华沙大学:波兰的边界墙将把欧洲最古老的森林一分两半
2022-08-23 yzy86 9650
正文翻译


(图解:1500平方公里的森林中约有 60% 位于白俄罗斯一侧)
(本文发布于2021年12月,作者为华沙大学生物学教授波格丹·雅罗谢维奇、波兰科学院哺乳动物研究所生物地理学研究负责人米哈乌·日米霍斯基等)

Poland is planning to build a wall along its border with Belarus, primarily to block migrants fleeing the Middle East and Asia. But the wall would also divide the vast and ancient Białowieża Forest, a UNESCO World Heritage site which harbours more than 12,000 animal species and includes the largest remnants of prim forest that once covered most of lowland Europe.

波兰正计划在其与白俄罗斯的边界上修建一道墙,主要是为了阻止逃离中东和亚洲的移民。但这道墙也将辽阔而古老的比亚沃维耶扎森林分隔了开来,那里是联合国教科文组织评出的世界遗产,为超过12000种动物提供了居所,还包括曾经覆盖欧洲大部分低地的最大原始森林的残余部分。

Frontiers like this are of conservation priority because they often host unique biodiversity and ecosystems but are increasingly threatened by border fortification. We are experts in forest ecosystems and two of us combined have more than three decades of experience working in Białowieża, at the intersections of forest, plant and bird ecology. In the journal Science, we recently described how the border wall planned by Poland would jeopardise this trans-boundary forest.

像这样的边境是保育的优先事项,因为它们通常拥有独特的生物多样性和生态系统,但越来越多地受到边境地区防御工事的威胁。我们是森林生态系统方面的专家,我们中的两个人在比亚沃维耶扎森林拥有超过三十年的工作经验,从事的是森林、植物和鸟类生态学的交叉领域。在《科学》杂志上,我们最近描述了波兰规划的边界墙将会如何危及这片跨边界森林。
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The core of Białowieża is characterised by old-growth forest rich in dead and decaying wood on which mosses, lichens, fungi, insects and also many vertebrates depend. Big animals such as the European bison, boar, lynx and wolf inhabit the forest on both sides of the border.

比亚沃维耶扎的核心是以原始森林为特征的,富含枯死和正在腐烂的木头,而苔藓、地衣、真菌、昆虫以及很多脊椎动物都籍此维生。欧洲野牛、野猪、猞猁、狼等大型动物栖息在边境两侧的森林中。



(图解:比亚沃维耶扎森林富含枯死和腐烂的木材)

A wall would block the movement of these animals, for instance preventing brown bears from recolonising the Polish side of the forest where they were recently observed after a long absence. The wall would also risk plant invasions, and would mean noise and light pollution that will displace wildlife. The influx of people and vehicles, and already accumulated garbage (mainly plastics) also pose risks, including disease – we already know that humans can transmit COVID to wild species, like deer.

一道墙会阻断这些动物的活动,比如说,会阻止棕熊重新移居到波兰一侧的森林中,最近它们在那里被观察到了,而它们在那里已经消失了很久。这堵墙还会带来植物入侵的风险,还会导致噪音和光污染取代了野生动物。人和车辆的大量涌入,以及已经出现的堆积的垃圾(主要是塑料制品)也会带来风险,包括疾病:我们已经知道人类可以把新冠病毒传染给野生物种,比如鹿。
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Poland’s wall will be 5.5 metres high, solid, with barbed wire at the top, and will replace a 130 km provisional 2.5m high razor-wire fence built during summer to autumn 2021. This wall will be high enough to affect low-flying birds, such as grouse.

波兰的墙将会有5.5米高,很坚固,顶部装有带刺铁丝网,它将会取代在2021 年夏季至秋季期间建造的长130公里、高2.5米的临时铁丝网围栏。这道墙足够高,足以影响在低空飞行的鸟类,比如松鸡。

Impeding wildlife more than people

对野生动物造成的阻碍多过人

Poland’s proposed wall resembles the barrier built along parts of the US-Mexico border. Research there based on camera-traps shows that such walls deter people less than they impede wildlife. Animals affected by the US-Mexico barrier include jaguars, pygmy owls, and a bison herd whose food and water were split by the border.

波兰提议的这道墙类似沿美墨边境部分区段建造的隔离墙。在那里开展的基于相机陷阱的研究表明,这样的墙对人的威慑力,不如对野生动物的阻碍大。受美墨隔离墙影响的动物包括美洲豹、鸺鹠(译注:即侏儒猫头鹰,鸱鸮科)和某个野牛群,它们吃的食物和饮用的水被这道边界分隔开了。

The fences across Europe are highly varied, and no mitigation standards exist. A razor-wire fence, constructed in 2015 by Slovenia along its border with Croatia, killed deer and herons with a mortality rate of 0.12 ungulates (hoofed mammals) per kilometre of fence. Along the Hungary-Croatia border, mortality in the first 28 months following construction of a fence was higher, at 0.47 ungulates per kilometre. Large congregations of red deer were also observed at the fence-line which could spread disease and upset the predator-prey dynamic by making them easier for wolves to catch.

欧洲各地的围栏千差万别,也不存在减少损伤的标准。2015 年,斯洛文尼亚在与克罗地亚接壤的边境上修建了一道铁丝网,由此杀死了鹿和苍鹭,每公里围栏的死亡率为 0.12 只有蹄类动物(有蹄的哺乳动物)。在匈牙利-克罗地亚边境,修建围栏后的头28个月死亡率较高,为每公里0.47只有蹄类动物。在围栏线上还观察到有大规模的马鹿聚集,它们可能会传播疾病,也因为更容易被狼捕捉而打乱了掠食者和猎物间的动态关系。



(图解:赤鹿(欧洲马鹿),比亚沃维耶扎森林狼最爱的食物之一)

People can and will use ramps, tunnels, and alternative routes by air and sea, whereas wildlife often cannot. Walls have a big human cost too. They may redirect people, and to a lesser extent wildlife, to more dangerous routes, for example, river crossings or deserts, which may intersect with areas of high natural or cultural value.

人们有能力使用也愿意使用斜坡、隧道以及空中和海上的替代路线,而野生动物通常没有这个能力。筑墙也要耗费巨大的人力成本。它们可能会将人以及野生动物(程度较轻)重新导向更危险的路线,比如河流交叉口或沙漠,这些路线可能会贯穿具有很高自然或文化价值的地区。
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Physical barriers such as fences and walls now line 32,000 kilometres of borders worldwide with significant increases over the past few decades. According to one recent study, nearly 700 mammal species could now find it difficult to cross into different countries, thwarting their adaptation to climate change. The fragmentation of populations and habitats means reduced gene flow within species and less resilient ecosystems.

围栏和墙这类物理屏障现在遍布于全球3.2万公里的边界上,而且在过去几十年中显著增加。根据最近的一项研究,现在有近700种哺乳动物很难进入不同的国家,从而阻碍了它们对气候变化的适应。种群和栖息地的碎片化,意味着物种内部的基因流动减少以及生态系统的复原能力降低。

Border security over climate action

边境安全高于气候行动
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


According to the Transnational Institute, wealthy nations are prioritising border security over climate action, which contravenes pledges made at COP26 such as protecting the world’s forests. Some of the 257 World Heritage forests are now releasing more carbon than they absorb, but Białowieża Forest is still a healthy, well-connected landscape. Poland’s border wall would put this at risk.

据跨国研究院的说法,在优先事项上,富国将边境安全置于气候行动之上,这违背了在第26届联合国气候变化大会(2021年11月)上做出的保护全球森林等承诺。在257 处世界遗产森林中,现在有一部分释放的碳比它们吸收的还要多,但比亚沃维耶扎森林仍是一个健康且血统上佳的景观。波兰的边界墙将使它处于险境。

The construction of such walls also tends to bypass or be at odds with environmental laws. They due conservation investment and hamper cross-boundary cooperation. It was already hard for us to collaborate with fellow scientists from Belarus – the new wall will make cross-border scientific work even harder.

这种墙的建造往往也会绕过环境法规,或与之相左。他们贬低保育类投资并阻碍跨境合作。我们已经很难与白俄罗斯的科学家同行进行合作了,这道新的墙将会使跨境科学工作变得更难开展。

It is possible to mitigate the effects of certain border barriers. But that requires, at the very least, identifying at-risk species and habitats, designing fences to minimise ecological harm and targeting mitigation at known wildlife crossing points. It may also mean assisted migration across a barrier for certain species. To our best knowledge no formal assessment of either social or environmental costs has yet been carried out in the case of Poland’s planned wall.

减轻特定边界障碍造成的影响是有可能的。但至少这需要查明处于危险中的物种和栖息地,设计围栏时要最大限度地减少对生态的危害,并有针对性地对已知野生动物的过境点进行减少损伤的工作。这可能也意味着,要帮助特定物种跨越障碍迁移。据我们所知,尚未对波兰规划的墙造成的社会成本或环境成本进行正式评估。

It’s time conservation biologists made themselves heard, particularly when it comes to the issue of border barriers. As climate change threatens to disrupt borders and migratory patterns of people and of wildlife, we will need to reform, not only policies and frxworks, but also how we perceive borders.

现在是保育生物学家出来发声的时候了,在涉及边界障碍问题时就更应如此了。由于气候变化有可能扰乱人类和野生动物的边界以及迁徙模式,所以我们需要改革,不仅要革新政策和参照标准,我们对边界的认知也要革新。

评论翻译
bandit2048
What would you suggest the Polish government do?

你会建议波兰政府怎么做?

Open the borders and provide free or low-cost quarantine to people crossing. That’s the humane response which creates solidarity and acknowledges the many benefits which people bring.

(回)开放边境,为过境者提供免费或价格低廉的隔离检疫。这才是人性化的应对方式,此举能创造团结,也是对人们带来的诸多好处的一种认可。

Gustav Clark
We live at an unfortunate time, when Poland has an illiberal and anti-intellectual government, and Belarus’s government is struggling to hang on and using every device at its disposal to blame Poland. I cannot see that either government has any interest in the health of the Białowieża Forest.

我们生活在一个不幸的时代,波兰有一个没啥素养且反智的政府,而白俄罗斯政府正在努力坚持下去,并利用可为其所用的一切手段来指责波兰。我是看不出这两个政府中会有任何一个对比亚沃维耶扎森林的健康感兴趣。

If the two governments were minded to come up with a solution, they could designate the whole forest as international land and put their fences on the edges of it. I do not see that there is much chance of that happening.

如果这两国政府有心想出一个解决方案,他们可以将整片森林划定为国际土地,并在其边缘设置围栏。我觉得这种情况发生的可能性不太大。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Poland has a long history of suffering from xenophobia. Long way back the Teutonic Knights pursued their genocidal campaigns until the Poles drove them from their lands. In WW2 they were first occupied by the foreigner-hating Nazis, and then by the equally xenophobic Soviets. Poland has fought for its freedom against people who hate foreigners. It does not need to have home-grown Islamophobia unleashing a new generation of hatred on its people.

波兰饱受仇外之苦是有悠久历史的。很久以前,条顿骑士团就致力于他们那旨在种族灭绝的征战,直到波兰人把他们赶出了他们的土地。在第二次世界大战中,他们是第一个被憎恨外国人的纳粹占领的,然后又被同样仇外的苏联人占领。波兰为自己的自由奋战过,对抗那些仇恨外国人的人。波兰不需要让产于本国的伊斯兰恐惧症向其人民释放新一代人的仇恨。

In the days of the Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth jews from across Europe migrated there because it offered freedom from persecution, whilst Tatars were offered land as a reward for this service the country. Poland today needs to celebrate its history and to feel pride in the way its tolerance gve its people freedom and prosperity. It cannot afford to shrink into a frightened huddle of right-wing bigots.

在波兰立陶宛联邦的时代,来自欧洲各地的犹太人移民到了那里,因为那里提供了免于被迫害的自由,而鞑靼人则收到了土地,作为对为国服役的奖赏。今天的波兰需要的是赞颂其历史,为其宽容给人民带来的自由和繁荣感到自豪。退缩进右翼偏执份子那让人惊恐的包围圈,是波兰承受不起的。

Peter Francis
Do the authors think that the Ukrainian army should stop constructing barriers against Putin’s army, on the grounds that wildlife might suffer? I suspect not. They do not regard irregular migration as a threat. After all the migrants will go straight through Poland to reach Germany. It’s someone else’s problem.

莫非这几位作者是认为,乌克兰军队应该停止建造针对普京军队的壁垒,理由是野生动物可能会因此受苦?我认为并不是。他们可不认为非法移民是一种威胁。毕竟移民会直接穿过波兰到达德国。这样就成了别国的问题了。

They argue that borders should be scrapped because some future migration might be induced by climate change. The problem with that argument is that migrants are typically moving from a low per capita carbon footprint country to a high per capita carbon footprint country. so their migration is exacerbating climate change.

他们主张,应该废掉边界,因为未来的一部分移民可能是因气候变化而生的。这种主张的问题在于,移民通常会从一个人均碳足迹较少的国家迁往一个人均碳足迹较多的国家。所以气候变化正在因为他们的移民而恶化。

Mike Wylde
As far as barriers go I can’t see much difference between a razor wire fence (which the article suggests is OK) and a wall (which is not). Both will stop large animals but I would have thought a hard to see fence would be worse for both large and small as if they don’t see it they’ll walk/fly straight into it and shred themselves on the bards/razors.

就障碍物而言,我是看不出铁丝网栅栏(文中认为这个是可以的)和墙(文中认为这个不可以)之间有多大区别。两者都能阻止大型动物,但我认为那种目视难以看见的栅栏对大型和小型动物来说都会更糟,因为如果它们看不见,就会直接走到/飞进那里面,在网刺上把自己切个粉碎。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Gustav Clark
Poland’s history is one on continually shifting borders, extinction and rebirth. What we have now is a result of the horse-trading between Roosevelt and Stalin at the end of WW2, when an eastern swathe of Poland was given to the USSR, and in return an area of Germany was given to Poland. Poland got major industries and universities in exchange for forest. Going back to the times you are talking of, the Tatars once reached the gates of Krakow, but there are still Tatar villages and they played in important military role fighting for Poland.

波兰的历史是一部边界不断变化、灭亡和重生的历史。我们现在所拥有的国土是罗斯福和斯大林在二战结束时讨价还价的结果,当时波兰东部的大片土地被送给了苏联,而作为回报,德国的一个地区被送给了波兰。波兰用森林换来了重要的工业和大学。回到你说的那个时代,鞑靼人一度到了克拉科夫的大门口,现在那里仍然有鞑靼人的村庄,他们在为波兰而战时发挥了重要的军事作用。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Białowieża Forest is obviously a unity, artificially split by the 1945 treaty. One day Belarus will be a free country and then we can return restore freedom of movement for humans and for animals

比亚沃维耶扎森林显然是一个统一体,是被1945年的那份条约人为分割的。有朝一日,白俄罗斯会成为一个自由的国家,然后我们就能恢复人类和动物的行动自由。

Charlie Browne
Question: “What is the difference between a bison and a buffalo?”
Answer: “You can’t wash your hands in a buffalo!”
MERRY CHRISTMAS!

问题:“野牛和水牛的区别是什么?”
回答:“你没法在水牛身上洗手!”
圣诞快乐!

M Lucas
This isn’t a problem of fences and wildlife. It’s entirely a problem of NATO encroachment on Russia’s borderlands, mainly of the American’s making. If there was the much needed rapprochement with Russia the problem of immigrants and fences would be resolved pretty much overnight and the four legged animals could live in natural harmony.

这就不是围栏和野生动物的问题。这完全是北约侵犯俄罗斯边疆地区的问题,这个问题主要是美国人制造的。如果能和俄罗斯重归于好(这是我们亟需的),移民和围栏的问题差不多就能在一夜之间得到解决,四条腿的动物可以自然和谐地生活。

In my experience Poland has in the past been quite freely allowing Belarus people to move reasonably freely across the border. The current crisis is brought about solely by Lubashenko’s attempt to hold on to power and Putin’s yearning to restore Russia’s old empire. I wish the US had been more active in defending Poland and Ukraine - it has let Putin take all the initiatives.

(回)根据我的经验,过去波兰一直都无所顾忌地允许白俄罗斯人合理且自由地越境流动。当前的危机完全是由卢卡申科试图紧紧抓住权力以及普京渴望恢复旧日的俄罗斯帝国所造成的。我希望美国能更积极地保卫波兰和乌克兰,这方面已经让普京掌握了所有的主动权。

原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


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