有哪个国家在其整个历史中始终保持未被征服和独立的状态?(上篇)
2023-12-25 大号儿童 8536
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Avishek Adhikari
There are various methods and levels of conquest. I think by conquest you mean the most obvious one like having a foreign army being stationed inside what constitutes the present day borders of a country to administer and govern it for a long period of time, possibly to extract resources and/or destroy the existing culture/institutions that exist. If that is the broad criteria then I think the following modern nation states have never been "conquered":

对于征服的定义有各种不同的方法和程度。我认为你所指的征服是最明显的一种,即外国军队长期驻扎在现今国境内,对其进行行政和治理,可能是为了获取资源和/或破坏现有的文化和制度。如果按照这个广义的标准,我认为以下现代国家从未被"征服":

In Asia:
1.Nepal
Defeated by the massive forces of the British and the Qing Chinese army in wars fought outside its present day borders. Lost parts of Tibet and the Indian states of Sikkim, Uttaranchal, Parts of Himachal and the Darjeeling Hills to the two imperial powers (about 33% of its area). The British and Chinese Qing army soon retreated back to India and China respectively. They never marched into the country, held it and governed it. So not conquered.

在亚洲:
1.尼泊尔
在与大英帝国和清朝的中国军队的战争中,在现今尼泊尔境外的战场上败给了庞大的敌军。失去了xz的一部分和印度的锡金、北安查尔邦、喜马拉雅山脉的部分地区,这大约占到了国土面积的33%。然而,大英帝国和清朝军队很快撤回了印度和中国本土,他们没有进入并控制尼泊尔。因此,可以说尼泊尔没有被征服。

2.Thailand
The Japanese imperial army was allowed to "pass through" Thailand and use Thailand as its base on their conquest of Indo-China by the Thais. So not conquered?
***Edit: The predecessor state of Thailand was called "Siam" which was invaded by the Burmese. The capital of Siam called Aayuthya was pillaged, burnt and destroyed and now is only exists as ruins. So Thailand could be considered to have been conquered by the Burmese.***

2.泰国
泰国允许日本帝国军队“穿越”泰国,并将泰国作为其入侵印度支那的基地。因此,泰国并未被征服。
编辑:泰国的前身是被称为“暹罗”的国家,曾被缅甸入侵。当时的首都叫做大城府,已经被洗劫、焚毁和摧毁,现在只剩下废墟。所以可以说泰国曾被缅甸征服过。

3. Bhutan
Same as Nepal. Defeated by the British in wars, ceded a lot of land (present day Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim-about 60% of it's area). The tiny bit that constitutes present day Bhutan was not held and governed directly. Left to their own devices. Not conquered.

3.不丹
与尼泊尔情况相同。在与大英帝国的战争中失败,割让了大片土地(如今“阿邦”(译注:中国藏南地区)和锡金,约占国土面积的60%)。不过,如今构成不丹的那小块领土并未被直接统治和治理。他们被放任自由。因此,可以说不丹没有被征服。

Contrary to popular beliefs,
Persia was conquered and ruled by Alexander's generals, later the Arabs who converted Persia to Islam. Also, Parts of present day state of Iran was ruled by Russia. Iran is out.

与普遍观念相反, 波斯(即现今伊朗)曾被亚历山大大帝的将领所征服并统治,后来则被改信伊斯兰教的阿拉伯人所征服。此外,现今伊朗部分地区曾由俄罗斯统治。因此,伊朗不符合您的要求。
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Huge parts of present day China were conquered and ruled by the Japanese, and before that forcefully "leased" by the British (Hong Kong). Their imperial palace was burnt to the ground by combined Western forces. They were forced to give away control of lucrative trading posts all along their river deltas and on their coasts to Western powers. So China is out.

现代中国的大部分地区曾被日本征服和统治,此外还曾被英国以强制手段租借(如香港)。他们的皇宫曾被西方联军焚毁。中国被迫将沿河三角洲和沿海地区的利润丰厚的贸易口岸割让给西方列强。因此,中国不符合要求。

Not even the Mongols were able to conquer Japan. The massive Mongol fleet was sunk off the coast of Japan by a powerful sea storm. The Japanese took the storm as sign of higher power interceding on their behalf. They called the storm, "Kamakazee" meaning "Divine winds".
The US is the only country ever to have defeated Japan. Japan was defeated and conquered by the Americans who ran it after WWII and even wrote their "peace" constitution. There are still American troops stationed inside Japan. Japan is out too.

甚至蒙古人也未能征服日本。庞大的蒙古舰队在日本海岸附近被一场强烈的海上风暴击沉。日本人将这场风暴视为高位力量为他们干预的象征,他们称这场风暴为“神圣的风”。唯一成功击败日本的国家是美国。二战后,美国打败并统治了日本,甚至起草了日本的“和平”宪法。至今仍有美国驻军驻扎在日本。因此,日本也不符合您的要求。

In Europe:
Russia was conquered by the Mongols (the Golden Horde). The Mongols are perhaps the only people to have conquered and ruled Russia for a substantial period of time. Still Russia is out.

在欧洲:
俄罗斯曾被蒙古人(金帐汗国)征服。蒙古人可能是唯一一个在俄罗斯征服并统治了相当长时间的民族。尽管如此,俄罗斯仍然不符合条件。

Spain and Portugal were ruled by the Moors (North Africans and Arabs) for 500 years so much so that large percent of present day Iberians who were originally Goth and Visigoths have a large Arab and Moor ancestry today. Definitely out.
Germany was conquered by the allies after WWII. Pretty much all of France, Central, South and Eastern Europe, the Nordic countries were conquered by Germany. Iberia is out. Germany is out. Almost all of Europe is out.

西班牙和葡萄牙在500年间被摩尔人(北非人和阿拉伯人)统治,以至于如今大部分伊比利亚半岛的居民,原本是哥特人和西哥特人,如今都有相当程度的阿拉伯和摩尔人的血统。所以西班牙和葡萄牙也不符合条件。
德国在二战后被盟军征服。几乎整个法国、中欧、南欧、东欧以及北欧国家都被德国征服过。伊比利亚半岛也不符合条件。德国也不符合条件。几乎整个欧洲都不符合条件。

The Balkans were conquered by the Ottomans and occupied for 500 years. The Balkans and Greece are out.
Ireland was ruled for long period by England. Scots too. Ireland and Scotland are out.
The French were ruled by Nazis and before that in period by English and in late antiquity by Romans (Gaul as it was known then). France is out.

巴尔干半岛曾被奥斯曼帝国征服并占领了500年。所以巴尔干半岛和希腊也不符合条件。 爱尔兰长期以来都被英格兰统治,苏格兰也是如此。所以爱尔兰和苏格兰也不符合条件。 法国先后被纳粹统治过,在古代晚期还被罗马人(当时称为高卢)统治过。所以法国也不符合条件。

In Europe the country that has never been subjugated and conquered would definitely have to be England. Although if one were to go back in history one could argue that the Vikings raided England, the Romans conquered England as did the Normans who were what today would be "French". But then the Vikings, Normans and the Romans assimilated into the general English population and became the present day English people and gave England many aspects of its culture. So I think in all of Europe only England has never been "conquered" in the truest sense.
And of course England has been the most successful country in history to defeat and conquer other countries.

在欧洲,从历史上看,唯一一个从未被征服和征服他国的国家应该是英格兰。虽然如果回溯到历史上,可以争论维京人曾经袭击过英格兰,罗马人征服过英格兰,而诺曼人则(根据今天的定义)是“法国人”也曾征服过英格兰。但是随后,维京人、诺曼人和罗马人融入了英格兰人口,并成为现今的英格兰人,为英格兰带来了许多文化方面的影响。因此,我认为在整个欧洲,只有英格兰从本质上来说从未被"征服"。
当然,英格兰也是历史上最成功地击败和征服其他国家的国家之一。

In Africa :
I do not know much about these. I have read in many places that Ethiopians always fought away invading armies and that they have never been colonized. All I know about Liberia is that they were established as a country for America's freed slaves.

在非洲:
我对这些国家了解不多。我在很多地方读到过,埃塞俄比亚人总是能够抵御入侵的军队,他们从未被殖民过。关于利比里亚,我只知道它是为美国被释放的奴隶建立的一个国家。

Nicholas Blake
England was conquered in your sense at least nine times since the Norman Conquest. The most famous is 1688.

按照你的定义,自诺曼征服以来,英格兰至少被征服了九次。其中最著名的是1688年的事件。

Miguel Oliveira
You are at least wrong about Portugal. Portugal didn't exist when this land was occupied by the Moors. Portugal was created by declaring a piece of land independent from a "Spanish" (Spain as we know didn't exist either) kingdom and Portuguese territory expanded by conquering land from the Moors (and was not taken back).
Portugal is not an answer to the question because it lost its independence when it was governed by Spanish kings for 60 years (1580-1640).

你关于葡萄牙的说法是错误的。当这片土地被摩尔人占领时,葡萄牙并不存在。葡萄牙是通过宣布独立于一个“西班牙”(当时的西班牙并不存在)王国的一块土地而建立的,并且通过征服摩尔人的土地来扩张葡萄牙的领土(而不是被夺回)。葡萄牙并不是这个问题的答案,因为在1580年至1640年期间,葡萄牙失去了独立,由西班牙国王统治了60年。

Avishek Adhikari
And neither did Spain exist as a nation then. But both of what consists Spain and Portugal today were conquered and ruled by the Moors. The nations we today call Portugal and Spain were only formed after the reconquista. But there is on denying the fact that that predecessor kingdoms of Spain and Portugal were conquered by the Saracens, a completely different people.

那时候西班牙也并不存在作为一个国家。但现在组成西班牙和葡萄牙的地区确实被摩尔人征服和统治过。我们今天所称的葡萄牙和西班牙是在收复失地运动之后形成的。但不可否认的是,西班牙和葡萄牙的前身王国被完全不同的人民——撒拉逊人所征服。

Miguel Oliveira
I had already said so about Spain. The question asks about countries. Portugal was recognised as a sovereign nation in 1143.
By your logic, you could talk about the Romans and rule out most europe and north africa, It's not in line with the question, in my opinion,

我之前已经提到了西班牙。问题问的是国家。葡萄牙在1143年被承认为一个主权国家。 按照你的逻辑,你可以谈论罗马人并排除掉大部分欧洲和北非,但这与问题不符合,我个人认为。

Matthew Gordon
I agree that Sweden hasn't been conquered, but the Danes sure tried.
Of course, the Swedes won the Battle of Lund decisively, not altering the end result. Just thought it was worth mentioning that war has occurred in mainland Sweden.

我同意瑞典从未被征服过,但丹麦确实尝试过。当然,瑞典在隆德战役中取得了决定性的胜利,虽然没有改变最终结果。只是觉得值得一提的是,在瑞典本土上确实发生了战争。
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Dan Kim
Kalmar unx under Danish control ruled Sweden. Sweden has National Day (independence day) that celebrates its independence from Kalmar unx.

在丹麦控制下的卡尔马联盟统治下,瑞典获得了独立。瑞典有庆祝独立的国庆日(瑞典国庆日)。

Paul Irving
Define country, define conquered, define independent, define ‘its history’. For example, Spain was pretty much conquered by the French during the Napoleonic wars - but not completely. A Spanish government & armies remained in existence, on Spanish soil, fighting to keep its independence. Does that count as being conquered?

定义国家、定义征服、定义独立、定义"其历史"。例如,西班牙在拿破仑战争期间几乎被法国征服-但并不完全。西班牙政府和军队仍然存在于西班牙土地上,为保持独立而战斗。这算作被征服吗?

Dennis Wojahn
If by country, you mean nation, neither the USA or Canada have been conquered, Nor have some of the Latin American countries. There are some benefits in being in the Western Hemisphere.

如果国家指的是民族,那么美国和加拿大都没有被征服过,一些拉丁美洲国家也没有被征服过。在西半球有一些好处。

Austen Cline
Pretty much every country in North America especially the US and if you count a countries exsistance starting when a new regime takes over then that would mean most of Europe also.

几乎北美洲的每个国家,尤其是美国,如果你认为国家的存在是从新政权接管开始计算的话,那么大部分欧洲也是如此。

Daniel Garcia
I agree with Miguel. Spain and Portugal did not exist when the Moors came. It was the Goths that were wiped out by them.
I would say Spain was only conquered by Napoleon (except Cadiz), who established his brother as king of Spain and annexed Catalonia to France.
It is true that Spanish kings governed Portugal for 60 years but did it lost its independence? Was it governed by Spanish administrators? Were there Spanish troops in Portugal?
What about Switzerland? Was it ever conquered?

我同意米格尔的观点。当穆斯林入侵时,西班牙和葡萄牙并不存在。被他们消灭的是哥特人。 我可以说西班牙只被拿破仑征服过(加的斯除外),他将自己的兄弟立为西班牙国王,并将加泰罗尼亚并入法国。 西班牙国王确实统治了葡萄牙60年,但葡萄牙失去了独立吗?它是由西班牙行政官员管理吗?葡萄牙有西班牙军队驻扎吗? 瑞士呢?它曾被征服过吗?

John Cate
Ethiopia was conquered by the Italians during the 1930s and ruled by them until it was liberated by the British in 1941. Liberia has never been conquered by a foreign power. It was founded in 1847 and was off-limits to European colonization during the “Scramble for Africa” because it was a de facto client state of the United States.
Thailand was defeated by the Burmese and its capital sacked, but it was never completely conquered. Taksin the Great took over what remained of the Siamese resistance and had managed to re-establish a government within months of the fall of Ayutthaya, even recapturing the city itself, although he didn’t rebuild it. So if you don’t regard Thailand as conquered by the Japanese, it belongs on the list.

埃塞俄比亚在20世纪30年代被意大利人征服,并在1941年被英国人解放。利比里亚从未被外国势力征服过。它于1847年建立,并在“争夺非洲”的过程中成为美国的事实上的附庸国,因此不对欧洲殖民。 泰国在缅甸人的进攻下被击败,首都被洗劫,但从未完全被征服。大臣塔克辛接管了暹罗的残余部队,在历经大城府沦陷数月后重新建立了政府,甚至夺回了大城府本身,尽管他没有重建它。因此,如果你认为泰国没有被日本征服,那么它应该列入这个列表中。

Karabo Molema
To add to this Lesotho was never conquered, so was Botswana. Botswana was a case of the chiefs coming together and telling the British they want to join the empire. Thus they were left to their own devices

补充一下,莱索托从未被征服过,博茨瓦纳也是如此。博茨瓦纳是酋长们联合起来告诉英国他们想加入帝国的情况下保持了独立。因此,他们可以自主决策。

Kevin O'Neill
I'd like to add that America didn't conquer Japan all by itself. While it's quite obvious that the USA had the largest force at the end of the war with Japan, there was still a sizable group from the British Commonwealth that were part of the Allied team that conquered Japan and then also administered it after the war.

我想补充一点,美国并非独自征服了日本。尽管很明显,美国在与日本的战争结束时拥有最大的力量,但英联邦国家也是征服日本的盟友,并在战后进行了管理。

The list of allied countries that conquered Japan in the 1940s is as follows: - the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France and the United States of America. That doesn't include all the assistance that was given to the Allies by many Asian nations including China, Thailand, Indonesia, Indochina, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea nor does it include the Netherlands who controlled the Dutch East Indies or the Soviet unx who had been engaged with the Japanese in parts of China and on several island between the Soviet unx and Japan.

1940年代征服日本的盟国名单如下:英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、法国和美利坚合众国。这还不包括许多亚洲国家(包括中国、泰国、印度尼西亚、印度支那、菲律宾和巴布亚新几内亚)对盟军提供的援助,也不包括荷兰对荷属东印度群岛的控制,以及苏联在中日边境和某些岛屿上与日本交战的情况。

British Commonwealth countries aside from those already listed included India, South Africa, Kenya, Burma, Singapore, Malaya and Nepal.
So no, America is not the "only" nation to have conquered Japan - it was a team effort by the Allied forces with a lot of assistance given by various Asian nations.

除了已经列出的英联邦国家外,还包括印度、南非、肯尼亚、缅甸、新加坡、马来亚和尼泊尔。因此,美国并不是“唯一”征服日本的国家,而是盟军共同努力,并得到了许多亚洲国家的帮助。

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