百万富翁外流,英国“失去魅力”
2023-01-19 jiangye111 9790
正文翻译
Exodus of millionaires as Britain ‘loses its shine’
-The ultra-wealthy are deserting the UK, piling extra pressure on public finances

百万富翁外流,英国“失去魅力”
——超级富豪正在离开英国,给公共财政带来了额外压力



新闻:

Britain was once a world leader in attracting the super-rich to its shores. Millionaire entrepreneurs and wealthy families flocked to the UK, buoyed by generous tax breaks, a simple visa system and strong economic prospects.

英国曾经在吸引超级富豪移民方面处于世界领先地位。那时在慷慨的税收减免、简单的签证制度和强劲的经济前景的推动下,百万富翁企业家和富裕家庭纷纷涌入英国。

But a series of punishing tax changes, political uncertainty and more difficult migration rules have caused the ultra-wealthy to shun Britain – and take their money elsewhere.

但一系列惩罚性的税收变化、政治不确定性和更严格的移民规定,导致超级富豪们避开英国,把他们的钱转移到其他地方。

Experts warned this had reduced the nation’s tax intake and resulted in higher taxes on ordinary households to fill the gap.

专家警告说,这减少了国家的税收收入,导致普通家庭的税收增加,以填补这一缺口。

More millionaires are emigrating from the UK than arriving, according to analysis by migration consultancy Henley & Partners. The country has suffered a net outflow of 12,000 wealthy individuals – those with assets and cash of more than $1m (£830,000) – since 2017, with some 1,500 rich individuals leaving in 2022.

移民咨询公司Henley & Partners的分析显示,从英国迁出的百万富翁多于迁入的百万富翁。自2017年以来,英国有1.2万名富人(资产和现金超过100万美元(83万英镑))净流出,其中约1500名富人在2022年离开。

Experts said stealth tax raids and increasing scrutiny of foreign nationals were to blame for Britain “losing its shine” among the super-wealthy.

专家表示,英国在超级富豪中“失去光彩”的原因是秘密的税收突袭和对外国人越来越严格的审查。

The number of people claiming “non-dom” tax status, which exempts British residents with their permanent home abroad from paying UK tax on their foreign income or capital gains, has also fallen sharply.

申请“非本地”税收身份的人数也大幅下降。“非本地”税收身份使拥有海外永久居所的英国居民不必为其海外收入或资本利得缴纳英国税。

New claims for the tax break fell from 14,200 to 8,500 in the 2020-21 tax year, according to a Freedom of Information request submitted to HM Revenue & Customs by law firm Pinsent Masons. It marked a further decline from the 15,400 new claims made in 2018-19.

根据品诚梅森律师事务所提交给英国税务海关总署的一份《信息自由法》申请,2020-21纳税年度,新申请减税的人数从1.42万降至8500人。这标志着2018-19年度新增声索人数为15400人,进一步下降。

Recent reforms have watered down the tax benefits of non-dom status and made it less appealing, especially when compared to more generous schemes found in other countries.

最近的改革削弱了非本地居民身份的税收优惠,使其吸引力下降,尤其是与其他国家更慷慨的计划相比。

Experts said the repeated introduction of new tougher rules had scared many people away.

专家表示,不断出台的更严格的新规定吓跑了许多人。

Since 2008, claimants in the UK have had to pay a £30,000 annual charge if they have been a resident for seven of the previous nine tax years. This rises to £60,000 after being resident for 12 of the past 14 tax years.

自2008年以来,如果申请人在过去9个纳税年度中有7个是英国居民身份,那么他们每年必须支付3万英镑的费用。如果在过去14个纳税年度中有12个,这个数字将上升到6万英镑。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Another rule change followed in 2017, meaning someone who has lived in the UK for at least 15 of the past 20 years automatically becomes domiciled in the UK and is taxed on their worldwide wealth like the rest of the population.

2017年又发生了另一项规则变化,这意味着过去20年里在英国居住至少15年的人自动成为英国居民,并像其他人口一样对其全球财富征税。

Steven Porter, of law firm Pinsent Masons, said: “Quite a number of non-doms have left the UK because of the 15 year rule and we expect this to continue for a number of years.

品诚梅森律师事务所的史蒂文·波特表示:“由于15年的规定,相当多的非定居居民离开了英国,我们预计这种情况将持续数年。”
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


“It’s just not as favourable for individuals to stay here any more. The UK has lost its lustre.”

“对个人来说,留在这里不再那么有利了。英国已经失去了往日的光彩。”
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Nimesh Shah, of the tax specialist Blick Rothenberg, said: “The UK’s non-dom regime used to be the envy of the world. But in recent years the general shine has come off and it has fallen behind other countries, who have been competing hard to attract wealthy talent.”

Blick Rothenberg税务专家尼梅什·沙阿表示:“英国的非本地居民制度曾经令全世界羡慕。但近年来,它的整体光芒已经褪去,已经落后于其他国家,后者一直在努力吸引富有的人才。”

Wealthy entrepreneurs and investors have also been spooked by Labour promises to abolish non-dom status entirely should it win the next election, experts said.

专家表示,富有的企业家和投资者也被工党的承诺吓坏了,该党承诺如果赢得下次大选,将完全废除非本地居民身份制度。

Other countries are competing to snap up wealthy and talented individuals who feel neglected by Britain.

其他国家也在竞相抢夺那些感到被英国忽视的富有和有才华的人才。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Andrew Amoils of New World Wealth, an analyst, said: “The UK used to be very smart about encouraging people to move there. That has certainly changed and we have definitely seen a drop in the number of very wealthy individuals moving to the country since 2017.

新世界财富分析师安德鲁·阿莫伊斯表示:“英国过去在鼓励人们移居方面非常明智。自2017年以来,这种情况已经发生了变化,我们确实看到移居该国的非常富有的人数量有所下降。

“The English language has always kept the UK on the map when it comes to attracting foreign wealth, but there are other English speaking countries, like Australia, now competing hard for that talent.”

“在吸引外国财富方面,英语一直让英国在地图上保持着地位,但现在还有其他讲英语的国家,比如澳大利亚,正在努力争夺这些人才。”

The British inheritance tax system was an ongoing deterrent for foreign nationals, added Mr Amoils. He said: “The UK has quite a low inheritance tax threshold and high rate of tax when compared with other countries, with the exception of maybe France and Japan.

阿莫伊斯补充说,英国的遗产税制度一直是对外国人的一种威慑。他说:“与法国和日本以外的其他国家相比,英国的遗产税起征点很低,税率却很高。

“There are first world countries that don’t have inheritance tax, like Australia, or have high thresholds – like the US where only estates over $12m are liable.”

“有些第一世界国家没有遗产税,比如澳大利亚,或者门槛很高——比如美国,只有1200万美元以上的遗产才需要缴纳遗产税。”

Mr Amoils said other countries were now leading the global race to attract wealthy foreign nationals with generous tax schemes. Last year Greece gained 1,200 millionaires, Portugal attracted 1,300 and Switzerland gained 2,200.

阿莫伊斯表示,在以慷慨的税收计划吸引富有的外国公民方面,其他国家目前在全球竞争中处于领先地位。去年,希腊新增1200名百万富翁,葡萄牙新增1300名,瑞士新增2200名。

The exodus of rich individuals from the UK and its failure to compete for wealthy talent on the world stage threatens to have dire consequences for the British economy.

英国富人的大量外流,以及英国未能在世界舞台上争夺富有人才,可能会给英国经济带来可怕的后果。

Experts have warned business leaders and investors relocating elsewhere because of Britain’s restrictive tax regime would have a "significant long-term impact" on the economy.

专家警告称,由于英国限制性税收制度而迁移到其他地方的商业领袖和投资者将对经济产生“重大的长期影响”。

Mr Porter said: “When people are this wealthy they can afford to be picky about where they chose to live and invest their money. They can shop around and tax benefits are on the top of their list.”

波特说:“当人们如此富有时,他们有能力对他们选择的居住地和投资进行挑剔。他们可以货比三家,而税收优惠是他们的首选。”

The number of non-doms in the UK has almost halved since 2015, dropping from 123,000 to 68,300 in 2021, according to HMRC data.

英国税务海关总署的数据显示,自2015年以来,英国的非本地居民数量几乎减少了一半,从12.3万人降至2021年的6.83万人。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


The Government has insisted that despite a fall in new non-doms registering in the UK in 2020-21, which it partly attributed to reduced travel amid the pandemic, its tax income from these individuals remained largely in line with previous years.

政府坚称,尽管2020-21年度英国新登记的非定居居民人数有所下降(部分原因是疫情期间出行减少),但来自这些人的税收收入基本与前几年持平。

HMRC estimated it collected £5.6bn in income tax from non-doms in 2021 – broadly in line with 2020 and 2019. However this is £1.3bn less than in 2017 when the 15-year rule was introduced.

英国税务海关总署估计,它在2021年从非定居居民那里征收了56亿英镑的所得税,与2020年和2019年基本持平。然而,这比2017年推出15年期规定时少了13亿英镑。
原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


National Insurance contributions made by non-doms have fallen from £2.3bn to £1.9bn in the same period and capital gains tax paid by non-doms dropped from £402m to £336m, adding to the black hole in Britain’s public finances.

同期,非定居居民缴纳的国民保险缴款从23亿英镑降至19亿英镑,而非定居居民缴纳的资本利得税从4.02亿英镑降至3.36亿英镑,这加剧了英国公共财政的黑洞。

But the economic impact of fewer wealthy individuals in the UK goes beyond lost taxes. Mr Shah said: “A lot of the non-doms I deal with are coming to the UK to set up successful businesses and are adding to the economy that way.”

但英国富人减少对经济的影响,不仅限于税收损失。沙阿表示:“我接触过的许多非本地居民都是来英国成功创业的,并以此为英国经济做出了贡献。”

Mr Porter added: “With them not only goes cash to invest and UK taxes, but also talent and entrepreneurship which would otherwise have contributed to the economy.”

波特补充说:“随着他们一起离开的不仅是用于投资的现金和英国的税收,还有本可以为经济做出贡献的人才和创业精神。”

评论翻译
SgtPppersLonelyFarts
Let's face it, given say, £5 million, how many people would stick around in the UK full time?
I certainly wouldn't!

让我们面对现实吧,假设,有500万英镑资产,有多少人会全职留在英国?
我肯定不会!

futatorius
My net worth's well over half that amount and I live in the UK full-time, except for vacations. I do take a lot of those. Five last year. I live here because I like it here. Winter's a bit shite, but I live in the Southwest, so it's not as dismal as it could be elsewhere in the UK.
90% of that wealth is in property. I own two houses in England and one in my home country. Most people I'm acquainted with would never know I'm anything but another old boy down the pub. I drive a 15-year-old car and don't throw cash about.
I'm not a non-dom, and I pay taxes.
There's a distinction between the ultra-rich and the more affluent end of the middle class. I'm the latter. Policies that fail to distinguish between those who have accumulated modest wealth through work, and those who did so through investment, are likely to deter responsible behaviour and still fail to address the parasitism of the very rich.

我的净资产远远超过这个数字的一半,除了度假,我全职生活在英国。我确实度了很多假。去年有五次。我住在这里是因为我喜欢这里。冬天有点糟糕,但我住在西南部,所以不像英国其他地方那么糟糕。
我90%的财富是房地产。我在英国有两套房子,在我的祖国有一套。我认识的大多数人永远不会知道我只是酒吧里的另一个老男孩。我开一辆15年的车,不到处乱花钱。
我不是非本地居民,我交税。
超级富豪和更富裕的中产阶级之间是有区别的。我属于后者。如果政策未能区分那些通过工作积累了适度财富的人,以及那些通过投资积累了适度财富的人,就有可能阻止负责任的行为,而且仍然无法解决超级富豪的寄生问题。

things_U_choose_2_b
Surprise, if you turn the country into a grim shithole for 90% of the population in order to asset strip it, then it becomes a grim miserable shithole for the 10% too. They have to live in the country with us too and I imagine it's not a very fun place to be right now.

令人惊讶的是,如果你为了剥夺90%的人口而把这个国家变成一个可怕的屎坑,那么对另外10%的(富)人来说,它也是一个可怕的悲惨的屎坑。因为他们也必须和我们一起生活在这个国家,但我想现在这个国家不是一个很有趣的地方。

GrizzlyAnteater
When the rich were making money hand over fist and flooding in to the country to siphon off public money, I didn’t benefit at all. When ‘growth’ was healthy I didn’t benefit at all.
I see no reason why the wealthiest leaving now will have any impact on me whatsoever. Ultimately they don’t leave with suitcases of cash, they need the rule of law, infrastructure political stability and educated workforce of the UK so they can grift their way to the next million in their bank accounts.
All this should teach anyone is that these peoples only interest is their bank balance and enriching themselves at the expense of others. And that’s fine. But we should never again try and cosy up to them with low inheritance tax and corporation taxes. They can’t be trusted to do the right thing when they are allowed to make obscene profits, so they should be squeezed until the pips squeak.

当富人赚得盆满钵满,涌入这个国家,吸走公共资金时,我一点好处也没有得到。当“增长”是健康的时候,我根本没有从中受益。
所以我也看不出为什么最富有的人现在离开会对我产生任何影响。最终,他们不会带着一箱箱的现金离开,他们需要英国的法治、基础设施、政治稳定和受过良好教育的劳动力,这样他们就可以通过欺诈在银行账户上赚到下一个一百万了。
所有这些都应该告诉任何人,这些人唯一的利益是他们的银行余额,以牺牲他人为代价来充实自己。这很好。但我们再也不应该试图用低遗产税和公司税来讨好他们了。当他们被允许赚取巨额利润时,就不能相信他们会做正确的事情,所以他们应当被使劲压榨。

borisslovechild
Given how little tax they pay, how is this a bad thing? Personally I'd delighted that they're leaving and the sooner the better. I personally am not going to be gutted if there are fewer luxury good shops in London or the odd Ferrari dealership has to close down.

考虑到这些富人缴纳的税收如此之少,这怎么是件坏事呢?就我个人而言,我很高兴他们离开,越快越好。如果伦敦的奢侈品商店减少了,或者个别法拉利经销商不得不关闭,我个人不会感到沮丧的。

Ok_Current_6775 4
Because they pay most of the tax revenue the UK generates.

因为他们支付了英国大部分的税收收入。

lovett1991 0
The truely wealthy don’t pay income tax on PAYE like the rest of us. The top ‘earners’ might pay proportionally more but they are not the same (there may be a slight crossover) as the wealthy

真正富有的人不像我们其他人那样按所得税预扣法缴纳所得税。最高“收入者”可能按比例支付更多,但他们与富人并不相同(可能有轻微的交叉)

Ok_Current_6775
Anything that gets paid through income tax gets paid as PAYE and many top earners are getting paid in salary, such as Denise Coates

任何通过所得税支付的都是按所得税预扣法支付,许多高收入者都是通过工资支付的,比如丹尼斯·科茨

lovett1991
The millionaires/billionaires have many loopholes hence them not typically being on PAYE like the rest of us. Schemes like Steve jobs being paid $1 salary but given stock etc.
Sure you have top earners who do pay a large share of the UKs tax bill, but they typically are not million/billionaires.

百万富翁/亿万富翁有很多漏洞,因此他们通常不像我们其他人一样按所得税预扣法支付。比如史蒂夫·乔布斯只拿1美元的工资,却有股票等等。
当然,英国也有高收入者支付了很大一部分税款,但他们通常不是百万富翁或亿万富翁。

wizaway
I'd imagine the reasons the wealthy are actually leaving come down to safety and better places to live abroad. You can't wear a nice watch or carry a nice hand bag without the fear of being robbed and the rest of the world has caught up and exceeded the UK's living standards. Why live in rainy London when all the sunny countries cater for the wealthy just as well? It's not like you need to live in the country to do business here in this day and age.

我可以想象,富人离开的原因实际上是为了安全和更好的居住地。(在这里)你无法戴一块漂亮的手表或提一个漂亮的手提包而不用担心被抢劫,而且世界其他地方已经赶上并超过了英国的生活水平了。在所有阳光灿烂的国家都同样适合富人时,为什么还要生活在多雨的伦敦呢?在这个时代,你不需要住在这个国家才能开展这里做生意。

ankylon
Thats what happen when so many idiots here see the rich and large businesses as the enemy, always tax this tax that, capitalist scums, exploitation of "the people". The strike by the emergency staff don't do any good either, as the rich here cannot completely rely on private health care in every situation due to how stupid NHS is.

这就是为什么这里有这么多白痴把富人和大企业视为敌人,总是对这个那个征税,说什么资本主义人渣,剥削“人民”。急救人员的罢工也没有任何好处,因为这样一来这里的富人就无法在任何情况下完全依赖私人医疗服务了(从而加剧了他们的流出),因为国家医疗体系的愚蠢程度。

WhiterShadeOfBeige
On the off chance you aren’t a troll I’ll humour this drivel with a response; firstly tax on the rich is pretty much an all time low historically. Just over covid billionaire and millionaire wealth in the UK increased by 30 percent. Meanwhile the tax burden on the lowest paid has never been higher. The country’s gone to shit after over a decade of people with your opinions running the show. Everything’s crumbled. Relying on any form of Trade with europe for British based businesses is borderline impossible since brexit, I wouldn’t be surprised if that’s one of the main reasons the super rich are leaving. Than and the global embarrassment the UK government and press have become this past decade.

如果你不是水军,我会回答你的扯淡:首先,对富人的税收几乎是历史上最低的。英国亿万富翁和百万富翁的财富增长了30%。与此同时,低收入人群的税负从未如此之高。这个国家在被你的观点主宰了十多年后已经糟透了。一切都碎了。自英国脱欧以来,英国企业依靠任何形式的与欧洲的贸易几乎是不可能的,如果这是超级富豪离开的主要原因之一,我也不会感到惊讶。在过去的十年里,英国政府和媒体已经成为了全球的尴尬。

ankylon
I dont see the problem of the rich getting richer. It is pretty much common sense people have the capitals have access to means to mitigate most of the risks associated with economic boom and recession. With recession, it is free estate for them to buy low, during boom it is good time to cash in some of their profit, you really have to be a failure to be not earning when you have the money.

我不认为富人变得更富有什么问题。这几乎是常识,人们有资本,有办法减轻与经济繁荣和衰退相关的大部分风险。在经济衰退的时候,他们可以低价购买免费的房产,在繁荣时期,这是兑现部分利润的好时机,如果当你有钱的时候却赚不到钱,那你真的是一个失败者。

WhiterShadeOfBeige
How are the rich getting richer by not far off 50 percent during 2 years the economy was basically shut down? How is this all happening when you seem to think the rich are taxed far too high and treated unfairly, and during the biggest drop in wealth the Uk has pretty much ever seen? You’ve also made almost no point here with a whole paragraph.

富人是如何在经济基本停摆的2年时间里变得更富有了将近50% 的?当你似乎认为富人被征收了太高的税,受到了不公平的对待,而在英国经历了几乎有史以来最大的财富下降时,这一切是如何发生的?你写了整整一段几乎毫无意义的话。

hlyciaPolitics is broken
Has anyone got any figures on whether this is actually bad for the economy?
We know that trickle down has been debunked so the presence of the ultra-wealthy isn't a good thing by default. The rich tend to make use of tax havens so pay less than they should in tax furthermore even when ignoring tax they keep their wealth and bank it or invest it overseas. If too many of the ultra-wealth operate internationally rather then specifically within the UK it's possible that they take more money out of the economy (to invest/spend overseas) than they put in.

有人知道富人流失是否真的对经济有害吗?
我们知道,涓滴效应已经被揭穿了,所以超级富豪的存在默认不是一件好事。富人倾向于利用避税天堂,因此缴纳的税款比他们应该缴纳的少,甚至在忽略税收的情况下,他们把财富保存在银行或投资到海外。如果太多的超级富豪在国际上经营,而不是专门在英国国内经营,那么他们从经济中取出的钱(用于投资/在海外消费)可能会比投入的钱多。

Ryanliverpool96
Presumably after getting their homes burgled repeatedly, getting mugged in the street, occasionally being stabbed and getting nothing but the Met’s typical “What do you want us to do about it” response, they’ve finally decided to move to a First World country instead of the dilapidated shit hole that is Britain today.
Or maybe they’d like to visit a beach or river that isn’t covered in raw human shit.

大概是在富人们的家多次被盗,在街上被抢劫,偶尔被刺伤,除了大都会典型的“你想让我们做什么”的回应之外,什么都没有得到之后,他们终于决定搬到一个第一世界国家,而不是留在今天英国这个破旧的狗屎坑了。
或者他们可能想去一个没有便便的海滩或河流。

原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Herryna
U.K. highest tax since WW2, Tory leader and chancellor that aren’t pro business, U.K. corporations tax 25%, OECD countries average 21%, Ireland 12.5%, where would you invest? Top with High energy cost, which won’t improve with net zero. That’s before nightmare Labour take over

英国自二战以来最高的税收,保守党领导人和财政大臣不亲商业,英国公司税率25%,经合组织国家平均21%,爱尔兰12.5%,你会在哪里投资?最重要的是高能源成本,净零排放成本不会改善。这还是在噩梦般的工党掌权之前的情况

chickenparmo
According to the World Bank and other business indices, the UK is a better place than Ireland to do business. New Zealand regularly ranks top despite having a higher Corporation Tax.

根据世界银行和其他商业指数排名,英国比爱尔兰更适合经商。而且尽管新西兰的公司税较高,但它经常名列前茅。

CherryVermilion
“Ultra wealthy are deserting the UK, piling extra pressure on public finances”.
That’s bold of them to assume the ultra wealthy are contributing much to the public purse.

“超级富豪正在离开英国,给公共财政带来额外压力”。
他们大胆地认为超级富豪为公共财政做出了很大贡献。

原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


belowlight
They had their fill now the meat is all gone they’re off to find the next trough to feed at.

他们吃饱了,现在肉都吃完了,他们要去找下一个食槽觅食。

123alex7000
Who could have thought
I was always saying, that rich people will be welcomed with open arms anywhere in the world. They can't increase taxes and make it difficult to do business (like by making a trade barrier) and think you will just suck it up. If someone will give you a better offer, you are out of there. Eventually the poor will be paying a fair share (90%) of their income to pay for public services when all the rich will be gone

谁能想到
我总是说,富人在世界任何地方都会受到热烈欢迎。他们不能增加税收,让做生意变得困难(比如设置贸易壁垒),然后认为你只能忍受。如果有人给你一个更好的报价,你就可以离开了。最终,当所有富人都将消失时,穷人将支付其收入的合理份额(90%)来支付公共服务

原创翻译:龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Anony_mouse202
Yes, this is a bad thing.
Lots of people here who don’t seem to realise that “the rich pay the vast majority of tax” and “the rich use every possible legal mechanism to minimise the amount of tax they pay” are not mutually exclusive.

是的,这是件坏事。
这里的很多人似乎没有意识到“富人支付了绝大多数的税收”和“富人利用一切可能的法律机制来尽量减少他们所支付的税款”并不相互排斥。

babastrike2
The millionaires will keep investing in the UK because it's one of the world's largest economies and Europe's biggest markets.
They already have most of their assets and vacation homes in other countries anyway.

百万富翁们将继续在英国投资,因为英国是世界上最大的经济体之一,也是欧洲最大的市场之一。
反正他们的大部分资产和度假屋已经在其他国家了。

davemee
I just woke from a fever dream where the tories had been in power for 12 years and I’m now I’m mercifully awake again back in my high-tax Corbyn paradise where his communist taxes are finally driving the milliardaires from the country

我刚从一个狂热的梦中醒来,梦见保守党执政了12年,现在我又幸运地醒来,回到了高税收的科尔宾天堂,他的共产主义税收终于把亿万富翁赶出了这个国家

Significant_Prize_15
I moved to California from London in March last year. My role hasn’t changed but I earn 2x what I did in London.
Back when the pound was a bit stronger the gap was slightly lessened but right now I just can’t justify moving back and earning half what I do now, with similar living costs.
I’m hopeful Labour will be elected in 2024 and things will turn around, but it’s going to take a long, long time.

我是去年三月从伦敦搬到加州的。我的岗位没有改变,但我的收入是我在伦敦时的两倍。
在英镑走强的时候,这种差距略有缩小,但现在我无法证明搬回去挣现在一半的钱是合理的,生活成本也差不多。
我希望工党能在2024年当选,情况会有所好转,但这需要很长很长时间。

很赞 0
收藏