网帖翻译

Kevin Oliver
First thing’s first. One can believe in evolution and be a theist. Most Christians in the US, at least, do The two questions aren’t mutually exclusive. So this isn’t really a question about atheism so much as for people who accept the theory of evolution.

首先要明确的是，一个人可以相信进化论并且是有神论者。至少在美国，大多数基督徒都持这个观点。所以这不是关于无神论的问题，而是针对那些接受进化理论的人的问题。

Second, as I often say, before you ask why, who, etc, first ask if. Human evolution hasn’t stopped. Here’s a few major examples, but there are more. And we’ll almost certainly continue to find more as do more research.

其次，正如我经常说的那样，在问为什么、谁、等等之前，首先问一下是否。人类的进化并没有停止。这里有几个重要的例子，但还有更多的例子我们几乎肯定会在进一步研究中发现。

We, as a species, are losing our wisdom teeth. Some people don’t get them at all. Some get a few, and many get them in ways that cause problems for tooth alignment and other jaw function. Our ape cousins all have them.

作为一个物种，我们正在失去智齿。有些人根本没有智齿。有些人只有几颗，而许多人得到的智齿会导致牙齿对齐和颌部功能等问题。这是我们的猿族同胞都具备的。

Lactose tolerance past infancy was not a trait of early humans. A mutation that came about sometime before we domesticated animals allowed some of our ancestors to digest it, but it was just a fluke here and there. But with the domestication of animals it became immensely beneficial to have a source of calories, fats, and proteins that could transport itself. Killing an animal is a one off source of calories. Milk production can produce tons of calories over a long period of time off of the same single animal. So the percent of the population with this trait has grown in humans with time. And it’s still increasing. Very few other animals, and no other apes, have this ability. If you can drink milk without getting sick, congratulations! You’re a mutant.See this?

婴儿期后乳糖耐受不是早期人类的特征。在我们驯化动物之前，某个时候出现的一种突变使得我们的某些祖先能够消化乳糖，但这只是个别的情况。但随着动物的驯化，拥有一种能够自我运输且能够提供大量卡路里、脂肪和蛋白质的来源变得非常有利。杀一只动物只会提供一次卡路里的来源。而牛奶的产生可以从同一只动物上产生大量的卡路里。因此，这个特征的人口百分比随着时间的推移在人类中增长。目前，接受这种特征的人口仍在增加。很少有其他动物，没有其他猿类动物拥有这种能力。如果你能喝牛奶而不感到不适，那恭喜你！你是个突变体。看看这个？

What you’re looking at on the left is the palmaris longus. It’s a muscle that allows us to have stronger pinching strength with our 4th and 5th fingers. Depending on the population 14–63% of humans in a given area won’t have this muscle. Like at all. Our ape cousins have this one. Many humans do. But some don’t. And the proportion was decreasing to where at some point we may have all lost it altogether. But this is where it gets interesting! That muscle is used for reconstructive surgery when muscle and tendon elsewhere in our bodies has been damaged too significantly to repair or impacted by disease. Since there is now a useful purpose for it and that purpose ever so slightly increased odds of survival for an individual (evolution operates sometimes on very, very small advantages), there’s some preliminary evidence this trait is increasing in the population again!

左边你所看到的是掌长肌。这是一块肌肉，使我们的第四和第五个手指具有更强的捏力。根据不同地区的人口，14%到63%的人类都没有这个肌肉。我们的灵长类近亲拥有它，许多人类也拥有它，但有些人没有。在某个时刻，这一比例正在下降，甚至有可能完全失去。但是，这就是有趣的地方！当我们身体其他地方的肌肉和肌腱因严重损伤无法修复或受疾病影响时，这种肌肉可用于重建手术。由于现在有了一个有用的目的，并且这个目的略微增加了个体生存的几率（进化有时在微小的优势上运作），初步证据表明这个特征又开始在人群中增加了！

Do you know someone with blue eyes? While blue eyes aren’t exclusive to humans, the suite of genes that produces them in humans is only somewhere between 6,000 and 10,000 years old. When humans first started settling in large, permanent groups, it’s very likely none of them had blue eyes.

你知道有蓝眼睛的人吗？虽然蓝色眼睛并不是人类独有的，但在人类中产生蓝眼睛的基因组只有大约6,000到10,000年的历史。当人类开始组成大型、永久性团体时，很可能他们中没有一个人拥有蓝眼睛。

Christian Winter
It hasn’t. Firstly evolution is something that takes generations over generations and civilization is about 400 generations old. That is not very much evolution wise. But even in that time certain things have happened. Some of us, primarily from Northern Europe but also elsewhere, have developed an ability no other mammal has: we are able to digest milk as adults. That is something that mammals usually lose when they grow up, simply because digesting milk is rather expensive and the access to milk is very limited in nature. For that to make sense you need access to milk in large quantities. And for that again you will have to capture and breed other mammals, keep the females pregnant and take their milk. Which is not really possible without civilization.

并没有。首先，进化是需要几代人的时间的，而文明只有大约400代的历史，这在进化的时间尺度上并不算长。但即便在这段时间里，确实发生了一些事情。我们中的一些人，主要来自北欧，以及其他地方，已经发展出一种其他哺乳动物所没有的能力：我们能够成年后消化牛奶。这是哺乳动物在成长过程中通常会失去的能力，因为消化牛奶代价很高，自然界中获得牛奶的途径也非常有限。为了让这种能力有用，你需要大量获取牛奶。而这又需要捕捉和饲养其他哺乳动物，让雌性动物怀孕并提取它们的奶。这在没有文明的情况下是不可能的。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Why don't we evolve today?
We do. Just slower than usual, simply because we use technology to ease sextion pressure. I for example am very short-sighted. I would never have survived in nature. But since we know how to produce and cut glas so that it breaks the light exactly the way that I can see normally through it, I am still here.

为什么我们今天不再进化？ 其实我们仍在进化，只是比以往缓慢了一些，因为我们利用技术减轻了选择压力。例如，我患有严重近视。在自然环境中，我从未能存活下来。但是，由于我们知道如何生产并加工玻璃，让它打破光线的方式恰好可以让我正常地看清东西，因此我仍然活着。

Doesn't it prove that evolutionism is a lie?
Not if you halfway understand evolution, no.
Tibetans, who live at extremely high altitudes where the air is very thin, have evolved higher hemoglobin concentrations, allowing them to pull more oxygen from the oxygen poor air they breathe. Their cousins in the lowlands don’t have this mutation.
A similar mutation in the Bajau people of the Philippines and Malaysia gave them larger spleens. They’ve been divers for thousands of years, spending sometimes massive amounts of time underwater every single day. Their increased spleen volume acts as a reservoir for oxygenated blood. In other words they can hold their breath a lot longer than their dry land friends.

这难道不证明进化论是谎言吗？ 如果你对进化有一定了解，那么并不是。
生活在海拔极高、空气稀薄的高原地区的藏民族已经进化出更高的血红蛋白浓度，这使他们能够从缺氧的空气中吸取更多氧气。住在低地的他们的近亲就没有这种突变。
菲律宾和马来西亚的巴查乌族人也有类似的突变，使他们的脾脏更大。他们已经是潜水员数千年的历史了，每天都花费大量时间在水下。他们增加的脾脏体积作为含氧血液的储备库，也就是说，他们能够比陆地上的朋友们更长时间地屏住呼吸。

Steven Weinrieb
The stupidity of this question is truly beyond belief! The evolution of human beings has been going on for approximately 6M years - so, I guess that since YOU have not really seen any “changes” in the past 50 or so years, evolution has stopped? Do you remotely see how stupid your question is? Did you ever go to school? Did you pay attention in school? Did you learn anything in school? Utterly amazing!

这个问题的愚蠢简直让人难以置信！人类的进化已经进行了大约600万年 - 所以，我想你之所以觉得在过去的50年左右没有看到任何“变化”，就认为进化已经停止了？你有没有想过你的问题有多么愚蠢？你上过学吗？上学时有听讲吗？在学校学到了什么吗？真是令人惊讶！

Simonetta Logan
Good grief! Are you getting your science from a tome written by people a couple of thousand years ago? Look around you, evolution never stops. Educate yourself, there are lots of excellent books out there. If books are problematic, there’s a scientist called Brian Cox, a remarkable young man who has made several educational films about the Big Bang. Very interesting and he makes complex ideas very simple. It’s not some ludicrous conspiracy, just proven fact if you care to check it out. If your belief in God causes you problems then you have no respect for his miraculous creations.

天哪！你是从几千年前的书籍中获得科学知识的吗？看看你身边，进化从未停止。要学习，有很多优秀的书籍可以参考。如果书籍有问题，有一位名叫布莱恩·考克斯的科学家，他拍摄了几部关于宇宙大爆炸的教育电影。非常有趣，而且他将复杂的想法讲解得非常简单易懂。这不是无稽之谈，而是经过证实的事实，如果你想查证的话。如果你的信仰让你产生问题，那么你对上帝神奇的创造毫无尊重。

Charles Munroe
What ever gave you the idea that evolution stopped? I think you are looking for any excuse to dismiss evolution. Have you not noted the evolution of the corona virus? You and I evolve at a far slower pass and it would take many generations before it would become apparent that we wee evolving. In addition do you notice that Jesus never mentions the creation stories of of Genesis? If Jesus isn’t interested then why are you?

你从哪里得到的进化停止的想法？我认为你在寻找任何借口来否认进化。你有没有注意到冠状病毒的进化？你和我进化的速度要慢得多，需要很多代人才能显现出进化的变化。此外，你是否注意到耶稣从未提及创世记的创造故事？如果耶稣不感兴趣，那你为什么会感兴趣呢？

Dennis O'Brien
You know how people say that there are no stupid questions?
You just proved them wrong.
EVOLUTION HAS NOT STOPPED!
You know how germs become resistant to antibiotics?
Care to guess how that happens, hmmm?
That’s right - the bacteria are evolving.
And, since bacteria have such short generations, it happens faster.
Isn’t that exciting? Evolution is taking place, right now.

你知道人们常说没有愚蠢的问题吗？
你刚刚证明了他们是错的。
进化从未停止!
你知道细菌如何对抗抗生素吗？
猜猜那是怎么发生的，嗯？
没错 - 细菌正在进化。
而且，由于细菌的一代短，进化速度更快。
这不令人兴奋吗？进化正在现在发生。

Peter Oliver
Well, the use of the word ‘evolutionist’ immediately tells me that the questioner is a creationist troll.
Those people who accept evolution - theists, atheists and anti-theists alike - do not sit around saying to themselves ‘well I accept this whole evolution thing, but why did it stop suddenly?’. Why don’t they say this to themselves? Because this is simply just one of the stupid lies that is manufactured by the creationist propaganda machine and you have been a good little drone and come onto Quora and done your job by spreading this ignorance.
My advice, stop listening to the ignoramuses on your side and come over to our side and learn some real science. That, my ignorant friend, is the only cure.
You know how insects become resistant to pesticides?
Guess what?
Yep - bedbugs and other insects are evolving, right now!
And, in Florida, green anole lizards are busily adapting to invasive species! In an amazing twenty generations.
We don’t see it as much with humans, because we mature slowly - our generations are twenty years and more.

使用“进化论者”这个词立刻告诉我提问者是一个创造论者的喷子。
接受进化论的人 - 无论是有神论者、无神论者还是反对神论者 - 不会坐在那里对自己说，“好吧，我接受了整个进化论，但为什么它突然停止了呢？”为什么他们不这样说呢？因为这只是创造论宣传机器制造的一个愚蠢谎言，而你是一个好的无知机器人，来到 Quora 上散布这种无知。
我的建议是，不要听你那一边的无知者，来到我们这一边学习一些真正的科学。这是治愈你无知的唯一途径，我的朋友。
你知道昆虫如何对杀虫剂产生抗性吗？猜猜看。是的，臭虫和其他昆虫正在进化中！在佛罗里达，绿色变色龙正在忙于适应入侵物种！只用了20个世代，真是太神奇了。我们在人类身上看不到这种情况，因为我们成长缓慢 - 我们的一代需要20年甚至更长时间。

Brandon Harper
Your question, as frxd, is a far better argument for the poor state of education than it is an argument against evolution.
There are no such things as “evolutionists” because evolution is not a belief. ‘Evolution’ is a label that describes a naturally occurring, demonstrable process of life in nature, like the words ‘photosynthesis’ or ‘decomposition.’ You might as well refer to someone who accepts digestion as reality as a digestionist. That’s unnecessary nonsense.
Evolution has not stopped since the beginning of human civilization, all living organisms are evolving, at all times, and even phages (that aren’t quite living organisms) are evolving, at all times.

您的问题，作为论点，更好地表明了教育状况不佳，而不是反对进化论的论点。
“进化论者”这个词不存在，因为进化不是一种信仰。"进化"是一种标签，用来描述自然界中生命的一种可演示的过程，就像“光合作用”或“分解”这些词一样。您完全可以把那些认同消化这一现实的人称为“消化主义者”。这些都是没有必要的废话。
从人类文明开始以来，进化从未停止，所有的生物在任何时候都在进化，即使是非完整的生物"噬菌体"也在不断进化。

There is nothing that proves ‘evolution’ is a lie, to the precise degree that there is nothing that proves ‘photosynthesis’ is a lie.
Publicly advertising a poor education is probably not the best way to detract from your least favorite aspects of reality.
If someone has the concept that evolution is a random process, capable of producing erratic and wildly unpredictable results within a few generations of an organism, that person does not understand ‘evolution’ or the distinct (and highly relevant) difference between ‘random’ processes and ‘chaotic’ processes.
My encouragement to whomever originated this question is to learn, first, then make public assertions you can rationally defend with sound argument.

没有任何证据证明“进化”是谎言，就像没有任何证据证明“光合作用”是谎言一样。
公开宣传教育状况不佳可能不是从现实中脱离你最不喜欢的方面的最佳途径。
如果有人认为进化是一种随机进程，能够在几代生物中产生不规则而极其不可预测的结果，那么这个人对"进化"或"随机"过程的了解肯定不够充分，而且没有意识到"随机"和"混沌"进程之间的显著区别是何等重要。
我的建议是，首先要学习，然后再公开表达你可以用合理论据来辩护的观点。

David Brann
We do evolve today. Evolution of the human species appears to have stopped, because large, complex organisms evolve slowly. Simpler organisms evolve much more rapidly, though. A good example is bacteria. The antibiotic era began in the 1940s; World War II was the first American war in which fewer soldiers succumbed to disease and infection than to battle casualties. The reason was antibiotics. Penicillin, which was a wonder drug back then, is virtually useless today, becaue bacteria have evolved to resist it. That’s evolution at work.
There is actually no such thing as “evolutionism,” and there are no “evolutionists.” Evolution is not a religion, such as Catholicism or Congegationalism. It’s a well-supported scientific theory, explaining how things came to be as they are. It’s much better supported than ancient texts written by pre-scientific people.

我们今天仍在进化。人类物种的进化似乎已经停止，因为大型、复杂的生物进化缓慢。但较简单的生物进化速度更快。一个很好的例子是细菌。抗生素时代始于1940年代；第二次世界大战是美国历史上第一次少有士兵死于疾病和感染而非战斗伤亡。原因是抗生素。当时是一种神奇的药物的青霉素现在几乎没有用处了，因为细菌已经进化出了对它的抗药性。这就是进化的作用。
实际上，并不存在“进化论主义”或“进化论者”这样的东西。进化不是宗教，如天主教或会衍教，而是一个有很好支持的科学理论，解释事物为什么会变成现在这样。它比由前科学家撰写的古代文本更受支持。

Richard Stephen
What makes you think that “evolution has stopped since the beginning of human civilization”? Have you ever toured an old castle in Europe? Did you notice how low the doors were? That’s because people used to be shorter. Through evolution people have become taller since that time, which was only a couple of hundred years ago. Human civilization began thousands of years before that. As a matter of fact there are even statistics showing how the average height of Americans has changed within the last century. This is evolution in progress.
We see similar forms of evolution in many species of animals. You entire premise is incorrect!

你为什么认为“自人类文明开始以来，进化已经停止了”？你有没有去过欧洲的一座古老城堡？你是否注意到那里的门有多低？那是因为人们过去比较矮。从那时起，人类通过进化变得更高，这只是几百年前的事。人类文明开始于数千年之前。事实上，甚至有统计数据显示美国人的平均身高在过去一个世纪内发生了变化。这就是进化正在进行。
我们在许多动物物种中看到类似的进化形式。你的整个前提都是错误的！

Nero Wolfgang
Actually, evolution has still been happening.
Around 10,000 years ago, humans ended up evolving the ability to consume lactose post infancy.
Humans evolved Tiosente into maize.
Wolves have evolved into multiple breeds of dogs.
Bacteria has been evolving to withstand certain antibiotics.
Humans are growing taller.
There is a populatuon in southeast Asia that has evolved to be able to see underwater and to hold their breath longer underwater.
That might not fit your preconceived idea of evolution, most likely from playing too much Pokémon (though the “evolution" in Pokémon fits metamorphosis rather than evolution) or what you think of “the march of progress” which is inaccurate of evolution, as well.
If you actually were willing to study evolution and read The Origin of Species and learn about Mendel's studies on genetics, along with the scientific research behind evolution rather than taking the word of your preacher/pastor, then you would understand how Evolution works.

实际上，进化仍在发生。大约10000年前，人类进化出了在婴儿期后消化乳糖的能力。人类将Tiosente进化成玉米。狼已经进化成了多个品种的狗。细菌一直在进化，以抵抗某些抗生素。人类正变得越来越高。东南亚有一个人群进化出了在水下能看到东西并且能够在水下更长时间屏住呼吸的能力。这可能不符合你对进化的先入之见，很可能是因为你过于玩《宠物小精灵》（虽然《宠物小精灵》中的“进化”实际上是变态而不是进化），或者你认为的那种“进步的进化”的观念是不准确的。如果你真的愿意学习进化，阅读《物种起源》并了解孟德尔的遗传学研究，以及进化背后的科学研究，而不是仅仅听从牧师/传教士的话，那么你就能理解进化是如何工作的。

Cuthbert Chisholm
What makes you think evolution has stopped? Homo Sapiens is still evolving, just like every other species. Do you sit in front of an oak tree for a few hours and conclude that it has stopped growing because you can’t see any change? Or do you accept that some things occur on a time scale beyond your ability to personally witness?
There are multiple recent evolutionary traits which have evolved in Homo Sapiens and are not yet spread throughout the population. Here’s a sample of one small group of positive mutations which created what lay-people falsely call ‘race’

你为什么认为进化已经停止了呢？人类智人仍在进化，就像其他物种一样。你会花几个小时坐在一棵橡树前，并得出它已经停止生长的结论吗？还是你会接受有些事情发生在你无法亲眼目睹的时间尺度上？
最近，智人已经进化出多个特征，这些特征尚未在整个人口中普及。以下是一个正面突变的小样本，这些突变创造了外行人错误称为“种族”的东西：

“Physiological or phenotypical changes have been traced to Upper Paleolithic mutations, such as the East Asian variant of the EDAR gene, dated to about 35,000 years ago. Traits affected by the mutation are sweat glands, teeth, hair thickness and breast tissue. While Africans and Europeans carry the ancestral version of the gene, most East Asians have the mutated version. By testing the gene on mice, Yana G. Kamberov and Pardis C. Sabeti and their colleagues at the Broad Institute found that the mutated version brings thicker hair shafts, more sweat glands, and less breast tissue. East Asian women are known for having comparatively small breasts and East Asians in general tend to have thick hair. The research team calculated that this gene originated in Southern China, which was warm and humid, meaning having more sweat glands would be advantageous to the hunter-gatherers who lived there.”

“一些生理或表型特征已经追溯到更新世的突变，例如东亚变异的EDAR基因，大约可以追溯到35000年前。受基因突变影响的特征包括汗腺，牙齿，头发厚度和乳房组织。虽然非洲人和欧洲人携带祖先版本的基因，但大多数东亚人携带突变版本。通过在老鼠上测试这个基因，Yana G. Kamberov、Pardis C. Sabeti及其在Broad Institute的同事们发现，突变版本带来了更粗的毛发，更多的汗腺和更少的乳房组织。东亚妇女以乳房相对较小而闻名，而东亚人总体上往往具有粗密的头发。研究团队计算出这个基因起源于南方的中国，那里温暖潮湿，这意味着拥有更多的汗腺对生活在那里的狩猎采集者将是有优势的。”

That took mere seconds on Google, searching for “recent human evolution.”
There is NO EXCUSE, in this information age, for remaining so abysmally ignorant of any topic. Instead of assuming that you have found a perfect “gotcha” question, or (worse yet) accepting some public speaker’s supposed “gotcha” question, just take a few seconds to look for the answer online.
In 90% of cases I have seen, Creationist “gotcha” questions only serve to expose the ignorance of the creationist.

这只是在谷歌上简单搜索“最近的人类进化”中花费的几秒钟。
在信息时代中，没有任何借口可以保持如此无知。与其假设你找到了一个完美的“陷阱”问题，或者（更糟糕的是）接受某位公众演讲者所谓的“陷阱”问题，不如花几秒钟在网上寻找答案。在我看来，90％的情况下，创造论者的“陷阱”问题只会暴露创造论者的无知。

AFB
Evolution hasn't stopped. Even while you're reading this a mutation may occur.
But evolution takes a long time for the effect of a mutation to show up. How much time is related to how many years between generations. So the effect of a mutation in humans might be millions of years.
If organisms like a bacteria a generation may be minutes and so the effect may be seen fairly fast. That's evident by how quickly they evolved to be immune to antibotics
So evolution hasn't stopped.
And evolution is fact.

进化从未停止。即使在你阅读这篇文章的时候，一种突变可能正在发生。
但是，进化需要很长时间才能展现出突变的影响。这和代际之间的时间间隔有关。对于人类而言，突变的影响可能需要数百万年去展现出来。而对于像细菌这样的生物来说，一代的时间可能只需要几分钟，所以它们很快就会进化出对抗抗生素的免疫力。
因此，进化从未停止，而且进化是真实的事实。

Peter Hendriks
People are still developing. At some point it became clear that a certain percentage of African prostitutes didn’t contract HIV. They had some kind of mutation that protected them. Some of their children inherited this trait. If AIDS at some point wipes out almost all Africans, the Africans with that particular mutation will survive and a new, HIV resistent African race will emerge. That is how it works.

人类仍在不断发展。曾经有一段时间，人们发现一定比例的非洲妓女没有感染艾滋病病毒，因为她们体内有某种突变使其免受感染。这种特性有时会遗传给她们的孩子。如果艾滋病最终几乎彻底摧毁了非洲，那些拥有这种特异突变的非洲人将幸存下来，一个新的、抗艾滋病的非洲种族也将出现。就是这样的进化过程。

Whites have light skin because during winter there is not enough sunshine in northern parts of Europe to produce enough vitamin D in the skin from sunlight. Light skin solved this problem and a race of light skinned people emerged. Darked skinned people living in northern regions still take vitamine D tablets to compensate for this disadvantage.
Evolution is not a constant autonomous process. It only occurs if a mutation increases an individual’s chances of survival. The mutation will then gradually become dominant.

欧洲北部的冬季阳光不足，无法从阳光中产生足够的维生素D，白人皮肤的出现解决了这个问题，因此一个浅色肤色的人种出现了。生活在北方地区的皮肤较黑的人们，仍然需要服用维生素D的补充剂来弥补这项不利因素。
进化并非始终自主进行。只有当某种突变提高一个个体的生存能力时，进化才会出现，并逐渐成为主导。