关于古罗马有哪些令人震惊的事实？
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Renier Naidoo
I’ve been fascinated by the ancient Roman Empire since I was very young and one of the things I’ve found most impressive and shocking is the scale of architecture, engineering and industry in the Roman Empire, specifically in Rome. This is especially true when compared to medi Europe and Europe in the years following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The dome of the Pantheon in Rome is world’s largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome
The Romans built the Pantheon as a temple to all their gods and it had the magnificence to match its purpose. The Pantheon that you can visit in Rome today is nearly 1900 years old. The diameter of the dome is 43,3 metres. For comparison, the dome of the United States Capitol is approximately 29,26 metres. The dome is still the largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
自从我很小的时候，我就对古罗马帝国着迷，其中最令我印象深刻和震惊的是罗马帝国，特别是罗马的建筑、工程和工业规模。尤其是与中世纪欧洲和西罗马帝国灭亡后的欧洲相比，这一点更加明显。罗马万神殿的圆顶是世界上最大的无支撑和无加固混凝土圆顶。罗马人建造万神殿是为了供奉他们所有的神灵，它的壮丽程度与其目的相匹配。今天你可以参观的罗马万神殿已经有近1900年的历史了。圆顶的直径为43.3米。作为比较，美国国会大厦的圆顶直径约为29.26米。这个圆顶仍然是世界上最大的无支撑和无加固混凝土圆顶。
I’ve been fascinated by the ancient Roman Empire since I was very young and one of the things I’ve found most impressive and shocking is the scale of architecture, engineering and industry in the Roman Empire, specifically in Rome. This is especially true when compared to medi Europe and Europe in the years following the fall of the Western Roman Empire.
The dome of the Pantheon in Rome is world’s largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome
The Romans built the Pantheon as a temple to all their gods and it had the magnificence to match its purpose. The Pantheon that you can visit in Rome today is nearly 1900 years old. The diameter of the dome is 43,3 metres. For comparison, the dome of the United States Capitol is approximately 29,26 metres. The dome is still the largest unsupported and unreinforced concrete dome in the world.
自从我很小的时候，我就对古罗马帝国着迷，其中最令我印象深刻和震惊的是罗马帝国，特别是罗马的建筑、工程和工业规模。尤其是与中世纪欧洲和西罗马帝国灭亡后的欧洲相比，这一点更加明显。罗马万神殿的圆顶是世界上最大的无支撑和无加固混凝土圆顶。罗马人建造万神殿是为了供奉他们所有的神灵，它的壮丽程度与其目的相匹配。今天你可以参观的罗马万神殿已经有近1900年的历史了。圆顶的直径为43.3米。作为比较，美国国会大厦的圆顶直径约为29.26米。这个圆顶仍然是世界上最大的无支撑和无加固混凝土圆顶。
Roman aqueducts
One of the most iconic architectural marvels of the Romans is their aqueducts. Most major cities in the empire had at least one aqueduct, and Rome had over 770 km of them. Because the water flowed along the aqueduct through the help of gravity an aqueduct had to be slightly slanted. This meant aqueducts were built as channels along the ground, underground and above the ground, like the picture above.
The aqueducts of Rome transported over a billion litres of water a day. That is more than 400 Olympic sized swimming pools. The aqueducts of the Roman Empire are one of their greatest engineering marvels.
罗马引水渠
罗马最具标志性的建筑奇迹之一是他们的引水渠系统。帝国内的大多数主要城市都至少有一个引水渠，而罗马则拥有超过770公里的引水渠。由于水流是通过引水渠的重力作用流动的，因此引水渠必须略微倾斜。这意味着引水渠的建设形式有地面上的沟渠、地下的暗道和高架式的引水渠，如上图所示。罗马的引水渠每天输送超过10亿升的水。这相当于超过400个奥林匹克大小的游泳池。罗马帝国的引水渠系统是他们最伟大的工程奇迹之一。
One of the most iconic architectural marvels of the Romans is their aqueducts. Most major cities in the empire had at least one aqueduct, and Rome had over 770 km of them. Because the water flowed along the aqueduct through the help of gravity an aqueduct had to be slightly slanted. This meant aqueducts were built as channels along the ground, underground and above the ground, like the picture above.
The aqueducts of Rome transported over a billion litres of water a day. That is more than 400 Olympic sized swimming pools. The aqueducts of the Roman Empire are one of their greatest engineering marvels.
罗马引水渠
罗马最具标志性的建筑奇迹之一是他们的引水渠系统。帝国内的大多数主要城市都至少有一个引水渠，而罗马则拥有超过770公里的引水渠。由于水流是通过引水渠的重力作用流动的，因此引水渠必须略微倾斜。这意味着引水渠的建设形式有地面上的沟渠、地下的暗道和高架式的引水渠，如上图所示。罗马的引水渠每天输送超过10亿升的水。这相当于超过400个奥林匹克大小的游泳池。罗马帝国的引水渠系统是他们最伟大的工程奇迹之一。
Circus Maximus
The Circus Maximus was a massive chariot-racing stadium in Rome. It measured 621 metres in length and 118 metres in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. A typical race would consist of seven laps, the equivalent of about 11 km. Today the site of the stadium is a national park.
马克西米尔竞技场
马克西米尔竞技场是罗马一个庞大的赛车场，长621米，宽118米，可容纳超过15万观众。一场比赛通常包括七圈，相当于大约11公里。今天，这个竞技场的遗址是一个国家公园。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The Circus Maximus was a massive chariot-racing stadium in Rome. It measured 621 metres in length and 118 metres in width and could accommodate over 150,000 spectators. A typical race would consist of seven laps, the equivalent of about 11 km. Today the site of the stadium is a national park.
马克西米尔竞技场
马克西米尔竞技场是罗马一个庞大的赛车场，长621米，宽118米，可容纳超过15万观众。一场比赛通常包括七圈，相当于大约11公里。今天，这个竞技场的遗址是一个国家公园。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Roman mining
To supply the empire with the resources it required the Romans mined on a massive scale. The annual combined output of iron, copper and lead from Roman mines was approximately 177,500 tonnes at its height, levels not reached again until the Industrial revolution. The empire’s silver stock is estimated to have been 10,000 tonnes, many times more than the combined stock of medi Europe and the Caliphate by 800 AD.
罗马采矿
为了满足帝国所需的资源，罗马人进行了大规模的采矿。在其鼎盛时期，罗马矿山每年产出的铁、铜和铅的总量约为177,500吨，这个水平直到工业革命时期才被再次达到。该帝国的白银储备估计达到了10,000吨，是800年时期中世纪欧洲和阿拔斯王朝的储备总和的数倍。
To supply the empire with the resources it required the Romans mined on a massive scale. The annual combined output of iron, copper and lead from Roman mines was approximately 177,500 tonnes at its height, levels not reached again until the Industrial revolution. The empire’s silver stock is estimated to have been 10,000 tonnes, many times more than the combined stock of medi Europe and the Caliphate by 800 AD.
罗马采矿
为了满足帝国所需的资源，罗马人进行了大规模的采矿。在其鼎盛时期，罗马矿山每年产出的铁、铜和铅的总量约为177,500吨，这个水平直到工业革命时期才被再次达到。该帝国的白银储备估计达到了10,000吨，是800年时期中世纪欧洲和阿拔斯王朝的储备总和的数倍。
Roman roads
At its height the empire was divided into 113 provinces and covered a land area of 5 million square km. All of this was connected by roads, of which over 80,000 km were paved. Rome alone had 29 highways radiating from the city. The way in which a public road should be built was determined by strict set of laws known as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. Some Roman roads are still in use today.
The Roman Empire was truly fascinating and still influence us today. Many of the things we use or based on the traditions, inventions, culture, language and laws of the Roman Empire. That is why this is such an interesting question because an answer could truly go on forever.
罗马道路
在其鼎盛时期，罗马帝国被划分为113个省份，覆盖了500万平方公里的土地。所有这些都由道路连接，在其中超过80,000公里的道路铺设了石头。仅罗马市就有29条公路从城市辐射出去。公共道路应该如何建造是由严格的一套法律规定的，被称为《十二表法》。一些罗马道路仍在今天使用。
罗马帝国真是令人着迷，至今仍对我们产生影响。我们使用或基于罗马帝国的传统、发明、文化、语言和法律。这就是为什么这个问题如此有趣，因为答案可能会永远存在。
At its height the empire was divided into 113 provinces and covered a land area of 5 million square km. All of this was connected by roads, of which over 80,000 km were paved. Rome alone had 29 highways radiating from the city. The way in which a public road should be built was determined by strict set of laws known as the Laws of the Twelve Tables. Some Roman roads are still in use today.
The Roman Empire was truly fascinating and still influence us today. Many of the things we use or based on the traditions, inventions, culture, language and laws of the Roman Empire. That is why this is such an interesting question because an answer could truly go on forever.
罗马道路
在其鼎盛时期，罗马帝国被划分为113个省份，覆盖了500万平方公里的土地。所有这些都由道路连接，在其中超过80,000公里的道路铺设了石头。仅罗马市就有29条公路从城市辐射出去。公共道路应该如何建造是由严格的一套法律规定的，被称为《十二表法》。一些罗马道路仍在今天使用。
罗马帝国真是令人着迷，至今仍对我们产生影响。我们使用或基于罗马帝国的传统、发明、文化、语言和法律。这就是为什么这个问题如此有趣，因为答案可能会永远存在。
Andrew Kirk
1.Nero went around Rome starting street brawls, with guards of course. He only stopped when he was recognized once.
2.Elagabalus dressed as a prostitute and went to local bars.
3.Nero had his mother killed. It was his third try (one was putting her on a boat designed to break up in the water).
4.Nero’s mother had her assassins stab her in the stomach because that was where the womb that produced Nero was.
5.Crassus had a private fire department, subscxtion only. He would have fires started at wealthy residences, arrive with his fire brigade, and then refuse to put out the fire until the house was sold to him at a rock-bottom price. Then he resold it for a huge profit.
1.尼禄在罗马到处挑起街头斗殴，当然也有卫兵。他只有在被人认出后才停止。
2.埃拉加巴卢斯打扮成妓女，到当地的酒吧去。
3. 尼禄三次企图杀死他的母亲，最终成功了（其中一次是将她置身于一个注定在水中沉没的船上）。
4.尼禄的母亲让刺客刺穿了她的腹部，因为那是生产尼禄的子宫所在。
5.克拉苏斯有一个私人消防队，只收钱。他让富人的住宅起火，带着他的消防队到达现场，然后拒绝灭火，直到房子以最低的价格卖给他。然后他再把房子转手卖掉，获得巨额利润。
1.Nero went around Rome starting street brawls, with guards of course. He only stopped when he was recognized once.
2.Elagabalus dressed as a prostitute and went to local bars.
3.Nero had his mother killed. It was his third try (one was putting her on a boat designed to break up in the water).
4.Nero’s mother had her assassins stab her in the stomach because that was where the womb that produced Nero was.
5.Crassus had a private fire department, subscxtion only. He would have fires started at wealthy residences, arrive with his fire brigade, and then refuse to put out the fire until the house was sold to him at a rock-bottom price. Then he resold it for a huge profit.
1.尼禄在罗马到处挑起街头斗殴，当然也有卫兵。他只有在被人认出后才停止。
2.埃拉加巴卢斯打扮成妓女，到当地的酒吧去。
3. 尼禄三次企图杀死他的母亲，最终成功了（其中一次是将她置身于一个注定在水中沉没的船上）。
4.尼禄的母亲让刺客刺穿了她的腹部，因为那是生产尼禄的子宫所在。
5.克拉苏斯有一个私人消防队，只收钱。他让富人的住宅起火，带着他的消防队到达现场，然后拒绝灭火，直到房子以最低的价格卖给他。然后他再把房子转手卖掉，获得巨额利润。
6.Crassus was beheaded by the Parthians after agreeing to attend a peace negotiation.
7.Caesar as consul stole 3000 lbs of gold bars from the treasury and replaced them with gold-coated bronze.
8.The name “Caesar” means “hairy.”
9.Emperor Michael Paleologus had a child co-emperor, John IV Lascaris. He had John’s eyes put out on the boy’s 11th birthday, Christmas day. Micheal’s son, Andronikos II visited John and apologized to him 29 years later
10.Though he did not persecute Christians systematically, Nero executed some number of them after the great fire by having pitch poured on them and set on fire.
11.When the cries of thousands being executed on Sulla’s orders in the Circus Maximus could be heard by senators in the Curia, Sulla said, “They are getting what they deserve.”
12.Getting killed and thrown into the Tiber was bad. Worse was being strangled and then thrown down the Gemonian steps, where the body was left to rot and be scavenged by birds and dogs—and then thrown into the Tiber.
6. 克拉苏斯在同意出席和谈后被帕提亚人斩首。
7. 凯撒作为执政官从国库中偷走了3000磅金条，并用镀金青铜条替换了它们。
8. “凯撒”这个名称的意思是“多毛的”。
9. 米凯尔·帕莱奥洛古斯皇帝有一个共治皇帝约翰·拉斯卡里斯。在约翰11岁的生日，即圣诞节，米凯尔让人剜掉了约翰的眼睛。29年后，米凯尔的儿子安德洛尼库斯二世去看望约翰，并向他道歉。
10. 虽然尼禄没有系统地迫害基督徒，但他在大火后执行了一些基督徒，让人们往他们身上倒沥青，然后点燃他们。
11. 当参议员在元老院里听到数千人在锡拉的命令下在马克西姆斯竞技场处被处决的尖叫声时，锡拉说，“他们得到了应得的惩罚。”
12. 被杀并被扔进特伯河是不好的，更糟糕的是被勒死然后扔下革莫尼亚楼梯，在那里身体腐烂并被鸟和狗吃掉，然后再被扔进特伯河。
7.Caesar as consul stole 3000 lbs of gold bars from the treasury and replaced them with gold-coated bronze.
8.The name “Caesar” means “hairy.”
9.Emperor Michael Paleologus had a child co-emperor, John IV Lascaris. He had John’s eyes put out on the boy’s 11th birthday, Christmas day. Micheal’s son, Andronikos II visited John and apologized to him 29 years later
10.Though he did not persecute Christians systematically, Nero executed some number of them after the great fire by having pitch poured on them and set on fire.
11.When the cries of thousands being executed on Sulla’s orders in the Circus Maximus could be heard by senators in the Curia, Sulla said, “They are getting what they deserve.”
12.Getting killed and thrown into the Tiber was bad. Worse was being strangled and then thrown down the Gemonian steps, where the body was left to rot and be scavenged by birds and dogs—and then thrown into the Tiber.
6. 克拉苏斯在同意出席和谈后被帕提亚人斩首。
7. 凯撒作为执政官从国库中偷走了3000磅金条，并用镀金青铜条替换了它们。
8. “凯撒”这个名称的意思是“多毛的”。
9. 米凯尔·帕莱奥洛古斯皇帝有一个共治皇帝约翰·拉斯卡里斯。在约翰11岁的生日，即圣诞节，米凯尔让人剜掉了约翰的眼睛。29年后，米凯尔的儿子安德洛尼库斯二世去看望约翰，并向他道歉。
10. 虽然尼禄没有系统地迫害基督徒，但他在大火后执行了一些基督徒，让人们往他们身上倒沥青，然后点燃他们。
11. 当参议员在元老院里听到数千人在锡拉的命令下在马克西姆斯竞技场处被处决的尖叫声时，锡拉说，“他们得到了应得的惩罚。”
12. 被杀并被扔进特伯河是不好的，更糟糕的是被勒死然后扔下革莫尼亚楼梯，在那里身体腐烂并被鸟和狗吃掉，然后再被扔进特伯河。
Shawn Keating
Shocking fact: if a father refuses to literally “raise” their child into the air they are abandoned outside of the city in infancy. Then anything could happen to them. Eaten by animals, taken by slavers, death by exposure to the weather, anything. Children had no rights. It was only with Christianity that things like adoption and orphanages were established for abandoned children. It's still that way in many third world countries as well.
令人震惊的事实是，如果一个父亲拒绝把他们的孩子抱起来，将他们举到空中，那么这些孩子会在出生后被遗弃在城市外面。接下来可能发生的事情包括被动物吃掉，被奴隶贩子绑架，死于天气的影响等等。在那个时代，孩子们没有任何权利。只有基督教才建立了收养和孤儿院等机构来照顾被遗弃的孩子。在许多第三世界国家，这种情况仍然存在。
Shocking fact: if a father refuses to literally “raise” their child into the air they are abandoned outside of the city in infancy. Then anything could happen to them. Eaten by animals, taken by slavers, death by exposure to the weather, anything. Children had no rights. It was only with Christianity that things like adoption and orphanages were established for abandoned children. It's still that way in many third world countries as well.
令人震惊的事实是，如果一个父亲拒绝把他们的孩子抱起来，将他们举到空中，那么这些孩子会在出生后被遗弃在城市外面。接下来可能发生的事情包括被动物吃掉，被奴隶贩子绑架，死于天气的影响等等。在那个时代，孩子们没有任何权利。只有基督教才建立了收养和孤儿院等机构来照顾被遗弃的孩子。在许多第三世界国家，这种情况仍然存在。
Maurizio Solinas
Many Roman buildings are still used today
Cloaca Maxima 6th century BC . It is the oldest sewer still in use
Arena di Verona Roman Anphiteatre about 50 AD. he Arena di Verona is the largest Roman monument, not only for its artistic value but also for its dimensions: the axes are 152 m. and 123 m. and the height is 30 m. The Arena was erected towards the end of the first century. A.D. It is divided into four zones by the three corridors with a barrel vault, the steps have a base of considerable height at the base and are supported by a radial structure of 73 sectors that rise diagonally.
许多罗马建筑至今仍在使用
马克西姆下水道建于公元前6世纪，是仍在使用的最古老下水道。
维罗纳竞技场公元50年左右建成。维罗纳竞技场是最大的罗马纪念碑，不仅在艺术价值上如此，也在规模上如此：主轴为152米和123米，高度为30米。竞技场建于公元一世纪末。三条拱廊将其分成四个区域，阶梯在底部有相当高的基座，并由73个扇区的径向结构支撑，呈对角线上升。
Many Roman buildings are still used today
Cloaca Maxima 6th century BC . It is the oldest sewer still in use
Arena di Verona Roman Anphiteatre about 50 AD. he Arena di Verona is the largest Roman monument, not only for its artistic value but also for its dimensions: the axes are 152 m. and 123 m. and the height is 30 m. The Arena was erected towards the end of the first century. A.D. It is divided into four zones by the three corridors with a barrel vault, the steps have a base of considerable height at the base and are supported by a radial structure of 73 sectors that rise diagonally.
许多罗马建筑至今仍在使用
马克西姆下水道建于公元前6世纪，是仍在使用的最古老下水道。
维罗纳竞技场公元50年左右建成。维罗纳竞技场是最大的罗马纪念碑，不仅在艺术价值上如此，也在规模上如此：主轴为152米和123米，高度为30米。竞技场建于公元一世纪末。三条拱廊将其分成四个区域，阶梯在底部有相当高的基座，并由73个扇区的径向结构支撑，呈对角线上升。
Ponte Milvio Milvio Bridge 110 BC
The first mention of the bridge dates back to 207 BC, in relation to the return from the Battle of Metauro during the Second Punic War. The bridge had to be at that time still in wood and its construction must be attributed to a Molvius (belonging to the gens Molvia, attested by the sources). In 110-109 B.C. the censor Marco Emilio Scauro reconstructed the masonry bridge.
Four hundred years later, in 312, in the countryside gravitating towards the bridge, the battle between Constantine I and Massenzio took place, known as the Battle of Ponte Milvio.
米尔维安大桥（Ponte Milvio）公元110年
该桥的首次提及可追溯到公元前207年，与第二次布匿战争期间从梅陶罗回归有关。该桥当时必须仍然是以木材建造的，其建造必须归功于一个名叫莫尔维乌斯（属于Molvia家族，经史料证实）的人。公元前110-109年，审查官马可·埃米利奥·斯考罗（Marco Emilio Scauro）重建了这座石桥。
四百年后的312年，在围绕这座桥的农村地区，君士坦丁大帝和马克森提乌斗争的战役发生，被称为米尔维安大桥战役（Battle of Ponte Milvio）。
The first mention of the bridge dates back to 207 BC, in relation to the return from the Battle of Metauro during the Second Punic War. The bridge had to be at that time still in wood and its construction must be attributed to a Molvius (belonging to the gens Molvia, attested by the sources). In 110-109 B.C. the censor Marco Emilio Scauro reconstructed the masonry bridge.
Four hundred years later, in 312, in the countryside gravitating towards the bridge, the battle between Constantine I and Massenzio took place, known as the Battle of Ponte Milvio.
米尔维安大桥（Ponte Milvio）公元110年
该桥的首次提及可追溯到公元前207年，与第二次布匿战争期间从梅陶罗回归有关。该桥当时必须仍然是以木材建造的，其建造必须归功于一个名叫莫尔维乌斯（属于Molvia家族，经史料证实）的人。公元前110-109年，审查官马可·埃米利奥·斯考罗（Marco Emilio Scauro）重建了这座石桥。
四百年后的312年，在围绕这座桥的农村地区，君士坦丁大帝和马克森提乌斗争的战役发生，被称为米尔维安大桥战役（Battle of Ponte Milvio）。
Pantheon 124 AD
The Pantheon (in ancient Greek: Πάνθεων [ἱερόν], Pántheon [hierón], "[temple] of all the gods") is a building of ancient Rome located in the Pigna district in the historic center, built as a temple dedicated to all past deities , present and future. It was founded in 27 a.C. by Marco Vipsanio Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. It was reconstructed by Emperor Hadrian between 120 and 124 AD.
Now is a christian church.
万神殿（古希腊语：Πάνθεων [ἱερόν]，Pántheon [hierón]，意为“所有神灵的[神殿]”）是古罗马的一座建筑，位于历史中心的皮尼亚区，是一座供奉所有过去、现在和未来的神灵的神殿。它由奥古斯都的女婿马可·维普萨尼乌斯·阿格里帕于公元前27年创立。它在公元120年至124年间被皇帝哈德良重建。现在它是一座基督教教堂。
The Pantheon (in ancient Greek: Πάνθεων [ἱερόν], Pántheon [hierón], "[temple] of all the gods") is a building of ancient Rome located in the Pigna district in the historic center, built as a temple dedicated to all past deities , present and future. It was founded in 27 a.C. by Marco Vipsanio Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus. It was reconstructed by Emperor Hadrian between 120 and 124 AD.
Now is a christian church.
万神殿（古希腊语：Πάνθεων [ἱερόν]，Pántheon [hierón]，意为“所有神灵的[神殿]”）是古罗马的一座建筑，位于历史中心的皮尼亚区，是一座供奉所有过去、现在和未来的神灵的神殿。它由奥古斯都的女婿马可·维普萨尼乌斯·阿格里帕于公元前27年创立。它在公元120年至124年间被皇帝哈德良重建。现在它是一座基督教教堂。
Thomas Musselman
I don’t know how shocking to professional historians, but to your average high schooler:
1) 1/3 of Rome's population were slaves.
2) Roman law allowed married men to kill their wives (but I don’t know that a single proof has been found any took advantage of the law).
3) All the lurid sex lives of the Emperors as in “I, Claudius” has dubious basis, since the examples we have largely come from each emperor’s enemies writing after each was gone to curry favor with the new powers.
4) Roman aquaducts and the underlayer of roads still exist (think of how unlikely it is that our water systems and roads will be visible in 2000 years).
我不知道对于专业历史学家来说有多震撼，但对于一般的高中生来说：
1）罗马人口中有三分之一是奴隶。
2）罗马法律允许已婚男性杀死他们的妻子（但似乎没有证据表明有人利用此法律）。
3）关于罗马皇帝们淫乱的性生活，如《我，克劳迪乌斯》中所描述的，存在着可疑的基础，因为我们所拥有的例子很大程度上来自于每个皇帝的敌人在他们逝世后写下的以博得新权力的青睐。
4）罗马的水道和地下道路仍然存在（想想看我们的水系统和道路在2000年后仍然能被看到是何等不可思议）。
I don’t know how shocking to professional historians, but to your average high schooler:
1) 1/3 of Rome's population were slaves.
2) Roman law allowed married men to kill their wives (but I don’t know that a single proof has been found any took advantage of the law).
3) All the lurid sex lives of the Emperors as in “I, Claudius” has dubious basis, since the examples we have largely come from each emperor’s enemies writing after each was gone to curry favor with the new powers.
4) Roman aquaducts and the underlayer of roads still exist (think of how unlikely it is that our water systems and roads will be visible in 2000 years).
我不知道对于专业历史学家来说有多震撼，但对于一般的高中生来说：
1）罗马人口中有三分之一是奴隶。
2）罗马法律允许已婚男性杀死他们的妻子（但似乎没有证据表明有人利用此法律）。
3）关于罗马皇帝们淫乱的性生活，如《我，克劳迪乌斯》中所描述的，存在着可疑的基础，因为我们所拥有的例子很大程度上来自于每个皇帝的敌人在他们逝世后写下的以博得新权力的青睐。
4）罗马的水道和地下道路仍然存在（想想看我们的水系统和道路在2000年后仍然能被看到是何等不可思议）。
5) Even though Rome conquered widely, it slowly but surely granted citizenship in an ever-widening circle to the free men in conquered territory.
6) We still can’t say precisely why Rome fell (theories include lead poisoning in the water, hyperinflation through debasement of the currency, failure to keep expanding, Christianity…).
7) Rome had the same fear of foreign religious beliefs that most Americans now do of Islam (Judaism was ancient, so it was respected but Christianity was not).
8) The Mithra cult was more popular among Roman soldiers than the Roman gods were.
9) 1/10 of Rome might have been Jewish.
10) Some of the famous “barbarians” who invaded thought of themselves as bicultural Romans fluent in Latin and Roman ways but simply responding to Roman treachery (sometimes Rome promised sanctuary and then slaughtered the migrants instead of welcoming them).
5）尽管罗马征服了广泛的领土，但它逐渐向征服领土中的自由人授予公民身份，这个范围也在不断扩大。
6）我们仍然无法确切地说出罗马为什么会衰落（理论包括水中的铅中毒、通货膨胀、未能继续扩张、基督教等等）。
7）罗马对外来宗教信仰的恐惧与现在大多数美国人对伊斯兰教的恐惧相似（犹太教是古老的宗教，因此受到尊重，但基督教则不是）。
8）米特拉崇拜在罗马士兵中比罗马神祇更受欢迎。
9）罗马可能有十分之一的人口是犹太人。
10）一些著名的“野蛮人”入侵者认为自己是精通拉丁语和罗马文化的双文化罗马人，但是他们只是在回应罗马的背叛（有时罗马承诺提供庇护，然后屠杀移民，而不是欢迎他们）。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
6) We still can’t say precisely why Rome fell (theories include lead poisoning in the water, hyperinflation through debasement of the currency, failure to keep expanding, Christianity…).
7) Rome had the same fear of foreign religious beliefs that most Americans now do of Islam (Judaism was ancient, so it was respected but Christianity was not).
8) The Mithra cult was more popular among Roman soldiers than the Roman gods were.
9) 1/10 of Rome might have been Jewish.
10) Some of the famous “barbarians” who invaded thought of themselves as bicultural Romans fluent in Latin and Roman ways but simply responding to Roman treachery (sometimes Rome promised sanctuary and then slaughtered the migrants instead of welcoming them).
5）尽管罗马征服了广泛的领土，但它逐渐向征服领土中的自由人授予公民身份，这个范围也在不断扩大。
6）我们仍然无法确切地说出罗马为什么会衰落（理论包括水中的铅中毒、通货膨胀、未能继续扩张、基督教等等）。
7）罗马对外来宗教信仰的恐惧与现在大多数美国人对伊斯兰教的恐惧相似（犹太教是古老的宗教，因此受到尊重，但基督教则不是）。
8）米特拉崇拜在罗马士兵中比罗马神祇更受欢迎。
9）罗马可能有十分之一的人口是犹太人。
10）一些著名的“野蛮人”入侵者认为自己是精通拉丁语和罗马文化的双文化罗马人，但是他们只是在回应罗马的背叛（有时罗马承诺提供庇护，然后屠杀移民，而不是欢迎他们）。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Chloe Johnson
I. There was no distinction between “heterosexual” and “homosexual.” Being attracted to both genders was considered the norm. More disturbingly, pedophilia was totally legal.
II. The majority of Roman emperors died by assassination, because they didn’t have a clear system of succession. Because of this, sculptors would sometimes only make an image of an emperor’s head, and attach it to a generic body.
III. A “vomitorium” wasn’t actually a room to vomit in; it was a corridor in a stadium. However, some wealthy Romans may have vomited at feasts to make room for more food, and a few emperors may have suffered from bulimia.
IV. Famous gladiators would earn money by sponsoring products, just like modern athletes.
I. 在古罗马，没有“异性恋”和“同性恋”的区分。被两性都吸引被认为是正常的。更令人不安的是，恋童癖在当时完全是合法的。
II. 大多数罗马皇帝都死于刺杀，因为他们没有一个清晰的继承制度。因此，雕塑家有时只制作皇帝头像，然后将其连接到一个通用的身体上。
III. “呕吐室”实际上不是一个呕吐的房间；它是一个体育场馆里的走廊。然而，一些富裕的罗马人可能在宴会上呕吐，给自己留出更多的空间吃更多的食物，而一些皇帝可能患有暴食症。
IV. 著名的角斗士会通过赞助产品来赚钱，就像现代的运动员一样。
I. There was no distinction between “heterosexual” and “homosexual.” Being attracted to both genders was considered the norm. More disturbingly, pedophilia was totally legal.
II. The majority of Roman emperors died by assassination, because they didn’t have a clear system of succession. Because of this, sculptors would sometimes only make an image of an emperor’s head, and attach it to a generic body.
III. A “vomitorium” wasn’t actually a room to vomit in; it was a corridor in a stadium. However, some wealthy Romans may have vomited at feasts to make room for more food, and a few emperors may have suffered from bulimia.
IV. Famous gladiators would earn money by sponsoring products, just like modern athletes.
I. 在古罗马，没有“异性恋”和“同性恋”的区分。被两性都吸引被认为是正常的。更令人不安的是，恋童癖在当时完全是合法的。
II. 大多数罗马皇帝都死于刺杀，因为他们没有一个清晰的继承制度。因此，雕塑家有时只制作皇帝头像，然后将其连接到一个通用的身体上。
III. “呕吐室”实际上不是一个呕吐的房间；它是一个体育场馆里的走廊。然而，一些富裕的罗马人可能在宴会上呕吐，给自己留出更多的空间吃更多的食物，而一些皇帝可能患有暴食症。
IV. 著名的角斗士会通过赞助产品来赚钱，就像现代的运动员一样。
V. Roman women suffering from period pain used opium for it.
VI. The Romans had fast food restaurants, heating and air conditioning, apartment buildings, and shopping malls.
VII. The Romans were familiar with the famous Barbary Lion, a now-extinct lion from North Africa that was bigger than other lions and had a darker mane. These were the ones mostly used in blood sports, and they must have looked really scary!
VIII. To the Romans, an hour in the summer was longer than an hour in the winter.
IX. New Roman emperors distributed free coins with their images on them to get the public on their side. One legend about Caligula was that he distributed coins that were still hot, literally burning his image into people’s hands.
X. After Roman generals conquered new territory, they would sometimes have victory parades that included enslaved natives from the new provinces as living decorations on parade floats.
Sources: lots and lots of YouTube videos about ancient Rome.
V. 古罗马妇女在经期时会使用鸦片缓解疼痛。
VI. 罗马人拥有快餐店、暖气空调、公寓楼和购物中心。
VII. 罗马人熟悉著名的贝比利亚狮，这是一种现已灭绝的北非狮子，比其他狮子更大，并具有较深的鬃毛。它们大多被用于血腥运动，一定看起来非常可怕！
VIII. 对于罗马人来说，夏天的一小时比冬天长。
IX. 新的罗马皇帝会发放带有自己形象的免费硬币以获取民众支持。关于卡利古拉的传说之一是，他分发的硬币还带有热度，直接将他的形象烙在人们手上。
X. 在罗马将领征服新领土后，他们有时会举行胜利巡游，包括来自新省的被奴役的土著人作为游行花车上的装饰品。
来源：很多关于古罗马的YouTube视频。
VI. The Romans had fast food restaurants, heating and air conditioning, apartment buildings, and shopping malls.
VII. The Romans were familiar with the famous Barbary Lion, a now-extinct lion from North Africa that was bigger than other lions and had a darker mane. These were the ones mostly used in blood sports, and they must have looked really scary!
VIII. To the Romans, an hour in the summer was longer than an hour in the winter.
IX. New Roman emperors distributed free coins with their images on them to get the public on their side. One legend about Caligula was that he distributed coins that were still hot, literally burning his image into people’s hands.
X. After Roman generals conquered new territory, they would sometimes have victory parades that included enslaved natives from the new provinces as living decorations on parade floats.
Sources: lots and lots of YouTube videos about ancient Rome.
V. 古罗马妇女在经期时会使用鸦片缓解疼痛。
VI. 罗马人拥有快餐店、暖气空调、公寓楼和购物中心。
VII. 罗马人熟悉著名的贝比利亚狮，这是一种现已灭绝的北非狮子，比其他狮子更大，并具有较深的鬃毛。它们大多被用于血腥运动，一定看起来非常可怕！
VIII. 对于罗马人来说，夏天的一小时比冬天长。
IX. 新的罗马皇帝会发放带有自己形象的免费硬币以获取民众支持。关于卡利古拉的传说之一是，他分发的硬币还带有热度，直接将他的形象烙在人们手上。
X. 在罗马将领征服新领土后，他们有时会举行胜利巡游，包括来自新省的被奴役的土著人作为游行花车上的装饰品。
来源：很多关于古罗马的YouTube视频。
Andrew Yao
1.While Romans had the concept of fractions, they did NOT put it into writing (src: internet post another online user)
EDIT: I was informed that this isn’t quite true, and it looks like I stand corrected!… Roman numerals - Wikipedia
However, it’s still fascinating to me that according to that source, they had no way to write 0 (this was mentioned in the section just above it.. they just call it “nulla”), and even though the fraction system they have is intuitive (especially if you know whole number Roman numerals), it still uses a different notation (unlike the decimal system we’re accustomed to), and can only denote in 1/12 increments (although I suspect that may have been more than sufficient for their time).
For example:
-Each soldier takes a shield and sword amongst the whole armory
-I will take 1.5 loaves of bread for my family
-Splitting a basket of fruit 3 ways
-Cutting a man down in half
However, it’s not something that could be written. You won’t see something like “’Roman citizenus’ took I.V loaves of bread for his family”, or “I took I/III of the fruit basket”.
2.Rome was founded by a bunch of convicts and fugitives
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 1)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
They needed people for their new city, but didn’t have a lot of people at first, so they weren’t picky on who wanted in.
3.Starting off, they had to lure women in, and keep them in (against their will) in order for their city to grow
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 2.. or episode 3?)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
4.Roman soldiers who deserted were crucified (src: Rome TV series)
5.The Colosseum started off solid enough that it could be flooded to reenact sea battles with ships, but was made hollow to allow trap doors elevators, and other compartments all around (src: HC documentary)
6.Nero had statues of gods decapitated and replaced with statues of his own head (src: HC)
This was considered crazy even for a Roman emperor
1.尽管罗马人有分数的概念，但他们并没有将其写入文献中。不过据维基百科，情况似乎并非如此。然而，令人着迷的是，根据该来源，他们没有办法写出“0”（这在上面的章节中提到过），即使他们的分数系统很直观（特别是如果你知道罗马数字），它仍然使用了不同的表示法（不像我们习惯的十进制系统），并且只能表示为1/12的增量（尽管我怀疑对于当时来说这可能已经足够了）。
例如：
-每个士兵从整个武器库中取盾和剑
-我会给家里带1.5个面包
-将一篮水果分成三份
-将一个人斩成两半
但这不是可以写下来的东西。你不会看到类似“‘罗马公民’为他的家庭带了4个面包”的描述，或者“我从水果篮子中拿了1/III”。
2.罗马是由一群罪犯和逃犯创立的。
3.一开始，他们需要吸引妇女进城，并强制留住她们以便城市发展。
4.罗马士兵如果逃亡会被钉在十字架上。
5.罗马斗兽场最初是实心的，可以灌满水来再现海战，但之后被挖空以方便舞台降落、升降机和其他隔间的使用。
6.尼禄曾将神像的头砍下来，换成自己的头像，这甚至在罗马皇帝中也被认为是疯狂的。
1.While Romans had the concept of fractions, they did NOT put it into writing (src: internet post another online user)
EDIT: I was informed that this isn’t quite true, and it looks like I stand corrected!… Roman numerals - Wikipedia
However, it’s still fascinating to me that according to that source, they had no way to write 0 (this was mentioned in the section just above it.. they just call it “nulla”), and even though the fraction system they have is intuitive (especially if you know whole number Roman numerals), it still uses a different notation (unlike the decimal system we’re accustomed to), and can only denote in 1/12 increments (although I suspect that may have been more than sufficient for their time).
For example:
-Each soldier takes a shield and sword amongst the whole armory
-I will take 1.5 loaves of bread for my family
-Splitting a basket of fruit 3 ways
-Cutting a man down in half
However, it’s not something that could be written. You won’t see something like “’Roman citizenus’ took I.V loaves of bread for his family”, or “I took I/III of the fruit basket”.
2.Rome was founded by a bunch of convicts and fugitives
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 1)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
They needed people for their new city, but didn’t have a lot of people at first, so they weren’t picky on who wanted in.
3.Starting off, they had to lure women in, and keep them in (against their will) in order for their city to grow
(src: The History of Rome podcast, episode 2.. or episode 3?)
http://thehistoryofrome.typepad.com/
4.Roman soldiers who deserted were crucified (src: Rome TV series)
5.The Colosseum started off solid enough that it could be flooded to reenact sea battles with ships, but was made hollow to allow trap doors elevators, and other compartments all around (src: HC documentary)
6.Nero had statues of gods decapitated and replaced with statues of his own head (src: HC)
This was considered crazy even for a Roman emperor
1.尽管罗马人有分数的概念，但他们并没有将其写入文献中。不过据维基百科，情况似乎并非如此。然而，令人着迷的是，根据该来源，他们没有办法写出“0”（这在上面的章节中提到过），即使他们的分数系统很直观（特别是如果你知道罗马数字），它仍然使用了不同的表示法（不像我们习惯的十进制系统），并且只能表示为1/12的增量（尽管我怀疑对于当时来说这可能已经足够了）。
例如：
-每个士兵从整个武器库中取盾和剑
-我会给家里带1.5个面包
-将一篮水果分成三份
-将一个人斩成两半
但这不是可以写下来的东西。你不会看到类似“‘罗马公民’为他的家庭带了4个面包”的描述，或者“我从水果篮子中拿了1/III”。
2.罗马是由一群罪犯和逃犯创立的。
3.一开始，他们需要吸引妇女进城，并强制留住她们以便城市发展。
4.罗马士兵如果逃亡会被钉在十字架上。
5.罗马斗兽场最初是实心的，可以灌满水来再现海战，但之后被挖空以方便舞台降落、升降机和其他隔间的使用。
6.尼禄曾将神像的头砍下来，换成自己的头像，这甚至在罗马皇帝中也被认为是疯狂的。
7.Nero Burning ROM, the software that allows you to burn data and digital stuff to optical discs, takes its name from the great fire that happened in Rome, when Nero was emperor at the time. Regardless of whether or not he started it, directly or not if so, he was reported in some sources to be singing and playing his lyre during that event. (src: Great Fire of Rome - Wikipedia)
8.In the Star Trek universe, the Romulan and Reman races drew heavy influences by actual Roman history, including terminology and concepts (e.g. Praetor, Senate), even having twins… in this case twin planets Romulus and Remus, with the latter “drawing the short straw” (its people are subjugated and forced into slave labor)
9.One of the Pantheon’s main claim to fame was it was the first building to have a large interior space… something that was brand new in the ancient world (src: HC)
Sure, larger buildings existed, and were built faar sooner. However, they were more cramped interior-wise since the architectural materials and knowledge at the time required that “crampness” to keep buildings structurally sound
7. Nero Burning ROM这个软件允许用户将数据和数字内容刻录到光盘上，它的名字来源于当时尼禄担任罗马皇帝时发生的大火。无论他是否是导致火灾的原因，有些资料表明他在事件中唱歌弹琴。
8. 在《星际迷航》宇宙中，红衣主教星人和雷曼星人的种族受到真实的罗马历史的重大影响，包括术语和概念（例如执政官、参议院），甚至有一对双胞胎...在这种情况下是罗慕路斯和雷穆斯，后者“倒霉了”（它的人民被征服并被迫劳役）。
9. 罗马万神殿最著名的一点是，它是第一座拥有大型内部空间的建筑，这在古代世界是全新的（资料来源：HC）。当然，更大的建筑物早就存在并且已经建成。但是，由于当时的建筑材料和知识要求“拥挤”才能保持建筑结构的稳定性，它们在内部空间方面更加狭窄。
8.In the Star Trek universe, the Romulan and Reman races drew heavy influences by actual Roman history, including terminology and concepts (e.g. Praetor, Senate), even having twins… in this case twin planets Romulus and Remus, with the latter “drawing the short straw” (its people are subjugated and forced into slave labor)
9.One of the Pantheon’s main claim to fame was it was the first building to have a large interior space… something that was brand new in the ancient world (src: HC)
Sure, larger buildings existed, and were built faar sooner. However, they were more cramped interior-wise since the architectural materials and knowledge at the time required that “crampness” to keep buildings structurally sound
7. Nero Burning ROM这个软件允许用户将数据和数字内容刻录到光盘上，它的名字来源于当时尼禄担任罗马皇帝时发生的大火。无论他是否是导致火灾的原因，有些资料表明他在事件中唱歌弹琴。
8. 在《星际迷航》宇宙中，红衣主教星人和雷曼星人的种族受到真实的罗马历史的重大影响，包括术语和概念（例如执政官、参议院），甚至有一对双胞胎...在这种情况下是罗慕路斯和雷穆斯，后者“倒霉了”（它的人民被征服并被迫劳役）。
9. 罗马万神殿最著名的一点是，它是第一座拥有大型内部空间的建筑，这在古代世界是全新的（资料来源：HC）。当然，更大的建筑物早就存在并且已经建成。但是，由于当时的建筑材料和知识要求“拥挤”才能保持建筑结构的稳定性，它们在内部空间方面更加狭窄。
10.Vending machines existed back then! (src: HC)
It was customary to wash your hands upon entering a temple. One such temple had a coin operated system where you put in a coin, it activated a lever within, and a set amount of water would pour out. To ancients, this was literally considered magical/mystical!
11.When Rome got its aqueduct, there were 3 main lines…
One for the commoners, one for the wealthy, and another for the emperor’s grounds (src: HC)
12.When Rome got its aqueduct sabotaged, there wasn’t enough water to support the city. Its population of 1 million was reported to have been reduced down to 1%… only 10K people! (src: HC)
13.A vomitorium isn’t for vomiting! It’s defined as: each of a series of entrance or exit passages in an ancient Roman amphitheater or theater.
10. 古代罗马就有自动售货机！（来源：HC）
进入庙宇时，习惯上要先洗手。其中一座庙宇有一个投币系统，你投入硬币，它内部的杠杆就会被激活，然后一定量的水就会倒出来。对于古人来说，这实在是太神奇/神秘了！
11.当罗马修建了自己的水渠时，有三条主要路线……
一条为普通人，一条为富人，还有一条为皇帝的领地。（来源：HC）
12. 当罗马的水渠遭到破坏时，无法提供足够的水支撑城市，据报道，其100万人口的人口减少了99％，只剩下1万人！（来源：HC）
13. 呕吐室并非为呕吐而设！其含义为：在古罗马的圆形竞技场或剧院中，每个入口或出口的通道。
It was customary to wash your hands upon entering a temple. One such temple had a coin operated system where you put in a coin, it activated a lever within, and a set amount of water would pour out. To ancients, this was literally considered magical/mystical!
11.When Rome got its aqueduct, there were 3 main lines…
One for the commoners, one for the wealthy, and another for the emperor’s grounds (src: HC)
12.When Rome got its aqueduct sabotaged, there wasn’t enough water to support the city. Its population of 1 million was reported to have been reduced down to 1%… only 10K people! (src: HC)
13.A vomitorium isn’t for vomiting! It’s defined as: each of a series of entrance or exit passages in an ancient Roman amphitheater or theater.
10. 古代罗马就有自动售货机！（来源：HC）
进入庙宇时，习惯上要先洗手。其中一座庙宇有一个投币系统，你投入硬币，它内部的杠杆就会被激活，然后一定量的水就会倒出来。对于古人来说，这实在是太神奇/神秘了！
11.当罗马修建了自己的水渠时，有三条主要路线……
一条为普通人，一条为富人，还有一条为皇帝的领地。（来源：HC）
12. 当罗马的水渠遭到破坏时，无法提供足够的水支撑城市，据报道，其100万人口的人口减少了99％，只剩下1万人！（来源：HC）
13. 呕吐室并非为呕吐而设！其含义为：在古罗马的圆形竞技场或剧院中，每个入口或出口的通道。
Federico Bruzone
When a Roman aristocrat died, an actor known as the archimimus ('chief mime, clown, imitator') would impersonate him at the funeral ceremonies, acting and speaking like the deceased, wearing the funeral mask of the dead man and the clothes and insignia of the highest public office he had ever held.
This act could sometimes devolve into a comedy skit, such as in the funeral of the proverbially stingy Vespasian, as retold by Suetonius:
当罗马贵族去世时，一个名为“archimimus”（意为“首席模仿者、小丑、模仿者”）的演员会在葬礼仪式上扮演他，表演和说话的方式都像已故者一样，戴着死者的葬礼面具和他曾经担任的最高公职的服装和徽章。
这种表演有时会演变成喜剧，比如在韦帕芗（Vespasian）的葬礼上，就像苏维托尼乌斯所描述的那样，韦帕芗先因吝啬而出了名，他的葬礼可能变成了一个喜剧节目。
When a Roman aristocrat died, an actor known as the archimimus ('chief mime, clown, imitator') would impersonate him at the funeral ceremonies, acting and speaking like the deceased, wearing the funeral mask of the dead man and the clothes and insignia of the highest public office he had ever held.
This act could sometimes devolve into a comedy skit, such as in the funeral of the proverbially stingy Vespasian, as retold by Suetonius:
当罗马贵族去世时，一个名为“archimimus”（意为“首席模仿者、小丑、模仿者”）的演员会在葬礼仪式上扮演他，表演和说话的方式都像已故者一样，戴着死者的葬礼面具和他曾经担任的最高公职的服装和徽章。
这种表演有时会演变成喜剧，比如在韦帕芗（Vespasian）的葬礼上，就像苏维托尼乌斯所描述的那样，韦帕芗先因吝啬而出了名，他的葬礼可能变成了一个喜剧节目。
During the Republican period the linchpin of political life in Rome had been ritual (one could name many, but perhaps the most important of all was the quinquennial census, which decided every citizen’s place in the social order).
Once ritual had lost its appeal and signification, demoted or hijacked by the surgent imperial power, public spectacle, especially during the Principate, took its place as the center of civic life. If we follow Tacitus and Suetonius, our main historians for the period, it was one of the emperor’s chief concerns to provide for public spectacle, and to anticipate and react to the emotions of the audience.
The Emperors - not entirely dissimilar to the modern US Presidency - were as much chief executives as entertainers.
在共和国时期，罗马的政治生活中心是仪式（其中可以列举许多，但也许最重要的是五年一次的人口普查，决定每个公民在社会秩序中的地位）。
一旦仪式失去了吸引力和意义，被新兴帝国权力贬低或篡夺，公共表演，特别是在君主制时期，取代了其成为市民生活的中心。如果我们遵循该时期的主要历史学家塔西佗（Tacitus）苏维托尼乌斯（Suetonius），提供公共表演是皇帝的主要关注点之一，而且要预见并及时反应观众的情绪。
Once ritual had lost its appeal and signification, demoted or hijacked by the surgent imperial power, public spectacle, especially during the Principate, took its place as the center of civic life. If we follow Tacitus and Suetonius, our main historians for the period, it was one of the emperor’s chief concerns to provide for public spectacle, and to anticipate and react to the emotions of the audience.
The Emperors - not entirely dissimilar to the modern US Presidency - were as much chief executives as entertainers.
在共和国时期，罗马的政治生活中心是仪式（其中可以列举许多，但也许最重要的是五年一次的人口普查，决定每个公民在社会秩序中的地位）。
一旦仪式失去了吸引力和意义，被新兴帝国权力贬低或篡夺，公共表演，特别是在君主制时期，取代了其成为市民生活的中心。如果我们遵循该时期的主要历史学家塔西佗（Tacitus）苏维托尼乌斯（Suetonius），提供公共表演是皇帝的主要关注点之一，而且要预见并及时反应观众的情绪。
Outside the boundaries of Rome, in the Empire proper, the nature of imperial power was strictly military: the emperor was the supreme commander of the Roman military forces. Inside them, Augustus had inaugurated a populistic regime based on state provision of food and entertainment for the proletarian masses.
The masses were beholden to their imperial patron and could be counted upon to perform the political dirty work of cajoling the Roman senatorial aristocracy into submission. But for this relationship to work, they had to see their emperor, and receive from him those key signals in the subtle body language of political patronage: when direct action against the enemies of the emperor would be tolerated, when it would not - as those who have experienced populistic regimes know, it is more of an horizontal relationship that could be expected, and sometimes the mob can dictate its terms to the leader too.
The people could sometimes be very harsh and impudent about telling the emperor that the reins of power ultimately lay in their own, clasping hands:
在罗马边界之外，在罗马帝国内部，帝国权力的性质是严格的军事性质：皇帝是罗马军队的最高统帅。而在罗马境内，奥古斯都开创了一种以国家为无产阶级群众提供食品和娱乐为基础的民粹主义政权。
群众对其皇帝的赞助人感恩戴德，并可以指望他们执行政治上的肮脏工作，迫使罗马参议院贵族屈服。但是为了使这种关系有效，他们必须“看到”他们的皇帝，并从他那里接收那些微妙的政治赞助人体语言中的关键信号：皇帝是否容忍直接行动反对敌人 - 正如那些经历过民粹主义政权的人所知道的那样，这更像是一种水平关系，有时甚至是暴民也能向领袖发号施令。
人民有时会非常严厉和粗鲁地告诉皇帝，掌握权力的缰绳最终掌握在他们自己的手中。
The masses were beholden to their imperial patron and could be counted upon to perform the political dirty work of cajoling the Roman senatorial aristocracy into submission. But for this relationship to work, they had to see their emperor, and receive from him those key signals in the subtle body language of political patronage: when direct action against the enemies of the emperor would be tolerated, when it would not - as those who have experienced populistic regimes know, it is more of an horizontal relationship that could be expected, and sometimes the mob can dictate its terms to the leader too.
The people could sometimes be very harsh and impudent about telling the emperor that the reins of power ultimately lay in their own, clasping hands:
在罗马边界之外，在罗马帝国内部，帝国权力的性质是严格的军事性质：皇帝是罗马军队的最高统帅。而在罗马境内，奥古斯都开创了一种以国家为无产阶级群众提供食品和娱乐为基础的民粹主义政权。
群众对其皇帝的赞助人感恩戴德，并可以指望他们执行政治上的肮脏工作，迫使罗马参议院贵族屈服。但是为了使这种关系有效，他们必须“看到”他们的皇帝，并从他那里接收那些微妙的政治赞助人体语言中的关键信号：皇帝是否容忍直接行动反对敌人 - 正如那些经历过民粹主义政权的人所知道的那样，这更像是一种水平关系，有时甚至是暴民也能向领袖发号施令。
人民有时会非常严厉和粗鲁地告诉皇帝，掌握权力的缰绳最终掌握在他们自己的手中。
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