人们为什么要撒谎（上）
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Dushka Zapata
The most common reason why we lie is to make ourselves appear better, bigger, more awesome, more virtuous, more talented.
We lie in a misguided attempt to make someone happy, to make another person like us more, to keep someone else from something we have done that we wish we could take back or just keep a secret.
We lie to make things easier. Because we are under the mistaken impression that a quick lie saves us from a long explanation. (Spoiler: it doesn’t.)
We lie to escape consequences we don’t want to face.
Underneath nearly every lie is the fear that we are not good enough.
最常见的原因是，我们撒谎是为了让自己看起来更好，更强，更伟大，更善良，更有才华。
我们撒谎是为了让别人高兴，让别人更喜欢我们，让别人不知道我们做了什么，希望我们可以保守住秘密。
我们撒谎是为了让事情变得更容易。因为我们误以为一个快速的谎言可以让我们免于冗长的解释。(剧透:并没有。)
我们撒谎是为了逃避我们不想面对的后果。几乎每一个谎言的背后都是对我们自己不够好的恐惧。
The most common reason why we lie is to make ourselves appear better, bigger, more awesome, more virtuous, more talented.
We lie in a misguided attempt to make someone happy, to make another person like us more, to keep someone else from something we have done that we wish we could take back or just keep a secret.
We lie to make things easier. Because we are under the mistaken impression that a quick lie saves us from a long explanation. (Spoiler: it doesn’t.)
We lie to escape consequences we don’t want to face.
Underneath nearly every lie is the fear that we are not good enough.
最常见的原因是，我们撒谎是为了让自己看起来更好，更强，更伟大，更善良，更有才华。
我们撒谎是为了让别人高兴，让别人更喜欢我们，让别人不知道我们做了什么，希望我们可以保守住秘密。
我们撒谎是为了让事情变得更容易。因为我们误以为一个快速的谎言可以让我们免于冗长的解释。(剧透:并没有。)
我们撒谎是为了逃避我们不想面对的后果。几乎每一个谎言的背后都是对我们自己不够好的恐惧。
James Marx
The reason people lie is because the truth is something that the liar doesn’t want to live. Most liars are going to lie throughout their day to at least a few different people. It doesn’t even matter if the truth would be easier for both parties to swallow. Liars choose to lie even when the truth serves them better. Something about a lie, maybe it’s quality of being something that’s not real, is what appeals most to a liar. Once a liar is used to living in a pretend world, it’s almost easier to continue a pretend, made-up handle on reality. A liar should steer clear of reality or he may get confused about when and to who reality applies.
If you don’t need the truth to be the truth, or if a lie serves you well, you may find that it’s pretty easy to believe your own lies. Then, you can become a full fledged liar. Everyone bends the truth, sometimes. It’s necessary.
Children will accept the lie when it’s, “You did so good today”. Even though they are the reason the other team won. It’s a good reason to lie because it builds confidence and when you’re dealing with a child’s sensitive ego it can help avoid leaving scars on kid’s psyches.
Nothing worse for a liar than not being believed. The truth won’t be believed. That will be the hardest part of lying. To learn how to accept that even when they tell the truth, nobody believes them. That’s when the road splits and they make a choice and that road becomes what their life will be. There will be no going back.
人们之所以说谎，是因为真相是说谎者不想面对的东西。大多数说谎者在一天中至少会对几个不同的人撒谎。真相对双方来说是否更容易接受并不重要。即使真相对他们更有利，撒谎者也会选择撒谎。谎言的某些特征，也许是它作为一种不真实的东西的特征，是最吸引说谎者的地方。一旦说谎者习惯于生活在一个虚假的世界里，那么继续欺骗和虚构的现实生活就会更容易。说谎者应该远离现实，否则他可能会对现实何时适用以及适用于谁感到困惑。如果你不需要真相，或者一个谎言对你有好处，你可能会发现，相信自己的谎言是很容易的。然后，你就可以成为一个成熟的说谎者。
每个人有时都会歪曲事实，这很有必要。当谎言是"你今天做得很好"时，孩子们会接受这个谎言。即使他们输给了另一队。这是一个撒谎的好理由，因为它可以建立自信，当你在处理孩子敏感的自我时，它可以帮助避免在孩子的心里留下伤痕。
对于一个说谎者来说，没有什么比不被相信更糟糕的了。真相不会被相信，这将是对于说谎者来说最困难的部分。要学会接受这样的事实：即使他们说了实话，也没有人会再相信他们了。这就是道路分叉的时候，他们一旦做出了选择，这条路就变成了他们的生活。没有回头路可走了。
The reason people lie is because the truth is something that the liar doesn’t want to live. Most liars are going to lie throughout their day to at least a few different people. It doesn’t even matter if the truth would be easier for both parties to swallow. Liars choose to lie even when the truth serves them better. Something about a lie, maybe it’s quality of being something that’s not real, is what appeals most to a liar. Once a liar is used to living in a pretend world, it’s almost easier to continue a pretend, made-up handle on reality. A liar should steer clear of reality or he may get confused about when and to who reality applies.
If you don’t need the truth to be the truth, or if a lie serves you well, you may find that it’s pretty easy to believe your own lies. Then, you can become a full fledged liar. Everyone bends the truth, sometimes. It’s necessary.
Children will accept the lie when it’s, “You did so good today”. Even though they are the reason the other team won. It’s a good reason to lie because it builds confidence and when you’re dealing with a child’s sensitive ego it can help avoid leaving scars on kid’s psyches.
Nothing worse for a liar than not being believed. The truth won’t be believed. That will be the hardest part of lying. To learn how to accept that even when they tell the truth, nobody believes them. That’s when the road splits and they make a choice and that road becomes what their life will be. There will be no going back.
人们之所以说谎，是因为真相是说谎者不想面对的东西。大多数说谎者在一天中至少会对几个不同的人撒谎。真相对双方来说是否更容易接受并不重要。即使真相对他们更有利，撒谎者也会选择撒谎。谎言的某些特征，也许是它作为一种不真实的东西的特征，是最吸引说谎者的地方。一旦说谎者习惯于生活在一个虚假的世界里，那么继续欺骗和虚构的现实生活就会更容易。说谎者应该远离现实，否则他可能会对现实何时适用以及适用于谁感到困惑。如果你不需要真相，或者一个谎言对你有好处，你可能会发现，相信自己的谎言是很容易的。然后，你就可以成为一个成熟的说谎者。
每个人有时都会歪曲事实，这很有必要。当谎言是"你今天做得很好"时，孩子们会接受这个谎言。即使他们输给了另一队。这是一个撒谎的好理由，因为它可以建立自信，当你在处理孩子敏感的自我时，它可以帮助避免在孩子的心里留下伤痕。
对于一个说谎者来说，没有什么比不被相信更糟糕的了。真相不会被相信，这将是对于说谎者来说最困难的部分。要学会接受这样的事实：即使他们说了实话，也没有人会再相信他们了。这就是道路分叉的时候，他们一旦做出了选择，这条路就变成了他们的生活。没有回头路可走了。
Eran Dror
People lie for various reasons. Some that are prominent in my mind:
To enhance a story with details that make it richer / funnier
To enhance supporting evidence for a conclusion that they believe is true
To maintain their privacy in matters they consider their private affairs
To defend themselves against an unjust intrusion or attack
To avoid offending someone's feelings unnecessarily
These lies, while not always just, have at least mitigating circumstances, because they are done for a perceived good cause and are not meant to victimize anyone.
人们出于各种原因撒谎。在我的脑海中，比较典型的原因有：
用细节来加强故事，使其更丰富/更有趣
为他们认为是真实的结论增加支持性证据
在他们认为是私事的问题上维护自己的隐私
为了保护自己免受不公正的攻击
为了避免不必要地冒犯某人的感情
这些谎言虽然并不总是公正的，但至少情有可原，因为它们是为了一个被认为是好的理由而做的，而不是为了伤害任何人。
People lie for various reasons. Some that are prominent in my mind:
To enhance a story with details that make it richer / funnier
To enhance supporting evidence for a conclusion that they believe is true
To maintain their privacy in matters they consider their private affairs
To defend themselves against an unjust intrusion or attack
To avoid offending someone's feelings unnecessarily
These lies, while not always just, have at least mitigating circumstances, because they are done for a perceived good cause and are not meant to victimize anyone.
人们出于各种原因撒谎。在我的脑海中，比较典型的原因有：
用细节来加强故事，使其更丰富/更有趣
为他们认为是真实的结论增加支持性证据
在他们认为是私事的问题上维护自己的隐私
为了保护自己免受不公正的攻击
为了避免不必要地冒犯某人的感情
这些谎言虽然并不总是公正的，但至少情有可原，因为它们是为了一个被认为是好的理由而做的，而不是为了伤害任何人。
To achieve a concrete goal/value in the world, or avoid losing some value
To project an image of themselves that they would like others to see
These are done without the intent to victimize, but also without regard for the victim, who he is, and whether he deserves the truth. The specific value is at the focus of attention for the liar, not the consequences or the victim.
To feel superior over someone who would believe such lies
To maintain a self-lie that demands other people's cooperation
To further political/social aims that people would not support if they knew the truth about them.
In these, the victimization is the point. People who lie for these motives are so corrupt their goals are literally indistinguishable from the damage they cause. They wish to obliterate the capacity for independent judgment in their victims, because that capacity in itself goes against their goals.
为了实现自己的具体目标/价值，或避免失去某些价值
为了塑造一个他们希望别人看到的自己的形象
这些谎言都是在不打算害人的情况下进行的，但也没有考虑到受害者，以及他是否应该得到真相。能够得到的具体的价值是说谎者关注的焦点，而不会考虑后果或对受害者造成的影响。
觉得自己比那些会相信这种谎言的人优越
为了让他人继续和自己合作
为了进一步实现政治/社会目标，如果人们知道了这些目标的真相，他们就不会再支持他。
在这些谎言中，受害者是重点。出于这些动机而撒谎的人是如此无可救药，他们的目标与他们造成的损害在方向上是一致的。他们希望抹杀受害者的独立判断能力，因为这种能力本身就与他们的目标相悖。
To project an image of themselves that they would like others to see
These are done without the intent to victimize, but also without regard for the victim, who he is, and whether he deserves the truth. The specific value is at the focus of attention for the liar, not the consequences or the victim.
To feel superior over someone who would believe such lies
To maintain a self-lie that demands other people's cooperation
To further political/social aims that people would not support if they knew the truth about them.
In these, the victimization is the point. People who lie for these motives are so corrupt their goals are literally indistinguishable from the damage they cause. They wish to obliterate the capacity for independent judgment in their victims, because that capacity in itself goes against their goals.
为了实现自己的具体目标/价值，或避免失去某些价值
为了塑造一个他们希望别人看到的自己的形象
这些谎言都是在不打算害人的情况下进行的，但也没有考虑到受害者，以及他是否应该得到真相。能够得到的具体的价值是说谎者关注的焦点，而不会考虑后果或对受害者造成的影响。
觉得自己比那些会相信这种谎言的人优越
为了让他人继续和自己合作
为了进一步实现政治/社会目标，如果人们知道了这些目标的真相，他们就不会再支持他。
在这些谎言中，受害者是重点。出于这些动机而撒谎的人是如此无可救药，他们的目标与他们造成的损害在方向上是一致的。他们希望抹杀受害者的独立判断能力，因为这种能力本身就与他们的目标相悖。
Sachchidanand R. Swami
Unbelievably simplest and shortest answer is We do lie just because we NEED to do so.
In our world, an individual needs to find out and work on many different ways to survive, compete, acquire resources, find a mate and pass genes to next generation while living along with thousands of people who are its present and potential allies, partners, protectors, friends, foes, challengers, competitors, rivals and intimidators. By the way, both humans and non-human entities can be pose challenges, competitions, threats and obstacles.
If an individual is enough resourceful, very powerful, very strong, extremely skilled and completely independent to live and do everything all alone for survival and propagation of genes, he/she wouldn’t (need to) lie to anybody. One must be all perfect, powerful and independent for not lying because Lying is the easiest and fastest way for an individual to fix different types of social issues on a temporary basis.
In a kind of world in which competition, fighting, rivalry, scarcity, vulnerability, mortality, intimidation, dissimilarity, differences, domination, punishment, pain, rejection, out-casting, abandoning, loneliness, theft, terror, biases, barriers, injuries and threats are completely present; humans do need to lie to tackle, overcome or avoid them.
It's always worth remembering that lying is an entirely social or group activity. Any single individual can't give birth to a lie at all, no matter how badly a lie needs to take birth. Until there's no potential receiver of a lie, there's no point in giving birth to it at the first place.
令人难以置信的是，最简单和最简短的答案是：我们撒谎只是因为我们需要这样做。
在我们的世界里，一个人需要找出许多不同的方法来生存、竞争、获取资源、寻找配偶并将基因传给下一代，同时与成千上万的人一起生活，这些人是他现在和潜在的盟友、伙伴、保护者、朋友、敌人、挑战者、竞争对手、对手和恐吓者。顺便说一句，人类和非人类实体都可以构成挑战、竞争、威胁和障碍。
如果一个人有足够的资源，非常强大，非常强壮，技能众多，完全独立自主，能为了生存和繁殖而独自生活和做一切事情，他/她就不会（需要）对任何人撒谎。一个人必须是完美的、强大的和独立的，才能不撒谎，因为撒谎是一个人暂时解决不同类型的社会问题的最简单和最快的方法。
在一种竞争、争斗、对立、脆弱、死亡、恐吓、差异、支配、惩罚、痛苦、拒绝、淘汰、抛弃、孤独、盗窃、恐怖、偏见、障碍、伤害和威胁都存在的世界中，人类确实需要通过撒谎来解决、克服或避免这些问题。
永远值得记住的是，撒谎完全是一种社会或群体活动。任何一个人都不可能撒谎，无论一个谎言多么需要诞生。在没有潜在的谎言接受者之前，就没有必要撒谎。
Unbelievably simplest and shortest answer is We do lie just because we NEED to do so.
In our world, an individual needs to find out and work on many different ways to survive, compete, acquire resources, find a mate and pass genes to next generation while living along with thousands of people who are its present and potential allies, partners, protectors, friends, foes, challengers, competitors, rivals and intimidators. By the way, both humans and non-human entities can be pose challenges, competitions, threats and obstacles.
If an individual is enough resourceful, very powerful, very strong, extremely skilled and completely independent to live and do everything all alone for survival and propagation of genes, he/she wouldn’t (need to) lie to anybody. One must be all perfect, powerful and independent for not lying because Lying is the easiest and fastest way for an individual to fix different types of social issues on a temporary basis.
In a kind of world in which competition, fighting, rivalry, scarcity, vulnerability, mortality, intimidation, dissimilarity, differences, domination, punishment, pain, rejection, out-casting, abandoning, loneliness, theft, terror, biases, barriers, injuries and threats are completely present; humans do need to lie to tackle, overcome or avoid them.
It's always worth remembering that lying is an entirely social or group activity. Any single individual can't give birth to a lie at all, no matter how badly a lie needs to take birth. Until there's no potential receiver of a lie, there's no point in giving birth to it at the first place.
令人难以置信的是，最简单和最简短的答案是：我们撒谎只是因为我们需要这样做。
在我们的世界里，一个人需要找出许多不同的方法来生存、竞争、获取资源、寻找配偶并将基因传给下一代，同时与成千上万的人一起生活，这些人是他现在和潜在的盟友、伙伴、保护者、朋友、敌人、挑战者、竞争对手、对手和恐吓者。顺便说一句，人类和非人类实体都可以构成挑战、竞争、威胁和障碍。
如果一个人有足够的资源，非常强大，非常强壮，技能众多，完全独立自主，能为了生存和繁殖而独自生活和做一切事情，他/她就不会（需要）对任何人撒谎。一个人必须是完美的、强大的和独立的，才能不撒谎，因为撒谎是一个人暂时解决不同类型的社会问题的最简单和最快的方法。
在一种竞争、争斗、对立、脆弱、死亡、恐吓、差异、支配、惩罚、痛苦、拒绝、淘汰、抛弃、孤独、盗窃、恐怖、偏见、障碍、伤害和威胁都存在的世界中，人类确实需要通过撒谎来解决、克服或避免这些问题。
永远值得记住的是，撒谎完全是一种社会或群体活动。任何一个人都不可能撒谎，无论一个谎言多么需要诞生。在没有潜在的谎言接受者之前，就没有必要撒谎。
Temp Value
First, people don't born liar, and lies is not innate position in them, of course.
Secondly, it's a lie to tell you the "Why" reasons, because simpley there no specific ones, but as analyzer we can get a good idea of why, by simply look at why people lies, which is maybe a habit, or just a fun.
And thirdly, not anyone lies is a bad person, and we as human can't avoid lying, and we may lie to our childrens, friends, or even wife, in an harmful context, and this might be the wisest choice from us, and of course there is some people who's disagree on this.
首先，人们不是天生的骗子，谎言当然也不是他们与生俱来的。
第二，告诉你 "为什么 "的原因是假的，很可能是因为根本就没有具体的原因。作为分析者，我们可以通过简单的观察来分析人们为什么撒谎，这可能是一种习惯，或者只是一种乐趣。
第三，并不是所有说谎的人都是坏人，我们作为人类无法避免说谎，我们可能会在事情对他们有害的情况下对我们的孩子、朋友、甚至妻子说谎，因为这可能是我们最明智的选择，当然也有一些人不同意这个观点。
First, people don't born liar, and lies is not innate position in them, of course.
Secondly, it's a lie to tell you the "Why" reasons, because simpley there no specific ones, but as analyzer we can get a good idea of why, by simply look at why people lies, which is maybe a habit, or just a fun.
And thirdly, not anyone lies is a bad person, and we as human can't avoid lying, and we may lie to our childrens, friends, or even wife, in an harmful context, and this might be the wisest choice from us, and of course there is some people who's disagree on this.
首先，人们不是天生的骗子，谎言当然也不是他们与生俱来的。
第二，告诉你 "为什么 "的原因是假的，很可能是因为根本就没有具体的原因。作为分析者，我们可以通过简单的观察来分析人们为什么撒谎，这可能是一种习惯，或者只是一种乐趣。
第三，并不是所有说谎的人都是坏人，我们作为人类无法避免说谎，我们可能会在事情对他们有害的情况下对我们的孩子、朋友、甚至妻子说谎，因为这可能是我们最明智的选择，当然也有一些人不同意这个观点。
Shreyan Laha
We lie for many reasons but such reasons have developed in different phases during a human's evolution from a primate to a modern human.
Chapter 1: Evolutionary Reasons
The history of lies and deception are long. It dates back to stories of Ramayana, or Greek mythology with stories of Dolos (spirit of trickery and guile) and Apate (goddess of fraud and deceit). A study by on diaries (DePaulo et al, 1996) of different individuals proved that everyone lied at least once or twice a day. Furthermore, we also lie to those with whom we are close – and when we are with complete strangers, we lie two times on an average.
Such studies have demonstrated without a shred of doubt that people lie all the time. However, what it doesn’t talk about is how lying was common even before we evolved from primates - and right into the current stage of Homo sapiens. Cooperating with each other was the chief reason why we started lying.[1] Lying, without a doubt, is a human trait. Throw a stone at a dog and he would whine and run away. Shout at a human, he’ll weigh in the consequences and react accordingly – even in contrary and illogical ways if it benefits him in the future.
我们说谎的原因很多，但在人类从灵长类动物进化到现代人的过程中，这种原因在不同的阶段在发展。
第一章：进化的原因
谎言和欺骗的历史由来已久。它可以追溯到《罗摩衍那》的故事，或者希腊神话中的多洛斯（欺骗和诡计之神）和阿帕忒（欺诈和欺骗女神）的故事。一项对不同个体日记的研究（DePaulo等人于1996年著）证明，每个人每天至少都会撒谎一到两次。此外，我们还对那些与我们关系密切的人撒谎--而当我们与完全陌生的人在一起时，我们平均每天会撒谎两次。
这样的研究毫无悬念地证明了人们一直在撒谎。然而它没有谈到的是，甚至在我们从灵长类动物进化到现在的智人阶段之前，撒谎就已经很普遍了。互相合作是我们开始说谎的主要原因。毫无疑问，说谎是人类的特征。向一只狗扔石头，它就会吠叫和逃跑。对一个人大喊大叫，他会权衡后果并做出相应的反应--甚至以相反的、不合逻辑的方式，如果这对他的未来有利的话。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
We lie for many reasons but such reasons have developed in different phases during a human's evolution from a primate to a modern human.
Chapter 1: Evolutionary Reasons
The history of lies and deception are long. It dates back to stories of Ramayana, or Greek mythology with stories of Dolos (spirit of trickery and guile) and Apate (goddess of fraud and deceit). A study by on diaries (DePaulo et al, 1996) of different individuals proved that everyone lied at least once or twice a day. Furthermore, we also lie to those with whom we are close – and when we are with complete strangers, we lie two times on an average.
Such studies have demonstrated without a shred of doubt that people lie all the time. However, what it doesn’t talk about is how lying was common even before we evolved from primates - and right into the current stage of Homo sapiens. Cooperating with each other was the chief reason why we started lying.[1] Lying, without a doubt, is a human trait. Throw a stone at a dog and he would whine and run away. Shout at a human, he’ll weigh in the consequences and react accordingly – even in contrary and illogical ways if it benefits him in the future.
我们说谎的原因很多，但在人类从灵长类动物进化到现代人的过程中，这种原因在不同的阶段在发展。
第一章：进化的原因
谎言和欺骗的历史由来已久。它可以追溯到《罗摩衍那》的故事，或者希腊神话中的多洛斯（欺骗和诡计之神）和阿帕忒（欺诈和欺骗女神）的故事。一项对不同个体日记的研究（DePaulo等人于1996年著）证明，每个人每天至少都会撒谎一到两次。此外，我们还对那些与我们关系密切的人撒谎--而当我们与完全陌生的人在一起时，我们平均每天会撒谎两次。
这样的研究毫无悬念地证明了人们一直在撒谎。然而它没有谈到的是，甚至在我们从灵长类动物进化到现在的智人阶段之前，撒谎就已经很普遍了。互相合作是我们开始说谎的主要原因。毫无疑问，说谎是人类的特征。向一只狗扔石头，它就会吠叫和逃跑。对一个人大喊大叫，他会权衡后果并做出相应的反应--甚至以相反的、不合逻辑的方式，如果这对他的未来有利的话。
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The animal kingdom has always facilitated cooperation. If a worker is strong enough and collects enough for the honey, he is favoured by the queen bee. If a rat saves a part of its meal and shares it with other rats, the rat gets meals too. Any adversarial behaviour gets reprimanded.[2] Our brain is incredibly complex than such animals. We realise who is who, and we can create false situations for others to know that we are with them and not against them. We can provide false information (gossip) in order to make sure we are in an advantageous position.[3]
Imagine if one was faced by the ancient vanguards of society who led their tribe with unscientific and ritual based morality. How would he introduce himself? He would try to bargain with a lie and subsequently, he would try to be in good books of those who lead the society. If he doesn’t live up to the standards of the tribe or unx, he would be shunned or punished. In short – if he doesn’t make it, he would fake it. In fact, the history of lying is best picturised by the following quote:
“The act of deception is thought to have risen not long after language itself was formulated. It’s a way to gain power, assert control, or manipulate, which in an evolutionary sense, are all primal for survival.”
- Caleb Backe, Mental Health and Wellness Expert
动物王国一直在促进合作。如果一个工蜂足够强壮并收集了足够的蜂蜜，他就会得到蜂后的青睐。如果一只老鼠节省了一部分食物并与其他老鼠分享，那么这只老鼠也会得到其他老鼠的食物。任何敌对行为都会受到谴责。我们的大脑比这类动物复杂得多。我们知道谁是谁，我们可以通过说谎让其他人知道我们支持他们而不是反对他们。我们可以提供虚假信息（散布流言蜚语），以确保我们处于有利的位置。
想象一下，如果一个人面对古代社会的首领，以不科学和基于仪式的方式来领导他们的部落。他将如何介绍自己？他会尝试用谎言来讨价还价，随后他将努力成为那些领导部落的人的好朋友。如果他没有达到部落的标准，他就会被抛弃或受到惩罚。简而言之--如果他没成功，他就会假装成功。事实上，下面这段话最能描绘出撒谎的历史。
"欺骗行为被认为是在语言本身制定后不久就兴起的。这是一种获得权力、宣称权力的方式，从进化的角度来看，这都是生存的原始方式。"
-Caleb Backe，心理健康和保健专家
Imagine if one was faced by the ancient vanguards of society who led their tribe with unscientific and ritual based morality. How would he introduce himself? He would try to bargain with a lie and subsequently, he would try to be in good books of those who lead the society. If he doesn’t live up to the standards of the tribe or unx, he would be shunned or punished. In short – if he doesn’t make it, he would fake it. In fact, the history of lying is best picturised by the following quote:
“The act of deception is thought to have risen not long after language itself was formulated. It’s a way to gain power, assert control, or manipulate, which in an evolutionary sense, are all primal for survival.”
- Caleb Backe, Mental Health and Wellness Expert
动物王国一直在促进合作。如果一个工蜂足够强壮并收集了足够的蜂蜜，他就会得到蜂后的青睐。如果一只老鼠节省了一部分食物并与其他老鼠分享，那么这只老鼠也会得到其他老鼠的食物。任何敌对行为都会受到谴责。我们的大脑比这类动物复杂得多。我们知道谁是谁，我们可以通过说谎让其他人知道我们支持他们而不是反对他们。我们可以提供虚假信息（散布流言蜚语），以确保我们处于有利的位置。
想象一下，如果一个人面对古代社会的首领，以不科学和基于仪式的方式来领导他们的部落。他将如何介绍自己？他会尝试用谎言来讨价还价，随后他将努力成为那些领导部落的人的好朋友。如果他没有达到部落的标准，他就会被抛弃或受到惩罚。简而言之--如果他没成功，他就会假装成功。事实上，下面这段话最能描绘出撒谎的历史。
"欺骗行为被认为是在语言本身制定后不久就兴起的。这是一种获得权力、宣称权力的方式，从进化的角度来看，这都是生存的原始方式。"
-Caleb Backe，心理健康和保健专家
Chapter 2: Societal Reasons
Neuroscientist Sam Harris wrote a book, "Lying" in where he discusses that many of us tell white / flat lies in order to spare others discomfort and the corrosive effects they have on societies.
It’s partially true, from my experience. Living in India, I have witnessed a lot of people from the elder generation perpetuate these "little-fake-things" in order to ensure societal cohesion. One of the most famous of them is "Gandhi says when someone slaps you, you must turn the other cheek." [4] Of course, it wasn't Gandhi because we grew up and realized its something in Bible.
However, that little lie helped us to teach kids forgiveness.
第二章：社会的原因
神经科学家萨姆-哈里斯写了一本《说谎》的书，他在书中讨论到，我们很多人说谎是为了避免其他人感到不适和避免对社会产生负面影响。
根据我的经验，这部分是对的。在印度生活，我目睹了很多老一辈的人为了确保社会的凝聚力而延续这些"小谎言"。其中最著名的是甘地说，当有人打你一巴掌时，你必须把另一边脸也伸过去。当然，这不是甘地说的，因为我们长大了，我们意识到它是圣经里的内容。然而，这个小谎言帮助我们教育孩子们如何宽恕别人。
Neuroscientist Sam Harris wrote a book, "Lying" in where he discusses that many of us tell white / flat lies in order to spare others discomfort and the corrosive effects they have on societies.
It’s partially true, from my experience. Living in India, I have witnessed a lot of people from the elder generation perpetuate these "little-fake-things" in order to ensure societal cohesion. One of the most famous of them is "Gandhi says when someone slaps you, you must turn the other cheek." [4] Of course, it wasn't Gandhi because we grew up and realized its something in Bible.
However, that little lie helped us to teach kids forgiveness.
第二章：社会的原因
神经科学家萨姆-哈里斯写了一本《说谎》的书，他在书中讨论到，我们很多人说谎是为了避免其他人感到不适和避免对社会产生负面影响。
根据我的经验，这部分是对的。在印度生活，我目睹了很多老一辈的人为了确保社会的凝聚力而延续这些"小谎言"。其中最著名的是甘地说，当有人打你一巴掌时，你必须把另一边脸也伸过去。当然，这不是甘地说的，因为我们长大了，我们意识到它是圣经里的内容。然而，这个小谎言帮助我们教育孩子们如何宽恕别人。
Apparently, forgiveness is not an alien concept to any pre-Industrial society so there was no need to lie. Not just in India, forgiveness was a topic on which things were written in literally any civilisation across the world.
So why did we lie to ourselves over and over to the point where every Indian believed the statement was by Gandhi and not written in the Bible?
First of all, in the post-Independence period, average Hindus didn’t know a lot about either Christianity or the Bible. There was no large-scale violence or hostility but there was a sort of, indifference. Most of us did not know who Jesus were, or whether he was a messenger or a God.
There is, however, another reason why we were fed this lie. The ruling party of India after independence was the party of Gandhi and Nehru, so they may have propagated it to project their moral standpoints. To sum it up, there are many reasons behind lying. Abridging the truth is one of them.
In my opinion, lies are important and due to ethical reasons, Harris didn't seem to stress on such point. it would be severely catastrophic to speak all the truth all the time. Imagine the turmoil American society would go through if a time traveller goes back in time and introduces contemporary issues and studies regarding their black population in 2021 back in the year 1970. It would unleash a political Krakatoa – the ripples of which would be felt throughout the world.
显然，对于任何前工业社会来说，宽恕并不是一个陌生的概念，所以没有必要撒谎。宽恕不仅仅在印度是一个话题，世界上任何文明都有关于宽恕的记载。那么为什么我们一次又一次地欺骗自己，以至于每个印度人都相信这句话是甘地说的，而不是写在圣经里？
首先，在独立后的时期，普通的印度人对基督教和《圣经》都不甚了解。虽然没有大规模的暴力或敌意，但都持一种冷漠的态度。我们大多数人不知道耶稣是谁，也不知道他是信使还是上帝。
还有一个原因是印度独立后的执政党是甘地和尼赫鲁的政党，所以他们可能宣传了这个谎言，以投射他们的道德立场。总而言之，撒谎的背后有很多原因，删减真相就是其中之一。
在我看来，谎言是很重要的，由于道德原因，哈里斯似乎没有强调这一点。如果一直把所有的真相都说出了，那将是严重的灾难。想象一下，如果一个时间旅行者回到过去，在1970年介绍2021年的有关黑人人口的问题和研究，美国社会将经历怎样的动荡。这将引发一场政治的喀拉喀托火山爆发--其震荡波在全世界范围内都能感受到。
So why did we lie to ourselves over and over to the point where every Indian believed the statement was by Gandhi and not written in the Bible?
First of all, in the post-Independence period, average Hindus didn’t know a lot about either Christianity or the Bible. There was no large-scale violence or hostility but there was a sort of, indifference. Most of us did not know who Jesus were, or whether he was a messenger or a God.
There is, however, another reason why we were fed this lie. The ruling party of India after independence was the party of Gandhi and Nehru, so they may have propagated it to project their moral standpoints. To sum it up, there are many reasons behind lying. Abridging the truth is one of them.
In my opinion, lies are important and due to ethical reasons, Harris didn't seem to stress on such point. it would be severely catastrophic to speak all the truth all the time. Imagine the turmoil American society would go through if a time traveller goes back in time and introduces contemporary issues and studies regarding their black population in 2021 back in the year 1970. It would unleash a political Krakatoa – the ripples of which would be felt throughout the world.
显然，对于任何前工业社会来说，宽恕并不是一个陌生的概念，所以没有必要撒谎。宽恕不仅仅在印度是一个话题，世界上任何文明都有关于宽恕的记载。那么为什么我们一次又一次地欺骗自己，以至于每个印度人都相信这句话是甘地说的，而不是写在圣经里？
首先，在独立后的时期，普通的印度人对基督教和《圣经》都不甚了解。虽然没有大规模的暴力或敌意，但都持一种冷漠的态度。我们大多数人不知道耶稣是谁，也不知道他是信使还是上帝。
还有一个原因是印度独立后的执政党是甘地和尼赫鲁的政党，所以他们可能宣传了这个谎言，以投射他们的道德立场。总而言之，撒谎的背后有很多原因，删减真相就是其中之一。
在我看来，谎言是很重要的，由于道德原因，哈里斯似乎没有强调这一点。如果一直把所有的真相都说出了，那将是严重的灾难。想象一下，如果一个时间旅行者回到过去，在1970年介绍2021年的有关黑人人口的问题和研究，美国社会将经历怎样的动荡。这将引发一场政治的喀拉喀托火山爆发--其震荡波在全世界范围内都能感受到。
Chapter 3: Narrative-Based Reasons
Alright. We have created tribes, society and now an entire civilisation. At every step of our human progression, there have been a certain number of major and minor lies. How do we make sure that the order continues to thrive in a society? We would need a narrative and for that, folklores are a good point to start.
As a society, we largely underestimate the power of storytelling and how stories shape our moral compass right since the time we are born, else we wouldn’t have had literature.
There are lies which hurt us, and there are lies which don't. A person who appeals more to us, is bound to speak more of the latter kind.
第三章：基于叙事的原因
我们创造了部落、社会和现在的整个文明。在我们人类进步的每一步，都有一定数量的大谎言和小谎言。我们如何确保秩序在一个社会中继续兴旺？我们将需要一个叙事，为此，民间传说是一个很好的方法。
作为一个社会，我们在很大程度上低估了讲故事的力量，以及故事如何在我们出生时就塑造了我们的道德标准，否则我们就不会有文学。
有的谎言会伤害我们，有的谎言则不会。作为一个对我们更有吸引力的人，必然会更多的说后一种。
Alright. We have created tribes, society and now an entire civilisation. At every step of our human progression, there have been a certain number of major and minor lies. How do we make sure that the order continues to thrive in a society? We would need a narrative and for that, folklores are a good point to start.
As a society, we largely underestimate the power of storytelling and how stories shape our moral compass right since the time we are born, else we wouldn’t have had literature.
There are lies which hurt us, and there are lies which don't. A person who appeals more to us, is bound to speak more of the latter kind.
第三章：基于叙事的原因
我们创造了部落、社会和现在的整个文明。在我们人类进步的每一步，都有一定数量的大谎言和小谎言。我们如何确保秩序在一个社会中继续兴旺？我们将需要一个叙事，为此，民间传说是一个很好的方法。
作为一个社会，我们在很大程度上低估了讲故事的力量，以及故事如何在我们出生时就塑造了我们的道德标准，否则我们就不会有文学。
有的谎言会伤害我们，有的谎言则不会。作为一个对我们更有吸引力的人，必然会更多的说后一种。
Srishti Sinha
There’s a saying: There is no one who ruined himself by speaking truth. There is no one who lived well by speaking lies.
Of course, lying can give you an advantage momentarily but if lying is your philosophy of life; you will get lost and you will have to pay for it!
When do people lie:
1. Extreme Life and Death Situations:
There could be several situations when a person feels it’s a life and death situation for him/her. When one is compelled to lie for a crime one has done, or for the project one couldn’t deliver, for that nasty association with someone or something that was a mistake and is powerful enough to change the course of one’s life.
2. To save a relationship:
Men and women lie equally to save themselves and to prove their innocence. Relationships are demanding. If you f**** it up, you know you are changing the dynamics of your relationship.
Lying is the easiest thing to do if a person wants to avoid some sort of confrontation. If it turns out that lying is a person’s only way to get out of the problems, chances are they would continue to hide or lie.
有句话说得好。没有一个人因为说真话而毁了自己。没有一个人因为说谎话而活得很好。
当然，说谎可以给你带来一时的好处，但如果说谎是你的生活哲学，你就会迷失方向，你将不得不为之付出代价!
人们什么时候会撒谎。
1. 生死攸关的极端情况。
当一个人感到生死攸关的时候，可能会有几种情况。当一个人被迫为自己所犯的罪行而撒谎，或为自己无法完成的项目而撒谎，为与某人或某事的讨厌的联系而撒谎，这是一个错误，足以改变一个人的生活轨迹。
2. 为了挽救一段关系。
男人和女人同样为了拯救一段关系和证明自己的清白而撒谎。如果你做了错事，你就知道你正在改变你们的关系。如果一个人想避免某种冲突，说谎是最容易做到的事情。如果事实证明，撒谎是一个人摆脱问题的唯一方法，那么他们有可能会继续隐瞒或撒谎。
There’s a saying: There is no one who ruined himself by speaking truth. There is no one who lived well by speaking lies.
Of course, lying can give you an advantage momentarily but if lying is your philosophy of life; you will get lost and you will have to pay for it!
When do people lie:
1. Extreme Life and Death Situations:
There could be several situations when a person feels it’s a life and death situation for him/her. When one is compelled to lie for a crime one has done, or for the project one couldn’t deliver, for that nasty association with someone or something that was a mistake and is powerful enough to change the course of one’s life.
2. To save a relationship:
Men and women lie equally to save themselves and to prove their innocence. Relationships are demanding. If you f**** it up, you know you are changing the dynamics of your relationship.
Lying is the easiest thing to do if a person wants to avoid some sort of confrontation. If it turns out that lying is a person’s only way to get out of the problems, chances are they would continue to hide or lie.
有句话说得好。没有一个人因为说真话而毁了自己。没有一个人因为说谎话而活得很好。
当然，说谎可以给你带来一时的好处，但如果说谎是你的生活哲学，你就会迷失方向，你将不得不为之付出代价!
人们什么时候会撒谎。
1. 生死攸关的极端情况。
当一个人感到生死攸关的时候，可能会有几种情况。当一个人被迫为自己所犯的罪行而撒谎，或为自己无法完成的项目而撒谎，为与某人或某事的讨厌的联系而撒谎，这是一个错误，足以改变一个人的生活轨迹。
2. 为了挽救一段关系。
男人和女人同样为了拯救一段关系和证明自己的清白而撒谎。如果你做了错事，你就知道你正在改变你们的关系。如果一个人想避免某种冲突，说谎是最容易做到的事情。如果事实证明，撒谎是一个人摆脱问题的唯一方法，那么他们有可能会继续隐瞒或撒谎。
3. Delusional Mentality that leads one to think people hearing them out are morons and can’t identify ones lie.
I have a roommate who constantly lies. Let’s call her Miss X. Miss X is addicted to lying on things which doesn’t even require her to. Its childish of her to keep telling lies since the moment one gets the habit of lying, one is not just lying to others but also lying to themselves. It simply means that one has created an imbalance in ones body that can only be supported if one maintains that state of lie. The result is only suffering. She has all kinds of diseases- Thyroid, Asthma, Anxiety attack, irregular periods etc. (There could be other reasons for her illness as well, but the point is lying only aggravates it. )
4. To fake it off:
Well, this lie happens to a person in two situations; when one fakes to be something one is not and would want to achieve/ become more than what one is currently or when one’s life is not interesting enough, they don’t like hard work and the only thing that works for them is a “Show Off Lie” that comforts them.
Though the first situation can turn into a favorable one too. Let’s say you fake being a studious person, chances are there that you would believe your lie and would become one! If you tell yourself you have great focus, chances are you would take steps to make this lie a truth for yourself.
3.妄想心态，一个人认为听他们说话的人是白痴，不能识破他们的谎言。
我有一个室友经常撒谎。我们就叫她X小姐吧。X小姐在一些根本不需要她撒谎的事情上撒谎成瘾。她一直在说谎是很幼稚的，因为当一个人养成说谎的习惯时，他就不仅仅是在对别人说谎，也是在对自己说谎。这意味着一个人在自己的身体里造成了一种不平衡，而这种不平衡只有在一个人保持这种说谎状态时才能得到支持。其结果只能是痛苦。她有各种疾病--甲状腺、哮喘、焦虑症、月经不调等（她的病或许还有其他原因，但关键是撒谎只会加重她的病情。)
4. 欺骗自己。
这种谎言发生在两种情况下。当一个人不是什么人，但假装达到/成为那种比现在更强的人，或者当一个人的生活不够有趣，他们不喜欢努力工作，唯一对他们有用的是 "炫耀的谎言"，以安慰他们自己。
不过第一种情况也有可能变成有利的情况。比方说你假装是自己一个好学的人，你有可能会相信你的谎言，并真的成为一个好学的人。如果你告诉自己你有很强的专注力，你有可能会采取措施使这个谎言成真。
I have a roommate who constantly lies. Let’s call her Miss X. Miss X is addicted to lying on things which doesn’t even require her to. Its childish of her to keep telling lies since the moment one gets the habit of lying, one is not just lying to others but also lying to themselves. It simply means that one has created an imbalance in ones body that can only be supported if one maintains that state of lie. The result is only suffering. She has all kinds of diseases- Thyroid, Asthma, Anxiety attack, irregular periods etc. (There could be other reasons for her illness as well, but the point is lying only aggravates it. )
4. To fake it off:
Well, this lie happens to a person in two situations; when one fakes to be something one is not and would want to achieve/ become more than what one is currently or when one’s life is not interesting enough, they don’t like hard work and the only thing that works for them is a “Show Off Lie” that comforts them.
Though the first situation can turn into a favorable one too. Let’s say you fake being a studious person, chances are there that you would believe your lie and would become one! If you tell yourself you have great focus, chances are you would take steps to make this lie a truth for yourself.
3.妄想心态，一个人认为听他们说话的人是白痴，不能识破他们的谎言。
我有一个室友经常撒谎。我们就叫她X小姐吧。X小姐在一些根本不需要她撒谎的事情上撒谎成瘾。她一直在说谎是很幼稚的，因为当一个人养成说谎的习惯时，他就不仅仅是在对别人说谎，也是在对自己说谎。这意味着一个人在自己的身体里造成了一种不平衡，而这种不平衡只有在一个人保持这种说谎状态时才能得到支持。其结果只能是痛苦。她有各种疾病--甲状腺、哮喘、焦虑症、月经不调等（她的病或许还有其他原因，但关键是撒谎只会加重她的病情。)
4. 欺骗自己。
这种谎言发生在两种情况下。当一个人不是什么人，但假装达到/成为那种比现在更强的人，或者当一个人的生活不够有趣，他们不喜欢努力工作，唯一对他们有用的是 "炫耀的谎言"，以安慰他们自己。
不过第一种情况也有可能变成有利的情况。比方说你假装是自己一个好学的人，你有可能会相信你的谎言，并真的成为一个好学的人。如果你告诉自己你有很强的专注力，你有可能会采取措施使这个谎言成真。
Nidhi Singh
We lie because of 2 factors:
Desire & Fear
But that's something we all know. What we don't know is that we don't just lie "consciously" but "un-consciously" as well.
Conscious Lies
Example:
Desire: Tonight, I wish to go to a night party.
Fear: But my mom will not allow me.
Lie: Mom I am going for combined studies tonight.
我们撒谎是因为两个因素：欲望与恐惧。
但这是我们都知道的。我们不知道的是，我们不仅“有意识地”撒谎，而且经常“无意识地”撒谎。
有意识的谎言
示例：
欲望：今晚，我想去参加一个晚会。
恐惧：但我妈妈不会允许我去。
谎言：妈妈，我今晚要去参加综合学习。
We lie because of 2 factors:
Desire & Fear
But that's something we all know. What we don't know is that we don't just lie "consciously" but "un-consciously" as well.
Conscious Lies
Example:
Desire: Tonight, I wish to go to a night party.
Fear: But my mom will not allow me.
Lie: Mom I am going for combined studies tonight.
我们撒谎是因为两个因素：欲望与恐惧。
但这是我们都知道的。我们不知道的是，我们不仅“有意识地”撒谎，而且经常“无意识地”撒谎。
有意识的谎言
示例：
欲望：今晚，我想去参加一个晚会。
恐惧：但我妈妈不会允许我去。
谎言：妈妈，我今晚要去参加综合学习。
Example:
Desire: I wish to be friend my rich classmates
Fear: but they will not be-friend any poor guy as me
Lie: Hey guys, I am going on a world tour next weekend.
Un-Conscious Lies
Example:
"I love you " is the most exploited unconscious lie that people say.This sweet appearing lie stimulates positive emotions in the other person for the liar. This sweet appearing lie opens the other person for manipulation.
People often fall for I love you "FALLACY" and later discover that it wasn't love. This fallacy was because of both or either of the two factors:
Desire for the - Sex, Money, Status, Power.
Fear of the- Unknown, Future, Past, Success, Loss.
Bottom line
We lie because we feel it is easier, simpler, less harmful, as opposed to reality.
示例：
欲望：我想和我有钱的同学做朋友。
恐惧：但他们不会和我这样的穷人交朋友。
谎言：大家好，我下周末要去参加世界巡演。
无意识的谎言
示例：“我爱你”是人们说出来的最容易被利用的无意识的谎言。这种看似甜美的谎言会为说谎者激发对方的积极情绪。这个看似甜蜜的谎言打开了对另一个人的操纵空间。
人们经常为“我爱你“的谬误而堕落，后来发现这不是爱。这种谬误是由于两个因素中的一个或两个：
对性、金钱、地位、权力的欲望。
对未知、未来、过去、成功、失败的恐惧。
结论：我们撒谎是因为我们觉得它比说真话更容易、更简单、危害更小。
Desire: I wish to be friend my rich classmates
Fear: but they will not be-friend any poor guy as me
Lie: Hey guys, I am going on a world tour next weekend.
Un-Conscious Lies
Example:
"I love you " is the most exploited unconscious lie that people say.This sweet appearing lie stimulates positive emotions in the other person for the liar. This sweet appearing lie opens the other person for manipulation.
People often fall for I love you "FALLACY" and later discover that it wasn't love. This fallacy was because of both or either of the two factors:
Desire for the - Sex, Money, Status, Power.
Fear of the- Unknown, Future, Past, Success, Loss.
Bottom line
We lie because we feel it is easier, simpler, less harmful, as opposed to reality.
示例：
欲望：我想和我有钱的同学做朋友。
恐惧：但他们不会和我这样的穷人交朋友。
谎言：大家好，我下周末要去参加世界巡演。
无意识的谎言
示例：“我爱你”是人们说出来的最容易被利用的无意识的谎言。这种看似甜美的谎言会为说谎者激发对方的积极情绪。这个看似甜蜜的谎言打开了对另一个人的操纵空间。
人们经常为“我爱你“的谬误而堕落，后来发现这不是爱。这种谬误是由于两个因素中的一个或两个：
对性、金钱、地位、权力的欲望。
对未知、未来、过去、成功、失败的恐惧。
结论：我们撒谎是因为我们觉得它比说真话更容易、更简单、危害更小。
Ifedolapo Oseni
I lie for three reasons:
I don't regard you enough to tell you the truth: In other words; fuck you, It's none of your business.
I regard you too much to hurt you: We lie to protect the ones we love.
I'm scared of you: I don't want you flipping out on me.
我撒谎有三个原因。
我看不上你，不想告诉你真相：换句话说；去你的，这不关你的事。
我太看重你了，不想伤害你。我们撒谎是为了保护我们所爱的人。
我很害怕你。我不想让你对我翻脸。
I lie for three reasons:
I don't regard you enough to tell you the truth: In other words; fuck you, It's none of your business.
I regard you too much to hurt you: We lie to protect the ones we love.
I'm scared of you: I don't want you flipping out on me.
我撒谎有三个原因。
我看不上你，不想告诉你真相：换句话说；去你的，这不关你的事。
我太看重你了，不想伤害你。我们撒谎是为了保护我们所爱的人。
我很害怕你。我不想让你对我翻脸。
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