网帖翻译

印度生产与中国成本一样低的商品/服务有那么难吗？我们也有人和廉价劳动力。是什么因素让中国保持第一制造商地位？


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Dr. Balaji Viswanathan
Let’s say you need to move a big log of wood. In village A, they use 10 humans to lift it up and drag it through for 10 hours. In village B, they build a inclined plane to move the same log in 2 hours with 4 people.

假设你需要移动一段大木头。在A村，他们用10个人花费10小时抬起并拖动它。在B村，他们建造了一个斜坡，在2小时内用4个人就可以移动相同的木头。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

In short, it takes 100 man hours to move a log of wood in village A and just 8 man hours in village B. Even if village B’s labor costs are 12x of village A, they would be cheap.

简而言之，在A村移动一段木头需要100个人工时，在B村仅需要8个人工时。即使B村的劳动成本是A村的12倍，它们仍然会更便宜。

The cost of a product is not determined merely by the wage cost.

产品的成本不仅仅由工资成本决定。

In India, we are like the village A - we use crude tools and backward infrastructure. Just an example - our workers carry large gunny bags for loading and unloading luggage, while in developed world they use more effective tools.

在印度，我们就像A村 - 我们使用原始的工具和落后的基础设施。举个例子 - 我们的工人搬运行李时使用大麻袋，而在发达国家，他们使用更有效的工具。

In India, something as simple as a bullet train brings a nationwide discussion, while China implemented many HSR lines when their GDP levels were same as where we are now. Every damn thing in India has to be debated and fought.

在印度，一件像高铁这样简单的事情就引发了全国范围的讨论，而中国在其GDP水平与我们现在相同的时候就实施了许多高铁线路。在印度，每一件事都必须经过辩论和争论。

Last week I traveled to China as a part of Indian business delegation. When we showed our product to the government there, we got the government to give us a grant to set up a new factory, with free rent for 3 years and money to buy equipments [it comes with a few other strings though]. The electricity is cheap and same is the cost of logistics.

上周，我作为印度商务代表团的一部分前往中国。当我们向那里的政府展示我们的产品时，我们得到了政府的资助，以建立一个新工厂，提供3年的免租金和购买设备的资金（当然还有一些其他条件）。电力便宜，物流成本也很低。
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In India, I have to beg our government to do business. I’m a citizen and reasonably well educated and connected, and I find it so hard to get access to the government. For a simple VAT registration the Karnataka government made us run pillar to post. When importing a new technology made by the Russians, our stuff was held in customs for weeks. And we pay 42% customs duty on all those. Electricity is costly and real estate costs are obscene. Oh, the logistics - very hard.

在印度，我不得不请求我们的政府才能做生意。我是一个公民，受过相当良好的教育并有一定的社会关系，但我发现很难与政府沟通。对于简单的增值税注册，卡纳塔克邦政府让我们东奔西走。当进口俄罗斯的新技术时，我们的货物被海关扣押了好几个星期。而且我们对所有这些支付42%的关税。电力成本高昂，房地产成本令人发指。哦，物流 - 非常困难。

No loans, no grants, no subsidies. Local governments don’t care about our existence until the time comes to pay taxes.

没有贷款，没有资助，没有补贴。地方政府在交税的时候才关心我们的存在。

If I make the same product in China than in India, my costs would be significantly lower even though I will be paying a higher wage to people. We have some questions on IP rights, but that is an altogether different issue.

如果我在中国生产与在印度相同的产品，尽管我会支付更高的工资，但我的成本将大大降低。我们对知识产权存在一些问题，但那是一个完全不同的问题。

For now, for the sake of patriotism, language comfort and better IP protection we manufacture in India, but we don’t know how long we can sustain. Eventually the question would come - is it better to close down the business altogether or have at least half of it run in India while producing the rest of it abroad. That’s the question facing many Indian manufacturing businesses.

目前，出于爱国主义、语言便利和更好的知识产权保护，我们在印度生产，但我们不知道能够维持多久。最终问题将是 - 是关闭企业还是至少有一半在印度经营，而将其余部分在国外生产更好。这是许多印度制造业企业面临的问题。

In India, we take our entrepreneurs for granted. Government makes majority of its taxes from corporations [corporate taxes, GST, excise & customs duties], but our people think of us as though we are things to be milked rather than to be helped. Infrastructure development is pathetic and we have to pay very high electricity rates to subsidise someone else. For small businesses the headache of following regulations are very high and for large businesses labour laws are a pain.

在印度，我们把我们的企业家视为理所当然。政府从企业中获得大部分税收（公司税、商品和服务税、消费税和关税），但我们的人民认为我们是可以被榨取的东西，而不是需要帮助的对象。基础设施建设令人沮丧，我们不得不支付非常高的电费来养活别人。对于小型企业来说，遵循法规的头痛很大，而对于大型企业来说，劳动法是一个痛点。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Until we fix these, we will not be able to utilise our lower wage levels. Until our entrepreneurs set up factories and offices, there won’t be many high paying jobs. And until there are many high paying jobs we won’t become a developed nation.

在解决这些问题之前，我们将无法有效利用我们较低的工资水平。在我们的企业家建立工厂和办公室之前，就不会有太多高薪的工作。而在没有很多高薪工作之前，我们将不会成为一个发达国家。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Until our attitudes towards business change, we will struggle to grow.

在我们对待商业的态度发生变化之前，我们将很难实现增长。

Divaker V Vittal
My friend was owning a watch factory in Germany and he had come to China to probe manufacturing contracts in Shenzen, China.

我的朋友在德国拥有一家手表工厂，他来到中国深圳探讨制造合同。

The first day the government bureaucrat took him to the contractors who were lined up to meet, after the video presentation, he had been taken to the factories and told that one employee can assemble 50,000 watches a day in a very relaxed way. He was shown some of the skills acquired by watch assemblers like assembling all parts with a fully functional watch within 13 seconds, he had been shown workers assembling watches blindfold, he had been shown workers assembling watches in super speeds, video filmed the event in live and shown in slow motion the dexterity and speed. Fully impressed he had asked for the contract price, the bureaucrat has given a cost sheet which gives the land cost, shed cost, current cost, minimum wages cost of the worker, benefits cost and social security cost and there cost sheet has been prepared without the profit, the price now is the production cost from the contractor. My friend has been advised that the cost price is the minimum price for the contract and every high productivity target is compensated with benefits which is the profit for the contracting company.

第一天，政府官员带他见了排队等候的承包商，经过视频演示后，他被带到了工厂，并被告知一名员工可以轻松地每天组装5万只手表。他看到了手表装配工获得的一些技能，比如在13秒内组装所有零件并制作出一个全功能的手表，他看到了戴着眼罩组装手表的工人，他看到了工人以超快的速度组装手表，视频实时拍摄并以慢动作展示了他们的灵巧和速度。这令他印象非常深刻，要求获得合同价格，政府官员立即提供了一张成本清单，包括土地成本、棚屋成本、电费成本、工人的最低工资成本、福利成本和社会保障成本，这份成本清单是在不考虑利润的基础上制定的，现在的价格是来自承包商的生产成本。我朋友得到的建议是成本价格是合同的最低价格，而每个高生产力目标都会通过福利得到补偿，这就是承包公司的利润。

If anyone can manufacture with such benefits, then the world would give everything under the sun to manufacture and produce. It is not about competitiveness, it is the sheer dedication to excellence and a genuine concern to keep production costs low with only scope for improvement in productivity brings customers to China.

如果有人能够以这样的效率和成本制造，那么全世界都会不遗余力地进行制造和生产。这不是竞争力的问题，而是对卓越的纯粹奉献以及真正关心保持生产成本低并且只有在提高生产力的余地下才会吸引客户来到中国。

It is not possible to understand for those who don’t know manufacturing processes on the importance of production costs, India should target its strengths in design, prototyping and services. It is cheaper and safe to import manufactured products from China, until any other country imitates them.

对于那些不了解制造过程的人来说，很难理解生产成本的重要性，印度应该将重点放在设计、原型制作和服务方面的优势上。从中国进口制造产品更便宜、更安全，直到其他国家模仿它们。

Prangyavit Sahu
For a long time, people around the world thought that China and India, both have low labor costs, but recently, in reality, I came to know this is not true. The labor cost in China is almost 4 and a half times more than India. Still, industries around the world prefer China over India. Why? Labor cost is not the solo factor which determines the best manufacturer. Let's see actually what kind of factors making China best over other low labor cost countries around the world, including India.

很长一段时间以来，全球的人们都认为中国和印度都拥有低廉的劳动力成本，但最近，事实上，我了解到这并不是真的。中国的劳动力成本几乎是印度的4倍半。尽管如此，全球的行业仍更青睐中国而不是印度。为什么呢？劳动力成本并不是决定最佳制造商的唯一因素。让我们看看实际上是什么因素使中国在全球低劳动力成本国家中（包括印度在内）脱颖而出。

Labour productivity: When it comes to efficiency in production China one of the best workforces around the world. It is already in their work culture to work for long hours without rest and with quality. Comparing India they are 5 times more productive. In India, we are still far away from being highly productive at the same time with a quality product. According to a global consulting firm, “Indian manufacturers lag behind their global peers in production planning, supply chain management, quality, and maintenance—areas that contribute to their lower productivity.”

劳动生产率：在生产效率方面，中国是全球最优秀的劳动力之一。长时间连续工作并保持高质量已经是他们的工作文化。与印度相比，他们的生产效率高出5倍。在印度，我们在同一时间内实现高生产力和高质量的产品仍然有很长的路要走。据一家全球咨询公司称，“印度制造商在生产规划、供应链管理、质量和维护方面远远落后于全球同行，这些领域是导致他们生产效率较低的原因。”

Availability of Labour: In India, you always come across a few lines. “I want to take retire as soon as possible.” “I don’t want to work so hard.” “I got my salary today, no need to work another 15 days.” In China, “not working” is equivalent to a social crime. Chinese are always ready to work, unlike Indians. It is surprising, although China and India have almost the same population, there is a huge gap between their workforces. Thanks to the young age of India, but the second reason goes to the non-availability of labor in India. India’s labor force amounted to about 502 million people in 2014, while China’s was approaching 802 million.

劳动力的可用性：在印度，你总是会听到一些话，“我想尽快退休。”“我不想那么努力工作。”“我今天拿到了工资，不需要再工作15天。”在中国，“不工作”等同于一种社会罪行。中国人总是愿意工作，不像印度人。令人惊讶的是，尽管中国和印度的人口几乎相同，但在他们的劳动力之间存在巨大差距。这要归功于印度的年轻人口，但第二个原因是印度劳动力的不足。2014年，印度的劳动力规模约为5.02亿人，而中国则接近8.02亿人。

Flexibility with Industries: Remember 911. Instantly after the unfortunate incident, there was a sudden rise of nationalism in the USA. And every USA citizen hoist the flag over their house or buildings. The fact was when they approached Indian industries to manufacture and supply the flag to them, we denied. The silly reason was, we can’t modify our machine as per their requirement. On the other hand, China’s textile industries modified their manufacturing lines overnight and bagged 95% of all orders. What they earned from this? Trust, assurance, and yes, a few billion dollars. And what we earned? A tag of a loser.

与行业的灵活性：还记得911吗？在这次不幸事件后，美国爆发了一起民族主义事件。每个美国公民都在他们的房屋或建筑物上升起了国旗。事实是，当他们找到印度工业，要求我们制造并供应国旗时，我们拒绝了。愚蠢的原因是，我们无法按照他们的要求修改我们的机器。另一方面，中国的纺织工业在一夜之间修改了他们的生产线，并赢得了95%的订单。他们从中获得了什么？信任、保证，当然还有几十亿美元。而我们得到了什么？一个失败者的标签。

Logistics and Infrastructure of India and China: The strength of a country’s infrastructure is a major component of logistics and can have a significant impact on the success or failure of supply chains there. India’s underdevelopment of infrastructure has affected the country’s capacity to manufacture so much so, in fact, that a 2010 report by KPMG found, “estimates indicate that India’s logistics and transportation bottlenecks hinder its GDP growth by one to two percent.” Based on India’s per capita income in 2010, this loss equates to roughly 10 million new jobs every year. As of 2011, India had almost 4.7 million kilometers of roads, almost 600,000 more kilometers than China. However, only about 54 percent of roads in India were paved, whereas 84 percent of Chinese roads are paved.

印度和中国的物流和基础设施：一个国家基础设施的强度是物流的一个主要组成部分，对该国的供应链的成功或失败会产生重大影响。印度基础设施的不发达实际上影响了该国的制造能力，以至于2010年KPMG的一份报告发现，“预估表明印度的物流和运输瓶颈使其GDP增长陷入1%至2%的困境。”根据印度2010年的人均收入，这种损失相当于每年约1000万个新工作岗位。截至2011年，印度拥有将近470万公里的道路，比中国多了近60万公里。然而，在印度，只有约54%的道路铺设了柏油，而中国有84%的道路铺设了柏油。

It is not always the labor cost but, moreover, the other key factors like Productivity, Efficiency, Availability, Flexibility, quality, and infrastructure define the manufacturing industry of a Nation. And we lack in all areas compared to China.

制造业不仅仅取决于劳动力成本，而且还取决于生产力、效率、劳动力可用性、灵活性、质量和基础设施等其他关键因素。与中国相比，我们在所有这些方面都存在不足。