为什么美国没有赢得1812年的战争?（二）
正文翻译
Why did the US not win the war of 1812?
为什么美国没有赢得1812年的战争?
Why did the US not win the war of 1812?
为什么美国没有赢得1812年的战争?
评论翻译
Steven Haddock
You know that second amendment thing? Where every American would be a soldier and the militia would become a regular fighting force?
Well, it turns out that organization is fraught with problems.
The first was political leadership. This was no-where more felt than at the Battle of Queenston Heights where the Americans had every advantage and lost big time.
After their humiliation without a shot being fired at Detroit earlier that year, the Americans mustered a force of 3,500 to invade the Niagara Peninsula. The commanding officer in Upper Canada, Isaac Brock, had 1,300 men to protect about thirty miles of border along the Niagara River. They had forts at either end (Eire on Lake Eire, and George on Lake Ontario) but they had no idea where the Americans would attack and there were several good crossings. Brock had been forbidden from entering American territory so the Americans had plenty of time to get their forces together and hatch a plan.
你知道那个第二修正案吗？每个美国人都会成为一名士兵，而民兵将成为一支常规作战力量？
嗯，事实证明这个组织充满问题。
首先是政治领导力。这一点在昆斯顿高地战役中表现得最为明显，美国人在那场战役中占据了所有优势，却输得很惨。
当年早些时候，他们在底特律遭受了羞辱之后一枪未发，美国人集结了3500人入侵尼亚加拉半岛。上加拿大的指挥官艾萨克·布洛克(Isaac Brock)率领1300人保护尼亚加拉河沿岸约30英里的边界。他们在两端都有堡垒(埃尔在埃尔湖上，乔治在安大略湖上)，但他们不知道美国人会从哪里进攻，而且有几个很好的渡口。布洛克被禁止进入美国领土，所以美国人有足够的时间把他们的部队集合起来，制定一个计划。
You know that second amendment thing? Where every American would be a soldier and the militia would become a regular fighting force?
Well, it turns out that organization is fraught with problems.
The first was political leadership. This was no-where more felt than at the Battle of Queenston Heights where the Americans had every advantage and lost big time.
After their humiliation without a shot being fired at Detroit earlier that year, the Americans mustered a force of 3,500 to invade the Niagara Peninsula. The commanding officer in Upper Canada, Isaac Brock, had 1,300 men to protect about thirty miles of border along the Niagara River. They had forts at either end (Eire on Lake Eire, and George on Lake Ontario) but they had no idea where the Americans would attack and there were several good crossings. Brock had been forbidden from entering American territory so the Americans had plenty of time to get their forces together and hatch a plan.
你知道那个第二修正案吗？每个美国人都会成为一名士兵，而民兵将成为一支常规作战力量？
嗯，事实证明这个组织充满问题。
首先是政治领导力。这一点在昆斯顿高地战役中表现得最为明显，美国人在那场战役中占据了所有优势，却输得很惨。
当年早些时候，他们在底特律遭受了羞辱之后一枪未发，美国人集结了3500人入侵尼亚加拉半岛。上加拿大的指挥官艾萨克·布洛克(Isaac Brock)率领1300人保护尼亚加拉河沿岸约30英里的边界。他们在两端都有堡垒(埃尔在埃尔湖上，乔治在安大略湖上)，但他们不知道美国人会从哪里进攻，而且有几个很好的渡口。布洛克被禁止进入美国领土，所以美国人有足够的时间把他们的部队集合起来，制定一个计划。
Enter this fellow
Winfield Scott, a young Colonel in the REAL American army. He was the ranking professional. However, in reality, this fellow carried more weight
Stephen Van Rensselear, who was a major-general (2 star) in the militia. He was in charge of many of the militia forces in the area. However, unlike General Hull, the loser in Detroit, he had no real military experience, something he shared with most of his men.
Anyway, the professionals came up with a plan to cross the river at Queenston, which was below the escarpment, and to take the British cannon on the nearby heights. The Americans knew the cannon only had a small detachment and he hoped to take the entire force across and, with overwhelming numbers, capture the cannon and have a defensible position by the time British forces showed up. The problem was that they took forever to agree on that plan and even then the various militia commanders were arguing with each other.
温菲尔德·斯科特，一位年轻的美国陆军上校。他是一流的专业人士。然而，事实上，这个家伙具有更大的影响力。
Stephen Van Rensselear，他是民兵中的一名少将（2颗星）。他负责该地区的许多民兵部队。然而，与底特律的失败者赫尔将军不同，他没有真正的军事经验，这一点他和他的大多数士兵都一样。
无论如何，专业人员想出了一个计划，在悬崖下面的昆斯顿渡河，并在附近的高地上夺取英军的大炮。美国人知道大炮处只有一支小分队，他希望带着整个部队穿过昆斯顿渡河，以压倒性的人数抢夺大炮，并在英国军队出现时占据防御地位。问题是，他们花了很长时间才就这一计划达成一致，即使在那时，各种民兵指挥官也在相互争论。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Winfield Scott, a young Colonel in the REAL American army. He was the ranking professional. However, in reality, this fellow carried more weight
Stephen Van Rensselear, who was a major-general (2 star) in the militia. He was in charge of many of the militia forces in the area. However, unlike General Hull, the loser in Detroit, he had no real military experience, something he shared with most of his men.
Anyway, the professionals came up with a plan to cross the river at Queenston, which was below the escarpment, and to take the British cannon on the nearby heights. The Americans knew the cannon only had a small detachment and he hoped to take the entire force across and, with overwhelming numbers, capture the cannon and have a defensible position by the time British forces showed up. The problem was that they took forever to agree on that plan and even then the various militia commanders were arguing with each other.
温菲尔德·斯科特，一位年轻的美国陆军上校。他是一流的专业人士。然而，事实上，这个家伙具有更大的影响力。
Stephen Van Rensselear，他是民兵中的一名少将（2颗星）。他负责该地区的许多民兵部队。然而，与底特律的失败者赫尔将军不同，他没有真正的军事经验，这一点他和他的大多数士兵都一样。
无论如何，专业人员想出了一个计划，在悬崖下面的昆斯顿渡河，并在附近的高地上夺取英军的大炮。美国人知道大炮处只有一支小分队，他希望带着整个部队穿过昆斯顿渡河，以压倒性的人数抢夺大炮，并在英国军队出现时占据防御地位。问题是，他们花了很长时间才就这一计划达成一致，即使在那时，各种民兵指挥官也在相互争论。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Scott accompanied a force of just over 1,000 people who came over the river in small boats one wave at a time. The cannon fired at the boats with little effect except to scare the rookies. However, it was clear after the first few waves that the rest of the militia had suddenly become reluctant to cross. Renssalear suddenly remembered that you couldn’t force militia to cross into foreign territory so he stayed on the New York side. He sent message to Scott that Scott was now in charge of the forces on the Canadian side and he wouldn’t be joining them.
The Americans on the Canadian side soon captured the cannon and established a defensive position and started to try to improve it. Round 1 to the Americans. When Brock arrived (alxed by the cannon fire) he threw his men headlong against the Americans, but he was shot dead and his troops retreated. Round 2 to the Americans.
斯科特陪同的队伍只有1000多人，他们乘着小船一波一波地过河。大炮向船开火，除了吓唬新手外，没有什么效果。然而，很明显，在最初的几波之后，其余的民兵突然变得不愿意过河了。伦萨勒尔突然想起你不能强迫民兵进入外国领土所以他留在了纽约这边。他给斯科特发信息说，斯科特现在负责加拿大方面的部队，他不会加入他们。
加拿大一侧的美国人很快就抢夺了大炮，并建立了防御阵地，并开始尝试改进它，第一轮美国队获胜。当布洛克到达时(被炮火惊醒)，他带领他的人冲向美国人，但他被枪杀，他的部队撤退了，第一轮美国队获胜。
The Americans on the Canadian side soon captured the cannon and established a defensive position and started to try to improve it. Round 1 to the Americans. When Brock arrived (alxed by the cannon fire) he threw his men headlong against the Americans, but he was shot dead and his troops retreated. Round 2 to the Americans.
斯科特陪同的队伍只有1000多人，他们乘着小船一波一波地过河。大炮向船开火，除了吓唬新手外，没有什么效果。然而，很明显，在最初的几波之后，其余的民兵突然变得不愿意过河了。伦萨勒尔突然想起你不能强迫民兵进入外国领土所以他留在了纽约这边。他给斯科特发信息说，斯科特现在负责加拿大方面的部队，他不会加入他们。
加拿大一侧的美国人很快就抢夺了大炮，并建立了防御阵地，并开始尝试改进它，第一轮美国队获胜。当布洛克到达时(被炮火惊醒)，他带领他的人冲向美国人，但他被枪杀，他的部队撤退了，第一轮美国队获胜。
Brock’s replacement, Roger Hale Sheaffe, decided that a direct attack may not be the best approach and instead climbed up the escarpment about a mile west of the American position and came in from the side. He was soon joined by a group of native warriors that started raising a tremendous noise. Scott saw he was outnumbered and couldn’t improve his position so he tried to retreat towards the river and to create some protection for the troops. However, the onrushing British and Mohawk forces panicked the militia and they ran as fast as they could to the river, only to find out all the boats were all on the American side. Now outnumbered and completely in disarray, Scott surrendered. The British scored a 9–1 advantage in terms of killed, wounded and captured personnel.
The Americans learned their lesson and for most of the rest of the war relied on growing ranks of American “regulars”, but the militiamen were still a problem:
接替布洛克的罗杰·哈尔·谢菲(Roger Hale Sheaffe)认为，直接攻击可能不是最好的办法，于是他爬上了美军阵地以西约一英里的悬崖，从侧面切入。不久，一群当地的战士加入了他的行列，他们开始发出巨大的噪音。斯科特发现自己寡不敌众，无法改善自己的位置，所以他试图向河边撤退，为部队提供一些保护。然而，突如其来的英国和莫霍克军队吓坏了民兵，他们以最快的速度向河边跑去，却发现所有的船只都在美国这边。由于寡不敌众，形势一片混乱，斯科特投降了。英军在阵亡、受伤和被俘人员方面取得了9比1的优势。
美国人吸取了教训，在战争剩余的大部分时间里，他们依靠的是不断壮大的美国“正规军”队伍，但民兵仍然是个问题:
The Americans learned their lesson and for most of the rest of the war relied on growing ranks of American “regulars”, but the militiamen were still a problem:
接替布洛克的罗杰·哈尔·谢菲(Roger Hale Sheaffe)认为，直接攻击可能不是最好的办法，于是他爬上了美军阵地以西约一英里的悬崖，从侧面切入。不久，一群当地的战士加入了他的行列，他们开始发出巨大的噪音。斯科特发现自己寡不敌众，无法改善自己的位置，所以他试图向河边撤退，为部队提供一些保护。然而，突如其来的英国和莫霍克军队吓坏了民兵，他们以最快的速度向河边跑去，却发现所有的船只都在美国这边。由于寡不敌众，形势一片混乱，斯科特投降了。英军在阵亡、受伤和被俘人员方面取得了9比1的优势。
美国人吸取了教训，在战争剩余的大部分时间里，他们依靠的是不断壮大的美国“正规军”队伍，但民兵仍然是个问题:
They tended to loot wherever they went, which meant the people on the Canadian side were hardly helpful to them.
They constantly were running into ambushes, and the natives soon learned that the Americans would constantly chase them into such ambushes.
They were terrified of native warriors and would often run or surrender at the hint they were coming.
With all the professionals in the Niagara Peninsula trying to hold ground, the rest of the country was entirely dependent on the militia. When the British entered the war full force in 1814, they met a larger American militia force at Bladensburg.
The lessons were pretty clear. You really couldn’t build an army out of militia, you needed people who knew what they were doing and who would respect the chain of command. You couldn’t have officers appointed due to political connections. The Americans eventually settled on a small army, but when the next war started in 1861 both built their armies around experienced professional officers and non-commissioned officers.
他们所到之处都要抢劫，这意味着加拿大方面的人几乎没有给他们提供帮助。
他们经常遇到伏击，当地人很快就知道美国人会不断地把他们赶进这样的伏击中。
他们害怕当地的战士，一听到他们要来的暗示，就会逃跑或投降。
由于尼亚加拉半岛的所有专业人员都在努力坚守阵地，该国其他地区完全依赖民兵。当英国在1814年全面参战时，他们在布莱登斯堡遇到了一支规模更大的美国民兵部队。
教训非常清楚:你真的不能用民兵来组建军队，你需要知道自己在做什么并且尊重指挥系统的人。你不能因为政治关系而任命官员。美国人最终决定组建一支小规模的军队，但当1861年第二次战争开始时，双方都以经验丰富的专业军官和士官为中心组建军队。
They constantly were running into ambushes, and the natives soon learned that the Americans would constantly chase them into such ambushes.
They were terrified of native warriors and would often run or surrender at the hint they were coming.
With all the professionals in the Niagara Peninsula trying to hold ground, the rest of the country was entirely dependent on the militia. When the British entered the war full force in 1814, they met a larger American militia force at Bladensburg.
The lessons were pretty clear. You really couldn’t build an army out of militia, you needed people who knew what they were doing and who would respect the chain of command. You couldn’t have officers appointed due to political connections. The Americans eventually settled on a small army, but when the next war started in 1861 both built their armies around experienced professional officers and non-commissioned officers.
他们所到之处都要抢劫，这意味着加拿大方面的人几乎没有给他们提供帮助。
他们经常遇到伏击，当地人很快就知道美国人会不断地把他们赶进这样的伏击中。
他们害怕当地的战士，一听到他们要来的暗示，就会逃跑或投降。
由于尼亚加拉半岛的所有专业人员都在努力坚守阵地，该国其他地区完全依赖民兵。当英国在1814年全面参战时，他们在布莱登斯堡遇到了一支规模更大的美国民兵部队。
教训非常清楚:你真的不能用民兵来组建军队，你需要知道自己在做什么并且尊重指挥系统的人。你不能因为政治关系而任命官员。美国人最终决定组建一支小规模的军队，但当1861年第二次战争开始时，双方都以经验丰富的专业军官和士官为中心组建军队。
James Huffington
Because the USA did not have a military.
They had a rabble of citizen-soldiers.
The British meanwhile had trained, disciplined, professional soldiers.
The British, even with its other global commitments still possessed enough naval forces to blockade and interdict American trade along the Eastern Seaboard.
The fledging American Republic was fortunate that London lacked the political will to continue to prosecute the war after 20 years of dealing with Napoleon.
因为美国(当时)没有军队。
他们是一群民兵。
与此同时，英国拥有训练有素、纪律严明的职业士兵。
英国，即使在全球的其它地方有不得不做的事情，仍然拥有足够的海军力量来封锁和阻断美国在东海岸的贸易。
刚刚起步的美利坚共和国很幸运，因为在与拿破仑交战20年后，伦敦缺乏继续发动战争的政治意愿。
Because the USA did not have a military.
They had a rabble of citizen-soldiers.
The British meanwhile had trained, disciplined, professional soldiers.
The British, even with its other global commitments still possessed enough naval forces to blockade and interdict American trade along the Eastern Seaboard.
The fledging American Republic was fortunate that London lacked the political will to continue to prosecute the war after 20 years of dealing with Napoleon.
因为美国(当时)没有军队。
他们是一群民兵。
与此同时，英国拥有训练有素、纪律严明的职业士兵。
英国，即使在全球的其它地方有不得不做的事情，仍然拥有足够的海军力量来封锁和阻断美国在东海岸的贸易。
刚刚起步的美利坚共和国很幸运，因为在与拿破仑交战20年后，伦敦缺乏继续发动战争的政治意愿。
Mike Webster
In the War of 1812, could the US have conquered Canada?
No, they couldn’t. You seem to be unaware of the fact that they tried numerous times and failed every time. I’d bet that you are also unaware that British troops and Canadian military conquered and held Detroit and parts of Maine for the entire war and the United States only got them back when the British agreed to return them when the war ended.
在1812年的战争中，美国能征服加拿大吗？
不，他们不能。你似乎没有意识到他们尝试了无数次，但每次都失败了。我敢打赌，你也不知道这一信息：英国军队和加拿大军队在整个战争期间征服并占领了底特律和缅因州的部分地区，直到战争结束时英国同意归还，美国才收回了这些地区。
In the War of 1812, could the US have conquered Canada?
No, they couldn’t. You seem to be unaware of the fact that they tried numerous times and failed every time. I’d bet that you are also unaware that British troops and Canadian military conquered and held Detroit and parts of Maine for the entire war and the United States only got them back when the British agreed to return them when the war ended.
在1812年的战争中，美国能征服加拿大吗？
不，他们不能。你似乎没有意识到他们尝试了无数次，但每次都失败了。我敢打赌，你也不知道这一信息：英国军队和加拿大军队在整个战争期间征服并占领了底特律和缅因州的部分地区，直到战争结束时英国同意归还，美国才收回了这些地区。
Steven Haddock
Why did the US lose the War of 1812, even though they outnumbered the British by 10 to 1?
It was actually closer to 15 to 1, but I digress.
British leadership was better. British generals tended to be battle hardened career veterans, mostly in their late 30s and early 40s. American generals were often political appointees who perhaps had fought in the War of Independence thirty years before, but hadn’t kept up, and tended to be in their fifties - not the best age to be traipsing out in the wilderness. American militia generals kept screwing up and paying for it dearly. That being said, American professional officers were first rate, there just weren’t enough of them to both attack Canada and defend the very long Atlantic coast.
为什么美国输掉了1812年的战争——尽管他们的人数是英国的10倍。
事实上，人数差距接近15比1，但我跑题了。
英国的领导能力更好。英国将军往往是久经沙场的退伍军人，大多在30多岁和40出头。美国将军通常是政治任命的，他们可能在三十年前参加过独立战争，但经验没有跟上来，而且往往已经五十多岁了——这可不是在野外游荡的最佳年龄。美国民兵将领把事情搞砸，并为此付出了高昂的代价。话虽如此，美国的职业军官是一流的，只是还做不到既能进攻加拿大，又能保卫很长的大西洋海岸。
Why did the US lose the War of 1812, even though they outnumbered the British by 10 to 1?
It was actually closer to 15 to 1, but I digress.
British leadership was better. British generals tended to be battle hardened career veterans, mostly in their late 30s and early 40s. American generals were often political appointees who perhaps had fought in the War of Independence thirty years before, but hadn’t kept up, and tended to be in their fifties - not the best age to be traipsing out in the wilderness. American militia generals kept screwing up and paying for it dearly. That being said, American professional officers were first rate, there just weren’t enough of them to both attack Canada and defend the very long Atlantic coast.
为什么美国输掉了1812年的战争——尽管他们的人数是英国的10倍。
事实上，人数差距接近15比1，但我跑题了。
英国的领导能力更好。英国将军往往是久经沙场的退伍军人，大多在30多岁和40出头。美国将军通常是政治任命的，他们可能在三十年前参加过独立战争，但经验没有跟上来，而且往往已经五十多岁了——这可不是在野外游荡的最佳年龄。美国民兵将领把事情搞砸，并为此付出了高昂的代价。话虽如此，美国的职业军官是一流的，只是还做不到既能进攻加拿大，又能保卫很长的大西洋海岸。
Canadian militia units and native warriors were cool taking direction from the professional British officers. The York Volunteers were instrumental in holding Queenston Heights until reinforcements arrived even though their commander had been killed. Native warriors were fine being 90% of the force and still taking direction from the British at Beaver Dams (where a larger American force surrendered). Meanwhile, American militia commanders, who technically outranked the American regular officers, refused to be “bossed around”.
The Americans antagonized the Canadian civilians. A lot. After quickly forcing the British out of Fort York (in modern Toronto), the American troops spent the rest of the day burning and looting the city (one of the reasons the British burned Washington). That was not an isolated incident and happened throughout southwest and south central Upper Canada (modern Ontario) through the whole war - if there were no soldiers about, the Americans would just terrorize the populace.
加拿大民兵部队和本土战士在接受英国专业军官的指挥时表现得很冷静。尽管约克志愿军的指挥官已经阵亡，但他们在守住昆斯顿高地直到援军到来方面发挥了重要作用。本土战士占据了90%的兵力，并在比海狸坝接受英军的指挥(在那里，一支更大规模的美军投降了)。与此同时，严格说来，美国民兵指挥官的级别高于美国正规军军官，他们拒绝被“颐指气使”。
美国人严重激怒了加拿大平民，在迅速将英军赶出约克堡(现在的多伦多)之后，美军在当天剩下的时间里焚烧和掠夺这座城市(这也是英国人焚烧华盛顿的原因之一)。这不是一个孤立的事件，在整个战争期间，它发生在上加拿大西南部和中南部（现代的安大略省）——如果周围没有士兵，美国人只会恐吓民众。
The Americans antagonized the Canadian civilians. A lot. After quickly forcing the British out of Fort York (in modern Toronto), the American troops spent the rest of the day burning and looting the city (one of the reasons the British burned Washington). That was not an isolated incident and happened throughout southwest and south central Upper Canada (modern Ontario) through the whole war - if there were no soldiers about, the Americans would just terrorize the populace.
加拿大民兵部队和本土战士在接受英国专业军官的指挥时表现得很冷静。尽管约克志愿军的指挥官已经阵亡，但他们在守住昆斯顿高地直到援军到来方面发挥了重要作用。本土战士占据了90%的兵力，并在比海狸坝接受英军的指挥(在那里，一支更大规模的美军投降了)。与此同时，严格说来，美国民兵指挥官的级别高于美国正规军军官，他们拒绝被“颐指气使”。
美国人严重激怒了加拿大平民，在迅速将英军赶出约克堡(现在的多伦多)之后，美军在当天剩下的时间里焚烧和掠夺这座城市(这也是英国人焚烧华盛顿的原因之一)。这不是一个孤立的事件，在整个战争期间，它发生在上加拿大西南部和中南部（现代的安大略省）——如果周围没有士兵，美国人只会恐吓民众。
They were unable to consolidate their gains. In 1813 the Americans won a major battle in Chatham (about 100km northeast of Detroit) before immediately having to return to Detroit before the terms of the enlisted men expired. They also conquered Newark (modern Niagara on the Lake) but were holed up in the fort because the natives were patrolling the surrounding land and killed any American who left. Running low on supplies, the Americans returned to Buffalo for the winter.
The communities along the American side of the St. Lawrence River were antagonistic to the American army. When trade between the Canadian Maritimes and New England plunged when the war started, it picked up on the New York/Upper Canada border at Ogdensburg/Prescott. That meant that the American army really couldn’t attack a crucial communication route between Upper and Lower Canada. Part of the reason was that the guy on the American side profiting from the trade was the guy who arranged the financing for the war and he was pretty untouchable. The locals were doing very well with cross-border trade and took steps to preserve it.
他们无法巩固自己的成果。1813年，美国人在查塔姆（底特律东北约100公里）赢得了一场重大战役，随后不得不在入伍期限到期前立即返回底特律。他们还征服了纽瓦克（现代的尼亚加拉湖边小镇），但由于当地人在周围的土地上巡逻，杀死了任何离开的美国人，他们被困在堡垒里。由于补给不足，美国人返回布法罗过冬。
圣劳伦斯河美国一侧的社区与美国军队为敌。当战争开始时，加拿大沿海地区和新英格兰之间的贸易急剧下降，在纽约/上加拿大边境奥格登斯堡/普雷斯科特的贸易有所回升。这意味着美国军队真的无法攻击上加拿大和下加拿大之间的重要交通路线。部分原因是，美国方面从贸易中获利的人是为战争提供资金的人，他是不可撼动的。当地人在跨境贸易方面做得很好，并采取措施保护它。
The communities along the American side of the St. Lawrence River were antagonistic to the American army. When trade between the Canadian Maritimes and New England plunged when the war started, it picked up on the New York/Upper Canada border at Ogdensburg/Prescott. That meant that the American army really couldn’t attack a crucial communication route between Upper and Lower Canada. Part of the reason was that the guy on the American side profiting from the trade was the guy who arranged the financing for the war and he was pretty untouchable. The locals were doing very well with cross-border trade and took steps to preserve it.
他们无法巩固自己的成果。1813年，美国人在查塔姆（底特律东北约100公里）赢得了一场重大战役，随后不得不在入伍期限到期前立即返回底特律。他们还征服了纽瓦克（现代的尼亚加拉湖边小镇），但由于当地人在周围的土地上巡逻，杀死了任何离开的美国人，他们被困在堡垒里。由于补给不足，美国人返回布法罗过冬。
圣劳伦斯河美国一侧的社区与美国军队为敌。当战争开始时，加拿大沿海地区和新英格兰之间的贸易急剧下降，在纽约/上加拿大边境奥格登斯堡/普雷斯科特的贸易有所回升。这意味着美国军队真的无法攻击上加拿大和下加拿大之间的重要交通路线。部分原因是，美国方面从贸易中获利的人是为战争提供资金的人，他是不可撼动的。当地人在跨境贸易方面做得很好，并采取措施保护它。
Natives Americans who lived in the United States fought with the British. They were awesome fighters and the Americans were terrified of them. At the Siege of Detroit, the hint that he might be captured by Natives convinced General Hull to surrender. Ironically, many of the native people took American prisoners into their community for the winter of 1812–13, hoping they would stay (almost all returned home).
The Americans tried to adjust by concentrating their professional units in Canada, using the militia for reserves, and did find some success. The problem was that when the British arrived in force the militia was useless against them. They were disorganized, undisciplined and their leaders made rookie errors. It soon became clear that the entire Atlantic seaboard was vulnerable to attack from the sea, with the British having easy re-supply at their bases at Halifax, Bermuda, and Barbados.
生活在美国的美国原住民与英国人作战。他们是了不起的战士，美国人都害怕他们。在底特律围城战中，他可能被当地人俘虏的暗示说服了赫尔将军投降。具有讽刺意味的是，在1812-13年的冬天，许多当地人把美国囚犯带到他们的社区，希望他们能留下来(几乎所有人都回家了)。
美国人试图通过将他们的专业部队集中在加拿大进行调整，并利用民兵作为预备队，确实取得了一些成功。问题是，当英国军队抵达时，民兵对他们毫无用处。他们没有组织，没有纪律，他们的领导犯了新手会犯的错误。很快就清楚了，整个大西洋沿岸都很容易受到来自海上的攻击，因为英国人在哈利法克斯、百慕大和巴巴多斯的基地很容易得到补给。
The Americans tried to adjust by concentrating their professional units in Canada, using the militia for reserves, and did find some success. The problem was that when the British arrived in force the militia was useless against them. They were disorganized, undisciplined and their leaders made rookie errors. It soon became clear that the entire Atlantic seaboard was vulnerable to attack from the sea, with the British having easy re-supply at their bases at Halifax, Bermuda, and Barbados.
生活在美国的美国原住民与英国人作战。他们是了不起的战士，美国人都害怕他们。在底特律围城战中，他可能被当地人俘虏的暗示说服了赫尔将军投降。具有讽刺意味的是，在1812-13年的冬天，许多当地人把美国囚犯带到他们的社区，希望他们能留下来(几乎所有人都回家了)。
美国人试图通过将他们的专业部队集中在加拿大进行调整，并利用民兵作为预备队，确实取得了一些成功。问题是，当英国军队抵达时，民兵对他们毫无用处。他们没有组织，没有纪律，他们的领导犯了新手会犯的错误。很快就清楚了，整个大西洋沿岸都很容易受到来自海上的攻击，因为英国人在哈利法克斯、百慕大和巴巴多斯的基地很容易得到补给。
The Americans had some success in their 1814 campaigns in the Niagara Peninsula, but couldn’t score a decisive victory. They had no luck at all in Quebec, largely due to the fact there was an obvious route between Plattsburg, NY, the US forward base, and Montreal that could be easily defended. Meanwhile, the British were burning Washington and launching attacks all over the Chesapeake Bay area. The British tactics were largely to hit the Americans hard and fast, then run to do it again a few days later, and the Americans couldn’t counter that.
And forget the local numerical advantage. After finishing off Napoleon in 1814 the British had thousands of battle hardened troops to face the Americans, who weren’t in any position to train more professionals in that short a time.
1814年，美国人在尼亚加拉半岛的战役中取得了一些成功，但未能取得决定性的胜利。他们在魁北克根本没有运气，很大程度上是因为在纽约普拉茨堡，美国前沿基地和蒙特利尔之间有一条明显的路线，很容易防守。与此同时，英国人正在烧毁华盛顿，并在切萨皮克湾地区发动袭击。英国的战术主要是快速猛烈地打击美国人，然后在几天后再次进攻，而美国人无法反击。
忘掉本地的数量优势吧。在1814年打败了拿破仑之后，英国人有数千名久经沙场的士兵来面对美国人，而美国人在这么短的时间内根本无法培养出更多的专业人员。
And forget the local numerical advantage. After finishing off Napoleon in 1814 the British had thousands of battle hardened troops to face the Americans, who weren’t in any position to train more professionals in that short a time.
1814年，美国人在尼亚加拉半岛的战役中取得了一些成功，但未能取得决定性的胜利。他们在魁北克根本没有运气，很大程度上是因为在纽约普拉茨堡，美国前沿基地和蒙特利尔之间有一条明显的路线，很容易防守。与此同时，英国人正在烧毁华盛顿，并在切萨皮克湾地区发动袭击。英国的战术主要是快速猛烈地打击美国人，然后在几天后再次进攻，而美国人无法反击。
忘掉本地的数量优势吧。在1814年打败了拿破仑之后，英国人有数千名久经沙场的士兵来面对美国人，而美国人在这么短的时间内根本无法培养出更多的专业人员。
Alana Pastynak
Some facts first:
The US wasn’t a world superpower until the 1900s, and Canada wasn’t a country until 1867. But the US did have a lot more people.
In 1812, the Loyalists (people living in what we now call Canada) did not gain land and did not do major damage to the US. The reason they won is because the US’s goal was to take over the Loyalist land. The US failed in their goal to take over and the Loyalists succeeded in their goal to gain territory.
The Loyalists had help from Aboriginals, who greatly increased their number. Americans were terrified of the Aboriginals, since they were good fighters. The Loyalists were a British colony at the time and therefore had some British support, too.
先说一些事实:
美国直到20世纪才是世界超级大国，加拿大直到1867年才是一个国家。但美国人口数量确实更多。
1812年，保皇派（生活在我们现在所说的加拿大）没有获得土地，也没有对美国造成重大损害。他们获胜的原因是因为美国的目标是接管保皇党的土地。美国未能实现接管的目标，而保皇派则成功地实现了占领领土的目标。
保皇派得到了原住民的帮助，他们的人数大大增加。美国人害怕土著人，因为他们是优秀的战士。保皇党当时是英国的殖民地，因此也得到了一些英国人的支持。
Some facts first:
The US wasn’t a world superpower until the 1900s, and Canada wasn’t a country until 1867. But the US did have a lot more people.
In 1812, the Loyalists (people living in what we now call Canada) did not gain land and did not do major damage to the US. The reason they won is because the US’s goal was to take over the Loyalist land. The US failed in their goal to take over and the Loyalists succeeded in their goal to gain territory.
The Loyalists had help from Aboriginals, who greatly increased their number. Americans were terrified of the Aboriginals, since they were good fighters. The Loyalists were a British colony at the time and therefore had some British support, too.
先说一些事实:
美国直到20世纪才是世界超级大国，加拿大直到1867年才是一个国家。但美国人口数量确实更多。
1812年，保皇派（生活在我们现在所说的加拿大）没有获得土地，也没有对美国造成重大损害。他们获胜的原因是因为美国的目标是接管保皇党的土地。美国未能实现接管的目标，而保皇派则成功地实现了占领领土的目标。
保皇派得到了原住民的帮助，他们的人数大大增加。美国人害怕土著人，因为他们是优秀的战士。保皇党当时是英国的殖民地，因此也得到了一些英国人的支持。
The Loyalist generals in that war tended to be very smart. Here are examples:
Loyalist soldiers wore bright red. When American scouts were approaching, they’d conceal their uniforms. The scouts would come to try counting, then one group at a time, the Loyalists would reveal themselves. It would feel overwhelming to have enemies appearing out of nowhere, and the scouts would exaggerate how many Loyalist soldier there were.
When he was trying to capture a fort (I forget which) and was outnumbered, a Loyalist general told his soldiers, in their bright red uniforms, to go through a path in a forest, then circle around (away from the US scouts) and go through it again. They did this several times. The scouts reported there being several times more Loyalists than there were, and the US general surrendered the fort without a fight.
那场战争中的保皇派将军往往非常聪明，下面是一些例子:
保皇派的士兵穿着鲜艳的红色衣服。当美国侦察兵靠近时，他们会把制服藏起来。侦察兵会来试着计数，然后保皇派会一个小组一个小组地暴露自己。不知从哪里冒出来的敌人会让人感到不知所措，侦察兵会夸大保皇派士兵的数量。
当他试图占领一座堡垒（我忘了是哪座），但寡不敌众时，一位保皇派的将军告诉他的士兵，穿着鲜红色制服，穿过森林中的一条小路，然后绕一圈（远离美国侦察兵），再次穿过，他们这样做了好几次。侦察兵报告说，保皇派人数是原来的数倍，美国将军不战而败地交出了堡垒。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Loyalist soldiers wore bright red. When American scouts were approaching, they’d conceal their uniforms. The scouts would come to try counting, then one group at a time, the Loyalists would reveal themselves. It would feel overwhelming to have enemies appearing out of nowhere, and the scouts would exaggerate how many Loyalist soldier there were.
When he was trying to capture a fort (I forget which) and was outnumbered, a Loyalist general told his soldiers, in their bright red uniforms, to go through a path in a forest, then circle around (away from the US scouts) and go through it again. They did this several times. The scouts reported there being several times more Loyalists than there were, and the US general surrendered the fort without a fight.
那场战争中的保皇派将军往往非常聪明，下面是一些例子:
保皇派的士兵穿着鲜艳的红色衣服。当美国侦察兵靠近时，他们会把制服藏起来。侦察兵会来试着计数，然后保皇派会一个小组一个小组地暴露自己。不知从哪里冒出来的敌人会让人感到不知所措，侦察兵会夸大保皇派士兵的数量。
当他试图占领一座堡垒（我忘了是哪座），但寡不敌众时，一位保皇派的将军告诉他的士兵，穿着鲜红色制服，穿过森林中的一条小路，然后绕一圈（远离美国侦察兵），再次穿过，他们这样做了好几次。侦察兵报告说，保皇派人数是原来的数倍，美国将军不战而败地交出了堡垒。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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