为什么古罗马人愿意观看被打败的角斗士惨遭杀害的场景？这为什么成为了一种娱乐方式？
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Gladiatorial combat was a sport like any other, just more violent and with more probability for injury or death. The people who watched those games cheered for their champions and enjoyed displays of skill or showmanship the same way modern sports fans do. The brutality and violence was not the primary obsession, though it was certainly a draw for some people.
Gladiatorial combat was also not the most popular sport in Roman times. That title would go to chariot racing, which drew hundreds of thousands of people in the city of Rome and was popular across the Roman Empire. The Colosseum generally did not hold chariot races, but it held animal hunts, shows, circuses, and plenty of other entertainment aside from gladiator combat. Like modern entertainment venues, it was multi-purpose.
Throughout all of history, human beings have been drawn to violence as entertainment. Violent sports have retained their popularity into the modern day, by the way. Boxing and mixed martial arts are among the most popular athletic contests in the world today. The only difference is that we don’t use edged weapons anymore.
角斗和其他运动一样，只是更暴力，更有可能受伤或死亡。观看这些比赛的人们为他们的冠军欢呼，享受技术或表演技巧的展示，就像现代体育迷一样。野蛮和暴力并不是主要的困扰，尽管它确实吸引了一些人。
在罗马时代，角斗也不是最受欢迎的运动。这个头衔属于战车比赛，它吸引了罗马城成千上万的人，在整个罗马帝国都很受欢迎。斗兽场一般不举行战车比赛，但它举行动物狩猎、表演、马戏团和许多其他娱乐活动，除了角斗士的战斗。像现代娱乐场所一样，它是多功能的。
纵观历史，人类一直被暴力作为娱乐方式所吸引。顺便说一下，暴力运动在现代仍然很受欢迎。拳击和综合格斗是当今世界上最受欢迎的体育比赛之一。唯一的区别是我们不再使用锋利的武器了。
And the same way that many people today cry about the barbarity of boxing and other combat sports, gladiatorial combat was by no means widely accepted in the ancient world. Even back then, there were those who decried gladiatorial combat as barbaric and uncivilized, a low and crude form of entertainment. But crowds love violence and fighting. Why else would everyone pull out their cameras and start yelling when two people get into a fight in public?
Public executions have historically been some of the biggest entertainment draws for everyone, from nobility to common people. In 1936, the last year anyone was publicly executed in the US, 20,000 people turned out to watch a hanging.
就像今天许多人为拳击和其他格斗运动的野蛮而哭泣一样，角斗在古代世界也绝不被广泛接受。即使在当时，也有人谴责角斗是野蛮和不文明的，是一种低级和原始的娱乐形式。但是群众喜欢暴力和打斗。不然为什么当两个人在公共场合打架时每个人都会拿出相机开始大喊大叫呢?
从历史上看，公开处决一直是吸引所有人(从贵族到普通人)的最大娱乐之一。1936年是美国最后一次公开执行死刑的一年，当时有2万人观看了绞刑。
(I love how universal this scene is in the mosaic above - one gladiator is arguing a point with the referee, who has stopped the match, while his opponent leans on his weapon, waiting for the ref’s decision!)
Most of the time a skilled and brave fighter was spared to fight again. They were valuable, representing a huge investment in training, at least.
(我喜欢上面这幅拼贴画中这个场景是多么普遍——一个角斗士正在和裁判争论一个观点，裁判已经停止了比赛，而他的对手则倚在他的武器上，等待裁判的裁决!)
大多数情况下，一个熟练而勇敢的战士会被留下来再次战斗。它们很有价值，至少代表着在培训上的巨大投资。
Eric Wang
First of all, defeated gladiators were not killed. If a gladiator was defeated without being killed in the process (which often happened), there was no reason to end his or her life. The Colosseum wasn’t a death chamber.
首先，被击败的角斗士不会被杀死。如果角斗士在被击败的过程中没有被杀死(这种情况经常发生)，那么就没有理由结束他或她的生命。罗马斗兽场不是死刑室。
First of all, defeated gladiators were not killed. If a gladiator was defeated without being killed in the process (which often happened), there was no reason to end his or her life. The Colosseum wasn’t a death chamber.
首先，被击败的角斗士不会被杀死。如果角斗士在被击败的过程中没有被杀死(这种情况经常发生)，那么就没有理由结束他或她的生命。罗马斗兽场不是死刑室。
A depiction of the Colosseum in ancient times
古罗马斗兽场的描绘
古罗马斗兽场的描绘
Gladiatorial combat was a sport like any other, just more violent and with more probability for injury or death. The people who watched those games cheered for their champions and enjoyed displays of skill or showmanship the same way modern sports fans do. The brutality and violence was not the primary obsession, though it was certainly a draw for some people.
Gladiatorial combat was also not the most popular sport in Roman times. That title would go to chariot racing, which drew hundreds of thousands of people in the city of Rome and was popular across the Roman Empire. The Colosseum generally did not hold chariot races, but it held animal hunts, shows, circuses, and plenty of other entertainment aside from gladiator combat. Like modern entertainment venues, it was multi-purpose.
Throughout all of history, human beings have been drawn to violence as entertainment. Violent sports have retained their popularity into the modern day, by the way. Boxing and mixed martial arts are among the most popular athletic contests in the world today. The only difference is that we don’t use edged weapons anymore.
角斗和其他运动一样，只是更暴力，更有可能受伤或死亡。观看这些比赛的人们为他们的冠军欢呼，享受技术或表演技巧的展示，就像现代体育迷一样。野蛮和暴力并不是主要的困扰，尽管它确实吸引了一些人。
在罗马时代，角斗也不是最受欢迎的运动。这个头衔属于战车比赛，它吸引了罗马城成千上万的人，在整个罗马帝国都很受欢迎。斗兽场一般不举行战车比赛，但它举行动物狩猎、表演、马戏团和许多其他娱乐活动，除了角斗士的战斗。像现代娱乐场所一样，它是多功能的。
纵观历史，人类一直被暴力作为娱乐方式所吸引。顺便说一下，暴力运动在现代仍然很受欢迎。拳击和综合格斗是当今世界上最受欢迎的体育比赛之一。唯一的区别是我们不再使用锋利的武器了。
And the same way that many people today cry about the barbarity of boxing and other combat sports, gladiatorial combat was by no means widely accepted in the ancient world. Even back then, there were those who decried gladiatorial combat as barbaric and uncivilized, a low and crude form of entertainment. But crowds love violence and fighting. Why else would everyone pull out their cameras and start yelling when two people get into a fight in public?
Public executions have historically been some of the biggest entertainment draws for everyone, from nobility to common people. In 1936, the last year anyone was publicly executed in the US, 20,000 people turned out to watch a hanging.
就像今天许多人为拳击和其他格斗运动的野蛮而哭泣一样，角斗在古代世界也绝不被广泛接受。即使在当时，也有人谴责角斗是野蛮和不文明的，是一种低级和原始的娱乐形式。但是群众喜欢暴力和打斗。不然为什么当两个人在公共场合打架时每个人都会拿出相机开始大喊大叫呢?
从历史上看，公开处决一直是吸引所有人(从贵族到普通人)的最大娱乐之一。1936年是美国最后一次公开执行死刑的一年，当时有2万人观看了绞刑。
Dan Carlin speculates that if public executions were to come back tomorrow, that attendance record would be shattered. If it were broadcast on YouTube and Twitch, I’m sure millions would tune in.
Don’t think that because we have iPhones and sliced bread that we’re any more civilized than the Romans. We might have different sensibilities, but we’ve got the same morbid curiosity and fascination with violence. Try to understand those gladiatorial spectators and find what you have in common with them. It’ll either make you feel a lot better or a lot worse about humanity.
Listen to Carlin’s Hardcore History episode, Painfotainment, for more on the psychology and history of violent entertainment.
丹·卡林推测，如果公开处决明天恢复，出席人数记录将被打破。如果在YouTube和Twitch上播出，我相信会有数百万人收看。
不要因为我们有iphone和切片面包就认为我们比罗马人更文明。我们可能有不同的情感，但我们对暴力有着同样病态的好奇心和迷恋。试着去理解那些角斗的观众，找到你和他们的共同点。它要么让你对人性感觉更好，要么让你对人性感觉更糟。
请收听卡林的硬核历史节目苦痛娱乐，了解更多关于暴力娱乐的心理学和历史。
Don’t think that because we have iPhones and sliced bread that we’re any more civilized than the Romans. We might have different sensibilities, but we’ve got the same morbid curiosity and fascination with violence. Try to understand those gladiatorial spectators and find what you have in common with them. It’ll either make you feel a lot better or a lot worse about humanity.
Listen to Carlin’s Hardcore History episode, Painfotainment, for more on the psychology and history of violent entertainment.
丹·卡林推测，如果公开处决明天恢复，出席人数记录将被打破。如果在YouTube和Twitch上播出，我相信会有数百万人收看。
不要因为我们有iphone和切片面包就认为我们比罗马人更文明。我们可能有不同的情感，但我们对暴力有着同样病态的好奇心和迷恋。试着去理解那些角斗的观众，找到你和他们的共同点。它要么让你对人性感觉更好，要么让你对人性感觉更糟。
请收听卡林的硬核历史节目苦痛娱乐，了解更多关于暴力娱乐的心理学和历史。
World History
In one sense, it was considered good for Romans to see killing in real life - it hardened them, and it was considered a way to keep them tough and keep Rome strong.
But in a different sense it was about sports heroes - very much like we might watch pro boxers or MMA fighters. The matches were carefully refereed - unlike what you see in the movies, the art of the time shows gladiator sometimes even arguing with the refs!
从某种意义上说，罗马人认为在现实生活中看到杀戮是有好处的——它使他们变得坚强，被认为是一种保持他们坚强和罗马强大的方式。
但在另一种意义上，它是关于体育英雄的——就像我们可能会看职业拳击手或综合格斗选手一样。比赛是精心裁判的-不像你在电影中看到的，当时的艺术展示了角斗士有时甚至与裁判争论!
In one sense, it was considered good for Romans to see killing in real life - it hardened them, and it was considered a way to keep them tough and keep Rome strong.
But in a different sense it was about sports heroes - very much like we might watch pro boxers or MMA fighters. The matches were carefully refereed - unlike what you see in the movies, the art of the time shows gladiator sometimes even arguing with the refs!
从某种意义上说，罗马人认为在现实生活中看到杀戮是有好处的——它使他们变得坚强，被认为是一种保持他们坚强和罗马强大的方式。
但在另一种意义上，它是关于体育英雄的——就像我们可能会看职业拳击手或综合格斗选手一样。比赛是精心裁判的-不像你在电影中看到的，当时的艺术展示了角斗士有时甚至与裁判争论!
(I love how universal this scene is in the mosaic above - one gladiator is arguing a point with the referee, who has stopped the match, while his opponent leans on his weapon, waiting for the ref’s decision!)
Most of the time a skilled and brave fighter was spared to fight again. They were valuable, representing a huge investment in training, at least.
(我喜欢上面这幅拼贴画中这个场景是多么普遍——一个角斗士正在和裁判争论一个观点，裁判已经停止了比赛，而他的对手则倚在他的武器上，等待裁判的裁决!)
大多数情况下，一个熟练而勇敢的战士会被留下来再次战斗。它们很有价值，至少代表着在培训上的巨大投资。
World History
It wasn't killing that drew the Romans but the bravery and skill of the gladiators . Romans often remarked on how well a gladiator fought. In the days of the Roman Empire, the obxtive of the gladiatorial combats was to defeat your opponent, not kill them. Imperial gladiators were professionally trained and their combats were considered sports.
吸引罗马人的不是杀戮，而是角斗士的勇敢和技巧。罗马人经常评价角斗士的战斗能力。在罗马帝国时期，角斗的目的是打败你的对手，而不是杀死他们。帝国的角斗士都是经过专业训练的，他们的战斗被认为是体育运动。
It wasn't killing that drew the Romans but the bravery and skill of the gladiators . Romans often remarked on how well a gladiator fought. In the days of the Roman Empire, the obxtive of the gladiatorial combats was to defeat your opponent, not kill them. Imperial gladiators were professionally trained and their combats were considered sports.
吸引罗马人的不是杀戮，而是角斗士的勇敢和技巧。罗马人经常评价角斗士的战斗能力。在罗马帝国时期，角斗的目的是打败你的对手，而不是杀死他们。帝国的角斗士都是经过专业训练的，他们的战斗被认为是体育运动。
World History
Some of the contemporary writings on the subject of gladiators and their fighting seem to suggest that it wasn’t the killing, per se, that was so great about gladiator fighting.One writer (Seneca, I think) recorded how impressed he and the crowd were of a prisoner of war, who when thrust into the arena decided to off himself right then and there rather than giving the Romans the satisfaction. “But how gallantly he would have wielded that spear.” Wrote the Roman.The Romans were, not just looking to see blood but they were looking to see fighters defy death in glorious battle. This was why so many gladiator fights were staged around mythological symbols or loose reenactments of battlers.
一些有关角斗士及其战斗的当代著作似乎表明，不是杀戮本身是角斗士战斗如此伟大的原因。一位作家（我认为是塞涅卡）记录了一个战俘被扔进角斗场后决定自杀，而不是让罗马人得到满足，他和观众都非常印象深刻。“但他将会多么勇敢地挥动那根矛啊。”罗马人写道。罗马人不仅想看到鲜血，而且还想看到战士在光荣的战斗中挑战死亡。这就是为什么很多角斗士战斗都是围绕着神话符号或松散的战役再现而展开的原因。
Some of the contemporary writings on the subject of gladiators and their fighting seem to suggest that it wasn’t the killing, per se, that was so great about gladiator fighting.One writer (Seneca, I think) recorded how impressed he and the crowd were of a prisoner of war, who when thrust into the arena decided to off himself right then and there rather than giving the Romans the satisfaction. “But how gallantly he would have wielded that spear.” Wrote the Roman.The Romans were, not just looking to see blood but they were looking to see fighters defy death in glorious battle. This was why so many gladiator fights were staged around mythological symbols or loose reenactments of battlers.
一些有关角斗士及其战斗的当代著作似乎表明，不是杀戮本身是角斗士战斗如此伟大的原因。一位作家（我认为是塞涅卡）记录了一个战俘被扔进角斗场后决定自杀，而不是让罗马人得到满足，他和观众都非常印象深刻。“但他将会多么勇敢地挥动那根矛啊。”罗马人写道。罗马人不仅想看到鲜血，而且还想看到战士在光荣的战斗中挑战死亡。这就是为什么很多角斗士战斗都是围绕着神话符号或松散的战役再现而展开的原因。
The gladiator fight was basically a Roman’s daily dose of Virtue - the quality of being a war-like man. Every man can’t just go to town on a Carthaginian every day, but every so often he gets to at least see how its done up close in the splash zone.
This was why the Romans often pleaded for mercy for gallant fighters and why the patrons of games could gain such respect for freeing gladiators who had performed well - win or lose. Romans wanted more than just blood and spectacle - after all that was what executions and animal fighting was for. They wanted to experience vicariously the war-like virtue of a real fighter in a real fight.
角斗士的战斗基本上是罗马人日常的美德--成为一个好战的人的品质。每个人无法每天都亲身对抗迦太基人，但他们至少可以偶尔近距离观看这种场面的表现。这就是为什么罗马人经常为英勇的斗士求情，以及为什么在比赛中表现出色的角斗士被释放后会得到赞誉。罗马人并不仅仅是想看到血腥和噱头——毕竟，处决和动物搏斗可以提供这种娱乐。他们渴望通过间接的方式，亲身体验真正战士在真正战斗中的战争美德。
This was why the Romans often pleaded for mercy for gallant fighters and why the patrons of games could gain such respect for freeing gladiators who had performed well - win or lose. Romans wanted more than just blood and spectacle - after all that was what executions and animal fighting was for. They wanted to experience vicariously the war-like virtue of a real fighter in a real fight.
角斗士的战斗基本上是罗马人日常的美德--成为一个好战的人的品质。每个人无法每天都亲身对抗迦太基人，但他们至少可以偶尔近距离观看这种场面的表现。这就是为什么罗马人经常为英勇的斗士求情，以及为什么在比赛中表现出色的角斗士被释放后会得到赞誉。罗马人并不仅仅是想看到血腥和噱头——毕竟，处决和动物搏斗可以提供这种娱乐。他们渴望通过间接的方式，亲身体验真正战士在真正战斗中的战争美德。
Alin Octavian Bondoc
The same reason we are willing to watch someone die in a Hollywood movie. You may argue that it’s not the same because it isn’t real, but a Roman would probably retort that the people being killed in the amphitheater aren’t really people. Gladiators were an exception as most of them were valued for their fighting skills and actually weren’t killed as often as is commonly believed. But other slaves and criminals were not seen as human. The Romans were a classist society and slaves were at the bottom of the hierarchy. The concept of equality between all humans would have been alien to them. In fact, the Romans were more sympathetic towards animals being killed than other human beings. In the ancient world, death was a lot more “in your face”, and people weren’t as squeamish about killings or executions. We are lucky that we don’t actually live in those times.
就像我们愿意在好莱坞电影中看到有人死去一样。你可能会争辩说这是不一样的，因为它不是真实的，但罗马人可能会反驳说，在圆形剧场被杀的人不是真正的人。角斗士是一个例外，因为他们中的大多数人因为他们的战斗技能而受到重视，实际上并没有像人们普遍认为的那样经常被杀死。但其他奴隶和罪犯不被视为人类。罗马人是一个阶级社会，奴隶处于等级制度的最底层。所有人类平等的概念对他们来说是陌生的。事实上，罗马人对被杀害的动物比其他人更同情。在古代，死亡更多的是“当着你的面”，人们对杀戮或处决没有那么拘谨。幸运的是，我们并没有生活在那个时代。
The same reason we are willing to watch someone die in a Hollywood movie. You may argue that it’s not the same because it isn’t real, but a Roman would probably retort that the people being killed in the amphitheater aren’t really people. Gladiators were an exception as most of them were valued for their fighting skills and actually weren’t killed as often as is commonly believed. But other slaves and criminals were not seen as human. The Romans were a classist society and slaves were at the bottom of the hierarchy. The concept of equality between all humans would have been alien to them. In fact, the Romans were more sympathetic towards animals being killed than other human beings. In the ancient world, death was a lot more “in your face”, and people weren’t as squeamish about killings or executions. We are lucky that we don’t actually live in those times.
就像我们愿意在好莱坞电影中看到有人死去一样。你可能会争辩说这是不一样的，因为它不是真实的，但罗马人可能会反驳说，在圆形剧场被杀的人不是真正的人。角斗士是一个例外，因为他们中的大多数人因为他们的战斗技能而受到重视，实际上并没有像人们普遍认为的那样经常被杀死。但其他奴隶和罪犯不被视为人类。罗马人是一个阶级社会，奴隶处于等级制度的最底层。所有人类平等的概念对他们来说是陌生的。事实上，罗马人对被杀害的动物比其他人更同情。在古代，死亡更多的是“当着你的面”，人们对杀戮或处决没有那么拘谨。幸运的是，我们并没有生活在那个时代。
Everyone is Entitled to my Opinion
Gladiators weren’t killed nearly as often as we think.
But that doesn’t avoid the question, since gladiators were sometimes killed, and since executions were another part of the entertainment at places like the Colosseum.
The answer is that the ancient Romans, like virtually everyone else since the founding of civilization, were disgusting monsters.
The reason we don’t like the idea of watching people fight, possibly to the death, for our entertainment, is that we empathize with the people forced to fight.
Romans were raised with the conscious aim of avoiding such empathy.
In any case, it’s probable that many people today would watch people fight to the death if it were possible.
We certainly watch people—usually people from the most disadvantaged backgrounds, with few other options—beat each other into early dementia. That’s boxing.
Future generations will probably ask how we did that, and whether we really had factories for killing animals so people could eat their corpses.
角斗士被杀的次数并没有我们想象的那么频繁。
但这并不能回避一个问题，因为角斗士有时会被杀死，而且在罗马斗兽场这样的地方，处决是娱乐的另一部分。
答案是，自人类文明建立以来，古罗马人和几乎所有其他人一样，都是令人作呕的怪物。
我们之所以不喜欢观看人们为了娱乐而战斗，甚至是战斗到死，是因为我们同情那些被迫战斗的人。
罗马人从小就有意识地避免这种同理心。
无论如何，如果可能的话，今天的许多人很可能会看人们战斗到死。
我们当然会看到人们——通常是来自最弱势背景的人，几乎没有其他选择——互相殴打，导致早期痴呆。这是拳击。
子孙后代可能会问我们是怎么做到的，我们是否真的有屠杀动物的工厂，这样人们就可以吃它们的尸体。
Gladiators weren’t killed nearly as often as we think.
But that doesn’t avoid the question, since gladiators were sometimes killed, and since executions were another part of the entertainment at places like the Colosseum.
The answer is that the ancient Romans, like virtually everyone else since the founding of civilization, were disgusting monsters.
The reason we don’t like the idea of watching people fight, possibly to the death, for our entertainment, is that we empathize with the people forced to fight.
Romans were raised with the conscious aim of avoiding such empathy.
In any case, it’s probable that many people today would watch people fight to the death if it were possible.
We certainly watch people—usually people from the most disadvantaged backgrounds, with few other options—beat each other into early dementia. That’s boxing.
Future generations will probably ask how we did that, and whether we really had factories for killing animals so people could eat their corpses.
角斗士被杀的次数并没有我们想象的那么频繁。
但这并不能回避一个问题，因为角斗士有时会被杀死，而且在罗马斗兽场这样的地方，处决是娱乐的另一部分。
答案是，自人类文明建立以来，古罗马人和几乎所有其他人一样，都是令人作呕的怪物。
我们之所以不喜欢观看人们为了娱乐而战斗，甚至是战斗到死，是因为我们同情那些被迫战斗的人。
罗马人从小就有意识地避免这种同理心。
无论如何，如果可能的话，今天的许多人很可能会看人们战斗到死。
我们当然会看到人们——通常是来自最弱势背景的人，几乎没有其他选择——互相殴打，导致早期痴呆。这是拳击。
子孙后代可能会问我们是怎么做到的，我们是否真的有屠杀动物的工厂，这样人们就可以吃它们的尸体。
Stephen Cunningham
Why were people willing to watch the brutal the brutal killing of the defeated gladiators in Ancient Rome? Why was it entertainment? Why were the people willing to watch the brutal killings of the defeated gladiators in Ancient Rome? Why was it entertainment? First of all,not every gladiator had to fight to the death.Gladiators were like thorughbred race horses they were valuable.The ancient Romans loved blood sport’s the bloody the fight Romans were entertained seeing the blood everywhere.Itwasn’t just people that were killed in the Colosseum.When the emperor Titus opened the Colosseum In -AD-80 he had -100 Days of gladiator games and Chariot races in the Circus Maximus.During this time over -9000 Animal’s were killed in -100 day’s of games.Rhino’s were slughhtered along with lion;s,Tigers,and bears. The Romans were willing to watch the brutal killing of defeated gladiators because the ancient Romans enjoyed blood sports,and considered it as entertainment.
为什么古罗马人愿意看到击败的角斗士被残酷杀害?为什么这被视为娱乐？首先，并非所有的角斗士都需要打到死。角斗士就像是纯种赛马，他们有价值。古罗马人喜欢血腥的运动，战斗愈加血腥，古罗马人就更爱看。角斗场中死的不仅仅是人。当提图斯皇帝于公元80年开放了罗马竞技场时，他举办了100天的角斗士比赛和马车赛以及马克西姆斯竞技场的比赛。在这段时间里，超过9000只动物被杀害，包括犀牛、狮子、老虎和熊。古罗马人愿意看到击败的角斗士被残酷杀害，因为古罗马人享受血腥运动，将其视为一种娱乐形式。
Why were people willing to watch the brutal the brutal killing of the defeated gladiators in Ancient Rome? Why was it entertainment? Why were the people willing to watch the brutal killings of the defeated gladiators in Ancient Rome? Why was it entertainment? First of all,not every gladiator had to fight to the death.Gladiators were like thorughbred race horses they were valuable.The ancient Romans loved blood sport’s the bloody the fight Romans were entertained seeing the blood everywhere.Itwasn’t just people that were killed in the Colosseum.When the emperor Titus opened the Colosseum In -AD-80 he had -100 Days of gladiator games and Chariot races in the Circus Maximus.During this time over -9000 Animal’s were killed in -100 day’s of games.Rhino’s were slughhtered along with lion;s,Tigers,and bears. The Romans were willing to watch the brutal killing of defeated gladiators because the ancient Romans enjoyed blood sports,and considered it as entertainment.
为什么古罗马人愿意看到击败的角斗士被残酷杀害?为什么这被视为娱乐？首先，并非所有的角斗士都需要打到死。角斗士就像是纯种赛马，他们有价值。古罗马人喜欢血腥的运动，战斗愈加血腥，古罗马人就更爱看。角斗场中死的不仅仅是人。当提图斯皇帝于公元80年开放了罗马竞技场时，他举办了100天的角斗士比赛和马车赛以及马克西姆斯竞技场的比赛。在这段时间里，超过9000只动物被杀害，包括犀牛、狮子、老虎和熊。古罗马人愿意看到击败的角斗士被残酷杀害，因为古罗马人享受血腥运动，将其视为一种娱乐形式。
Miguel Corazao
If you really find that so hard to understand, you really don't understand human beings. The human brain adapts easily to the environment it is raised in. In the modern world, most of us are taught to be relatively kind and humane. But that is not been the case for most of human history. Even in today's world, people still do often enjoy blood sports, be it bullfighting, boxing, rugby football, etc. These are just not quite as violent as some of the sports in the past.
The truth is, as violent as the ancient world was, people had to be somewhat tougher than they are in most places today. The Roman emperors, in fact, specifically valued the gladiatorial games because they worried that the Roman populace was becoming too soft. They wanted people to embrace combat and killing as necessary and glorious parts of life.
Mind you, not all events in the arenas were necessarily slaughters. Many combat events would simply result in a gladiator being defeated but still surviving and recovering.
如果你真的觉得这很难理解，那你就真的不了解人类。人类的大脑很容易适应它成长的环境。在现代社会，我们大多数人都被教导要相对善良和人道。但在人类历史的大部分时间里，情况并非如此。即使在今天，人们仍然经常喜欢血腥的运动，比如斗牛、拳击、橄榄球等。这些运动不像过去的一些运动那么暴力。
事实是，尽管古代世界充满暴力，但人们必须比今天大多数地方的人更坚强。事实上，罗马皇帝特别重视角斗游戏，因为他们担心罗马民众变得过于软弱。他们希望人们将战斗和杀戮视为生活中必要而光荣的一部分。
请注意，并非所有竞技场上的比赛都必然是屠杀。许多战斗事件只会导致角斗士被打败，但仍然幸存下来并恢复过来。
If you really find that so hard to understand, you really don't understand human beings. The human brain adapts easily to the environment it is raised in. In the modern world, most of us are taught to be relatively kind and humane. But that is not been the case for most of human history. Even in today's world, people still do often enjoy blood sports, be it bullfighting, boxing, rugby football, etc. These are just not quite as violent as some of the sports in the past.
The truth is, as violent as the ancient world was, people had to be somewhat tougher than they are in most places today. The Roman emperors, in fact, specifically valued the gladiatorial games because they worried that the Roman populace was becoming too soft. They wanted people to embrace combat and killing as necessary and glorious parts of life.
Mind you, not all events in the arenas were necessarily slaughters. Many combat events would simply result in a gladiator being defeated but still surviving and recovering.
如果你真的觉得这很难理解，那你就真的不了解人类。人类的大脑很容易适应它成长的环境。在现代社会，我们大多数人都被教导要相对善良和人道。但在人类历史的大部分时间里，情况并非如此。即使在今天，人们仍然经常喜欢血腥的运动，比如斗牛、拳击、橄榄球等。这些运动不像过去的一些运动那么暴力。
事实是，尽管古代世界充满暴力，但人们必须比今天大多数地方的人更坚强。事实上，罗马皇帝特别重视角斗游戏，因为他们担心罗马民众变得过于软弱。他们希望人们将战斗和杀戮视为生活中必要而光荣的一部分。
请注意，并非所有竞技场上的比赛都必然是屠杀。许多战斗事件只会导致角斗士被打败，但仍然幸存下来并恢复过来。
Akin Williams
From a modern perspective, it’s hard to understand why events like the Roman gladiatorial games existed.
从现代的角度来看，很难理解为什么像罗马角斗游戏这样的活动会存在。
From a modern perspective, it’s hard to understand why events like the Roman gladiatorial games existed.
从现代的角度来看，很难理解为什么像罗马角斗游戏这样的活动会存在。
In fact, when we think about the past, we have an image/idea of time. We think of the passage of time as the difference between our own current experience and our idea of what came before. Even for past events where we were present, we can only perceive time in terms of relative changes to our own first hand experience of “now”. The problem with this approach is that our imaginations rarely give us a complete picture. Our best information only comes from active personal human experience. We miss out on the passive wisdom of the world. We do not hear the leaf falling in the empty forest.
What does this have to do with the Roman games? Well, due to classical literature, we have a pretty good idea of what life in antiquity would have been like. But does that mean that we always have a good “sense” of it? Perhaps what is less quantifiable, the proverbial leaf in the forest, is the absence of control that people had over their lives and how that shaped their perspective towards being alive.
事实上，当我们想到过去时，我们对时间有了一个形象/概念。我们认为时间的流逝是我们现在的经历和我们之前的想法之间的差异。即使对于我们现在所经历的过去事件，我们也只能根据我们自己对“现在”的第一手经验的相对变化来感知时间。这种方法的问题在于，我们的想象力很少能给我们一个完整的画面。我们最好的信息只能来自积极的个人经验。我们错过了这个世界的被动智慧。在空旷的森林里，我们听不到树叶飘落的声音。
这和罗马竞技有什么关系?嗯，由于古典文学，我们对古代的生活有了一个很好的了解。但这是否意味着我们总是对它有很好的“感觉”呢?也许更难以量化的是，人们对自己的生活缺乏控制，以及这种控制如何塑造了他们对生活的看法，就像森林里的一片叶子一样。
What does this have to do with the Roman games? Well, due to classical literature, we have a pretty good idea of what life in antiquity would have been like. But does that mean that we always have a good “sense” of it? Perhaps what is less quantifiable, the proverbial leaf in the forest, is the absence of control that people had over their lives and how that shaped their perspective towards being alive.
事实上，当我们想到过去时，我们对时间有了一个形象/概念。我们认为时间的流逝是我们现在的经历和我们之前的想法之间的差异。即使对于我们现在所经历的过去事件，我们也只能根据我们自己对“现在”的第一手经验的相对变化来感知时间。这种方法的问题在于，我们的想象力很少能给我们一个完整的画面。我们最好的信息只能来自积极的个人经验。我们错过了这个世界的被动智慧。在空旷的森林里，我们听不到树叶飘落的声音。
这和罗马竞技有什么关系?嗯，由于古典文学，我们对古代的生活有了一个很好的了解。但这是否意味着我们总是对它有很好的“感觉”呢?也许更难以量化的是，人们对自己的生活缺乏控制，以及这种控制如何塑造了他们对生活的看法，就像森林里的一片叶子一样。
We are talking about Death.
Personally, I think that one of the greatest social achievements to come out of the last 300 years is the modern perspective towards death. At some point in history, we started to take dying prematurely very personally. Seems weird to say, but, at some point, humans, collectively, everywhere, decided that anyone, anywhere dying early sucked the big one. Maybe that seems obvious... but perhaps not so obvious is the fact that, at some point, we also gained the fantastic ability to decisively do something about it.
The ancient Romans also took dying very personally, and also decided to do something about it. Roman medicine gave us sewers, baths, aqueducts, burial traditions, basic sanitation and much more - an entire infrastructure devoted to staving off the grim reaper. But what they couldn’t control or understand were the many diseases that that had no understandable symptoms - things like sepsis, epilepsy, cancers, pneumonia, diabetes, organ failure, etc.
我们在谈论死亡。
就我个人而言，我认为过去300年来最伟大的社会成就之一就是现代人对死亡的看法。在历史的某个时刻，我们开始把过早死亡看作是非常个人化的。说起来似乎很奇怪，但在某种程度上，世界各地的人类集体决定，任何地方的早逝都是很痛苦的事情。也许这似乎很明显...……但也许不那么明显的事实是，在某种程度上，我们也获得了果断采取行动的神奇能力。
古罗马人也非常看重死亡，并决定为此做点什么。罗马医学为我们提供了下水道、浴池、水渠、埋葬传统、基本卫生设施以及更多的东西——一套完整的基础设施，致力于延缓死神的到来。但他们无法控制或理解的是许多没有可理解症状的疾病，如败血症、癫痫、癌症、肺炎、糖尿病、器官衰竭等。
Personally, I think that one of the greatest social achievements to come out of the last 300 years is the modern perspective towards death. At some point in history, we started to take dying prematurely very personally. Seems weird to say, but, at some point, humans, collectively, everywhere, decided that anyone, anywhere dying early sucked the big one. Maybe that seems obvious... but perhaps not so obvious is the fact that, at some point, we also gained the fantastic ability to decisively do something about it.
The ancient Romans also took dying very personally, and also decided to do something about it. Roman medicine gave us sewers, baths, aqueducts, burial traditions, basic sanitation and much more - an entire infrastructure devoted to staving off the grim reaper. But what they couldn’t control or understand were the many diseases that that had no understandable symptoms - things like sepsis, epilepsy, cancers, pneumonia, diabetes, organ failure, etc.
我们在谈论死亡。
就我个人而言，我认为过去300年来最伟大的社会成就之一就是现代人对死亡的看法。在历史的某个时刻，我们开始把过早死亡看作是非常个人化的。说起来似乎很奇怪，但在某种程度上，世界各地的人类集体决定，任何地方的早逝都是很痛苦的事情。也许这似乎很明显...……但也许不那么明显的事实是，在某种程度上，我们也获得了果断采取行动的神奇能力。
古罗马人也非常看重死亡，并决定为此做点什么。罗马医学为我们提供了下水道、浴池、水渠、埋葬传统、基本卫生设施以及更多的东西——一套完整的基础设施，致力于延缓死神的到来。但他们无法控制或理解的是许多没有可理解症状的疾病，如败血症、癫痫、癌症、肺炎、糖尿病、器官衰竭等。
Imagine living in a world where a simple cut, even treated with the best available medical knowledge, could prove ultimately fatal. Death for no reason. No microscopes, vaccines, antibiotics, transfusions, etc. or early warning systems. So, personal or not, Death was a constant factor in Roman life. People inexplicably dropped dead as a matter of course - be it neighbours, children, or emperors.
Back to our own modern system of morals, and whether consciously choosing to watch others die for simple entertainment seems senseless, barbaric and morbid. In Roman society, the gladiatorial games, Ludi, served a passive function that went far beyond simple fascination with senseless violence. They were actually a type of social and religiously mediated coping mechanism.
想象一下，生活在这样一个世界里，一个简单的伤口，即使用现有最好的医学知识治疗，也可能最终致命。毫无理由的死亡。没有显微镜、疫苗、抗生素、输血等，也没有早期预警系统。所以，不管是不是个人的，死亡在罗马人的生活中是一个不变的因素。人们莫名其妙地倒毙是理所当然的事——无论是邻居、孩子还是皇帝。
回到我们自己的现代道德体系，是否有意识地选择看着别人死于简单的娱乐似乎毫无意义，野蛮和病态。在罗马社会，角斗游戏，即角斗，扮演着一种被动的角色，远远超出了对毫无意义的暴力的简单迷恋。它们实际上是一种社会和宗教调解的应对机制。
Back to our own modern system of morals, and whether consciously choosing to watch others die for simple entertainment seems senseless, barbaric and morbid. In Roman society, the gladiatorial games, Ludi, served a passive function that went far beyond simple fascination with senseless violence. They were actually a type of social and religiously mediated coping mechanism.
想象一下，生活在这样一个世界里，一个简单的伤口，即使用现有最好的医学知识治疗，也可能最终致命。毫无理由的死亡。没有显微镜、疫苗、抗生素、输血等，也没有早期预警系统。所以，不管是不是个人的，死亡在罗马人的生活中是一个不变的因素。人们莫名其妙地倒毙是理所当然的事——无论是邻居、孩子还是皇帝。
回到我们自己的现代道德体系，是否有意识地选择看着别人死于简单的娱乐似乎毫无意义，野蛮和病态。在罗马社会，角斗游戏，即角斗，扮演着一种被动的角色，远远超出了对毫无意义的暴力的简单迷恋。它们实际上是一种社会和宗教调解的应对机制。
The round shape of the arena was designed to make everyone, emperor, senator or plebeian, an equal witness with the gods above. Add to that exceptional training, differences in combat styles, weapons, armour and technical skill, it all points to the fact that dying or killing was not the point, Romans were more interested in how the gladiator faced death. The audience identified with them so that they could provide an education that they could then take into their own lives and apply to their own situations. It’s a crude type of psychology, but one that we share today in our own sporting cultures. Identifying with that violent spectacle afforded a very self-aware Roman audience the ability to cope with another type of universal injustice.
Death.
圆形竞技场的设计是为了让每个人，无论是皇帝、参议员还是平民，都能与天上的神平等地作证。再加上特殊的训练、战斗风格、武器、盔甲和技术技能的差异，这一切都表明，死亡或杀戮并不是重点，罗马人更感兴趣的是角斗士如何面对死亡。观众认同他们，这样他们就可以提供一种教育，他们可以把这种教育运用到自己的生活中，并应用到自己的情况中。这是一种粗糙的心理，但我们今天在自己的体育文化中都有这种心理。对这种暴力场面的认同让有自知之明的罗马观众有能力应对另一种普遍的不公正。
死亡。
Death.
圆形竞技场的设计是为了让每个人，无论是皇帝、参议员还是平民，都能与天上的神平等地作证。再加上特殊的训练、战斗风格、武器、盔甲和技术技能的差异，这一切都表明，死亡或杀戮并不是重点，罗马人更感兴趣的是角斗士如何面对死亡。观众认同他们，这样他们就可以提供一种教育，他们可以把这种教育运用到自己的生活中，并应用到自己的情况中。这是一种粗糙的心理，但我们今天在自己的体育文化中都有这种心理。对这种暴力场面的认同让有自知之明的罗马观众有能力应对另一种普遍的不公正。
死亡。
Zetetic Elench
An analogy with both the people spectating and the participants would be the adult film industry. It was not shameful to spectate but it was very shameful to participate.
A further analogy is the risk of HIV/AIDS and the risk of dying when this was totally unnecessary; medi knights trained in real life battles called melees . Full armour was worn , but the risks were greatly reduced by the rules about capturing opponents for ransom and the blunted weapons used. Neither was the case for gladiators even though the fights were not to the each time as a rule. More appropriate armour alongside non-lethal weapons could have been used , just as the “porn" industry could fake penetration and use prophylactics.
成人电影行业与观众和参与者都有相似之处。旁观并不可耻，但参与却很可耻。
进一步的类比是艾滋病毒/艾滋病的风险和死亡的风险，当这是完全不必要的;中世纪骑士在现实生活中被称为混战的战斗中训练。他们穿着全副盔甲，但由于有关于俘虏对手以换取赎金的规则和使用钝化的武器，风险大大降低。对于角斗士来说也不是这样，即使比赛不是每次都进行。在使用非致命武器的同时，可以使用更合适的盔甲，就像“色情”行业可以假装插入并使用预防措施一样。
An analogy with both the people spectating and the participants would be the adult film industry. It was not shameful to spectate but it was very shameful to participate.
A further analogy is the risk of HIV/AIDS and the risk of dying when this was totally unnecessary; medi knights trained in real life battles called melees . Full armour was worn , but the risks were greatly reduced by the rules about capturing opponents for ransom and the blunted weapons used. Neither was the case for gladiators even though the fights were not to the each time as a rule. More appropriate armour alongside non-lethal weapons could have been used , just as the “porn" industry could fake penetration and use prophylactics.
成人电影行业与观众和参与者都有相似之处。旁观并不可耻，但参与却很可耻。
进一步的类比是艾滋病毒/艾滋病的风险和死亡的风险，当这是完全不必要的;中世纪骑士在现实生活中被称为混战的战斗中训练。他们穿着全副盔甲，但由于有关于俘虏对手以换取赎金的规则和使用钝化的武器，风险大大降低。对于角斗士来说也不是这样，即使比赛不是每次都进行。在使用非致命武器的同时，可以使用更合适的盔甲，就像“色情”行业可以假装插入并使用预防措施一样。
Ugur Yilmaz
Because: Panem et circenses (bread and circus in latin)
You need to provide bread and circus to rule people. You are referring to the circus bit here. It has many different forms nowadays from football and basketball to MMA fighting. Same logic.
There is a misunderstanding about Gladiators tho. They seldomly died. It was prisoners who usually died in arenas, and arenas were multi purpose stadium. Gladiators were expensive slaves who probably has good genes and a lot of training. Probably a handful has died every month.
Good folk in internet thinks that 400000 gladiators died in 400 years - which is like 1 in every 10 gladiators.
因为:Panem et circenses(拉丁语中的面包和马戏团)
你需要提供面包和马戏团来统治人民。你指的是马戏团。现在它有许多不同的形式，从足球、篮球到综合格斗。同样的逻辑。
人们对角斗士有一种误解。他们很少死亡。通常是囚犯死在竞技场，竞技场是多用途的体育场。角斗士是昂贵的奴隶，他们可能有良好的基因和大量的训练。大概每个月都有几只死去。
互联网上的好心人认为400年内有40万角斗士死亡——大约每10个角斗士中就有1个。
Because: Panem et circenses (bread and circus in latin)
You need to provide bread and circus to rule people. You are referring to the circus bit here. It has many different forms nowadays from football and basketball to MMA fighting. Same logic.
There is a misunderstanding about Gladiators tho. They seldomly died. It was prisoners who usually died in arenas, and arenas were multi purpose stadium. Gladiators were expensive slaves who probably has good genes and a lot of training. Probably a handful has died every month.
Good folk in internet thinks that 400000 gladiators died in 400 years - which is like 1 in every 10 gladiators.
因为:Panem et circenses(拉丁语中的面包和马戏团)
你需要提供面包和马戏团来统治人民。你指的是马戏团。现在它有许多不同的形式，从足球、篮球到综合格斗。同样的逻辑。
人们对角斗士有一种误解。他们很少死亡。通常是囚犯死在竞技场，竞技场是多用途的体育场。角斗士是昂贵的奴隶，他们可能有良好的基因和大量的训练。大概每个月都有几只死去。
互联网上的好心人认为400年内有40万角斗士死亡——大约每10个角斗士中就有1个。
Don Canaday
Do you like action movies? I do. But where to get your fix before modern video came around? I suspect people in ancient Rome liked to watch gladiators for the same reason we like to watch Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Rock today.
But why did they like the brutality? I can only say that it was a different time when life was cheaper. The Romans also had slaves, something else we think is abhorrent today? Back then, it was normal and considered necessary to maintain society. While no one enjoyed being a slave, everyone seemed to accept it. Almost all ancient philosophers accepted it. They might have encouraged slave owners to be kind to their slaves, but they stopped at banning slavery altogether.
It was just a different time. Both slavery and gladiatorial combat were things that were legal and accepted and people born into those societies tended to accept them because it seemed like it had always existed and had always been accepted.
你喜欢动作电影吗？我喜欢。但在现代视频出现之前，人们在哪里可以满足这方面的需求呢？我猜古罗马人之所以喜欢观看角斗士比赛，可能出于和我们今天喜欢观看阿诺德·施瓦辛格和巨石强森等人物的原因相似。但古罗马人为什么喜欢残酷呢？我只能说那是一个不同的时代，生命不如今天的宝贵。古罗马人也有奴隶，这是我们今天认为令人憎恶的另一件事情。但那时候，这是正常的，被认为是维护社会所必需的。尽管没有人喜欢做奴隶，但每个人似乎都会接受这一点。几乎所有的古代哲学家都接受了。他们可能会鼓励奴隶主善待他们的奴隶，但并没有完全禁止奴隶制度的存在。这只是一个不同的时代。奴隶制和角斗士比赛都是合法并被接受的事物，而出生在这些社会中的人往往会接受它们，因为它们似乎一直存在并被接受。
Do you like action movies? I do. But where to get your fix before modern video came around? I suspect people in ancient Rome liked to watch gladiators for the same reason we like to watch Arnold Schwarzenegger and the Rock today.
But why did they like the brutality? I can only say that it was a different time when life was cheaper. The Romans also had slaves, something else we think is abhorrent today? Back then, it was normal and considered necessary to maintain society. While no one enjoyed being a slave, everyone seemed to accept it. Almost all ancient philosophers accepted it. They might have encouraged slave owners to be kind to their slaves, but they stopped at banning slavery altogether.
It was just a different time. Both slavery and gladiatorial combat were things that were legal and accepted and people born into those societies tended to accept them because it seemed like it had always existed and had always been accepted.
你喜欢动作电影吗？我喜欢。但在现代视频出现之前，人们在哪里可以满足这方面的需求呢？我猜古罗马人之所以喜欢观看角斗士比赛，可能出于和我们今天喜欢观看阿诺德·施瓦辛格和巨石强森等人物的原因相似。但古罗马人为什么喜欢残酷呢？我只能说那是一个不同的时代，生命不如今天的宝贵。古罗马人也有奴隶，这是我们今天认为令人憎恶的另一件事情。但那时候，这是正常的，被认为是维护社会所必需的。尽管没有人喜欢做奴隶，但每个人似乎都会接受这一点。几乎所有的古代哲学家都接受了。他们可能会鼓励奴隶主善待他们的奴隶，但并没有完全禁止奴隶制度的存在。这只是一个不同的时代。奴隶制和角斗士比赛都是合法并被接受的事物，而出生在这些社会中的人往往会接受它们，因为它们似乎一直存在并被接受。
Inquisitor Gecko
From what I learned from Latin class, the killing of gladiators was actually rather uncommon.
Gladiators were like ultimate wrestling champions. They were expensive to train and equip, and they often amassed fans and sponsors. Having them (or at least the best) kill each other would be very costly and risky for the sponsors and displeasing to the fans of the defeated gladiators.
The Romans would however have captured enemies, dangerous wild animals, or convicted criminals fight each other or often the much better armed gladiators.
Mind you it was still a very dangerous sport for the gladiators, but that raised the stakes and made them even more famous due to the challenges they conquered.
Imagine, someone kills your sister. They get arrested. However, some rich guy decides to sponsor an event, where you get to watch your favorite gladiator or just some wild animal tear them to pieces while they try to defend themselves with whatever they’re given.
Fun. In the Romans’ eyes.
从我在拉丁语课上学到的知识来看，角斗士的杀戮实际上相当罕见。角斗士就像终极摔跤冠军。他们培训和装备的成本很高，他们经常积累粉丝和赞助商。让他们（或者至少最好的）相互杀戮将对赞助商造成非常昂贵和冒险的风险，而且会让被打败的角斗士的粉丝不满意。
罗马人会让被捕的敌人、危险的野生动物或被判有罪的罪犯相互战斗，或者常常是更好装备的角斗士。请注意，对于角斗士来说，这仍然是一项非常危险的运动，但这升高了赌注，并使他们因所征服的挑战而更加出名。
想象一下，有人杀了你的妹妹。他们被逮捕了。但是，某个富人决定赞助一场比赛，你可以观看你最喜爱的角斗士或者野生动物撕碎他们，而他们只能用他们手头所拿到的任何东西自卫。
对罗马人来说，这是一种享乐。
From what I learned from Latin class, the killing of gladiators was actually rather uncommon.
Gladiators were like ultimate wrestling champions. They were expensive to train and equip, and they often amassed fans and sponsors. Having them (or at least the best) kill each other would be very costly and risky for the sponsors and displeasing to the fans of the defeated gladiators.
The Romans would however have captured enemies, dangerous wild animals, or convicted criminals fight each other or often the much better armed gladiators.
Mind you it was still a very dangerous sport for the gladiators, but that raised the stakes and made them even more famous due to the challenges they conquered.
Imagine, someone kills your sister. They get arrested. However, some rich guy decides to sponsor an event, where you get to watch your favorite gladiator or just some wild animal tear them to pieces while they try to defend themselves with whatever they’re given.
Fun. In the Romans’ eyes.
从我在拉丁语课上学到的知识来看，角斗士的杀戮实际上相当罕见。角斗士就像终极摔跤冠军。他们培训和装备的成本很高，他们经常积累粉丝和赞助商。让他们（或者至少最好的）相互杀戮将对赞助商造成非常昂贵和冒险的风险，而且会让被打败的角斗士的粉丝不满意。
罗马人会让被捕的敌人、危险的野生动物或被判有罪的罪犯相互战斗，或者常常是更好装备的角斗士。请注意，对于角斗士来说，这仍然是一项非常危险的运动，但这升高了赌注，并使他们因所征服的挑战而更加出名。
想象一下，有人杀了你的妹妹。他们被逮捕了。但是，某个富人决定赞助一场比赛，你可以观看你最喜爱的角斗士或者野生动物撕碎他们，而他们只能用他们手头所拿到的任何东西自卫。
对罗马人来说，这是一种享乐。
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