简言之，英国的历史是怎样的（二）
正文翻译
What is the UK's history in a nutshell?
简言之，英国的历史是怎样的?
简言之，英国的历史是怎样的?
评论翻译
George Hope
Which area of British history needs a better explanation?
With proper research and intelligent reading, most of British history is fairly straight forward and understandable. What needs better explanation is how people should consider events in relation to the culture and morals of that time in world history in which the events took place, and not to judge the participants actions by the morals and culture of today. It would also be more realistic if the Critics would acknowledge the benifits for the world alongside the perceived negatives they are so happy to drag up, over and over again.
英国历史的哪一部分需要更好的解读？
通过适当的研究和明智的阅读，英国历史的大部分内容都相当直截了当，是可以理解的。需要更好解释的是，在世界历史上，人们应该如何将事件与当时的文化和道德联系起来看待，而不是以今天的道德和文化来评判参与者的行为。如果批评者们能够在他们乐于一遍又一遍地宣扬的负面影响的同时，也承认它给世界带来的好处，那将更加现实。
Which area of British history needs a better explanation?
With proper research and intelligent reading, most of British history is fairly straight forward and understandable. What needs better explanation is how people should consider events in relation to the culture and morals of that time in world history in which the events took place, and not to judge the participants actions by the morals and culture of today. It would also be more realistic if the Critics would acknowledge the benifits for the world alongside the perceived negatives they are so happy to drag up, over and over again.
英国历史的哪一部分需要更好的解读？
通过适当的研究和明智的阅读，英国历史的大部分内容都相当直截了当，是可以理解的。需要更好解释的是，在世界历史上，人们应该如何将事件与当时的文化和道德联系起来看待，而不是以今天的道德和文化来评判参与者的行为。如果批评者们能够在他们乐于一遍又一遍地宣扬的负面影响的同时，也承认它给世界带来的好处，那将更加现实。
Stephen Tempest
What is the history of Great Britain?
The oldest part of Great Britain is the far northern coast of Scotland. It's 2,700,000,000 years old, dating back to an era when only primitive single-celled life existed.
The oldest part of Great Britain, 2.7 billion years old.
The rest of the Scottish Highlands (and northern Ireland) is less than half as old, being formed between 1,000,000,000 and 670,000,000 years ago. It was mostly underwater at the time, being a mass of sedimentary rock, especially sandstone, that formed a seabed. Its location, as far as we can tell, was in the southern hemisphere, possibly somewhere about where Bolivia is today. Gradually, by around 520,000,000 years ago, the land emerged from beneath the sea.
In those days England and Scotland were not only separate: they were 7,000 km apart. The southern part of Great Britain (and the south of Ireland) was also lying on the seabed, but much further south: in fact, almost at the Antarctic Circle. However, this was a volcanic region. About 600,000,000 years ago there was a process of orogeny, or mountain-building. The seabed was pushed up to form a mountain chain, stretching roughly from what is now Spain to what is now England and Wales. The land was part of the continent of Gondwana.
大不列颠的历史是什么?
大不列颠最古老的部分是苏格兰的北部海岸。它有27亿年的历史，可以追溯到一个只有原始单细胞生命存在的时代。
大不列颠最古老的部分，有27亿年的历史。
苏格兰高地的其余部分（和北爱尔兰）的历史还不到一半，形成于10亿年至6.7亿年前。当时它大部分位于水下，是一块沉积岩，尤其是砂岩，形成了海床。据我们所知，它的位置在南半球，可能就在今天玻利维亚的某个地方。大约52亿年前，陆地逐渐从海底浮出水面。
在那些日子里，英格兰和苏格兰不仅是分开的：它们相距7000公里。大不列颠的南部（和爱尔兰的南部）也躺在海床上，但更南边：事实上，几乎在南极圈。然而，这是一个火山地区。大约6亿年前，有一个造山运动或造山过程。海床被推高形成一条山脉，大致从现在的西班牙延伸到现在的英格兰和威尔士。这块土地是冈瓦纳大陆的一部分。
What is the history of Great Britain?
The oldest part of Great Britain is the far northern coast of Scotland. It's 2,700,000,000 years old, dating back to an era when only primitive single-celled life existed.
The oldest part of Great Britain, 2.7 billion years old.
The rest of the Scottish Highlands (and northern Ireland) is less than half as old, being formed between 1,000,000,000 and 670,000,000 years ago. It was mostly underwater at the time, being a mass of sedimentary rock, especially sandstone, that formed a seabed. Its location, as far as we can tell, was in the southern hemisphere, possibly somewhere about where Bolivia is today. Gradually, by around 520,000,000 years ago, the land emerged from beneath the sea.
In those days England and Scotland were not only separate: they were 7,000 km apart. The southern part of Great Britain (and the south of Ireland) was also lying on the seabed, but much further south: in fact, almost at the Antarctic Circle. However, this was a volcanic region. About 600,000,000 years ago there was a process of orogeny, or mountain-building. The seabed was pushed up to form a mountain chain, stretching roughly from what is now Spain to what is now England and Wales. The land was part of the continent of Gondwana.
大不列颠的历史是什么?
大不列颠最古老的部分是苏格兰的北部海岸。它有27亿年的历史，可以追溯到一个只有原始单细胞生命存在的时代。
大不列颠最古老的部分，有27亿年的历史。
苏格兰高地的其余部分（和北爱尔兰）的历史还不到一半，形成于10亿年至6.7亿年前。当时它大部分位于水下，是一块沉积岩，尤其是砂岩，形成了海床。据我们所知，它的位置在南半球，可能就在今天玻利维亚的某个地方。大约52亿年前，陆地逐渐从海底浮出水面。
在那些日子里，英格兰和苏格兰不仅是分开的：它们相距7000公里。大不列颠的南部（和爱尔兰的南部）也躺在海床上，但更南边：事实上，几乎在南极圈。然而，这是一个火山地区。大约6亿年前，有一个造山运动或造山过程。海床被推高形成一条山脉，大致从现在的西班牙延伸到现在的英格兰和威尔士。这块土地是冈瓦纳大陆的一部分。
The Cambrian Period began 541,000,000 years ago. This is when life developed from its most primitive beginnings into full-blown animals and plants; though at this stage they almost all still lived in the oceans, and the land was barren. The volcanic mountain ranges of southern Great Britain started to be eroded down again, and parts of the land were flooded. Scotland was still thousands of miles away to the north.
About 500,000,000 years ago, a landmass broke away from Gondwana and started to drift northwards, propelled by plate tectonics. After just 60 million years it had reached 30° South, the latitude of South Africa. England was part of this landmass, which has been called Avalonia by paleo-geologists. Volcanoes were active at this time; the mountains of North Wales and the English Lake District are the surviving long-extinct remains of these ancient volcanoes.
About 415,000,000 years ago a crucial event took place. The continent that England was a part of crashed into the continent that Scotland was a part of, joining the two landmasses together. The impact raised a mountain range between the two that was probably as high as the Alps are today. Scotland's Great Glen, where Loch Ness is located, was formed during this collision.
The Great Glen; the crumple zone from when England and Scotland collided
寒武纪始于5.41亿年前。这是生命从最原始的状态开始发展成成熟的动植物的时候；尽管在这个阶段，他们几乎都生活在海洋中，土地贫瘠。大不列颠南部的火山山脉开始再次被侵蚀，部分土地被洪水淹没。苏格兰离北方还有数千英里。
大约5亿年前，一块大陆脱离冈瓦纳大陆，在板块构造的推动下开始向北漂移。仅过了6000万年，它就到达了南纬30度，与南非纬度相当。英格兰是这块大陆的一部分，古地质学家称之为阿瓦隆尼亚。这个时候火山很活跃;北威尔士的山脉和英格兰湖区是这些古老火山灭绝已久的遗迹。
大约4.15亿年前，一个至关重要的事件发生了。英格兰所在的大陆与苏格兰所在的大陆相撞，将这两块大陆连接在一起。撞击抬高了两者之间的山脉，其高度可能与今天的阿尔卑斯山一样高。尼斯湖所在的苏格兰大峡谷就是在这次碰撞中形成的。
大峡谷；英格兰和苏格兰相撞时的褶皱地带
About 500,000,000 years ago, a landmass broke away from Gondwana and started to drift northwards, propelled by plate tectonics. After just 60 million years it had reached 30° South, the latitude of South Africa. England was part of this landmass, which has been called Avalonia by paleo-geologists. Volcanoes were active at this time; the mountains of North Wales and the English Lake District are the surviving long-extinct remains of these ancient volcanoes.
About 415,000,000 years ago a crucial event took place. The continent that England was a part of crashed into the continent that Scotland was a part of, joining the two landmasses together. The impact raised a mountain range between the two that was probably as high as the Alps are today. Scotland's Great Glen, where Loch Ness is located, was formed during this collision.
The Great Glen; the crumple zone from when England and Scotland collided
寒武纪始于5.41亿年前。这是生命从最原始的状态开始发展成成熟的动植物的时候；尽管在这个阶段，他们几乎都生活在海洋中，土地贫瘠。大不列颠南部的火山山脉开始再次被侵蚀，部分土地被洪水淹没。苏格兰离北方还有数千英里。
大约5亿年前，一块大陆脱离冈瓦纳大陆，在板块构造的推动下开始向北漂移。仅过了6000万年，它就到达了南纬30度，与南非纬度相当。英格兰是这块大陆的一部分，古地质学家称之为阿瓦隆尼亚。这个时候火山很活跃;北威尔士的山脉和英格兰湖区是这些古老火山灭绝已久的遗迹。
大约4.15亿年前，一个至关重要的事件发生了。英格兰所在的大陆与苏格兰所在的大陆相撞，将这两块大陆连接在一起。撞击抬高了两者之间的山脉，其高度可能与今天的阿尔卑斯山一样高。尼斯湖所在的苏格兰大峡谷就是在这次碰撞中形成的。
大峡谷；英格兰和苏格兰相撞时的褶皱地带
This was the Devonian period, when sea life had evolved into great complexity, even including early sharks; and plants and insects had started to colonise the land. The united Great Britain had continued to drift northwards, and was now just south of the Equator. The climate was probably arid and desert-like away from the ocean. Volcanism continued, and the sea level fluctuated during this era, with areas of Great Britain at some times being sea-covered and at other times dry land. The formerly high mountains were gradually eroded away.
By 360,000,000 years ago, Great Britain had reached the Equator. This was now the Carboniferous period. Britain was a lush, swampy rainforest cut by large rivers. Giant ferns and trees covered the land, inhabited by scuttling lizards and dragonflies with a wingspan of more than half a metre. After many millions of years those plants became compressed into coal deposits.
这是泥盆纪，当时海洋生物已经进化成非常复杂的生物，甚至包括早期的鲨鱼；植物和昆虫开始在这片土地上定居。统一后的大不列颠继续向北漂移，现在正位于赤道以南。远离海洋的气候可能是干旱和沙漠般的。在这一时期，火山活动仍在继续，海平面起伏不定，英国的一些地区有时被海洋覆盖，有时则是陆地。原来的高山逐渐被侵蚀掉了。
到3.6亿年前，大不列颠已经到达赤道。现在是石炭纪。英国是一片郁郁葱葱的沼泽雨林，被大河切割。巨大的蕨类植物和树木覆盖着大地，栖息着爬行的蜥蜴和翼展超过半米的蜻蜓。数百万年后，这些植物被压缩成煤田。
By 360,000,000 years ago, Great Britain had reached the Equator. This was now the Carboniferous period. Britain was a lush, swampy rainforest cut by large rivers. Giant ferns and trees covered the land, inhabited by scuttling lizards and dragonflies with a wingspan of more than half a metre. After many millions of years those plants became compressed into coal deposits.
这是泥盆纪，当时海洋生物已经进化成非常复杂的生物，甚至包括早期的鲨鱼；植物和昆虫开始在这片土地上定居。统一后的大不列颠继续向北漂移，现在正位于赤道以南。远离海洋的气候可能是干旱和沙漠般的。在这一时期，火山活动仍在继续，海平面起伏不定，英国的一些地区有时被海洋覆盖，有时则是陆地。原来的高山逐渐被侵蚀掉了。
到3.6亿年前，大不列颠已经到达赤道。现在是石炭纪。英国是一片郁郁葱葱的沼泽雨林，被大河切割。巨大的蕨类植物和树木覆盖着大地，栖息着爬行的蜥蜴和翼展超过半米的蜻蜓。数百万年后，这些植物被压缩成煤田。
Over the next 60 million years, the various continents of the world all crashed into each other, forming the single supercontinent of Pangaea. The impact caused the land to rise and fold over itself, and the rock formations of Devon and Cornwall were formed at this time. Britain ended up somewhere near the middle of the supercontinent, so the climate dried out and became arid again. During the Permian period the polar ice caps melted and Britain was flooded under shallow water for a while; when the seas receded again much of the land was left as a flat desert.
The Mesozoic Era - the time of the dinosaurs - began 252,000,000 years ago. Britain continued to move northwards, reaching the latitude of Mexico and northern India by the start of the Jurassic Period, and the Mediterranean by the end of that period. Pangaea broke apart during this time, and Britain found itself submerged. The muddy sea bed trapped algae and bacteria which eventually turned into North Sea oil.
在接下来的6000万年里，世界各大洲相互撞击，形成了盘古大陆这一单一的超级大陆。撞击导致陆地上升并折叠，德文郡和康沃尔郡的岩层就是在这个时候形成的。英国最终位于超级大陆中部附近，因此气候变得干燥，再次变得干旱。在二叠纪时期，极地冰盖融化，英国一度被淹没在浅水之下;当海水再次退去时，大部分土地变成了平坦的沙漠。
中生代——恐龙时代——始于2.52亿年前。英国继续向北移动，侏罗纪开始时到达墨西哥和印度北部的纬度，侏罗纪结束时到达地中海。盘古大陆在此期间分裂，英国被淹没了。泥泞的海床捕获了藻类和细菌，最终转化为北海石油。
The Mesozoic Era - the time of the dinosaurs - began 252,000,000 years ago. Britain continued to move northwards, reaching the latitude of Mexico and northern India by the start of the Jurassic Period, and the Mediterranean by the end of that period. Pangaea broke apart during this time, and Britain found itself submerged. The muddy sea bed trapped algae and bacteria which eventually turned into North Sea oil.
在接下来的6000万年里，世界各大洲相互撞击，形成了盘古大陆这一单一的超级大陆。撞击导致陆地上升并折叠，德文郡和康沃尔郡的岩层就是在这个时候形成的。英国最终位于超级大陆中部附近，因此气候变得干燥，再次变得干旱。在二叠纪时期，极地冰盖融化，英国一度被淹没在浅水之下;当海水再次退去时，大部分土地变成了平坦的沙漠。
中生代——恐龙时代——始于2.52亿年前。英国继续向北移动，侏罗纪开始时到达墨西哥和印度北部的纬度，侏罗纪结束时到达地中海。盘古大陆在此期间分裂，英国被淹没了。泥泞的海床捕获了藻类和细菌，最终转化为北海石油。
North Sea oil dates back to the Jurassic period
The sea level advanced and receded several times, leaving Britain sometimes underwater and sometimes a swampy lowland and salt marsh where dinosaurs and the first early mammals roamed. The white cliffs of Dover and the chalk downs of southern England formed at this time.
66,000,000 years ago the Mesozoic ended and the dinosaurs went extinct. By this time the continents were not too far away from their present form, although the North Atlantic was very narrow because North America was still very close to Europe (and not yet connected to South America), and India was an island drifting slowly northwards towards Asia. Between 50-60,000,000 years ago Great Britain rose back up above the sea again for the last time. It was still connected to the continent of Europe -- the English Channel was mudflats and sand, but the North Sea had now formed. Modern-looking trees, grass and flowers could have been encountered by around 35,000,000 years ago.
北海石油可以追溯到侏罗纪时期
海平面多次上升和下降，使英国有时处于水下，有时是恐龙和最早的早期哺乳动物漫游的沼泽低地和盐沼。多佛的白色悬崖和英格兰南部的白垩岩就是在这个时候形成的。
6600万年前，中生代结束，恐龙灭绝。此时，各大洲距离现在的形态并不太远，尽管北大西洋非常狭窄，因为北美仍然非常靠近欧洲（尚未与南美洲相连），而印度则是一个向北慢慢向亚洲漂移的岛屿。在五千万到六千万年前，大不列颠最后一次浮出海面。它仍然与欧洲大陆相连——英吉利海峡是泥滩和沙子，但北海现在已经形成了。现代外观的树木、草和花可能在大约3500万年前就已经出现了。
The sea level advanced and receded several times, leaving Britain sometimes underwater and sometimes a swampy lowland and salt marsh where dinosaurs and the first early mammals roamed. The white cliffs of Dover and the chalk downs of southern England formed at this time.
66,000,000 years ago the Mesozoic ended and the dinosaurs went extinct. By this time the continents were not too far away from their present form, although the North Atlantic was very narrow because North America was still very close to Europe (and not yet connected to South America), and India was an island drifting slowly northwards towards Asia. Between 50-60,000,000 years ago Great Britain rose back up above the sea again for the last time. It was still connected to the continent of Europe -- the English Channel was mudflats and sand, but the North Sea had now formed. Modern-looking trees, grass and flowers could have been encountered by around 35,000,000 years ago.
北海石油可以追溯到侏罗纪时期
海平面多次上升和下降，使英国有时处于水下，有时是恐龙和最早的早期哺乳动物漫游的沼泽低地和盐沼。多佛的白色悬崖和英格兰南部的白垩岩就是在这个时候形成的。
6600万年前，中生代结束，恐龙灭绝。此时，各大洲距离现在的形态并不太远，尽管北大西洋非常狭窄，因为北美仍然非常靠近欧洲（尚未与南美洲相连），而印度则是一个向北慢慢向亚洲漂移的岛屿。在五千万到六千万年前，大不列颠最后一次浮出海面。它仍然与欧洲大陆相连——英吉利海峡是泥滩和沙子，但北海现在已经形成了。现代外观的树木、草和花可能在大约3500万年前就已经出现了。
Various geological processes continued, and by about 2,000,000 years ago Great Britain would recognisably have been in its modern form. The first hominids may have reached the islands about 800,000 years ago. However, change was still to come thanks to the Ice Ages.
About 450,000 years ago, Britain was covered by a layer of ice up to a kilometre thick, stretching as far south as London. Low sea levels meant that the North Sea was dry land at this time, but there was a huge freshwater lake in the south fed by the combined Thames, Rhine and Scheldt rivers. At some point this lake overflowed in a catastrophic flood, carving through the chalk ridge that ran across the Straits of Dover and forming a huge river running through what is now the English Channel to the Atlantic.
For much of the last half a million years Britain was covered by a thick sheet of ice
各种地质过程仍在继续，到大约200万年前，大不列颠已经是现代形态。第一批人类可能在大约80万年前到达这些岛屿。然而，由于冰河时期的到来，变化仍在发生。
大约45万年前，英国被一层厚达一公里的冰层覆盖，向南延伸至伦敦。低海平面意味着北海此时是旱地，但南部有一个巨大的淡水湖，由泰晤士河、莱茵河和舍尔德河共同补给。在某个时候，这个湖在一场灾难性的洪水中泛滥，穿过横跨多佛海峡的白垩山脊，形成了一条穿过现在的英吉利海峡通往大西洋的大河。
在过去50万年的大部分时间里，英国都被一层厚厚的冰层所覆盖
About 450,000 years ago, Britain was covered by a layer of ice up to a kilometre thick, stretching as far south as London. Low sea levels meant that the North Sea was dry land at this time, but there was a huge freshwater lake in the south fed by the combined Thames, Rhine and Scheldt rivers. At some point this lake overflowed in a catastrophic flood, carving through the chalk ridge that ran across the Straits of Dover and forming a huge river running through what is now the English Channel to the Atlantic.
For much of the last half a million years Britain was covered by a thick sheet of ice
各种地质过程仍在继续，到大约200万年前，大不列颠已经是现代形态。第一批人类可能在大约80万年前到达这些岛屿。然而，由于冰河时期的到来，变化仍在发生。
大约45万年前，英国被一层厚达一公里的冰层覆盖，向南延伸至伦敦。低海平面意味着北海此时是旱地，但南部有一个巨大的淡水湖，由泰晤士河、莱茵河和舍尔德河共同补给。在某个时候，这个湖在一场灾难性的洪水中泛滥，穿过横跨多佛海峡的白垩山脊，形成了一条穿过现在的英吉利海峡通往大西洋的大河。
在过去50万年的大部分时间里，英国都被一层厚厚的冰层所覆盖
The ice melted by 424,000 years ago, and humans reached Great Britain. Stone tools have been discovered in Essex that are about 400,000 years old, along with the bones of elephants and hippopotami that had been hunted by the tool-users. It is assumed that they were members of the species Homo erectus, not modern humans.
Several more ice ages followed, and humans were forced to abandon the land again . Broad, u-shaped valleys were carved out by the glaciers. The most recent period of glaciation reached its peak (the 'Last Glacial Maximum') 26,500 years ago, and most of Europe north of the Alps and Pyrenees was covered by ice. By around 15,000 years ago the climate had warmed again, and southern England now enjoyed a tundra climate. There are signs of human habitation returning to France, Germany and Britain as well around this time.
冰在42.4万年前融化，大不列颠出现了人类。在埃塞克斯发现了大约40万年前的石器，以及被工具使用者猎杀的大象和河马的骨头。据推测，他们属于直立人，而不是现代人。
随后又经历了几次冰河时代，人类被迫再次放弃陆地。宽阔的U形山谷是由冰川雕刻出来的。最近的一次冰期在26500年前达到了顶峰（“最后一次冰川盛期”），阿尔卑斯山和比利牛斯山以北的欧洲大部分地区都被冰覆盖。到大约1.5万年前，气候再次变暖，英格兰南部现在处于苔原气候。大约在这个时候，法国、德国和英国也出现了人类居住的迹象。
Several more ice ages followed, and humans were forced to abandon the land again . Broad, u-shaped valleys were carved out by the glaciers. The most recent period of glaciation reached its peak (the 'Last Glacial Maximum') 26,500 years ago, and most of Europe north of the Alps and Pyrenees was covered by ice. By around 15,000 years ago the climate had warmed again, and southern England now enjoyed a tundra climate. There are signs of human habitation returning to France, Germany and Britain as well around this time.
冰在42.4万年前融化，大不列颠出现了人类。在埃塞克斯发现了大约40万年前的石器，以及被工具使用者猎杀的大象和河马的骨头。据推测，他们属于直立人，而不是现代人。
随后又经历了几次冰河时代，人类被迫再次放弃陆地。宽阔的U形山谷是由冰川雕刻出来的。最近的一次冰期在26500年前达到了顶峰（“最后一次冰川盛期”），阿尔卑斯山和比利牛斯山以北的欧洲大部分地区都被冰覆盖。到大约1.5万年前，气候再次变暖，英格兰南部现在处于苔原气候。大约在这个时候，法国、德国和英国也出现了人类居住的迹象。
Low sea levels meant that when the first re-colonisers arrived in Britain as it emerged from under the ice, it was not an island. The area of the North Sea was still dry land, It was a land of cold lagoons and salt marshes, teeming with wildlife.
The Irish Sea was probably formed around 14,000 years ago, when Ireland became a separate island. Great Britain, on the other hand was still a peninsula of Europe at this point.
低海平面意味着，当第一批重新殖民的人从冰下来到英国时，它还不是一个岛屿。北海地区仍然是旱地，那是一片由寒冷的泻湖和盐沼组成的土地，到处都是野生动物。
爱尔兰海可能形成于大约1.4万年前，当时爱尔兰成为一个独立的岛屿。另一方面，大不列颠当时还是欧洲的一个半岛。
The Irish Sea was probably formed around 14,000 years ago, when Ireland became a separate island. Great Britain, on the other hand was still a peninsula of Europe at this point.
低海平面意味着，当第一批重新殖民的人从冰下来到英国时，它还不是一个岛屿。北海地区仍然是旱地，那是一片由寒冷的泻湖和盐沼组成的土地，到处都是野生动物。
爱尔兰海可能形成于大约1.4万年前，当时爱尔兰成为一个独立的岛屿。另一方面，大不列颠当时还是欧洲的一个半岛。
Around 11,000 years ago rising sea levels began advancing over Doggerland, gradually submerging it and turning Britain into an island by about 8,500 years ago -- although for a while the former Doggerland remained as an island itself. There is a theory that in 6200 BCE (more or less) an underwater landslide off the coast of Norway created a mega-tsunami which caused the final separation of Great Britain from the Continent, as well as possibly wiping out the remaining population of Doggerland. Doggerland finally slipped below the waves about 7,000 years ago (5000 BCE).
Humans had settled in Great Britain but been forced to leave again by the ice ages several times before. However, it is believed that the ancestors of the modern-day English, Scots and Welsh arrived about 15,000 to 14,000 years ago. There were probably only a few thousand of them in the entire island, using stone tools and hunting the local wildlife. Agriculture was introduced about 6,000 years ago and led to a population explosion; Britain may have reached 100,000 people during the Neolithic Revolution. Two thousand years later (2000 BCE) people were making bronze tools, the population had reached a quarter of a million, and Stonehenge was already an ancient monument.
大约1.1万年前，海平面上升开始在多格兰上空推进，逐渐淹没它，并在大约8500年前将英国变成一个岛屿——尽管有一段时间，前多格兰本身仍然是一个岛屿。有一种理论认为，公元前6200年（或多或少），挪威海岸附近的一次水下滑坡引发了一场巨大的海啸，导致英国最终与欧洲大陆分离，并可能消灭多格兰的剩余人口。多格兰在大约7000年前（公元前5000年）最终沉入海底。
人类曾在大不列颠定居，但在此之前曾数次因冰河期而被迫离开。然而，人们认为现代英格兰人、苏格兰人和威尔士人的祖先大约在1.5万至1.4万年前到达这里。在整个岛屿上，他们可能只有几千人，使用石器和狩猎当地的野生动物。农业是在大约6000年前引入的，并导致了人口激增；在新石器时代革命期间，英国的人口可能达到了10万人。两千年后（公元前2000年），人们开始制作青铜工具，人口已达25万，巨石阵已经成为一座古老的纪念碑。
Humans had settled in Great Britain but been forced to leave again by the ice ages several times before. However, it is believed that the ancestors of the modern-day English, Scots and Welsh arrived about 15,000 to 14,000 years ago. There were probably only a few thousand of them in the entire island, using stone tools and hunting the local wildlife. Agriculture was introduced about 6,000 years ago and led to a population explosion; Britain may have reached 100,000 people during the Neolithic Revolution. Two thousand years later (2000 BCE) people were making bronze tools, the population had reached a quarter of a million, and Stonehenge was already an ancient monument.
大约1.1万年前，海平面上升开始在多格兰上空推进，逐渐淹没它，并在大约8500年前将英国变成一个岛屿——尽管有一段时间，前多格兰本身仍然是一个岛屿。有一种理论认为，公元前6200年（或多或少），挪威海岸附近的一次水下滑坡引发了一场巨大的海啸，导致英国最终与欧洲大陆分离，并可能消灭多格兰的剩余人口。多格兰在大约7000年前（公元前5000年）最终沉入海底。
人类曾在大不列颠定居，但在此之前曾数次因冰河期而被迫离开。然而，人们认为现代英格兰人、苏格兰人和威尔士人的祖先大约在1.5万至1.4万年前到达这里。在整个岛屿上，他们可能只有几千人，使用石器和狩猎当地的野生动物。农业是在大约6000年前引入的，并导致了人口激增；在新石器时代革命期间，英国的人口可能达到了10万人。两千年后（公元前2000年），人们开始制作青铜工具，人口已达25万，巨石阵已经成为一座古老的纪念碑。
Jamie Ferguson
I will answer this in two ways.
Long Answer:
I assume you mean “England” as opposed to “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” consisting of the countries of England, Scotland Northern Ireland and Wales?
It’s just that a lot of people, from outside the UK, make the mistake of thinking the UK and England are one and the same thing. They are not, and that is a very interesting aspect of England’s history. It sort of defines England, and its population, as it is today and also having a lot do with its history.
我将从两个方面回答这个问题。
答案很长：
我想你的意思是“英格兰”，而不是由英格兰、苏格兰、北爱尔兰和威尔士组成的“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”？
只是很多来自英国以外的人犯了一个错误，认为英国和英格兰是一体的。事实并非如此，这是英格兰历史上一个非常有趣的方面。它在某种程度上定义了英格兰及其人口，就像今天一样，也与它的历史有很大关系。
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I will answer this in two ways.
Long Answer:
I assume you mean “England” as opposed to “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland” consisting of the countries of England, Scotland Northern Ireland and Wales?
It’s just that a lot of people, from outside the UK, make the mistake of thinking the UK and England are one and the same thing. They are not, and that is a very interesting aspect of England’s history. It sort of defines England, and its population, as it is today and also having a lot do with its history.
我将从两个方面回答这个问题。
答案很长：
我想你的意思是“英格兰”，而不是由英格兰、苏格兰、北爱尔兰和威尔士组成的“大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国”？
只是很多来自英国以外的人犯了一个错误，认为英国和英格兰是一体的。事实并非如此，这是英格兰历史上一个非常有趣的方面。它在某种程度上定义了英格兰及其人口，就像今天一样，也与它的历史有很大关系。
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If we are talking about England:
Habitation: The first settlements of humans in England can be traced back more than 29,000 years, and we have many ancient ruins and complete ancient buildings that are still in evidence and open to the general public to this very day. This makes travelling around and visiting the countryside, towns, cities and villages of England an extremely varied, interesting and entertaining experience.
Culture: English Literature, Theatre, Cinema, Fashion, Art and Music have had a big part in the developing of the world we know today, and the English have always been open to influences from anywhere and also contributed to a high degree. Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest poet/playwrights to have ever lived. His influence on world culture (including film, music and theatre) can still be felt and seen to this day. English Classical Music to the explosion of Popular Music have seen some of the most successful composers, song writers and recording artists ever known in the world, like The Beatles from Liverpool, England.
如果我们谈论的是英格兰：
栖息地：人类在英格兰的第一个定居点可以追溯到2.9万多年前，我们有许多古老的废墟和完整的古建筑，直到今天仍然存在，并向公众开放。这使得旅行和参观英格兰的乡村、城镇、城市和村庄成为一种极其多样化、有趣和使人愉快的体验。
文化：英国文学、戏剧、电影、时尚、艺术和音乐在我们今天所知的世界的发展中发挥了重要作用，英国人总是乐于接受来自任何地方的影响，这也在很大程度上做出了贡献。莎士比亚被广泛认为是有史以来最伟大的诗人/剧作家之一。直到今天，人们仍然可以感受到他对世界文化（包括电影、音乐和戏剧）的影响。从英国古典音乐到流行音乐的爆发，诞生了世界上最成功的作曲家、词曲作者和唱片艺术家，比如来自英国利物浦的披头士乐队。
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Habitation: The first settlements of humans in England can be traced back more than 29,000 years, and we have many ancient ruins and complete ancient buildings that are still in evidence and open to the general public to this very day. This makes travelling around and visiting the countryside, towns, cities and villages of England an extremely varied, interesting and entertaining experience.
Culture: English Literature, Theatre, Cinema, Fashion, Art and Music have had a big part in the developing of the world we know today, and the English have always been open to influences from anywhere and also contributed to a high degree. Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest poet/playwrights to have ever lived. His influence on world culture (including film, music and theatre) can still be felt and seen to this day. English Classical Music to the explosion of Popular Music have seen some of the most successful composers, song writers and recording artists ever known in the world, like The Beatles from Liverpool, England.
如果我们谈论的是英格兰：
栖息地：人类在英格兰的第一个定居点可以追溯到2.9万多年前，我们有许多古老的废墟和完整的古建筑，直到今天仍然存在，并向公众开放。这使得旅行和参观英格兰的乡村、城镇、城市和村庄成为一种极其多样化、有趣和使人愉快的体验。
文化：英国文学、戏剧、电影、时尚、艺术和音乐在我们今天所知的世界的发展中发挥了重要作用，英国人总是乐于接受来自任何地方的影响，这也在很大程度上做出了贡献。莎士比亚被广泛认为是有史以来最伟大的诗人/剧作家之一。直到今天，人们仍然可以感受到他对世界文化（包括电影、音乐和戏剧）的影响。从英国古典音乐到流行音乐的爆发，诞生了世界上最成功的作曲家、词曲作者和唱片艺术家，比如来自英国利物浦的披头士乐队。
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Science: England and the English have been, at various times through history, at the forefront of the promotion of science and intellectual pursuits for centuries.
Civics and Government: England and its inhabitants have both championed human rights and been among the offenders as well as suppressors of those rights. It has taken a fundamental part in either promoting or denying those rights in many other nations too. For example, The United States of America was formed in rebellion and revolt as a protest against the denial, by the King of Great Britian (Consisting of England, Wales and Scotland), of what were to become “inalienable rights” and the Constitution of the United States.
Migrations and Wars: England in its various national forms has, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, by war, invasion or colonialism been involved in the history of every nation on Earth, to a greater or lesser extent, for both good and ill. The list of wars and their side effects that England has been a key player in date back over a thousand years. Peaceful contributions also exist, and that list is also long
科学：几个世纪以来，在历史的不同时期，英格兰和英格兰人一直处于促进科学和智力追求的前沿。
公民和政府：英格兰及其居民既是人权的倡导者，又是人权的侵犯者和压制者。在许多其他国家，它也在促进或否认这些权利方面发挥了根本作用。例如，美利坚合众国是在叛乱和起义中成立的，以抗议大不列颠国王（由英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰组成）对“不可剥夺的权利”和美国宪法的否定。
移民与战争：不管是自愿的还是非自愿的，由于战争、入侵或殖民主义，英格兰以其不同的民族形式，或多或少地卷入了地球上每个国家的历史，有好有坏。英国在一千年前的战争及其副作用中一直扮演着重要角色。和平的贡献也存在，而且这个名单还很长.
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Civics and Government: England and its inhabitants have both championed human rights and been among the offenders as well as suppressors of those rights. It has taken a fundamental part in either promoting or denying those rights in many other nations too. For example, The United States of America was formed in rebellion and revolt as a protest against the denial, by the King of Great Britian (Consisting of England, Wales and Scotland), of what were to become “inalienable rights” and the Constitution of the United States.
Migrations and Wars: England in its various national forms has, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, by war, invasion or colonialism been involved in the history of every nation on Earth, to a greater or lesser extent, for both good and ill. The list of wars and their side effects that England has been a key player in date back over a thousand years. Peaceful contributions also exist, and that list is also long
科学：几个世纪以来，在历史的不同时期，英格兰和英格兰人一直处于促进科学和智力追求的前沿。
公民和政府：英格兰及其居民既是人权的倡导者，又是人权的侵犯者和压制者。在许多其他国家，它也在促进或否认这些权利方面发挥了根本作用。例如，美利坚合众国是在叛乱和起义中成立的，以抗议大不列颠国王（由英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰组成）对“不可剥夺的权利”和美国宪法的否定。
移民与战争：不管是自愿的还是非自愿的，由于战争、入侵或殖民主义，英格兰以其不同的民族形式，或多或少地卷入了地球上每个国家的历史，有好有坏。英国在一千年前的战争及其副作用中一直扮演着重要角色。和平的贡献也存在，而且这个名单还很长.
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Empire: At one point in history the Sun literally never set on the Empire that was created by the British (and by inclusion English) monarchy.
That creates a lot of interesting history to investigate and far too much to enumerate and elucidate on here.
As has been pointed out The Act of unx between Scotland and England was in 1707, thus making Scotland and England two nations under one crown, but one kingdom with one parliament. This does not change the fact that George III was king of the unx of nations of England and Scotland as a result of them being made a single kingdom of Great Britain, and that those nations are recognised as separate regions to this day.
帝国：在历史上的某一时刻，日不落帝国由英国人(包括英格兰人)君主制建立。
这就产生了许多值得研究的有趣历史，这里要列举和说明的东西太多了。
正如人们所指出的，苏格兰和英格兰在1707年签订了《联合法案》，这样一来，苏格兰和英格兰就成了一个君主下的两个民族，但却是一个王国，一个议会。这并不能改变这样一个事实，即乔治三世是英格兰和苏格兰联合王国的国王，因为他们成为了大不列颠的单一王国，这些国家直到今天都被承认为独立的地区。
That creates a lot of interesting history to investigate and far too much to enumerate and elucidate on here.
As has been pointed out The Act of unx between Scotland and England was in 1707, thus making Scotland and England two nations under one crown, but one kingdom with one parliament. This does not change the fact that George III was king of the unx of nations of England and Scotland as a result of them being made a single kingdom of Great Britain, and that those nations are recognised as separate regions to this day.
帝国：在历史上的某一时刻，日不落帝国由英国人(包括英格兰人)君主制建立。
这就产生了许多值得研究的有趣历史，这里要列举和说明的东西太多了。
正如人们所指出的，苏格兰和英格兰在1707年签订了《联合法案》，这样一来，苏格兰和英格兰就成了一个君主下的两个民族，但却是一个王国，一个议会。这并不能改变这样一个事实，即乔治三世是英格兰和苏格兰联合王国的国王，因为他们成为了大不列颠的单一王国，这些国家直到今天都被承认为独立的地区。
Stephen Tempest
What is the nutshell history of Irish slavery?
Irish clans regularly raided each other to capture slaves. This was common enough that "the slave girl" (cumail) was a unit of currency, worth three cows. Slaves were employed in field work, as domestic servants, and as concubines.
As well as slave-raids on other Irish tribes, the Irish clans also raided Britain and took British people as slaves. St Patrick was the most famous example of this.
When the Vikings started raiding the British Isles, they took people of all nationalities as slaves, Irish included. However, those Norsemen who settled in Ireland turned to slave trading as well as slave-raiding. Dublin became the biggest slave market in Western Europe.
爱尔兰奴隶制的简要历史是什么？
爱尔兰部族经常互相袭击以捕获奴隶。这很常见，以至于“女奴”（cumail）是一个货币单位，价值三头牛。奴隶被雇佣从事田间工作，充当家庭佣工和小妾。
除了掠夺其他爱尔兰部落的奴隶，爱尔兰氏族还掠夺英国(包括英格兰、苏格兰及威尔士)，把英国人当作奴隶。圣帕特里克就是最著名的例子。
当维京人开始袭击不列颠群岛时，他们把包括爱尔兰人在内的所有民族的人都当作奴隶。然而，在爱尔兰定居的北欧人转而从事贩卖奴隶和掠夺奴隶的活动。都柏林成为西欧最大的奴隶市场。
What is the nutshell history of Irish slavery?
Irish clans regularly raided each other to capture slaves. This was common enough that "the slave girl" (cumail) was a unit of currency, worth three cows. Slaves were employed in field work, as domestic servants, and as concubines.
As well as slave-raids on other Irish tribes, the Irish clans also raided Britain and took British people as slaves. St Patrick was the most famous example of this.
When the Vikings started raiding the British Isles, they took people of all nationalities as slaves, Irish included. However, those Norsemen who settled in Ireland turned to slave trading as well as slave-raiding. Dublin became the biggest slave market in Western Europe.
爱尔兰奴隶制的简要历史是什么？
爱尔兰部族经常互相袭击以捕获奴隶。这很常见，以至于“女奴”（cumail）是一个货币单位，价值三头牛。奴隶被雇佣从事田间工作，充当家庭佣工和小妾。
除了掠夺其他爱尔兰部落的奴隶，爱尔兰氏族还掠夺英国(包括英格兰、苏格兰及威尔士)，把英国人当作奴隶。圣帕特里克就是最著名的例子。
当维京人开始袭击不列颠群岛时，他们把包括爱尔兰人在内的所有民族的人都当作奴隶。然而，在爱尔兰定居的北欧人转而从事贩卖奴隶和掠夺奴隶的活动。都柏林成为西欧最大的奴隶市场。
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