister to ask him to accelerate the gold repatriation process from the US than a real suggestion of action plan. De Gaulle was known for being rough and direct with his subordinates. I don’t doubt that he may have told this to his minister of Finances during a discussion or the weekly ministers council on that subject, but I don’t think that it was ever seriously considered as a real option by the French government at the time, and even by De Gaule himself.
我是法国人，从来没有听说过这个故事，但我发现它很有趣，很有吸引力，所以我深入研究了一下，并在整个法国的资料中搜索。所有我能找到的资料（即：没有）都证实了这只是一个"幽灵船"的故事。最可靠的资料是法国前总统瓦莱里-吉斯卡尔-德斯坦的采访摘要。
他对记者说，当他在戴高乐政府中担任财政部长时（从1964年到1966年），有一天，将军告诉他，他发现法国持有的美元兑换成黄金的过程，早在1971年尼克松的决定之前就开始了，时间太长了，不合他的口味。这次谈话发生在尼克松1971年的决定之前几年，很可能是在1966年，但无论如何都不会晚于这个时间，因为最早发起这个“黄金战舰”轶事的瓦莱里-吉斯卡尔-德斯坦在1966年被赶出了戴高乐政府。1969年，戴高乐将军辞职后，他才在其继任者蓬皮杜的政府中重新担任财政部长。
法国政府在60年代就已经开始将其在美国的黄金储备的剩余部分汇出。例如，仅在1965年，法国就从美国联邦储备局收回了1.5亿美元的黄金。
回到幽灵黄金法国船的故事，以下是VGE在接受采访时对此事的看法。引用：
“关于这个问题，我可以告诉你另一个轶事：戴高乐将军在这个臭名昭著的新闻发布会上宣布，法国将把它的美元盈余兑换成黄金。因此，我们每个月都会运回几吨黄金，这个数量是这个领域的安全措施所能允许的。将军问了我这个问题，发现这一切进展得太慢了。他建议我派科尔伯特号巡洋舰去纽约，装载我们的黄金从美国人那里回收。你可以想象这艘军舰的到来会产生什么影响......幸运的是，我们（VGE的政府）可以放弃这个建议。”
仅此而已。我没有这个采访的来源，但这显然是提到法国军舰，特别是科尔贝尔号巡洋舰的源头所在。这是由戴高乐发起的另一个粗略的想法，但从未被遵循。我猜想，每个人都会发现，派遣一艘军舰进入一个友好国家的民用港口运回一些黄金，将是一个奇怪的公关和外交行动，象征意义大于其他任何东西。
我个人的假设是，这只是对他的财政部长随便说的一句话，戴高乐本人并没有真的这么打算。与其说这是一个真正的行动计划建议，不如说是对他的部长的一个粗略的要求，让他加快从美国运回黄金的进程。戴高乐以对下属的粗暴和直接而闻名。我不怀疑他可能在一次讨论中或每周的部长会议上对他的财政部长说过这番话，但我不认为当时的法国政府，甚至戴高乐本人曾认真考虑过这会是一个真正可行的选择。
So I’m French and never had heard about this story but I found it funny-intriguing so I deep dived a bit into it and searched throughout French sources. All what I could find (ie nothing) confirm that it is only a “ghost ship” story. The most reliable source is an extract of an interview of former French President Valéry Giscard-d’Estaing.
He told as an anecdot to a journalist that when he was serving as minister of Finances in the government of Charles De Gaulle (from 1964 to 1966), one day the General told him that he found that the process of conversion of dollars held by France into gold, started well before Nixon’s decision in 1971, was taking way too long to his taste. This conversation occured several years before Nixon’s decision in 1971, most probably in 1966 but in any case no later than that since Valery Giscard d'Estaing who is the one who launched this gold warship anecdot was evicted of De Gaulle's government in 1966. He would come back as Finance Minister only in 1969 after the resignation of General De Gaulle, in the government of his successor Pompidou,
The French government had already started to repatriate the remaining part of its gold reserves in the US in the 60s. E.g. in 1965 alone France had recovered for 150 millions of US dollars of its gold from the US Federal Reserve.
Back to the story of the ghost gold French ship, here is what VGE said about this during his interview. Quote:
I can, on this subject, tell you another anecdot : General De Gaulle had announced, during this infamous press conference, that France would convert into gold its dollars’ surplus. Every month we thus repatriated a few tons, as many as what security measures in this domain could allow. The General, asking me about that, found that all of this was going a lot too slowly. And he suggested me to send the cruiser Colbert to New-York, to load our gold and reclaim it to the Americans. You can imagine the effect that the arrival of this warship would have produced… Luckily, we (VGE’s government) could waive off this suggestion.
That’s it. I don’t have the source of this interview but this is apparently where lies the origin of this reference to a French warship and to the cruiser Colbert in particular. It was another rough idea amongst others launched by De Gaulle but never was followed by facts. I guess that everyone would have found that sending a warship into the civil port of a friendly country to repatriate some gold would be a weird PR and diplomatic move, more symbolic than anything else.
My personal assumption is that it was a sentence launched to the face of his minister of Finances that De Gaulle didn’t really believed into himself. More a rough formula to his minister to ask him to accelerate the gold repatriation process from the US than a real suggestion of action plan. De Gaulle was known for being rough and direct with his subordinates. I don’t doubt that he may have told this to his minister of Finances during a discussion or the weekly ministers council on that subject, but I don’t think that it was ever seriously considered as a real option by the French government at the time, and even by De Gaule himself.
我是法国人，从来没有听说过这个故事，但我发现它很有趣，很有吸引力，所以我深入研究了一下，并在整个法国的资料中搜索。所有我能找到的资料（即：没有）都证实了这只是一个"幽灵船"的故事。最可靠的资料是法国前总统瓦莱里-吉斯卡尔-德斯坦的采访摘要。
他对记者说，当他在戴高乐政府中担任财政部长时（从1964年到1966年），有一天，将军告诉他，他发现法国持有的美元兑换成黄金的过程，早在1971年尼克松的决定之前就开始了，时间太长了，不合他的口味。这次谈话发生在尼克松1971年的决定之前几年，很可能是在1966年，但无论如何都不会晚于这个时间，因为最早发起这个“黄金战舰”轶事的瓦莱里-吉斯卡尔-德斯坦在1966年被赶出了戴高乐政府。1969年，戴高乐将军辞职后，他才在其继任者蓬皮杜的政府中重新担任财政部长。
法国政府在60年代就已经开始将其在美国的黄金储备的剩余部分汇出。例如，仅在1965年，法国就从美国联邦储备局收回了1.5亿美元的黄金。
回到幽灵黄金法国船的故事，以下是VGE在接受采访时对此事的看法。引用：
“关于这个问题，我可以告诉你另一个轶事：戴高乐将军在这个臭名昭著的新闻发布会上宣布，法国将把它的美元盈余兑换成黄金。因此，我们每个月都会运回几吨黄金，这个数量是这个领域的安全措施所能允许的。将军问了我这个问题，发现这一切进展得太慢了。他建议我派科尔伯特号巡洋舰去纽约，装载我们的黄金从美国人那里回收。你可以想象这艘军舰的到来会产生什么影响......幸运的是，我们（VGE的政府）可以放弃这个建议。”
仅此而已。我没有这个采访的来源，但这显然是提到法国军舰，特别是科尔贝尔号巡洋舰的源头所在。这是由戴高乐发起的另一个粗略的想法，但从未被遵循。我猜想，每个人都会发现，派遣一艘军舰进入一个友好国家的民用港口运回一些黄金，将是一个奇怪的公关和外交行动，象征意义大于其他任何东西。
我个人的假设是，这只是对他的财政部长随便说的一句话，戴高乐本人并没有真的这么打算。与其说这是一个真正的行动计划建议，不如说是对他的部长的一个粗略的要求，让他加快从美国运回黄金的进程。戴高乐以对下属的粗暴和直接而闻名。我不怀疑他可能在一次讨论中或每周的部长会议上对他的财政部长说过这番话，但我不认为当时的法国政府，甚至戴高乐本人曾认真考虑过这会是一个真正可行的选择。
Sam Matt
Catholics believe that august 15 is the day that Mary mother of Jesus was assumed into heaven . It was also,the day Nixon sent the US DOLLAR TO HELL
天主教徒认为，8月15日是耶稣的母亲玛丽亚被带到天堂的日子。这一天也是尼克松将美元送入地狱的日子。
Catholics believe that august 15 is the day that Mary mother of Jesus was assumed into heaven . It was also,the day Nixon sent the US DOLLAR TO HELL
天主教徒认为，8月15日是耶稣的母亲玛丽亚被带到天堂的日子。这一天也是尼克松将美元送入地狱的日子。
John Fitzgerald
It makes complete sense that the French would have tried to limit press coverage of the transfer for security reasons.
法国人出于安全考虑，试图限制媒体对转移黄金的报道，这完全说得通。
It makes complete sense that the French would have tried to limit press coverage of the transfer for security reasons.
法国人出于安全考虑，试图限制媒体对转移黄金的报道，这完全说得通。
Michael Hunter
You said France sent a battleship, than the next paragraph you said they had no battleships, they sent a destroyer.
A bir of a contradiction.
你说法国派出了一艘战舰，而下一段你又说他们没有战舰，而是派出了一艘驱逐舰。
真是矛盾。
You said France sent a battleship, than the next paragraph you said they had no battleships, they sent a destroyer.
A bir of a contradiction.
你说法国派出了一艘战舰，而下一段你又说他们没有战舰，而是派出了一艘驱逐舰。
真是矛盾。
Manuel Viet
I very much doubt that. During WWII France sent its gold (3000T) away to the colonies, minus 400T to the USA as payment for weapons and such. After the war, all the remaining gold (2500T) was taken back to France, and until the Marshall plan in 1948, a large lump of it was sold (1000T) to finance reconstruction and pay war debts (those spitfires the Free French flew were, indeed, paid off to the British, as were a lot of the weapons and equipments to the US).
France thereafter steadily rebuilt its gold stock until 2005 up to 3000T, but sold about 500T between 2005 and 2009.
No gold to speak of was ever put in the custody of the USA. Hence, no need to send a military ship to “recover” it. Whatever French gold made it to the US was to pay off debts, not a deposit.
On the other hand, Germany had about 500T in US custody circa 2010 (gold they had bought in the US from the government, so technically, gold that had never seen the German soil), but when they wanted to get it back, the US flat out refused to ship it, and the german inspectors were denied a visit of Fort Knox. It seems the matter was settled later on and the Germans finally got “their” gold back. If I were a US citizen, I’d be mildly worried by the *real* content of those vaults, but that’s another story…
What is true though is France had a hand in the failure of the Bretton Wood system, because the monetary politics of the country in the 60’s was to convert as many dollars to gold as possible, not relying on the US promise of maintaining the convertibility between gold and dollar. And boy were we right !
For a really deep focus on the complicated monetary relationship between France and the USA in the 60’s, here’s an excellent article : France and the Breakdown of the Bretton Woods International Monetary System
我非常怀疑这一点。在二战期间，法国将其黄金（3000吨）送往殖民地，减去400吨送往美国作为武器等的付款。战后，所有剩余的黄金（2500吨）被运回法国，直到1948年的马歇尔计划，其中一大部分黄金被出售（1000吨），用于资助重建和支付战争债务（自由法国驾驶的那些喷火式飞机要付钱给英国人，很多武器和设备也得付钱给美国）。
此后，法国稳步重建其黄金库存，直到2005年达到3000吨，但在2005年至2009年期间出售了约500吨。
没有任何黄金被置于美国的监管之下。因此，没有必要派一艘军舰去"回收"它。法国的黄金到了美国，都是用来还债的，而不是存款。
另一方面，德国在2010年左右有大约500吨被美国保管（他们在美国从政府购买的黄金，所以从技术上讲，是从未到过德国国土的黄金），但当他们想拿回这些黄金时，美国断然拒绝运送，德国检查人员被拒绝访问诺克斯堡。后来这件事似乎得到了解决，德国人终于拿回了"他们的"黄金。如果我是美国公民，我会对这些金库的*真实*内容感到轻微的担忧，但这是另一个故事......
但事实是，法国在布雷顿森林体系的失败中起到了作用，因为在60年代，该国的货币政治是尽可能多地将美元兑换成黄金，而不是依靠美国的承诺来维持黄金和美元之间的可兑换性。而我们是对的！
对于60年代法国和美国之间复杂的货币关系的真正深入关注，这里有一篇很好的文章：法国和布雷顿森林国际货币体系的瓦解（链接）
I very much doubt that. During WWII France sent its gold (3000T) away to the colonies, minus 400T to the USA as payment for weapons and such. After the war, all the remaining gold (2500T) was taken back to France, and until the Marshall plan in 1948, a large lump of it was sold (1000T) to finance reconstruction and pay war debts (those spitfires the Free French flew were, indeed, paid off to the British, as were a lot of the weapons and equipments to the US).
France thereafter steadily rebuilt its gold stock until 2005 up to 3000T, but sold about 500T between 2005 and 2009.
No gold to speak of was ever put in the custody of the USA. Hence, no need to send a military ship to “recover” it. Whatever French gold made it to the US was to pay off debts, not a deposit.
On the other hand, Germany had about 500T in US custody circa 2010 (gold they had bought in the US from the government, so technically, gold that had never seen the German soil), but when they wanted to get it back, the US flat out refused to ship it, and the german inspectors were denied a visit of Fort Knox. It seems the matter was settled later on and the Germans finally got “their” gold back. If I were a US citizen, I’d be mildly worried by the *real* content of those vaults, but that’s another story…
What is true though is France had a hand in the failure of the Bretton Wood system, because the monetary politics of the country in the 60’s was to convert as many dollars to gold as possible, not relying on the US promise of maintaining the convertibility between gold and dollar. And boy were we right !
For a really deep focus on the complicated monetary relationship between France and the USA in the 60’s, here’s an excellent article : France and the Breakdown of the Bretton Woods International Monetary System
我非常怀疑这一点。在二战期间，法国将其黄金（3000吨）送往殖民地，减去400吨送往美国作为武器等的付款。战后，所有剩余的黄金（2500吨）被运回法国，直到1948年的马歇尔计划，其中一大部分黄金被出售（1000吨），用于资助重建和支付战争债务（自由法国驾驶的那些喷火式飞机要付钱给英国人，很多武器和设备也得付钱给美国）。
此后，法国稳步重建其黄金库存，直到2005年达到3000吨，但在2005年至2009年期间出售了约500吨。
没有任何黄金被置于美国的监管之下。因此，没有必要派一艘军舰去"回收"它。法国的黄金到了美国，都是用来还债的，而不是存款。
另一方面，德国在2010年左右有大约500吨被美国保管（他们在美国从政府购买的黄金，所以从技术上讲，是从未到过德国国土的黄金），但当他们想拿回这些黄金时，美国断然拒绝运送，德国检查人员被拒绝访问诺克斯堡。后来这件事似乎得到了解决，德国人终于拿回了"他们的"黄金。如果我是美国公民，我会对这些金库的*真实*内容感到轻微的担忧，但这是另一个故事......
但事实是，法国在布雷顿森林体系的失败中起到了作用，因为在60年代，该国的货币政治是尽可能多地将美元兑换成黄金，而不是依靠美国的承诺来维持黄金和美元之间的可兑换性。而我们是对的！
对于60年代法国和美国之间复杂的货币关系的真正深入关注，这里有一篇很好的文章：法国和布雷顿森林国际货币体系的瓦解（链接）
很赞 0
收藏