从战略上讲，希特勒在二战期间哪里出了问题？

Andy Durden
I think that the real mistake, and the first one of course, was attacking Britain.

我认为真正的错误，当然也是第一个错误，就是进攻英国。

Up to that point end of June - July 1940 Germany hadn’t lost a battle and a big chunk of Europe was under direct or indirect German control.

直到1940年6月底-7月，德国还没有输过一场战斗，欧洲的大部分地区都在德国直接或间接的控制之下。

Germany had never been this large and powerful and could have won several other battles rather than going against Britain.

德国从未如此庞大和强大，本可以赢得其他几场战斗，而不是去攻击英国。
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True that Britain and Germany were already battling at sea but the Battle of Britain was pointless really.

确实，英国和德国已经在海上交战，但实际上，英国之战是毫无意义的。

For a start Germany was acutely aware that the Kriegsmarine was no match for the Royal Navy. The RAF was a formidable opponents and Germany didn’t posses the tools to cross the Channel and launch an amphibious invasion of a large island home to 40 million people.

首先，德国清楚地意识到德国海军无法与英国皇家海军匹敌。英国皇家空军是强大的对手，而德国没有足够的工具穿越英吉利海峡，发动对一个有4000万人口的大岛的两栖入侵。

Why bother with Britain? Even if Operation Sealion could start it would have taken Germany years to conquer a relatively small nation that had never been the “vital space” that the German people allegedly needed.

为什么要去骚扰英国呢？即使“海狮行动”能够开始，德国也需要花费数年时间才能征服一个相对较小的国家，而这个国家从来都不是德国人所谓的“生存空间”。

The Luftwaffe never fully recovered from the losses over the English skies and the Soviets had one extra year to move their factories East.

德国空军从在英国上空的损失中从未完全恢复过来，而苏联则多了一年的时间将他们的工厂向东迁移。
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Dan Scanlan
Bringing Italy into the war instead of pressuring them to a stay neutral.

将意大利卷入战争，而不是施压他们保持中立。
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It would have been better for both if Italy was only a trading partner. Their own territory initiatives led to Germany have to send forces and help when these very same forces would have been better use other places.

如果意大利只是一个贸易伙伴，对双方都会更好。他们自己的领土行动导致德国不得不派遣部队并提供帮助，而这些部队本来可以在其他地方更好地发挥作用。

1940: Invasion of France. They were useful for holding down some French divisions in the south but not much else.

1940年：入侵法国。他们对于压制南部的一些法国师团有所帮助，但其他方面并不怎么有用。

1940: Libya The Italian 10th army is routed in September and it starts to fall apart.

1940年：利比亚。意大利第十军在九月被击溃并开始崩溃。

1940: The invasion of Greece in October was a disaster and required German and Bulgarian help to resolve. The ports in Albania were moved up in priority for refitting and repair because of the lack of a quick victory. This port refitting took away from more important ports in North Africa.

1940年：十月份的希腊入侵是一场灾难，需要德国和保加利亚的帮助来解决。由于很难取得快速的胜利，阿尔巴尼亚的港口被提升为优先进行翻新和修理。这种港口的翻新占用了北非更重要的港口的资源。

1941: Germany begins sending forces for North Africa. Although a minor force of 2 divisions. The additional supplies, in particular oil were substantial.

1941年：德国开始向北非派遣部队。尽管只有两个师的小部队，但额外的补给，特别是石油，是相当可观的。

Edit: Originally I stated that wars in Yugoslavia and Greece were started at the same time. The comments pointed this mistake out and I have corrected it.

编辑：最初我说南斯拉夫和希腊的战争是同时开始的。评论指出了这个错误，我已经纠正了。

1941: The continued problems in the Balkans now include a coupe that flipped Yugoslavia from an axis partner to an allied partner. This coupe may have been influenced by Italys troubles in Greece and North Africa. This particularly action impacted the Russian Invasion set to launch in the summer of 1941. Possibly delaying it a month. The end result of this new territory in the Balkans was nothing but a headache that sucked resources that could have been used elsewhere. All the areas captured were net negatives.

1941年：巴尔干地区的持续问题包括一场政变，将南斯拉夫从轴心国的伙伴转变为盟国的伙伴。这场政变可能受到了意大利在希腊和北非的困扰的影响。这一行动对原定于1941年夏季发动的俄罗斯入侵产生了影响，可能延迟了一个月。巴尔干地区新领土的最终结果只是带来一场麻烦，占用了本可以用在其他地方的资源。所有被占领的地区都无利可言。
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1942: The Italian divisions in Russia were not equipped well enough to be of much offensive use.

1942年：意大利在俄罗斯的师部装备得不怎么样，无法发挥太多的进攻作用。

1942: In North Africa many Italian units fought well but overall this front was not going to be of much strategic value at this point in the war. This includes the possibility of Rommel capturing Egypt which could not have been kept with the Americans soon to invade. There was not enough time make use of the resources available to change the war.

1942年：在北非，许多意大利部队表现出色，但总体而言，这个战线在这一战争阶段并没有太多的战略价值。这包括隆美尔可能占领埃及的可能性，但随后美国人即将参战，这是无法避免的。导致没有足够的时间利用现有资源改变战局。

1943: Italy surrendered. The German divisions were able to hold down a considerable amount of Allied divisions in Italy those units would have had more impact in Russia. Without the Mediterranean front there was not much use of these divisions elsewhere in Europe.

1943年：意大利投降。德国师团能够压制住意大利的大量盟军师团，这些部队本来在俄罗斯会有更大的影响。没有了地中海战线，这些师团在欧洲其他地方就没有太多用处了。
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The alternative where Italy remains a supportive neutral that would take German Coal and Steel for resources otherwise blocked from it would have been a far better situation. There would have been a large portion blocked from attack by the neutrality of the countries in the balkens no longer occupied by the Axis. Flying over neutral Greece, Yugoslavia or Albania would have been impossible.

关于意大利保持支持性中立的替代方案，这将使德国获得煤炭和钢铁等资源，否则这些资源将被封锁，这将是一个更好的局面。由于巴尔干地区的国家不再受轴心国占领，它们的中立将阻止大部分地区遭受攻击。飞越中立的希腊、南斯拉夫或阿尔巴尼亚将是不可能的。

Italy could have still supplied “volunteer” units. Sending only a division or two of motivated volunteers who were properly equipped would have been more valuable then an Army/Corp that was splitting its resources with a 80 other divisions.

意大利仍然可以提供“志愿”部队。只派遣一两个装备良好的志愿者师，比起一个将资源与其他80个师分享的军队/军团更有价值。
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Declaring war on Italy would have been a political disaster in America and less so in England but still significant.

对意大利宣战在美国将是一场政治灾难，英国也是如此，尽管程度较小，但仍然很重要。
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Bryan Dijkhuizen
Most historians agree Hitler made a crucial strategic error by shifting focus from the Battle of Britain in 1940 to invading the Soviet unx in 1941.

大多数历史学家都同意，希特勒在1940年将重点从英国之战转移到1941年入侵苏联，犯下了一个关键的战略错误。

Up to that point, Nazi momentum seemed unstoppable after swiftly conquering Poland and France. But Hitler underestimated British resolve and lost the air war over Britain.

在那个时候，纳粹的势头似乎势不可挡，迅速征服了波兰和法国。但希特勒低估了英国的决心，并在英国的空战中失败了。

With the western front stalled Hitler gambled by opening an eastern front against the USSR, breaking the non-aggression pact. However, Soviet forces put up fierce resistance, and the Russian winter blunted the German offensive.

随着西线陷入僵局，希特勒冒险打开了针对苏联的东线战场，违反了不侵犯条约。然而，苏联军队展开了激烈的抵抗，俄罗斯的冬季削弱了德军的进攻。

This two-front war stretched Nazi resources and turned the tide.

这场两线作战消耗了纳粹的资源，并在根本上扭转了战局。

As historian Andrew Nagorski writes, "Diverting the attack from Russia to Britain would have been a far more logical decision, and could have made the difference between victory and defeat."

正如历史学家安德鲁·纳戈斯基所写的那样，“将进攻重点从俄罗斯转移到英国本来是一个更为合乎逻辑的决定，可能会成为胜利和失败之间的分水岭。”

So the doomed invasion of Russia was Hitler’s fateful strategic blunder that ultimately cost Germany the war.

因此，注定失败的入侵俄罗斯成为了希特勒命运般的战略错误，最终导致了德国的失败。

Patrick S
Strategically, Hitler made several critical mistakes during World War II that ultimately led to his downfall. While it is impossible to fully analyze every aspect of his military campaign in this limited space, let’s focus on a few key areas where he went wrong.

从战略上讲，希特勒在第二次世界大战期间犯了几个关键性错误，最终导致了他的失败。虽然在这有限的时空内不可能对他的军事行动的每个方面进行全面分析，但让我们重点关注一些他犯错的关键地方。

Firstly, Hitler’s decision to invade the Soviet unx, codenamed Operation Barbarossa, proved to be a massive blunder. Despite initial successes, such as capturing vast territories and inflicting heavy casualties on the Soviet forces, Hitler underestimated the resilience and determination of the Red Army. His failure to recognize the harsh Russian winter and its impact on German troops, combined with stretched supply lines and overextended resources, eventually led to the disastrous defeat at Stalingrad. This marked a turning point in the war, as it weakened the German army and emboldened the Allies.

首先，希特勒入侵苏联的决定，代号巴巴罗萨行动，被证明是一个巨大的错误。尽管最初取得了成功，比如占领了广阔的领土并对苏联军队造成了重大伤亡，但希特勒低估了红军的韧性和决心。他未能意识到严酷的俄罗斯冬季及其对德军的影响，再加上拉长的补给线和过度消耗的资源，最终导致了在斯大林格勒的灾难性失败。这标志着战争的一个转折点，因为它削弱了德军并激励了盟军。
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Additionally, Hitler’s strategic errors also included underestimating the industrial might and military capabilities of the United States. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hitler declared war on the United States, assuming that Japan and Germany would emerge victorious. However, this decision proved ill-advised. The entry of the United States into the war brought formidable resources, manpower, and technological advancements that heavily favored the Allies. Hitler’s focus on Europe, while neglecting the potential threat from across the Atlantic, ultimately sealed his fate.

此外，希特勒的战略错误还包括低估了美国的工业实力和军事能力。在日本偷袭珍珠港之后，希特勒宣战美国，认为日本和德国会取得胜利。然而，这个决定被证明是不明智的。美国的参战为盟军带来了强大的资源、人力和技术进步，这些都极大地有利于盟军。希特勒将重点放在欧洲，而忽视了来自大西洋彼岸的潜在威胁，最终导致了他的命运。

Moreover, Hitler’s insistence on micromanaging military operations greatly hindered the effectiveness of his commanders. He frequently overruled their decisions, leading to a lack of clear direction and coordination within the German high command. This not only demoralized his generals but also prevented the implementation of cohesive strategies. Hitler’s excessive involvement in tactical matters diverted attention from the broader strategic picture, which proved detrimental in the long run.

此外，希特勒坚持对军事行动进行微观管理，极大地阻碍了他的指挥官的效力。他经常否决他们的决定，导致德国高层指挥部缺乏明确的方向和协调。这不仅使他的将军们士气低落，还阻碍了一致性战略的实施。希特勒在战术事务上过度介入，使人们的注意力从更广泛的战略图景上转移，此后的时间证明是有害的。

Another major mistake was Hitler’s failure to recognize the importance of maintaining strong alliances. As the war progressed, many countries under Nazi occupation began to resist and form resistance movements. Hitler’s brutal policies and disregard for the rights and aspirations of occupied nations only served to further alienate potential allies. This lack of support and collaboration ultimately weakened Germany’s position on multiple fronts and strained resources.

另一个重大错误是希特勒未能意识到保持强大联盟的重要性。随着战争的进行，许多纳粹占领的国家开始抵抗并组织抵抗运动。希特勒的残酷政策和对被占领国家的权利和愿望的漠视只会进一步疏远潜在的盟友。这种支持和合作的缺乏最终削弱了德国在多个战线上的地位，并使资源紧张。

Lastly, Hitler’s obsession with implementing his ideological agenda also diverted attention from military priorities. The implementation of the Holocaust, the systematic GENOCIDE of millions, and the diversion of resources to concentration camps significantly impacted the war effort. These atrocities not only fueled widespread international condemnation but also diverted valuable resources, manpower, and focus away from the military campaign.

最后，希特勒对实施他的意识形态议程的痴迷也使人们的注意力从军事优先事项上转移。大屠杀的实施，对数百万人的系统种族灭绝，以及将资源转移到集中营，都对战争努力产生了重大影响。这些暴行不仅引发了广泛的国际谴责，还使宝贵的资源、人力和关注力从军事行动中转移开来。