罗马为什么不入侵非洲内陆？（二）
正文翻译
Why didn''t Rome invade the African interior?
罗马为什么不入侵非洲内陆？
罗马为什么不入侵非洲内陆？
评论翻译
Charles Wilson
Carthage, Greece, Rome and later Italy and Germany all valued and conquered the lands close to the Mediterranean Sea. These were the valued ports, resources and trading places. The Saharan desert is, to this day, a huge obstacle and only recently in history offerred oil as a reason to go far inland. Rome, Carthage and Greece did not know about this oil. There was no motivation to venture South inland from the North across the desert.
迦太基、希腊、罗马以及后来的意大利和德国都重视并征服了靠近地中海的土地。这些是有价值的港口、资源和贸易场所。撒哈拉沙漠直到今天仍然是一个巨大的障碍，直到最近历史才因石油的原因远征到内陆。罗马、迦太基和希腊并不知道有石油。从北部穿越沙漠向南内陆探险并没有动力。
Carthage, Greece, Rome and later Italy and Germany all valued and conquered the lands close to the Mediterranean Sea. These were the valued ports, resources and trading places. The Saharan desert is, to this day, a huge obstacle and only recently in history offerred oil as a reason to go far inland. Rome, Carthage and Greece did not know about this oil. There was no motivation to venture South inland from the North across the desert.
迦太基、希腊、罗马以及后来的意大利和德国都重视并征服了靠近地中海的土地。这些是有价值的港口、资源和贸易场所。撒哈拉沙漠直到今天仍然是一个巨大的障碍，直到最近历史才因石油的原因远征到内陆。罗马、迦太基和希腊并不知道有石油。从北部穿越沙漠向南内陆探险并没有动力。
David Velar
African interior is maybe 15 times the landmass of Roman territory. And they lost their initial effort when they tried to invade Sudan. The Kandace empire there (what a coincidence many ancient east African empires start with a K” Kemet Kerma Kush Kandace).
Rome negotiated their first armistice and truce after that indisputably Black African nation beat them in battle and demarked their line at the 1st Cataract of Egypts southen border. Egypt couldnt stop Rome but the Sudanese Nubians finally did.
非洲内陆的面积可能是罗马领土的15倍。当他们试图入侵苏丹时，他们失去了最初的努力。在那里，坎达斯帝国（多么巧合，许多古代东非帝国以“K”开头，比如Kemet、Kerma、Kush、Kandace）打败了罗马，在战斗中击败了他们，划定了他们的边界在埃及南部的第一瀑布处。埃及无法阻止罗马，但苏丹的努比亚人最终做到了。
African interior is maybe 15 times the landmass of Roman territory. And they lost their initial effort when they tried to invade Sudan. The Kandace empire there (what a coincidence many ancient east African empires start with a K” Kemet Kerma Kush Kandace).
Rome negotiated their first armistice and truce after that indisputably Black African nation beat them in battle and demarked their line at the 1st Cataract of Egypts southen border. Egypt couldnt stop Rome but the Sudanese Nubians finally did.
非洲内陆的面积可能是罗马领土的15倍。当他们试图入侵苏丹时，他们失去了最初的努力。在那里，坎达斯帝国（多么巧合，许多古代东非帝国以“K”开头，比如Kemet、Kerma、Kush、Kandace）打败了罗马，在战斗中击败了他们，划定了他们的边界在埃及南部的第一瀑布处。埃及无法阻止罗马，但苏丹的努比亚人最终做到了。
Calixto Estrada
Rome sent several known expeditions to the African interior (i.e. Subsaharan Africa). Africa was in fact the major exporter of raw materials (ivory, metals, wood, animals) to the Roman Empire, which included all of what is now Northern Africa (from Egypt to Morocco). There has never been a single Empire which was able to hold North Africa AND the Sahara…it is just too resource intensive. Thus, the Sahara provides a natural divide between the two parts of the continent.
罗马派出了几次已知的探险队到非洲内陆（即撒哈拉以南的非洲）。事实上，非洲是罗马帝国的主要原材料出口地（象牙、金属、木材、动物），其中包括现在的整个北非地区（从埃及到摩洛哥）。从未有过一个帝国能够控制住北非和撒哈拉沙漠，因为这需要太多资源。因此，撒哈拉沙漠在非洲大陆的两部分之间提供了自然的分界。
Rome sent several known expeditions to the African interior (i.e. Subsaharan Africa). Africa was in fact the major exporter of raw materials (ivory, metals, wood, animals) to the Roman Empire, which included all of what is now Northern Africa (from Egypt to Morocco). There has never been a single Empire which was able to hold North Africa AND the Sahara…it is just too resource intensive. Thus, the Sahara provides a natural divide between the two parts of the continent.
罗马派出了几次已知的探险队到非洲内陆（即撒哈拉以南的非洲）。事实上，非洲是罗马帝国的主要原材料出口地（象牙、金属、木材、动物），其中包括现在的整个北非地区（从埃及到摩洛哥）。从未有过一个帝国能够控制住北非和撒哈拉沙漠，因为这需要太多资源。因此，撒哈拉沙漠在非洲大陆的两部分之间提供了自然的分界。
Aaron Helmus
Also, by the time they would have been interested in the African Interior they would have been busy defending from attacks from the North from the Germanic tribes that had banded together and were a significant threat to the Roman Empire and eventually helped lead to its downfall. These were the Goths and the Visigoths. The Romans didn't fully have control of Egypt until Cleopatra killed herself leaving Egypt wide open for Roman rule. The Romans also had too far extended themselves to the west and the North and had to worry about defending their Eastern borders, as they had not had much success against the Persians in encounters against them.
此外，当他们对非洲内陆感兴趣时，他们已经忙于防御北方日益壮大的日耳曼各部落的进攻，这对罗马帝国构成了重大威胁，并最终导致了它的衰亡。这些日尔曼人包括哥特人和西哥特人。罗马人直到克利奥帕特拉自杀之后才完全控制了埃及，使埃及变得对罗马统治者来说是一个开放的领土。罗马人的领土范围也过于广泛，向西和向北延伸太远，必须担心保卫他们的东部边境，因为他们在与波斯人交战中并没有取得多少成功。
Also, by the time they would have been interested in the African Interior they would have been busy defending from attacks from the North from the Germanic tribes that had banded together and were a significant threat to the Roman Empire and eventually helped lead to its downfall. These were the Goths and the Visigoths. The Romans didn't fully have control of Egypt until Cleopatra killed herself leaving Egypt wide open for Roman rule. The Romans also had too far extended themselves to the west and the North and had to worry about defending their Eastern borders, as they had not had much success against the Persians in encounters against them.
此外，当他们对非洲内陆感兴趣时，他们已经忙于防御北方日益壮大的日耳曼各部落的进攻，这对罗马帝国构成了重大威胁，并最终导致了它的衰亡。这些日尔曼人包括哥特人和西哥特人。罗马人直到克利奥帕特拉自杀之后才完全控制了埃及，使埃及变得对罗马统治者来说是一个开放的领土。罗马人的领土范围也过于广泛，向西和向北延伸太远，必须担心保卫他们的东部边境，因为他们在与波斯人交战中并没有取得多少成功。
Patrick Owen
The same reason why they didn't invade Scotland or Scandinavia, there was nothing there they wanted.
同样的原因，他们没有入侵苏格兰或斯堪的纳维亚，因为那里没有他们想要的东西。
The same reason why they didn't invade Scotland or Scandinavia, there was nothing there they wanted.
同样的原因，他们没有入侵苏格兰或斯堪的纳维亚，因为那里没有他们想要的东西。
Jogi Bhullar
My take is that Rome never had any Great Emperors after Marcus Aurelius with whom ended the two centuries of the Golden Period which had the Six Greatest Emperors of the Roman Empire.
我的看法是，马库斯·奥勒留结束了罗马帝国两个世纪的黄金时期，之后罗马再也没有出现过伟大的皇帝，而黄金时期中有六位最伟大的皇帝。
My take is that Rome never had any Great Emperors after Marcus Aurelius with whom ended the two centuries of the Golden Period which had the Six Greatest Emperors of the Roman Empire.
我的看法是，马库斯·奥勒留结束了罗马帝国两个世纪的黄金时期，之后罗马再也没有出现过伟大的皇帝，而黄金时期中有六位最伟大的皇帝。
Danielle Fraser
In those days crossing the Sahara was incredibly difficult and dangerous. And the jungle was seen as place to go to die. At that time no one really knew what caused disease but they did know that of the Romans entering the jungles of Africa few would return.
那个时候穿越撒哈拉非常困难和危险。而且森林被认为是一个去死的地方。当时人们并不知道什么会导致疾病，但他们知道如果罗马人进入非洲的森林，几乎没有人会回来。
In those days crossing the Sahara was incredibly difficult and dangerous. And the jungle was seen as place to go to die. At that time no one really knew what caused disease but they did know that of the Romans entering the jungles of Africa few would return.
那个时候穿越撒哈拉非常困难和危险。而且森林被认为是一个去死的地方。当时人们并不知道什么会导致疾病，但他们知道如果罗马人进入非洲的森林，几乎没有人会回来。
Roy Boss
Because the frontier in Africa is largely semi desert it has been well preserved. French archaeologists investigated the remaining structures whilst the area was under French control.
The Roman frontier worked in conjunction with a policy of diplomacy and subsidy to keep the leaders of the frontier tribes onside. The tribes practised semi nomadism with flocks of animals and needed to pass up and down the valleys that the frontier cut across. As a sanction against raiding Rome could have closed the passes and disrupted the tribal economy. The frontier forts and walls were not continuous, they blocked the routes the tribes would need to use because that controlled them. The obxtive was to prevent raiding, not large scale invasion. That would have to have been dealt with by forces from the coastal city garrisons.
Rome did not go further into Africa because they had reached the boundary of the area where grain could be grown with specialist irrigation and dry farming methods. There were grain producing oases and valleys to the south, but they were isolated and of local interest only. Projecting power all the way to the Sahara would have involved considerable cost and the land between the Roman frontier and the desert was not suitable for a city based economic model. The job of the frontier was to protect these cities and their surrounding farmland and it did this pretty well. As time went on the desert area expanded ( result of grazing and climate change) so the fortified zone was too far south.
因为非洲的边境大部分都是半沙漠地区，所以保存得很好。法国考古学家在该地区处于法国控制下时调查了其剩余建筑结构。
罗马对边境的管理与外交政策和财政补贴相结合，以保持边境部族领袖的支持。这些部族实行半游牧生活，有一些家畜需要穿越边界封锁的山谷来回移动。如果罗马对他们进行制裁，关闭山谷通道并破坏部族经济，可以防止他们的抢劫。边境要塞和城墙不是连续的，它们拦截了部族需要使用的路线，这就控制了他们。目标是防止抢劫，而不是大规模入侵。这必须由来自沿海城市驻扎部队的力量处理。
罗马没有深入非洲的其他地方，因为他们已经到达了能够通过专业的灌溉和干耕方法种植谷物的区域的边界。南部也有一些可以生产谷物的绿洲和山谷，但它们是孤立的，只属于当地利益。将权力推向撒哈拉沙漠需要巨大的成本，而罗马边境和沙漠之间的土地也不适合基于城市的经济模式。边境的任务是保护这些城市及其周围的农田，它做得相当好。随着时间的推移，沙漠地区扩大了（由放牧和气候变化导致），因此加固区域也向南延伸太远。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Because the frontier in Africa is largely semi desert it has been well preserved. French archaeologists investigated the remaining structures whilst the area was under French control.
The Roman frontier worked in conjunction with a policy of diplomacy and subsidy to keep the leaders of the frontier tribes onside. The tribes practised semi nomadism with flocks of animals and needed to pass up and down the valleys that the frontier cut across. As a sanction against raiding Rome could have closed the passes and disrupted the tribal economy. The frontier forts and walls were not continuous, they blocked the routes the tribes would need to use because that controlled them. The obxtive was to prevent raiding, not large scale invasion. That would have to have been dealt with by forces from the coastal city garrisons.
Rome did not go further into Africa because they had reached the boundary of the area where grain could be grown with specialist irrigation and dry farming methods. There were grain producing oases and valleys to the south, but they were isolated and of local interest only. Projecting power all the way to the Sahara would have involved considerable cost and the land between the Roman frontier and the desert was not suitable for a city based economic model. The job of the frontier was to protect these cities and their surrounding farmland and it did this pretty well. As time went on the desert area expanded ( result of grazing and climate change) so the fortified zone was too far south.
因为非洲的边境大部分都是半沙漠地区，所以保存得很好。法国考古学家在该地区处于法国控制下时调查了其剩余建筑结构。
罗马对边境的管理与外交政策和财政补贴相结合，以保持边境部族领袖的支持。这些部族实行半游牧生活，有一些家畜需要穿越边界封锁的山谷来回移动。如果罗马对他们进行制裁，关闭山谷通道并破坏部族经济，可以防止他们的抢劫。边境要塞和城墙不是连续的，它们拦截了部族需要使用的路线，这就控制了他们。目标是防止抢劫，而不是大规模入侵。这必须由来自沿海城市驻扎部队的力量处理。
罗马没有深入非洲的其他地方，因为他们已经到达了能够通过专业的灌溉和干耕方法种植谷物的区域的边界。南部也有一些可以生产谷物的绿洲和山谷，但它们是孤立的，只属于当地利益。将权力推向撒哈拉沙漠需要巨大的成本，而罗马边境和沙漠之间的土地也不适合基于城市的经济模式。边境的任务是保护这些城市及其周围的农田，它做得相当好。随着时间的推移，沙漠地区扩大了（由放牧和气候变化导致），因此加固区域也向南延伸太远。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Mervyn Clarke
A lot of North Africa is Desert. Rome used Deserts as `buffer` against invasion. There is no profit in invading a desert. They took Cities and towns. Briton did the same thing with Afganistan in the 19th century. Briton didn't want it. They invaded Afganistan because they feared Russia would invade it to Enter India. Once you have an Empire , you always fear to lose it.
许多北非是沙漠地带。罗马利用沙漠作为防御入侵的“缓冲区”。入侵沙漠没有利润可言。他们占领了城市和镇。19世纪英国在阿富汗做了同样的事情。英国之所以入侵阿富汗，是因为他们害怕俄罗斯入侵那里进入印度。一旦你拥有了一个帝国，你总是害怕失去它。
A lot of North Africa is Desert. Rome used Deserts as `buffer` against invasion. There is no profit in invading a desert. They took Cities and towns. Briton did the same thing with Afganistan in the 19th century. Briton didn't want it. They invaded Afganistan because they feared Russia would invade it to Enter India. Once you have an Empire , you always fear to lose it.
许多北非是沙漠地带。罗马利用沙漠作为防御入侵的“缓冲区”。入侵沙漠没有利润可言。他们占领了城市和镇。19世纪英国在阿富汗做了同样的事情。英国之所以入侵阿富汗，是因为他们害怕俄罗斯入侵那里进入印度。一旦你拥有了一个帝国，你总是害怕失去它。
Lee Gaims
Lmao. You guys are white supremacist idiots. Did your college, assuming some of you ppl went to college, teach you that all of the Greek philosophers, mathematicians, etc. studied in Africa, stole what they learned and brought it back to Greece. The Romans eventually conquered Greece, and took whatever the Greeks had. But I know a lot of you weirdos worship that whitewashed world history. It keeps your ego going.
哈哈哈，你们这些白人至上主义者真是瞎子。你们大学教育，假设你们中的一些人上过大学，是否教你们所有的希腊哲学家、数学家等都在非洲学习，窃取所学并带回希腊。罗马最终征服了希腊，并带走了希腊人所拥有的一切。但我知道你们这些怪人崇拜那个被美白的世界历史。这让你们的自尊心得到了满足。
Lmao. You guys are white supremacist idiots. Did your college, assuming some of you ppl went to college, teach you that all of the Greek philosophers, mathematicians, etc. studied in Africa, stole what they learned and brought it back to Greece. The Romans eventually conquered Greece, and took whatever the Greeks had. But I know a lot of you weirdos worship that whitewashed world history. It keeps your ego going.
哈哈哈，你们这些白人至上主义者真是瞎子。你们大学教育，假设你们中的一些人上过大学，是否教你们所有的希腊哲学家、数学家等都在非洲学习，窃取所学并带回希腊。罗马最终征服了希腊，并带走了希腊人所拥有的一切。但我知道你们这些怪人崇拜那个被美白的世界历史。这让你们的自尊心得到了满足。
James G Bridgeman
Rome generally did not invade for an offensive motive.
Rome invaded when it perceived a threat. It conquered to neutralize the perceived threat.
There was no conceivable threat to Rome from the African interior. Any invader would have had to cross a couple thousand miles of Sahara desert to get at Roman north Africa.
罗马通常不会出于攻击性的动机而入侵。罗马入侵是因为它察觉到了威胁。它征服是为了中和察觉到的威胁。罗马北非内陆没有任何可想象的威胁。任何入侵者都必须穿越几千英里的撒哈拉沙漠来到达罗马北非。
Rome generally did not invade for an offensive motive.
Rome invaded when it perceived a threat. It conquered to neutralize the perceived threat.
There was no conceivable threat to Rome from the African interior. Any invader would have had to cross a couple thousand miles of Sahara desert to get at Roman north Africa.
罗马通常不会出于攻击性的动机而入侵。罗马入侵是因为它察觉到了威胁。它征服是为了中和察觉到的威胁。罗马北非内陆没有任何可想象的威胁。任何入侵者都必须穿越几千英里的撒哈拉沙漠来到达罗马北非。
Peter Topping
Two reasons:
Roman provinces had to pay for themselves and support their governors and generals in their career paths, politicians and people of influence were unpaid in Rome and patronage was an expensive business, so a province had to be financially viable and of some strategic import. Thus the Romans never invaded the Highlands of Scotland, the Welsh Interior or Ireland, they didn't bother much with the lands of the Basques and Brettons or invading the vast German Forests and swamps east of the Rhine. Little return on investment and strategically hard to control and not of great value.
So why invade the Sahara desert with it's oasis choke points, relentless heat and freezing nights, lack of water etc. You could not bring any agricultural goods back as they would rarely survive the desert trek.
The coast down from Morrocco tracks along the Atlantic coast and is dry dangerous, has a counter current and Roman ships were built for the Mediterranean not the wild Atlantic.
So Rome took all the agriculturally productive regions of Africa on the Mediterranean shores with good trade lixs into the interior and left deep trade to them, the Greeks, Ethiopia's precursor states and Armenians.
Rome didn't colonise Africa she simply conquorered and took over African Empires like Carthage, Egypt and a few Greek colonies already established and extended influence and introduced Roman efficiencies.
Remember Carthage was an African Empire with colonies in Europe, like Spain, parts of the South of France, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, and the Belleric Islands. She was Rome's arch rival and unlike the Greeks who are from Europe and home to the language of European education , philosophy, science and Eastern Orthodox Christianity the Carthaginians being from North Africa don't get much of a rap or write up in European/ modern history. When they do it's about Hannibal ( one dude in a thousand years of their history) amd crazy Americans ,shout ,”ahhh you are being Afrocentric “ . Then the lunatic fringe on the pro African side react and stretch everything vaguely African to the point of credulity, so it's a hard space to talk sense in.
Summary no profit , no strategic value, difficult climate and environment to invade and not worth it when you can outsource the risk and enjoy the benefits by controlling the coast.
有两个原因：
罗马的省份必须自负盈亏，并支持他们的总督和将军在职业生涯中的发展，罗马的政治家和有影响力的人没有报酬，庇护是一项昂贵的事业，因此一个省份必须经济上可行，并具有某些战略重要性。因此，罗马从未入侵苏格兰高地、威尔士内陆或爱尔兰，他们没有太过关注巴斯克和布列塔尼地区，也没有入侵莱茵河以东的广阔德国森林和沼泽。回报太少，难以控制，价值不大。
那么为什么要侵略撒哈拉沙漠，它有着瓶颈式的绿洲、无情的炎热和寒冷可怕的夜晚、缺乏水源等等？你不能带回任何农产品，因为它们很少能在沙漠跋涉中存活下来。
摩洛哥沿着大西洋海岸延伸，干燥并危险，还有反流现象，而罗马船只是为地中海而建造的，并不适合在狂野的大西洋中航行。
因此，罗马占领了非洲地中海沿岸的所有农业生产高地，与内陆有着良好的贸易联系，并留下深远的贸易传统给他们、希腊人、埃塞俄比亚前身状态以及亚美尼亚人。
罗马没有殖民非洲，她只是征服了非洲帝国，如迦太基、埃及和一些已经建立的希腊殖民地，并扩大影响并引入罗马效率。
记住，迦太基是一个拥有欧洲殖民地的非洲帝国，如西班牙、法国南部的部分地区、西西里岛、马耳他、撒丁岛和巴利阿里群岛。她是罗马的主要竞争对手，不像欧洲人从欧洲来，拥有欧洲教育语言、哲学、科学和东正教基督教，而作为来自北非的迦太基人，在欧洲/现代历史上得到的描述很少。当提到他们时，通常是指汉尼拔（她们千年历史中的一个人物）和疯狂的美国人，大喊：“啊，你在强调非非洲中心主义”。然后极端亚非主义者反应过激，把一切稍微有点非洲特色的事物都扩大到不可信的程度，因此这是一个很难讲清楚的领域。
总之，没有利润，没有战略价值，侵略的气候环境困难，而当你控制了海岸线并外包了风险，并享受好处时，就没有必要侵略了。
Two reasons:
Roman provinces had to pay for themselves and support their governors and generals in their career paths, politicians and people of influence were unpaid in Rome and patronage was an expensive business, so a province had to be financially viable and of some strategic import. Thus the Romans never invaded the Highlands of Scotland, the Welsh Interior or Ireland, they didn't bother much with the lands of the Basques and Brettons or invading the vast German Forests and swamps east of the Rhine. Little return on investment and strategically hard to control and not of great value.
So why invade the Sahara desert with it's oasis choke points, relentless heat and freezing nights, lack of water etc. You could not bring any agricultural goods back as they would rarely survive the desert trek.
The coast down from Morrocco tracks along the Atlantic coast and is dry dangerous, has a counter current and Roman ships were built for the Mediterranean not the wild Atlantic.
So Rome took all the agriculturally productive regions of Africa on the Mediterranean shores with good trade lixs into the interior and left deep trade to them, the Greeks, Ethiopia's precursor states and Armenians.
Rome didn't colonise Africa she simply conquorered and took over African Empires like Carthage, Egypt and a few Greek colonies already established and extended influence and introduced Roman efficiencies.
Remember Carthage was an African Empire with colonies in Europe, like Spain, parts of the South of France, Sicily, Malta, Sardinia, and the Belleric Islands. She was Rome's arch rival and unlike the Greeks who are from Europe and home to the language of European education , philosophy, science and Eastern Orthodox Christianity the Carthaginians being from North Africa don't get much of a rap or write up in European/ modern history. When they do it's about Hannibal ( one dude in a thousand years of their history) amd crazy Americans ,shout ,”ahhh you are being Afrocentric “ . Then the lunatic fringe on the pro African side react and stretch everything vaguely African to the point of credulity, so it's a hard space to talk sense in.
Summary no profit , no strategic value, difficult climate and environment to invade and not worth it when you can outsource the risk and enjoy the benefits by controlling the coast.
有两个原因：
罗马的省份必须自负盈亏，并支持他们的总督和将军在职业生涯中的发展，罗马的政治家和有影响力的人没有报酬，庇护是一项昂贵的事业，因此一个省份必须经济上可行，并具有某些战略重要性。因此，罗马从未入侵苏格兰高地、威尔士内陆或爱尔兰，他们没有太过关注巴斯克和布列塔尼地区，也没有入侵莱茵河以东的广阔德国森林和沼泽。回报太少，难以控制，价值不大。
那么为什么要侵略撒哈拉沙漠，它有着瓶颈式的绿洲、无情的炎热和寒冷可怕的夜晚、缺乏水源等等？你不能带回任何农产品，因为它们很少能在沙漠跋涉中存活下来。
摩洛哥沿着大西洋海岸延伸，干燥并危险，还有反流现象，而罗马船只是为地中海而建造的，并不适合在狂野的大西洋中航行。
因此，罗马占领了非洲地中海沿岸的所有农业生产高地，与内陆有着良好的贸易联系，并留下深远的贸易传统给他们、希腊人、埃塞俄比亚前身状态以及亚美尼亚人。
罗马没有殖民非洲，她只是征服了非洲帝国，如迦太基、埃及和一些已经建立的希腊殖民地，并扩大影响并引入罗马效率。
记住，迦太基是一个拥有欧洲殖民地的非洲帝国，如西班牙、法国南部的部分地区、西西里岛、马耳他、撒丁岛和巴利阿里群岛。她是罗马的主要竞争对手，不像欧洲人从欧洲来，拥有欧洲教育语言、哲学、科学和东正教基督教，而作为来自北非的迦太基人，在欧洲/现代历史上得到的描述很少。当提到他们时，通常是指汉尼拔（她们千年历史中的一个人物）和疯狂的美国人，大喊：“啊，你在强调非非洲中心主义”。然后极端亚非主义者反应过激，把一切稍微有点非洲特色的事物都扩大到不可信的程度，因此这是一个很难讲清楚的领域。
总之，没有利润，没有战略价值，侵略的气候环境困难，而当你控制了海岸线并外包了风险，并享受好处时，就没有必要侵略了。
Yemi Adeyemi
I will assume this question is asked in good faith.
There are many reasons why they didn’t invade the African interior. The main reason is there was no motive to commit political and military suicide.
First of all the public memory of the Roman empire is a bit flowery compared to how things really occurred.
Theme #1: internal division. The empire was born out of the Great Roman civil war and internal conflicts continued for a long time.
The Roman empire, despite being a force of history, struggled to avoid falling apart.
我愿意假设这个问题是出于善意提出的。为什么罗马帝国没有入侵非洲内陆，有很多原因。主要原因是没有动机去进行政治和军事自杀。
首先，与实际情况相比，公众对罗马帝国的记忆略显理想化。
主题#1：内部分裂。罗马帝国起源于伟大的罗马内战，内部冲突一直持续不断。
尽管罗马帝国是历史的力量，但它仍然难以避免解体。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I will assume this question is asked in good faith.
There are many reasons why they didn’t invade the African interior. The main reason is there was no motive to commit political and military suicide.
First of all the public memory of the Roman empire is a bit flowery compared to how things really occurred.
Theme #1: internal division. The empire was born out of the Great Roman civil war and internal conflicts continued for a long time.
The Roman empire, despite being a force of history, struggled to avoid falling apart.
我愿意假设这个问题是出于善意提出的。为什么罗马帝国没有入侵非洲内陆，有很多原因。主要原因是没有动机去进行政治和军事自杀。
首先，与实际情况相比，公众对罗马帝国的记忆略显理想化。
主题#1：内部分裂。罗马帝国起源于伟大的罗马内战，内部冲突一直持续不断。
尽管罗马帝国是历史的力量，但它仍然难以避免解体。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
1/ The “client state” arrangements were unstable sometimes; see point #11.
2/ The Severus policy of the “pay the military well and avoid being assassinated by them because of insufficient pay” didn't really work for most emperors. The post of emperor was so coveted, at least 23 emperors got assassinated.
3/ The average life span of an emperor was 8 years. Talk about no policy stability?
4/ Europe was not a “perfectly united” entity until the “Scramble for Africa” which ended with world war 1 and world war 2. Britain wanted “Brexit” from the beginning; ask Julius Caesar! :) For one for most of the time before Caracalla, most residents within the domains of the empire were not citizens and were not interested in supporting the system. Britain revolted a few times. Google Boudica. Fellow Roman Generals committed treason a few times. Google “Year of the Six emperors”
1.“附庸国”安排有时是不稳定的；请看第11点。
2.塞韦鲁斯政策“好好支付军队待遇，避免因为薪水不足而被他们暗杀”对大多数皇帝并没有真正奏效。皇位是如此令人垂涎，至少有23位皇帝被暗杀。
3.皇帝的平均寿命为8年。怎么能谈论到政策的稳定性呢？
4.直到“非洲分割”结束后的第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战，欧洲并不是一个“完美团结”的实体。英国从一开始就想要“脱欧”；问问朱利叶斯·凯撒吧！:) 在卡拉卡拉之前的大部分时间里，帝国领域内的大多数居民都不是公民，也不对支持这个制度感兴趣。英国曾经发生过几次起义。搜索博迪卡。其他罗马将领也曾经叛变过。搜索“六个皇帝之年”。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
2/ The Severus policy of the “pay the military well and avoid being assassinated by them because of insufficient pay” didn't really work for most emperors. The post of emperor was so coveted, at least 23 emperors got assassinated.
3/ The average life span of an emperor was 8 years. Talk about no policy stability?
4/ Europe was not a “perfectly united” entity until the “Scramble for Africa” which ended with world war 1 and world war 2. Britain wanted “Brexit” from the beginning; ask Julius Caesar! :) For one for most of the time before Caracalla, most residents within the domains of the empire were not citizens and were not interested in supporting the system. Britain revolted a few times. Google Boudica. Fellow Roman Generals committed treason a few times. Google “Year of the Six emperors”
1.“附庸国”安排有时是不稳定的；请看第11点。
2.塞韦鲁斯政策“好好支付军队待遇，避免因为薪水不足而被他们暗杀”对大多数皇帝并没有真正奏效。皇位是如此令人垂涎，至少有23位皇帝被暗杀。
3.皇帝的平均寿命为8年。怎么能谈论到政策的稳定性呢？
4.直到“非洲分割”结束后的第一次世界大战和第二次世界大战，欧洲并不是一个“完美团结”的实体。英国从一开始就想要“脱欧”；问问朱利叶斯·凯撒吧！:) 在卡拉卡拉之前的大部分时间里，帝国领域内的大多数居民都不是公民，也不对支持这个制度感兴趣。英国曾经发生过几次起义。搜索博迪卡。其他罗马将领也曾经叛变过。搜索“六个皇帝之年”。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
5/ In the Crisis of the Third Century, 20 emperors ruled within a 50-year time span. Rome didn’t even have succession planning figured out. Sometimes the Pretorian Guards would kill an emperor that didn’t pay enough to appoint an emperor that might pay more , to the detriment of balancing the Royal Treasury. Dumb succession planning is what has kept Europe in wars from -500 BC to 1806 AD. Google the 30 years war and the 7 years war the general plotline of succession problems in Europe thematically.
General plot - King/emperor power has official wives and “low-born” mistresses, lots of legit and illegit sons, dies, and all the kids fight it out in a civil war, if the kids were bad at war, some other random person then takes the thrones.
5.在第三世纪危机中，20位皇帝在50年的时间内统治了罗马。罗马甚至没有解决继承计划。有时候，近卫军会杀死一位没有支付足够款项的皇帝，以任命可能支付更多款项的皇帝，从而损害平衡王室国库的利益。愚蠢的继承规划使欧洲在公元前500年至1806年间陷入了战争。搜索“三十年战争”和“七年战争”，无论主题如何，其中都反映了欧洲继承问题的一般情节。
一般情节 - 国王/皇帝有正式妻子和“卑微的”情妇，有很多合法和非法的儿子，去世后所有的孩子就会在内战中争夺权位，如果孩子们不善于打仗，那么另外一些随机的人就会接管王位。
General plot - King/emperor power has official wives and “low-born” mistresses, lots of legit and illegit sons, dies, and all the kids fight it out in a civil war, if the kids were bad at war, some other random person then takes the thrones.
5.在第三世纪危机中，20位皇帝在50年的时间内统治了罗马。罗马甚至没有解决继承计划。有时候，近卫军会杀死一位没有支付足够款项的皇帝，以任命可能支付更多款项的皇帝，从而损害平衡王室国库的利益。愚蠢的继承规划使欧洲在公元前500年至1806年间陷入了战争。搜索“三十年战争”和“七年战争”，无论主题如何，其中都反映了欧洲继承问题的一般情节。
一般情节 - 国王/皇帝有正式妻子和“卑微的”情妇，有很多合法和非法的儿子，去世后所有的孩子就会在内战中争夺权位，如果孩子们不善于打仗，那么另外一些随机的人就会接管王位。
6/ The assumption that Africans were not “inside” the Roman empire is a bit silly. There were Africans stationed in Germany - St. Maurice - and Britain at the Antonine Wall. Africans who had back stabbed Carthage (the kingdom of Numidia I believe) to avoid taxes, the wrath of Rome, being assigned a “Consul” and to keep their independence.
7. Egypt produced food for the empire. Why stir up an entire continent to attack your food supply in the name of Rome attempting a crazy “ego trip”?
8. A few emperors destroyed the bank balance - making it difficult to pay civil servants and soldiers - eg Nero, Caligula and Commodus.
9. The religious challenges posed by Christianity disagreements and the rise of Christianity.
10. Other more pressing threats of six sacks of Rome - by the Gauls in 390 BC, the Visigoths in 410 AD, the Vandals in 455 AD, the Ostrogoths in 546 AD, the Huns - , the Parthians to the East, the Germans, the Irish, the Normans, the Slavic nations? and all the other Europeans on its on continent Rome didn’t conquer.
6.认为非洲人不在罗马帝国“内部”有些愚蠢。有非洲人在德国-圣莫里茨和英国的安东宁长城驻扎。还有一些曾经出卖迦太基（我相信是努米底亚王国）以避免缴税、罗马的愤怒、被指派为“领事”并保持独立的非洲人。
7.埃及向帝国提供食物。以罗马企图进行疯狂的“自我意志之旅”的名义，搞乱整个大陆来攻击你的食品供应，这简直是何必呢？
8.一些皇帝破坏了财政收支平衡，使得支付公务员和士兵变得困难 - 如尼禄、卡利古拉和科莫多斯。
9.基督教的异议和崛起所带来的宗教挑战。
10.其它更紧迫的威胁：六次对罗马的劫掠 - 在公元前390年的高卢人、公元410年的哥特人、公元455年的汪达尔人、公元546年的东哥特人、匈奴人，来自东方的玛特奥族、德国人、爱尔兰人、诺曼人，斯拉夫民族以及罗马没有征服的所有其它欧洲人。
7. Egypt produced food for the empire. Why stir up an entire continent to attack your food supply in the name of Rome attempting a crazy “ego trip”?
8. A few emperors destroyed the bank balance - making it difficult to pay civil servants and soldiers - eg Nero, Caligula and Commodus.
9. The religious challenges posed by Christianity disagreements and the rise of Christianity.
10. Other more pressing threats of six sacks of Rome - by the Gauls in 390 BC, the Visigoths in 410 AD, the Vandals in 455 AD, the Ostrogoths in 546 AD, the Huns - , the Parthians to the East, the Germans, the Irish, the Normans, the Slavic nations? and all the other Europeans on its on continent Rome didn’t conquer.
6.认为非洲人不在罗马帝国“内部”有些愚蠢。有非洲人在德国-圣莫里茨和英国的安东宁长城驻扎。还有一些曾经出卖迦太基（我相信是努米底亚王国）以避免缴税、罗马的愤怒、被指派为“领事”并保持独立的非洲人。
7.埃及向帝国提供食物。以罗马企图进行疯狂的“自我意志之旅”的名义，搞乱整个大陆来攻击你的食品供应，这简直是何必呢？
8.一些皇帝破坏了财政收支平衡，使得支付公务员和士兵变得困难 - 如尼禄、卡利古拉和科莫多斯。
9.基督教的异议和崛起所带来的宗教挑战。
10.其它更紧迫的威胁：六次对罗马的劫掠 - 在公元前390年的高卢人、公元410年的哥特人、公元455年的汪达尔人、公元546年的东哥特人、匈奴人，来自东方的玛特奥族、德国人、爱尔兰人、诺曼人，斯拉夫民族以及罗马没有征服的所有其它欧洲人。
11 Google the Battle of Cannae and “Fabian tactics”.
Theme #2 It may have been highly stupid of them for many reasons.
12 The Garamantes. Using foggaras, the Garamantes survived in the Sahara for 1,000 years despite “the Rome empire”. The Garamantes “tore Carthage a new one”; and were available to deal with Rome afterwards before dispersing after running out of “fossil water”.
The Garamantes: The Civilisation that mined Fossil Water from the Sahara for 1,000 Years - www.thinkafrica.net
11.搜索迦尼恩战役和“法比安战术”。这可能在许多方面都是非常愚蠢的。
主题 #2：他们可能因为很多原因而非常愚蠢。
12.利用foggara技术，加拉曼特人在撒哈拉沙漠中存活了1000年，尽管受到了“罗马帝国”的影响。加拉曼特人“击败迦太基”，并在后来对付罗马之前一直存在，最终因“化石水”耗尽而离开。
加拉曼特人：开采撒哈拉沙漠中的化石水历时1,000年的文明 - www.thinkafrica.net
Theme #2 It may have been highly stupid of them for many reasons.
12 The Garamantes. Using foggaras, the Garamantes survived in the Sahara for 1,000 years despite “the Rome empire”. The Garamantes “tore Carthage a new one”; and were available to deal with Rome afterwards before dispersing after running out of “fossil water”.
The Garamantes: The Civilisation that mined Fossil Water from the Sahara for 1,000 Years - www.thinkafrica.net
11.搜索迦尼恩战役和“法比安战术”。这可能在许多方面都是非常愚蠢的。
主题 #2：他们可能因为很多原因而非常愚蠢。
12.利用foggara技术，加拉曼特人在撒哈拉沙漠中存活了1000年，尽管受到了“罗马帝国”的影响。加拉曼特人“击败迦太基”，并在后来对付罗马之前一直存在，最终因“化石水”耗尽而离开。
加拉曼特人：开采撒哈拉沙漠中的化石水历时1,000年的文明 - www.thinkafrica.net
13 Rome lost a number of engagements against the Meroitic kingdom - to a girl - Candace Amanirenas and had to settle for a peace treaty. If they lost to a kingdom ruled by “a girl” (hyperbole), conquering Africa was definitely not even something they would be capable of.
14. The Sahara. The largest “hot” desert in the world. The 3rd largest desert in the world after the Antarctica and the Artic. Smh.
15. Africa has loads of Mountains - natural barriers to armies attacking unfamiliar terrain
16. Malaria. Europe had not discovered “Quinine” yet.
13.罗马在多次对抗默鲁奇王国的战斗中失败了，对手还是一个女孩——阿玛尼廷纳斯女王，最后不得不达成和平条约。如果他们输给了一个由“一个女孩”（夸张）统治的王国，征服非洲肯定根本不是他们能力范围内的事情。
14.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的“热”沙漠，也是继南极洲和北极洲之后世界第三大沙漠。唉。
15.非洲有很多山脉 - 对攻击陌生地形的军队来说是天然的障碍。
16.疟疾。欧洲当时还没有发现“奎宁”（抗疟疾药物）。
14. The Sahara. The largest “hot” desert in the world. The 3rd largest desert in the world after the Antarctica and the Artic. Smh.
15. Africa has loads of Mountains - natural barriers to armies attacking unfamiliar terrain
16. Malaria. Europe had not discovered “Quinine” yet.
13.罗马在多次对抗默鲁奇王国的战斗中失败了，对手还是一个女孩——阿玛尼廷纳斯女王，最后不得不达成和平条约。如果他们输给了一个由“一个女孩”（夸张）统治的王国，征服非洲肯定根本不是他们能力范围内的事情。
14.撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的“热”沙漠，也是继南极洲和北极洲之后世界第三大沙漠。唉。
15.非洲有很多山脉 - 对攻击陌生地形的军队来说是天然的障碍。
16.疟疾。欧洲当时还没有发现“奎宁”（抗疟疾药物）。
17. The Gatlin gun, firing 450- 900 rounds per minute had not been delivered yet.
18. Legitimacy to rule “over time” after winning. On what basis ? Religious? Political? Birth right? With what wealth? See point
19. Diversity. Africa has 2,000 languages today, after Europe has already tried to kill off a few languages and a few religions. During -27 BC to 350 AD, how would the Roman administration have copied with the most diverse continent on Earth?
20. Cultivated foods that grow in North Africa, due to the Mediterranean climate may not have grown in the interior of Africa. Despite the vast ignorance about Africa’s indigenous agricultural accomplishments, reality would have dealt Rome a blow. Africans new how to live off domesticated plants, wild food and animals. Rome would be competing with 1.7 million years of local knowledge & immunity after crossing the Sahara.
17.盖特林机枪每分钟可射击450-900发子弹，但当时它还没有问世。
18.获胜后统治的合法性是根据什么？宗教？政治？血统？凭借什么财富？见上一点。
19.多样性。今天非洲有2000种语言，在欧洲已经试图扼杀一些语言和宗教之后。公元前27年到公元350年期间，罗马政府将如何应对地球上最多样化的大陆？
20.由于地中海气候的缘故，生长在北非的农作物可能在非洲内陆不会生长。尽管人们对非洲土著农业成就知之甚少，现实将让罗马遭受打击。非洲人懂得如何依靠家养植物、野生食物和动物生存。穿越撒哈拉沙漠后，罗马将面对170万年的本土知识和免疫力的竞争。
18. Legitimacy to rule “over time” after winning. On what basis ? Religious? Political? Birth right? With what wealth? See point
19. Diversity. Africa has 2,000 languages today, after Europe has already tried to kill off a few languages and a few religions. During -27 BC to 350 AD, how would the Roman administration have copied with the most diverse continent on Earth?
20. Cultivated foods that grow in North Africa, due to the Mediterranean climate may not have grown in the interior of Africa. Despite the vast ignorance about Africa’s indigenous agricultural accomplishments, reality would have dealt Rome a blow. Africans new how to live off domesticated plants, wild food and animals. Rome would be competing with 1.7 million years of local knowledge & immunity after crossing the Sahara.
17.盖特林机枪每分钟可射击450-900发子弹，但当时它还没有问世。
18.获胜后统治的合法性是根据什么？宗教？政治？血统？凭借什么财富？见上一点。
19.多样性。今天非洲有2000种语言，在欧洲已经试图扼杀一些语言和宗教之后。公元前27年到公元350年期间，罗马政府将如何应对地球上最多样化的大陆？
20.由于地中海气候的缘故，生长在北非的农作物可能在非洲内陆不会生长。尽管人们对非洲土著农业成就知之甚少，现实将让罗马遭受打击。非洲人懂得如何依靠家养植物、野生食物和动物生存。穿越撒哈拉沙漠后，罗马将面对170万年的本土知识和免疫力的竞争。
21. The King of Aksum, 1.2 million sq. kilometre kingdom.
22. Maps. Rome had no maps of Africa. If Malaria, the Sahara (25% of African land mass), Meroe, Aksum, the Mountains (25% of African land mass) didn’t get them, getting lost would have killed them.
23. Poisoned arrows. West Africa invented the bow, the arrow and used poisoned arrows.
24. The forests of Africa. A logistical nightmare.
Africa's forests - www.thinkafrica.net
21.阿克苏姆国王统治着一个120万平方公里的王国。
22.地图。罗马没有非洲的地图。如果疟疾、撒哈拉沙漠（非洲陆地面积的25%）、梅罗埃、阿克苏姆、山脉（非洲陆地面积的25%）还没有把他们淘汰，那么迷路也会导致他们死亡。
23.毒箭。西非人发明了弓、箭并使用毒箭。
24.非洲的森林。后勤上的噩梦。
非洲的森林 - www.thinkafrica.net
22. Maps. Rome had no maps of Africa. If Malaria, the Sahara (25% of African land mass), Meroe, Aksum, the Mountains (25% of African land mass) didn’t get them, getting lost would have killed them.
23. Poisoned arrows. West Africa invented the bow, the arrow and used poisoned arrows.
24. The forests of Africa. A logistical nightmare.
Africa's forests - www.thinkafrica.net
21.阿克苏姆国王统治着一个120万平方公里的王国。
22.地图。罗马没有非洲的地图。如果疟疾、撒哈拉沙漠（非洲陆地面积的25%）、梅罗埃、阿克苏姆、山脉（非洲陆地面积的25%）还没有把他们淘汰，那么迷路也会导致他们死亡。
23.毒箭。西非人发明了弓、箭并使用毒箭。
24.非洲的森林。后勤上的噩梦。
非洲的森林 - www.thinkafrica.net
25. Sub-Sahara Africa skipped the Bronze age and went straight to “Iron Age” in 2,200 BC. All over the place we have evidence of not only iron works but also a later “Bronze age”, because Sub-Sahara Africa discovered copper after Iron in certain areas.
26. Housing design. West Africans of the time of the Romans designed houses for easy escape by not having doors. If attackers came through the back, they escaped through the front. If attackers came in through the front, the escaped through the back. The forest was their ally, and they would regroup to come back and fight again.
27. Other infectious diseases like Yellow Fever, Small Pox etc.
25.撒哈拉以南非洲跳过了青铜时代，在公元前2200年直接进入了“铁器时代”。我们在很多地方都有铁制品的证据，还有一个更晚的“青铜时代”，因为撒哈拉以南非洲在某些地区发现了铜，比铁晚发现。
26.住宅设计。罗马时代的西非人设计的房子没有门，容易逃跑。如果攻击者从后面来，他们就走前门逃跑；如果攻击者从前面来，他们就走后门逃跑。森林是他们的盟友，他们会重新组合起来再次反击。
27.其他传染性疾病，如黄热病、天花等。
26. Housing design. West Africans of the time of the Romans designed houses for easy escape by not having doors. If attackers came through the back, they escaped through the front. If attackers came in through the front, the escaped through the back. The forest was their ally, and they would regroup to come back and fight again.
27. Other infectious diseases like Yellow Fever, Small Pox etc.
25.撒哈拉以南非洲跳过了青铜时代，在公元前2200年直接进入了“铁器时代”。我们在很多地方都有铁制品的证据，还有一个更晚的“青铜时代”，因为撒哈拉以南非洲在某些地区发现了铜，比铁晚发现。
26.住宅设计。罗马时代的西非人设计的房子没有门，容易逃跑。如果攻击者从后面来，他们就走前门逃跑；如果攻击者从前面来，他们就走后门逃跑。森林是他们的盟友，他们会重新组合起来再次反击。
27.其他传染性疾病，如黄热病、天花等。
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