如何让普通人理解：量子力学、量子纠缠、波粒二象性和量子叠加

I recently discovered a very, very good way to understand quantum mechanics. Even people who don't understand quantum mechanics can easily understand the counterintuitive phenomena in quantum mechanics!

我最近发现了一个特别特别好的思路理解量子力学，即便是不懂量子力学的人，也很容易把量子力学中的反常识现象听懂个大概！
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

As for me, I have been doing popular science on quantum mechanics for many years. I have found that when many people hear about concepts such as the double-slit interference experiment, wave-particle duality, probability waves, measurement collapse, and quantum entanglement, they will first ask why: Why is the quantum world like this?

至于我，做量子力学科普很多年了，我发现很多人一听到双缝干涉实验，波粒二象性；概率波；测量坍塌；量子纠缠这样的概念，首先会问为什么，为什么量子世界会这样？

Most of the time, when we do science popularization, we can only tell you: Don't ask why! Because the basic phenomena of the microscopic world are like this, and science only summarizes the phenomena, not explains them.

而大部分时候，我们做科普，只能告诉你：不要问为什么！因为微观世界的基本现象就是这样子的，科学只是归纳现象，而不解释现象。

First of all, before you understand quantum mechanics, you should know that quantum mechanics is the phenomenon of the microscopic world. Generally speaking, it refers to the movement of particles smaller than atoms. These phenomena include wave-particle duality, probability waves, quantum entanglement, etc.

首先你在了解量子力学之前要知道，量子力学就是微观世界的现象，大致呢，也就说比原子还小的那些粒子的运动现象，这些现象包括波粒二象性；概率波；量子纠缠等等

But you will find that there is a common point behind these quantum phenomena, that is, all microscopic particles are uncertain and vague, that is to say: microscopic particles do not have a definite shape or definite boundaries.

但是你会发现这些量子现象的背后都有一个共同点，那就是所有微观粒子是不确定的，是模糊不清的，也就是说：微观粒子没有确定的形状和确定的边界。

When we humans first understood microscopic particles, we always thought that these particles were a kind of solid sphere. But soon physicists discovered the wave-particle duality and the idea that particles were solid spheres was passed!

当我们人类一开始理解微观粒子总是认为这些粒子就是一种类似于实心的小球。但很快物理学家就发现了波粒二象性然后粒子是实心小球的观念就被淘汰掉了！

That is to say, these particles are both waves and particles. This sentence still sounds difficult to understand. It seems that it is still difficult for the human brain to imagine an obxt that is both a wave and a particle. But it doesn't matter. Anyway, this concept of wave-particle duality is outdated. The latest understanding of microscopic particles in the physics community is a view based on quantum field theory.

也就是说这些粒子即是波也是粒子，这句话听起来依旧很难理解，人类大脑好像还很难想象出：一种即是波又是粒子的物体。但没事，反正这种波粒二象性的观念也落后了。目前物理学界对微观粒子的最新认知：就是一种基于量子场论的观点。

In quantum field theory, wave-particle duality is just an appearance. In fact, any elementary particle is a field. The so-called particle is just a kind of energy excited by the quantum field. Different particles have different quantum fields!

在量子场论中，波粒二象性也只是表象，其实任何一种基本粒子都是一种场。所谓的粒子也只是量子场激发的一种能量，不同的粒子有不同的量子场！

For example, an electron is an electron field; a photon is a photon field; a quark is a quark field. So how big is this quantum field?

比如电子就是电子场；光子就是光子场；夸克就是夸克场，那这个量子场到底有多大呢？

In fact, the quantum field is as big as the universe, that is to say: the essence of a particle is precisely because it is a quantum field!

其实宇宙有多大量子场就有多大，也就是说：一个粒子的本质正是由于它是一种量子场！

And this quantum field can extend to every corner of the universe, so the range of a particle is the entire space.

而这个量子场又可以延伸到宇宙各个角落，所以一个粒子的范围就是整个空间。

After hearing this, it feels even more difficult to understand?

听了这话，感觉更难以理解了吗?

Don't worry, I will use new ideas and infer from daily life experience to figure out: Why are microscopic particles like this?

别着急，接下来我就会用新的思路，从日常生活中的经验推理出：为什么微观粒子会是这个样子呢？

Now stretch out your right hand and pinch your nose. Do you find that the shape of your nose has changed? Then think again, how does the force work when you pinch your nose?

你现在伸出你的右手，然后捏一下你的鼻子，你看，你现在是不是发现：你鼻子的形状改变了。那你再想一下，你用手捏鼻子这个过程，力到底是如何作用的？

In fact, when you can magnify this behavior to a microscopic scale, you will find that pinching your nose with your hand is just an electromagnetic interaction between the extranuclear electrons on the surface of your hand skin and the extranuclear electrons on the surface of your nose. The extranuclear electrons are all negatively charged, so when the extranuclear electrons are not in complete contact, they produce a repulsive effect by relying on the electromagnetic force.

其实，当你可以把这个行为放大到微观尺度，你就会发现手捏鼻子，只是手皮表面的核外电子和鼻子表面的核外电子发生了电磁作用，核外电子都是带负电荷的，所以核外电子在没有完全接触到的情况下，依靠电磁力就产生了排斥作用。

At this point, think about it more deeply: the electrons in your hand and the electrons in your nose are obviously not in contact, and there is only a vacuum area between them, so how could there be any effect?

在这点上，更深入地思考一下：明明手上的核外电子和鼻子的核外电子没有接触，它们之间都是真空区域，怎么可能会发生作用呢？

This seems to be a kind of action at a distance, so the first idea that violates common sense was born! In order to make the counterintuitive phenomenon of action at a distance logically self-consistent, we assume that an extranuclear electron and another extranuclear electron have an action force. There must be an obxt in the middle that transmits this force, and this substance is called a propagator.

这好像就是一种超距作用，所以第一个违反常识的观念就诞生了！为了让超距作用这种反常识现象在逻辑上自洽，我们就认为一个核外电子和另一个核外电子发生了作用力。中间必然有一个物体传递了这种力，这种物质也就叫做传播子。

The propagator of electromagnetic force is virtual photon. When two extranuclear electrons interact with each other, virtual photons are constantly exchanged between them to transmit this force. If you think about it again, if we regard microscopic particles as solid balls, you will find that there is a big problem here.

电磁力的传播子也就是虚光子，两个核外电子在发生电磁作用的时候，就会有虚光子在中间不断交换来传递这种力。这时候你再想一下，如果我们将微观粒子认为是一种实心的小球，你就会发现这里面存在一个很大的问题。

The interaction between electrons relies on propagators such as virtual photons. So how does the interaction between propagators and electrons occur? Since microscopic particles have been assumed to be solid spheres, there will always be a vacuum between propagators and electrons, which is a kind of action at a distance. So once we identify microscopic particles as small spheres in the classical physical world, it is impossible for these particles to interact with each other.

电子和电子之间的作用力，依靠的虚光子这种传播子。那传播子和电子之间的作用又是怎么发生的。既然微观粒子已经被假设成实心小球，那传播子和电子之间总会存在真空，这就是一种超距作用。所以一旦我们将微观粒子认定成经典物理世界的小球，那么这些粒子之间就不可能发生相互作用。

Because there is always a vacuum between them, which is like a wall, making it impossible for all particles to interact with each other, so there can only be one possibility for the form of microscopic particles to explain the logical bug caused by this long-distance action. That is, microscopic particles themselves are vague and fill the entire space. There is no boundary between them, and the particles themselves are also a kind of intertwined quantum field!

因为它们之间总有真空真空就好像是一堵墙，导致所有粒子都不可能发生相互作用力，所以微观粒子的形态只能存在一种可能性，才能解释这种超距作用带来的逻辑上的bug。那就是微观粒子本身就是模糊不清的，充满了整个空间它们之间本来就没有界限，粒子和粒子之间本身也是一种交织在一起的量子场！

In fact, the laws of physics do not recognize action at a distance. The so-called action at a distance of quantum entanglement is itself an illusion. Newton has the most say on action at a distance. As early as when Newton was alive, he found that action at a distance was intolerable! Newton found that there was a vacuum zone between planets. There was no propagator between two planets, but they still produced gravity. Isn't this action at a distance?

其实物理法则并不认同超距作用，量子纠缠那种所谓的超距作用本身也是一种假象，对于超距作用牛顿最有发言权，早在牛顿活着的时候，就发现超距作用是无法容忍的！牛顿发现星球和星球之间都是真空地带，两个星球之间没有任何传播子，它们居然还会产生引力，这不就是超距作用吗？

In order to solve this problem, Newton introduced the concept of ether proposed by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. He believed that ether was evenly distributed in every corner of the universe and acted as a propagator of gravity. Of course, Michelson-Morley later falsified the ether!

为了解决这个问题，牛顿就引入了2000多年前亚里士多德提出的以太概念。并认为以太均匀分布在宇宙各个角落，并且充当了引力的传播子，当然后来迈克尔逊莫雷实验证伪了以太！
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

The action at a distance between gravity was eventually replaced by the curvature of space-time in general relativity, which holds that gravity is an illusion.

引力之间的超距作用最后被广义相对论的时空弯曲所取代，而广义相对论认为引力只是假象

The so-called gravitational effect is just the mass bending the space! obxts moving in the curved space behave like gravitational effects! Therefore, there is no need to introduce additional propagators between gravity!

所谓的引力作用只是质量弯曲了空间！物体在弯曲的空间运动，才表现的像引力作用！所以引力之间并不需要引入额外的传播子！

But quantum mechanics doesn't think so. Quantum mechanics must give gravity a propagator, which is the graviton. Of course, there is still a lot of controversy about the graviton because general relativity believes that gravity is not a force, so there is no need for a propagator. But quantum mechanics still believes that gravity is a force and needs a propagator.

但是量子力学不这样想，量子力学非得给引力整上一个传播子，这也就是引力子。当然对于引力子，目前的争议依旧很大因为广义相对论认为引力不是力，所以无需传播子。但量子力学还是认为引力是力，是需要传播子的
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Back to the original question, it is precisely because the laws of physics do not recognize action at a distance that microscopic particles can only be in a vague form to solve this problem. You see, the electromagnetic force acts at an infinite distance, which requires that the vague boundaries of microscopic particles are also infinitely far away. It is precisely because particles are vague that they cannot have a clear position like a solid ball.

回到最初的问题，正是因为物理法则不认同超距作用。所以微观粒子只能是模糊不清的形态才能解决这个问题。你看电磁力的作用是无限远的，这就要求微观粒子这种迷糊不清的界限也是无限远的。正是由于粒子是迷糊不清的，所以它就不可能像实心小球那样有明确的位置。

So we can only describe it with probability, and that's it. If you look at quantum entanglement again, the so-called entangled particles are actually the same particle. The direct energy is split into two and becomes two entangled particles, but the entangled particles still use the same quantum field.

所以我们只能用概率描述它，讲到这儿。你再看量子纠缠，其实所谓的纠缠粒子就是同一个粒子，直视能量一分为二变成两个纠缠粒子，但是纠缠粒子之间还是同用同一个量子场。

This quantum field can extend to every corner of the universe, so the so-called superluminal interaction between two entangled particles is actually the simultaneous action of the same particle. If one of the entangled particles is changed, the other particle will definitely change at the same time. It is easier to understand the double-slit interference experiment of electrons with this idea.

这个量子场本来就可以延伸到宇宙各个角落，所以两个纠缠粒子所谓的超光速作用，其实就是同一个粒子的同时作用。改变其中一个纠缠粒子，另一个粒子肯定也会同时改变，你用这种思路理解电子的双缝干涉实验就更容易了。

What is most difficult for us to understand is why electrons pass through the double slits at the same time and why an electron interferes with itself.

我们最难理解的就是为什么电子会同时经过双缝，并且一个电子为什么会和自身发生干涉。

In fact, let alone double slits, even if there are countless slits, electrons can pass through them at the same time! Because of the fuzzy form of electrons, it is destined that electrons can be in multiple positions at the same time.

其实别说是双缝，哪怕是无数个缝，电子都能同时经过！因为电子这种模糊不清的形态，就注定了电子可以同时处于多个位置。

Finally, let's summarize: Matter in the universe is interacting with each other all the time. If we magnify this interaction, we will find that there is a huge vacuum zone between all particles. If the particles are small balls, then the vacuum will hinder the occurrence of super-distance action. Therefore, microscopic particles can only be blurred to resolve this super-distance action.

最后，让我们总结一下：宇宙中的物质无时无刻都在发生着相互作用，如果我们将这种相互作用放大，会发现所有粒子之间都存在巨大的真空地带。如果粒子是小球的话，那么真空就会阻碍超距作用的发生。所以微观粒子只能是迷糊不清的，才能化解这种超距作用。

You will understand after hearing this: the vague concept of microscopic particles is the most logical! The concept of particles as solid balls is counterintuitive.

听到这里，你就会明白：微观粒子迷糊不清的概念，才是最符合逻辑的！而粒子是实心小球的概念，才是反常识的。