以色列最高法院裁定军队必须征召极端正统派犹太人
正文翻译
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
Israel’s Supreme Court on Tuesday ruled that the military must begin drafting ultra-Orthodox Jewish men, a decision that threatened to split Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coalition government amid the war in Gaza.
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
In a unanimous decision, a panel of nine judges held that there was no legal basis for the longstanding military exemption given to ultra-Orthodox religious students. Without a law distinguishing between seminarians and other men of draft age, the court ruled, the country’s mandatory draft laws must similarly apply to the ultra-Orthodox minority.
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
In a country where military service is compulsory for most Jewish Israelis, both men and women, the exemption for the ultra-Orthodox has long prompted resentment. But anger over the group’s special treatment has grown as the war in Gaza has stretched into its ninth month, requiring tens of thousands of reservists to serve multiple tours and costing the lives of hundreds of soldiers.
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
“These days, in the midst of a difficult war, the burden of that inequality is more acute than ever — and requires the advancement of a sustainable solution to this issue,” the Supreme Court said in its ruling.
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
The decision threatened to widen one of the most painful divisions in Israeli society, pitting secular Jews against the ultra-Orthodox, who say their religious study is as essential and protective as the military. It also exposed the fault lines in Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, which depends on the support of two ultra-Orthodox parties that oppose their constituents’ conscxtion, even as other Israelis are killed and wounded in Gaza.
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
Israeli courts have ruled against the exemption before, including Supreme Court decisions in 1998, 2012 and 2017. The top court has repeatedly warned the government that to continue the policy, it must be written into law — though that law would be subject to constitutional challenges, as previous ones were — while also giving the government time to hammer out legislation.
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
But for seven years, since the last law was struck down, successive Israeli governments have dragged their feet in drafting new legislation. In 2023, the law finally reached its expiration date, leading the Israeli government to order the military simply not to draft the ultra-Orthodox while lawmakers worked on an exemption.
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
On Tuesday, the court indicated that its patience had finally run out, striking down that order as illegal. It did not set a timeline for when the military must start conscxting tens of thousands of draft-age religious students. Such a move would likely prove a massive logistical and political challenge, as well as be met with mass resistance by the ultra-Orthodox community.
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
Gali Baharav-Miara, Israel’s attorney general, in a letter to government officials on Tuesday, said the military had committed to draft at least 3,000 ultra-Orthodox religious students — out of more than 60,000 of draft age — during the coming year. She noted that the number would come nowhere near to bridging the gap in military service between the ultra-Orthodox community and other Israeli Jews.
以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
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以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
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Instead, the ruling included a means of pressuring the ultra-Orthodox to accept the court’s judgment: the suspension of millions of dollars in government subsidies given to religious schools, or yeshivas, that previously supported the exempted students, striking a blow to revered institutions at the heart of the ultra-Orthodox community.
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
The court’s ruling threatens Mr. Netanyahu’s fragile wartime coalition, which includes secular members who oppose the exemption and ultra-Orthodox parties that support it. Either group breaking ranks could cause the government to collapse and call new elections, at a time when popular support for the government is at a low. The opposition in the Israeli Parliament largely wants to end the exemption.
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
The Hamas-led attacks on Oct. 7 — which ignited the eight-month war in Gaza — somewhat loosened the ultra-Orthodox stance on the draft, with some leaders saying that those who could not study scxture should go to the military.
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
“Still, the maximum that the ultra-Orthodox community is willing to give is far less than what the general Israeli public is willing to accept,” said Israel Cohen, a commentator for Kol Barama, an ultra-Orthodox radio station.
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
But the ultra-Orthodox parties, with few palatable options, might not be eager to bring down Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, he said. “They don’t see an alternative, so they’ll try to make it work for as long as they can,” said Mr. Cohen. “They will compromise more than they might have been willing to a year ago in an attempt to preserve the government.”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
For now, the military must devise a plan to potentially welcome to its ranks thousands of soldiers who are opposed to serving and whose insularity and traditions are at odds with a modern fighting force.
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
The court’s decision creates a “gaping political wound in the heart of the coalition” that Mr. Netanyahu now must urgently address, said Yohanan Plesner, chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem-based think tank.
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party criticized the Supreme Court for issuing a ruling when the government was planning to pass legislation that would render the case obsolete. The government’s proposed law, the party said, would increase the number of ultra-Orthodox conscxts while recognizing the importance of religious study.
内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
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内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
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It was unclear whether Mr. Netanyahu’s proposal would ultimately hold up to judicial scrutiny. But if passed by Parliament, a new law could face years of court challenges, buying the government additional time, said Mr. Plesner.
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
The Supreme Court’s decision on Tuesday immediately sparked outrage among ultra-Orthodox politicians. Many ultra-Orthodox view military service as a gateway to assimilation into a secular Israeli society that would lead young people to deviate from a lifestyle guided by the Torah, the Jewish scxtures.
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
“The State of Israel was established in order to be a home for the Jewish people, for whom Torah is the bedrock of their existence. The Holy Torah will prevail,” Yitzhak Goldknopf, an ultra-Orthodox government minister, said in a statement on Monday.
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
After the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on southern Israel, Israelis united in determination to strike back. But as thousands of reserve soldiers were asked to serve second and third tours in Gaza, the fault lines in Israeli society quickly resurfaced.
10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
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10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
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Some Israeli analysts warn that war could spread to additional fronts in the West Bank and the northern border with Lebanon, leading the government to call for more conscxts and further straining relations between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews.
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
Already many Israelis — secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox alike — see the draft issue as just one skirmish in a broader cultural battle over the country’s increasingly uncertain future.
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have been exempt from military service since the founding of Israel in 1948, when the country’s leadership promised them autonomy in exchange for their support in creating a largely secular state. At the time, there were only a few hundred yeshiva students.
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
The ultra-Orthodox have grown to more than a million people, roughly 13 percent of Israel’s population. They wield considerable political clout and their elected leaders became kingmakers, featuring in most Israeli coalition governments.
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
But as ultra-Orthodox power grew, so did anger over their failure to join the military and their relatively small contribution to the economy. In 2019, Avigdor Lieberman, a former ally of Mr. Netanyahu, rebuffed his offer to join a coalition that would legislate the draft exemption for the ultra-Orthodox. The decision helped send Israel to repeated elections — five in four years.
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
Last year, after Mr. Netanyahu returned to power at the helm of his current coalition, he sought to legislate a plan to weaken the country’s judiciary, setting off mass protests. For the ultra-Orthodox, who backed the judicial overhaul, a major motivation was ensuring that the Supreme Court could no longer impede their ability to avoid the draft.
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
Ron Scherf, a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli reserves, said many soldiers were frustrated to be serving multiple tours of duty during the war, even as ultra-Orthodox Israelis are “never called up in the first place.”
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
An activist with Brothers in Arms, a collection of reserve soldiers who oppose Mr. Netanyahu, Mr. Scherf asked, “How can Israel just allow an entire community to be exempt from its civic duties?”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
评论翻译
@Jinbo
The uniformity of the draft is essential for social cohesion.
Otherwise you have a segment of the population that can advocate military conflict, without personal bodily risk.
Similar to our own chicken hawk phenomenon, where politicians are hawks in foreign policy, while having evaded the draft themselves.
统一征兵对于社会凝聚力至关重要。
否则，就会有一部分人鼓吹军事冲突，而无需承担个人身体风险。
类似于我们的“草鸡鹰派”，政客们在外交政策上是鹰派，而他们自己却逃避了征兵。
The uniformity of the draft is essential for social cohesion.
Otherwise you have a segment of the population that can advocate military conflict, without personal bodily risk.
Similar to our own chicken hawk phenomenon, where politicians are hawks in foreign policy, while having evaded the draft themselves.
统一征兵对于社会凝聚力至关重要。
否则，就会有一部分人鼓吹军事冲突，而无需承担个人身体风险。
类似于我们的“草鸡鹰派”，政客们在外交政策上是鹰派，而他们自己却逃避了征兵。
@Julie
I dont know that that is fair.
I dont know why any citizen would be exempt from compulsory military service for any reason other than a physical or mental disability.
Especially when the ultra orthodox community is hawkish on land grabs and illegal settlements flaming the very conflicts they feel too special to sacrifice for.
我不知道这是否公平。
我不知道为什么除了身体或精神残疾之外，公民可以免除义务兵役。
特别是当极端正统派社区在土地掠夺和非法定居点问题上持鹰派态度时，他们会在冲突中火上浇油，但他们却觉得自己太特殊了，不应该为冲突牺牲。
I dont know that that is fair.
I dont know why any citizen would be exempt from compulsory military service for any reason other than a physical or mental disability.
Especially when the ultra orthodox community is hawkish on land grabs and illegal settlements flaming the very conflicts they feel too special to sacrifice for.
我不知道这是否公平。
我不知道为什么除了身体或精神残疾之外，公民可以免除义务兵役。
特别是当极端正统派社区在土地掠夺和非法定居点问题上持鹰派态度时，他们会在冲突中火上浇油，但他们却觉得自己太特殊了，不应该为冲突牺牲。
@Peter Dale
I would like to point out that there are some segments of society that are pacifist.
I do not believe that the Haredi or Ultra-Orthodox are pacifists, but there are religious people, such as Quakers, Mennonites and the Church of the Brethren, who refuse to participate in violence.
This is recognized by the government in the United States as a legitimate reason to be exempt from compulsory military service, but not from alternative service.
For example, in many cases those who refused to serve in the military during WWII were required to serve in civilian public works or service programs.
我想指出，社会上有一些人是和平主义者。
但我不认为哈雷德派或极端东正教徒是和平主义者，但有些宗教人士，如贵格会、门诺派和弟兄会，拒绝参与暴力。
在美国，政府承认这是免除义务兵役的合法理由，但不承认这是免除替代役的合法理由。
例如，在许多情况下，二战期间拒绝服兵役的人被要求在民用公共工程或服务项目中服役。
I would like to point out that there are some segments of society that are pacifist.
I do not believe that the Haredi or Ultra-Orthodox are pacifists, but there are religious people, such as Quakers, Mennonites and the Church of the Brethren, who refuse to participate in violence.
This is recognized by the government in the United States as a legitimate reason to be exempt from compulsory military service, but not from alternative service.
For example, in many cases those who refused to serve in the military during WWII were required to serve in civilian public works or service programs.
我想指出，社会上有一些人是和平主义者。
但我不认为哈雷德派或极端东正教徒是和平主义者，但有些宗教人士，如贵格会、门诺派和弟兄会，拒绝参与暴力。
在美国，政府承认这是免除义务兵役的合法理由，但不承认这是免除替代役的合法理由。
例如，在许多情况下，二战期间拒绝服兵役的人被要求在民用公共工程或服务项目中服役。
@Sara
The exemption (and the government subsidies for religious study) may have made sense in 1948 when Haredim were a relatively small number of religious scholars.
They’ve been fruitful and multiplied with huge family sizes and now number 1,000,000 Israelis, 13% of the country’s population.
It’s not reasonable to demand that the government pay you and your six or seven brothers to study scxture while everyone else gets drafted.
在1948年，哈雷德派还只是相对少数的宗教学者时，这种豁免（以及政府对宗教学习的补贴）可能是合理的。
现在他们硕果累累，家庭规模庞大，他们占了以色列全国人口的13%，有100多万人了。
还要求政府付钱给你和你的六七个兄弟学习经文，而其他人却被征召入伍是不合理的。
The exemption (and the government subsidies for religious study) may have made sense in 1948 when Haredim were a relatively small number of religious scholars.
They’ve been fruitful and multiplied with huge family sizes and now number 1,000,000 Israelis, 13% of the country’s population.
It’s not reasonable to demand that the government pay you and your six or seven brothers to study scxture while everyone else gets drafted.
在1948年，哈雷德派还只是相对少数的宗教学者时，这种豁免（以及政府对宗教学习的补贴）可能是合理的。
现在他们硕果累累，家庭规模庞大，他们占了以色列全国人口的13%，有100多万人了。
还要求政府付钱给你和你的六七个兄弟学习经文，而其他人却被征召入伍是不合理的。
@RKent
I’ve never understood the “study scxture” part anyway. Surely in the 5000 years or so it’s been in existence the Torah has been adequately “studied”? What are they studying for?
我一直都不明白“学习经文”是干嘛的。在《托拉》存在的5000年左右的时间里，人们肯定已经充分“研究”过《托拉》了吧？那他们还研究什么？
I’ve never understood the “study scxture” part anyway. Surely in the 5000 years or so it’s been in existence the Torah has been adequately “studied”? What are they studying for?
我一直都不明白“学习经文”是干嘛的。在《托拉》存在的5000年左右的时间里，人们肯定已经充分“研究”过《托拉》了吧？那他们还研究什么？
@LC Shepherd
This is a false equivalency. It is like saying children do not need to learn to read, write, math, history, etc. because their grandparents had learned those subjects.
Nonetheless, all should serve unless excused by physical or mental problems. In that case, they could do other forms of service for the same amount of time.
这是错误的相提并论。这就好比说，孩子们不需要学习阅读、写作、数学、历史等，因为他们的祖父母已经学过这些科目。
尽管如此，除非有身体或精神问题，否则所有人都应该服役。在这种情况下，他们可以在相同的时间内从事其他形式的服务。
This is a false equivalency. It is like saying children do not need to learn to read, write, math, history, etc. because their grandparents had learned those subjects.
Nonetheless, all should serve unless excused by physical or mental problems. In that case, they could do other forms of service for the same amount of time.
这是错误的相提并论。这就好比说，孩子们不需要学习阅读、写作、数学、历史等，因为他们的祖父母已经学过这些科目。
尽管如此，除非有身体或精神问题，否则所有人都应该服役。在这种情况下，他们可以在相同的时间内从事其他形式的服务。
@Al
That's interesting you say that, because the ultra orthodox don't really think children need to learn math or history or science. All those things are just distractions from the endless study of the Torah.
你这么说很有意思，因为极端正统派并不认为孩子们需要学习数学、历史或科学。在无休止地学习《托拉》的过程中，所有这些东西都会分散孩子们的注意力。
That's interesting you say that, because the ultra orthodox don't really think children need to learn math or history or science. All those things are just distractions from the endless study of the Torah.
你这么说很有意思，因为极端正统派并不认为孩子们需要学习数学、历史或科学。在无休止地学习《托拉》的过程中，所有这些东西都会分散孩子们的注意力。
@Marcel
Agreed. Now head over to Williamsburg and you will find very, very similar attitudes among the ultra-Orthodox.
I don’t care what the religion is, demanding endless public subsidies, and contributing nothing back in return, so you can dedicate your life to studying a religious text is madness.
同意。现在去威廉斯堡（位于美国弗吉尼亚州的维吉尼亚半岛），你会发现极端正统派教徒的态度非常非常相似。
我不管是什么宗教要求无休止的公共补贴，却不做任何回报，这样就可以毕生研究宗教典籍，这都简直是疯了。
Agreed. Now head over to Williamsburg and you will find very, very similar attitudes among the ultra-Orthodox.
I don’t care what the religion is, demanding endless public subsidies, and contributing nothing back in return, so you can dedicate your life to studying a religious text is madness.
同意。现在去威廉斯堡（位于美国弗吉尼亚州的维吉尼亚半岛），你会发现极端正统派教徒的态度非常非常相似。
我不管是什么宗教要求无休止的公共补贴，却不做任何回报，这样就可以毕生研究宗教典籍，这都简直是疯了。
@Interested reader
"Haredim were a relatively small number of religious scholars. "
This is key as the initial exemption's intention was to allow a small part of the population--the exceptional minds of the day--to re-establish religious traditions after the devastation of these communities during the Holocaust.
Most Israelis (even the secular ones) value some religious traditions and would probably accept limited exemptions under this basis.
The problem is that nowadays, entire communities are automatically exempt even when the men involved are only nominally "learning."
“哈雷德派还只是相对少数的宗教学者时。”
这一点很关键，因为最初豁免的目的是让一小部分人--当时的杰出人才--在大屠杀期间这些社区遭到破坏后重建宗教传统。
大多数以色列人（甚至是世俗以色列人）都重视某些宗教传统，并可能在此基础上接受有限的豁免。
问题是，如今整个社区都自动获得豁免，即使所涉人员只是名义上的“学习者”。
"Haredim were a relatively small number of religious scholars. "
This is key as the initial exemption's intention was to allow a small part of the population--the exceptional minds of the day--to re-establish religious traditions after the devastation of these communities during the Holocaust.
Most Israelis (even the secular ones) value some religious traditions and would probably accept limited exemptions under this basis.
The problem is that nowadays, entire communities are automatically exempt even when the men involved are only nominally "learning."
“哈雷德派还只是相对少数的宗教学者时。”
这一点很关键，因为最初豁免的目的是让一小部分人--当时的杰出人才--在大屠杀期间这些社区遭到破坏后重建宗教传统。
大多数以色列人（甚至是世俗以色列人）都重视某些宗教传统，并可能在此基础上接受有限的豁免。
问题是，如今整个社区都自动获得豁免，即使所涉人员只是名义上的“学习者”。
@m
To be fair, when the US had a draft we also had exemptions for students, when we could.
Americans have historically celebrated higher education, for seminarians but also liberal art and technical students, in both peace time and war.
In the abstract it seems like a worthy aspiration to build a society which places study on par with fighting.
It's challenging in practice, and in the worst of times all hands are needed on deck, but the goal in itself seems worthy.
公平地说，当美国征兵时，我们也会在可能的情况下豁免学生。
美国人历来崇尚高等教育，无论是在和平时期还是在战争时期，无论是对神学院学生，还是对文科和理工科学生，都是如此。
抽象地说，建立一个将学习与战斗相提并论的社会似乎是一个值得追求的目标。
这在实践中极具挑战性，在最困难的时候，需要全员参与，但目标本身似乎是值得的。
To be fair, when the US had a draft we also had exemptions for students, when we could.
Americans have historically celebrated higher education, for seminarians but also liberal art and technical students, in both peace time and war.
In the abstract it seems like a worthy aspiration to build a society which places study on par with fighting.
It's challenging in practice, and in the worst of times all hands are needed on deck, but the goal in itself seems worthy.
公平地说，当美国征兵时，我们也会在可能的情况下豁免学生。
美国人历来崇尚高等教育，无论是在和平时期还是在战争时期，无论是对神学院学生，还是对文科和理工科学生，都是如此。
抽象地说，建立一个将学习与战斗相提并论的社会似乎是一个值得追求的目标。
这在实践中极具挑战性，在最困难的时候，需要全员参与，但目标本身似乎是值得的。
@Mike
The difference is the exception for students of higher education has an expected societal benefit.
What benefit does society receive by allowing a bunch of cloistered men study the same religious text forever?
The other difference is students of higher education are overwhelmingly anti-war, where the ultra-orthodox are the biggest war hawks, and biggest advocates of illegal settlements, in Israel.
It’s well past time they put their money where their mouths are.
Otherwise, the resentment between secular Israelis and the ultra orthodox will continue to grow to a fever pitch and societal unrest is sure to follow.
不同之处在于，高等教育学生的例外情况具有预期的社会效益。
让一群隐居的人永远学习同一宗教经文，对社会有什么好处？
另一个区别是，接受高等教育的学生绝大多数是反战的，而极端正统派是以色列最大的战争鹰派，也是非法定居点的最大拥护者。
现在是他们把钱用在刀刃上的时候了。
否则，世俗以色列人与极端正统派之间的怨恨将继续升温，社会动荡必将随之而来。
The difference is the exception for students of higher education has an expected societal benefit.
What benefit does society receive by allowing a bunch of cloistered men study the same religious text forever?
The other difference is students of higher education are overwhelmingly anti-war, where the ultra-orthodox are the biggest war hawks, and biggest advocates of illegal settlements, in Israel.
It’s well past time they put their money where their mouths are.
Otherwise, the resentment between secular Israelis and the ultra orthodox will continue to grow to a fever pitch and societal unrest is sure to follow.
不同之处在于，高等教育学生的例外情况具有预期的社会效益。
让一群隐居的人永远学习同一宗教经文，对社会有什么好处？
另一个区别是，接受高等教育的学生绝大多数是反战的，而极端正统派是以色列最大的战争鹰派，也是非法定居点的最大拥护者。
现在是他们把钱用在刀刃上的时候了。
否则，世俗以色列人与极端正统派之间的怨恨将继续升温，社会动荡必将随之而来。
@reader
It's not the fact that someone tried to avoid the draft.
That is entirely understandable to most people.
The problem arises when that same person then paints himself as a tough guy/military leader/hawk who carelessly sends our troops into harm's way.
Favoring a military solution to crises that could be solved diplomatically or otherwise is very rich coming from someone who did everything possible to avoid putting his own life on the line.
Same with the ultra-orthodox.
They instigate the violence with the Palestinians (settlements) and then refuse to fight the wars they started.
It's the hypocrisy that people can't stand.
这不是因为有人想逃避征兵。
对大多数人来说，这是完全可以理解的。
问题出在这个人把自己描绘成一个硬汉/军事领袖/鹰派人物，不顾一切地把我们的军队送入险境。
对于可以通过外交或其他方式解决的危机，却偏偏要通过军事手段来解决，这对于一个千方百计避免将自己的生命置于危险境地的人来说是非常荒谬的。
极端东正教也是如此。
他们煽动与巴勒斯坦人的暴力（定居点），然后拒绝参加他们发动的战争。
人们无法忍受的正是这种虚伪。
It's not the fact that someone tried to avoid the draft.
That is entirely understandable to most people.
The problem arises when that same person then paints himself as a tough guy/military leader/hawk who carelessly sends our troops into harm's way.
Favoring a military solution to crises that could be solved diplomatically or otherwise is very rich coming from someone who did everything possible to avoid putting his own life on the line.
Same with the ultra-orthodox.
They instigate the violence with the Palestinians (settlements) and then refuse to fight the wars they started.
It's the hypocrisy that people can't stand.
这不是因为有人想逃避征兵。
对大多数人来说，这是完全可以理解的。
问题出在这个人把自己描绘成一个硬汉/军事领袖/鹰派人物，不顾一切地把我们的军队送入险境。
对于可以通过外交或其他方式解决的危机，却偏偏要通过军事手段来解决，这对于一个千方百计避免将自己的生命置于危险境地的人来说是非常荒谬的。
极端东正教也是如此。
他们煽动与巴勒斯坦人的暴力（定居点），然后拒绝参加他们发动的战争。
人们无法忍受的正是这种虚伪。
@CFXK
About 76 years too late, but it's progress. Perhaps the ultra-right will be a bit more circumspect about engaging in illegal settlement provocations when such recklessness, disregard for the rights of others, and flaunting of the law will now have to be defended with the lives of their own children.
虽然晚了76年，但这是一种进步。也许极右翼在从事非法定居点挑衅活动时会更加谨慎一些，因为他们现在必须用自己孩子的生命来捍卫这种鲁莽、无视他人权利和蔑视法律的行为。
About 76 years too late, but it's progress. Perhaps the ultra-right will be a bit more circumspect about engaging in illegal settlement provocations when such recklessness, disregard for the rights of others, and flaunting of the law will now have to be defended with the lives of their own children.
虽然晚了76年，但这是一种进步。也许极右翼在从事非法定居点挑衅活动时会更加谨慎一些，因为他们现在必须用自己孩子的生命来捍卫这种鲁莽、无视他人权利和蔑视法律的行为。
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