以色列最高法院裁定军队必须征召极端正统派犹太人
正文翻译
Israel’s Supreme Court on Tuesday ruled that the military must begin drafting ultra-Orthodox Jewish men, a decision that threatened to split Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coalition government amid the war in Gaza.
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
In a unanimous decision, a panel of nine judges held that there was no legal basis for the longstanding military exemption given to ultra-Orthodox religious students. Without a law distinguishing between seminarians and other men of draft age, the court ruled, the country’s mandatory draft laws must similarly apply to the ultra-Orthodox minority.
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
In a country where military service is compulsory for most Jewish Israelis, both men and women, the exemption for the ultra-Orthodox has long prompted resentment. But anger over the group’s special treatment has grown as the war in Gaza has stretched into its ninth month, requiring tens of thousands of reservists to serve multiple tours and costing the lives of hundreds of soldiers.
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
“These days, in the midst of a difficult war, the burden of that inequality is more acute than ever — and requires the advancement of a sustainable solution to this issue,” the Supreme Court said in its ruling.
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
The decision threatened to widen one of the most painful divisions in Israeli society, pitting secular Jews against the ultra-Orthodox, who say their religious study is as essential and protective as the military. It also exposed the fault lines in Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, which depends on the support of two ultra-Orthodox parties that oppose their constituents’ conscxtion, even as other Israelis are killed and wounded in Gaza.
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
Israeli courts have ruled against the exemption before, including Supreme Court decisions in 1998, 2012 and 2017. The top court has repeatedly warned the government that to continue the policy, it must be written into law — though that law would be subject to constitutional challenges, as previous ones were — while also giving the government time to hammer out legislation.
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
But for seven years, since the last law was struck down, successive Israeli governments have dragged their feet in drafting new legislation. In 2023, the law finally reached its expiration date, leading the Israeli government to order the military simply not to draft the ultra-Orthodox while lawmakers worked on an exemption.
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
On Tuesday, the court indicated that its patience had finally run out, striking down that order as illegal. It did not set a timeline for when the military must start conscxting tens of thousands of draft-age religious students. Such a move would likely prove a massive logistical and political challenge, as well as be met with mass resistance by the ultra-Orthodox community.
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
Gali Baharav-Miara, Israel’s attorney general, in a letter to government officials on Tuesday, said the military had committed to draft at least 3,000 ultra-Orthodox religious students — out of more than 60,000 of draft age — during the coming year. She noted that the number would come nowhere near to bridging the gap in military service between the ultra-Orthodox community and other Israeli Jews.
以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
Instead, the ruling included a means of pressuring the ultra-Orthodox to accept the court’s judgment: the suspension of millions of dollars in government subsidies given to religious schools, or yeshivas, that previously supported the exempted students, striking a blow to revered institutions at the heart of the ultra-Orthodox community.
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
The court’s ruling threatens Mr. Netanyahu’s fragile wartime coalition, which includes secular members who oppose the exemption and ultra-Orthodox parties that support it. Either group breaking ranks could cause the government to collapse and call new elections, at a time when popular support for the government is at a low. The opposition in the Israeli Parliament largely wants to end the exemption.
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
The Hamas-led attacks on Oct. 7 — which ignited the eight-month war in Gaza — somewhat loosened the ultra-Orthodox stance on the draft, with some leaders saying that those who could not study scxture should go to the military.
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
“Still, the maximum that the ultra-Orthodox community is willing to give is far less than what the general Israeli public is willing to accept,” said Israel Cohen, a commentator for Kol Barama, an ultra-Orthodox radio station.
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
But the ultra-Orthodox parties, with few palatable options, might not be eager to bring down Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, he said. “They don’t see an alternative, so they’ll try to make it work for as long as they can,” said Mr. Cohen. “They will compromise more than they might have been willing to a year ago in an attempt to preserve the government.”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
For now, the military must devise a plan to potentially welcome to its ranks thousands of soldiers who are opposed to serving and whose insularity and traditions are at odds with a modern fighting force.
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
The court’s decision creates a “gaping political wound in the heart of the coalition” that Mr. Netanyahu now must urgently address, said Yohanan Plesner, chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem-based think tank.
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party criticized the Supreme Court for issuing a ruling when the government was planning to pass legislation that would render the case obsolete. The government’s proposed law, the party said, would increase the number of ultra-Orthodox conscxts while recognizing the importance of religious study.
内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
It was unclear whether Mr. Netanyahu’s proposal would ultimately hold up to judicial scrutiny. But if passed by Parliament, a new law could face years of court challenges, buying the government additional time, said Mr. Plesner.
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
The Supreme Court’s decision on Tuesday immediately sparked outrage among ultra-Orthodox politicians. Many ultra-Orthodox view military service as a gateway to assimilation into a secular Israeli society that would lead young people to deviate from a lifestyle guided by the Torah, the Jewish scxtures.
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
“The State of Israel was established in order to be a home for the Jewish people, for whom Torah is the bedrock of their existence. The Holy Torah will prevail,” Yitzhak Goldknopf, an ultra-Orthodox government minister, said in a statement on Monday.
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
After the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on southern Israel, Israelis united in determination to strike back. But as thousands of reserve soldiers were asked to serve second and third tours in Gaza, the fault lines in Israeli society quickly resurfaced.
10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
Some Israeli analysts warn that war could spread to additional fronts in the West Bank and the northern border with Lebanon, leading the government to call for more conscxts and further straining relations between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews.
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
Already many Israelis — secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox alike — see the draft issue as just one skirmish in a broader cultural battle over the country’s increasingly uncertain future.
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have been exempt from military service since the founding of Israel in 1948, when the country’s leadership promised them autonomy in exchange for their support in creating a largely secular state. At the time, there were only a few hundred yeshiva students.
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
The ultra-Orthodox have grown to more than a million people, roughly 13 percent of Israel’s population. They wield considerable political clout and their elected leaders became kingmakers, featuring in most Israeli coalition governments.
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
But as ultra-Orthodox power grew, so did anger over their failure to join the military and their relatively small contribution to the economy. In 2019, Avigdor Lieberman, a former ally of Mr. Netanyahu, rebuffed his offer to join a coalition that would legislate the draft exemption for the ultra-Orthodox. The decision helped send Israel to repeated elections — five in four years.
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
Last year, after Mr. Netanyahu returned to power at the helm of his current coalition, he sought to legislate a plan to weaken the country’s judiciary, setting off mass protests. For the ultra-Orthodox, who backed the judicial overhaul, a major motivation was ensuring that the Supreme Court could no longer impede their ability to avoid the draft.
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
Ron Scherf, a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli reserves, said many soldiers were frustrated to be serving multiple tours of duty during the war, even as ultra-Orthodox Israelis are “never called up in the first place.”
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
An activist with Brothers in Arms, a collection of reserve soldiers who oppose Mr. Netanyahu, Mr. Scherf asked, “How can Israel just allow an entire community to be exempt from its civic duties?”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
In a unanimous decision, a panel of nine judges held that there was no legal basis for the longstanding military exemption given to ultra-Orthodox religious students. Without a law distinguishing between seminarians and other men of draft age, the court ruled, the country’s mandatory draft laws must similarly apply to the ultra-Orthodox minority.
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
In a country where military service is compulsory for most Jewish Israelis, both men and women, the exemption for the ultra-Orthodox has long prompted resentment. But anger over the group’s special treatment has grown as the war in Gaza has stretched into its ninth month, requiring tens of thousands of reservists to serve multiple tours and costing the lives of hundreds of soldiers.
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
“These days, in the midst of a difficult war, the burden of that inequality is more acute than ever — and requires the advancement of a sustainable solution to this issue,” the Supreme Court said in its ruling.
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
The decision threatened to widen one of the most painful divisions in Israeli society, pitting secular Jews against the ultra-Orthodox, who say their religious study is as essential and protective as the military. It also exposed the fault lines in Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, which depends on the support of two ultra-Orthodox parties that oppose their constituents’ conscxtion, even as other Israelis are killed and wounded in Gaza.
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
Israeli courts have ruled against the exemption before, including Supreme Court decisions in 1998, 2012 and 2017. The top court has repeatedly warned the government that to continue the policy, it must be written into law — though that law would be subject to constitutional challenges, as previous ones were — while also giving the government time to hammer out legislation.
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
But for seven years, since the last law was struck down, successive Israeli governments have dragged their feet in drafting new legislation. In 2023, the law finally reached its expiration date, leading the Israeli government to order the military simply not to draft the ultra-Orthodox while lawmakers worked on an exemption.
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
On Tuesday, the court indicated that its patience had finally run out, striking down that order as illegal. It did not set a timeline for when the military must start conscxting tens of thousands of draft-age religious students. Such a move would likely prove a massive logistical and political challenge, as well as be met with mass resistance by the ultra-Orthodox community.
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
Gali Baharav-Miara, Israel’s attorney general, in a letter to government officials on Tuesday, said the military had committed to draft at least 3,000 ultra-Orthodox religious students — out of more than 60,000 of draft age — during the coming year. She noted that the number would come nowhere near to bridging the gap in military service between the ultra-Orthodox community and other Israeli Jews.
以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
Instead, the ruling included a means of pressuring the ultra-Orthodox to accept the court’s judgment: the suspension of millions of dollars in government subsidies given to religious schools, or yeshivas, that previously supported the exempted students, striking a blow to revered institutions at the heart of the ultra-Orthodox community.
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
The court’s ruling threatens Mr. Netanyahu’s fragile wartime coalition, which includes secular members who oppose the exemption and ultra-Orthodox parties that support it. Either group breaking ranks could cause the government to collapse and call new elections, at a time when popular support for the government is at a low. The opposition in the Israeli Parliament largely wants to end the exemption.
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
The Hamas-led attacks on Oct. 7 — which ignited the eight-month war in Gaza — somewhat loosened the ultra-Orthodox stance on the draft, with some leaders saying that those who could not study scxture should go to the military.
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
“Still, the maximum that the ultra-Orthodox community is willing to give is far less than what the general Israeli public is willing to accept,” said Israel Cohen, a commentator for Kol Barama, an ultra-Orthodox radio station.
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
But the ultra-Orthodox parties, with few palatable options, might not be eager to bring down Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, he said. “They don’t see an alternative, so they’ll try to make it work for as long as they can,” said Mr. Cohen. “They will compromise more than they might have been willing to a year ago in an attempt to preserve the government.”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
For now, the military must devise a plan to potentially welcome to its ranks thousands of soldiers who are opposed to serving and whose insularity and traditions are at odds with a modern fighting force.
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
The court’s decision creates a “gaping political wound in the heart of the coalition” that Mr. Netanyahu now must urgently address, said Yohanan Plesner, chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem-based think tank.
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party criticized the Supreme Court for issuing a ruling when the government was planning to pass legislation that would render the case obsolete. The government’s proposed law, the party said, would increase the number of ultra-Orthodox conscxts while recognizing the importance of religious study.
内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
It was unclear whether Mr. Netanyahu’s proposal would ultimately hold up to judicial scrutiny. But if passed by Parliament, a new law could face years of court challenges, buying the government additional time, said Mr. Plesner.
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
The Supreme Court’s decision on Tuesday immediately sparked outrage among ultra-Orthodox politicians. Many ultra-Orthodox view military service as a gateway to assimilation into a secular Israeli society that would lead young people to deviate from a lifestyle guided by the Torah, the Jewish scxtures.
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
“The State of Israel was established in order to be a home for the Jewish people, for whom Torah is the bedrock of their existence. The Holy Torah will prevail,” Yitzhak Goldknopf, an ultra-Orthodox government minister, said in a statement on Monday.
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
After the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on southern Israel, Israelis united in determination to strike back. But as thousands of reserve soldiers were asked to serve second and third tours in Gaza, the fault lines in Israeli society quickly resurfaced.
10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
Some Israeli analysts warn that war could spread to additional fronts in the West Bank and the northern border with Lebanon, leading the government to call for more conscxts and further straining relations between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews.
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
Already many Israelis — secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox alike — see the draft issue as just one skirmish in a broader cultural battle over the country’s increasingly uncertain future.
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have been exempt from military service since the founding of Israel in 1948, when the country’s leadership promised them autonomy in exchange for their support in creating a largely secular state. At the time, there were only a few hundred yeshiva students.
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
The ultra-Orthodox have grown to more than a million people, roughly 13 percent of Israel’s population. They wield considerable political clout and their elected leaders became kingmakers, featuring in most Israeli coalition governments.
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
But as ultra-Orthodox power grew, so did anger over their failure to join the military and their relatively small contribution to the economy. In 2019, Avigdor Lieberman, a former ally of Mr. Netanyahu, rebuffed his offer to join a coalition that would legislate the draft exemption for the ultra-Orthodox. The decision helped send Israel to repeated elections — five in four years.
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
Last year, after Mr. Netanyahu returned to power at the helm of his current coalition, he sought to legislate a plan to weaken the country’s judiciary, setting off mass protests. For the ultra-Orthodox, who backed the judicial overhaul, a major motivation was ensuring that the Supreme Court could no longer impede their ability to avoid the draft.
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
Ron Scherf, a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli reserves, said many soldiers were frustrated to be serving multiple tours of duty during the war, even as ultra-Orthodox Israelis are “never called up in the first place.”
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
An activist with Brothers in Arms, a collection of reserve soldiers who oppose Mr. Netanyahu, Mr. Scherf asked, “How can Israel just allow an entire community to be exempt from its civic duties?”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
评论翻译
Israel’s Supreme Court on Tuesday ruled that the military must begin drafting ultra-Orthodox Jewish men, a decision that threatened to split Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coalition government amid the war in Gaza.
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
In a unanimous decision, a panel of nine judges held that there was no legal basis for the longstanding military exemption given to ultra-Orthodox religious students. Without a law distinguishing between seminarians and other men of draft age, the court ruled, the country’s mandatory draft laws must similarly apply to the ultra-Orthodox minority.
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
In a country where military service is compulsory for most Jewish Israelis, both men and women, the exemption for the ultra-Orthodox has long prompted resentment. But anger over the group’s special treatment has grown as the war in Gaza has stretched into its ninth month, requiring tens of thousands of reservists to serve multiple tours and costing the lives of hundreds of soldiers.
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
“These days, in the midst of a difficult war, the burden of that inequality is more acute than ever — and requires the advancement of a sustainable solution to this issue,” the Supreme Court said in its ruling.
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
The decision threatened to widen one of the most painful divisions in Israeli society, pitting secular Jews against the ultra-Orthodox, who say their religious study is as essential and protective as the military. It also exposed the fault lines in Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, which depends on the support of two ultra-Orthodox parties that oppose their constituents’ conscxtion, even as other Israelis are killed and wounded in Gaza.
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
Israeli courts have ruled against the exemption before, including Supreme Court decisions in 1998, 2012 and 2017. The top court has repeatedly warned the government that to continue the policy, it must be written into law — though that law would be subject to constitutional challenges, as previous ones were — while also giving the government time to hammer out legislation.
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
But for seven years, since the last law was struck down, successive Israeli governments have dragged their feet in drafting new legislation. In 2023, the law finally reached its expiration date, leading the Israeli government to order the military simply not to draft the ultra-Orthodox while lawmakers worked on an exemption.
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
On Tuesday, the court indicated that its patience had finally run out, striking down that order as illegal. It did not set a timeline for when the military must start conscxting tens of thousands of draft-age religious students. Such a move would likely prove a massive logistical and political challenge, as well as be met with mass resistance by the ultra-Orthodox community.
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
Gali Baharav-Miara, Israel’s attorney general, in a letter to government officials on Tuesday, said the military had committed to draft at least 3,000 ultra-Orthodox religious students — out of more than 60,000 of draft age — during the coming year. She noted that the number would come nowhere near to bridging the gap in military service between the ultra-Orthodox community and other Israeli Jews.
以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
Instead, the ruling included a means of pressuring the ultra-Orthodox to accept the court’s judgment: the suspension of millions of dollars in government subsidies given to religious schools, or yeshivas, that previously supported the exempted students, striking a blow to revered institutions at the heart of the ultra-Orthodox community.
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
The court’s ruling threatens Mr. Netanyahu’s fragile wartime coalition, which includes secular members who oppose the exemption and ultra-Orthodox parties that support it. Either group breaking ranks could cause the government to collapse and call new elections, at a time when popular support for the government is at a low. The opposition in the Israeli Parliament largely wants to end the exemption.
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
The Hamas-led attacks on Oct. 7 — which ignited the eight-month war in Gaza — somewhat loosened the ultra-Orthodox stance on the draft, with some leaders saying that those who could not study scxture should go to the military.
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
“Still, the maximum that the ultra-Orthodox community is willing to give is far less than what the general Israeli public is willing to accept,” said Israel Cohen, a commentator for Kol Barama, an ultra-Orthodox radio station.
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
But the ultra-Orthodox parties, with few palatable options, might not be eager to bring down Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, he said. “They don’t see an alternative, so they’ll try to make it work for as long as they can,” said Mr. Cohen. “They will compromise more than they might have been willing to a year ago in an attempt to preserve the government.”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
For now, the military must devise a plan to potentially welcome to its ranks thousands of soldiers who are opposed to serving and whose insularity and traditions are at odds with a modern fighting force.
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
The court’s decision creates a “gaping political wound in the heart of the coalition” that Mr. Netanyahu now must urgently address, said Yohanan Plesner, chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem-based think tank.
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party criticized the Supreme Court for issuing a ruling when the government was planning to pass legislation that would render the case obsolete. The government’s proposed law, the party said, would increase the number of ultra-Orthodox conscxts while recognizing the importance of religious study.
内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
It was unclear whether Mr. Netanyahu’s proposal would ultimately hold up to judicial scrutiny. But if passed by Parliament, a new law could face years of court challenges, buying the government additional time, said Mr. Plesner.
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
The Supreme Court’s decision on Tuesday immediately sparked outrage among ultra-Orthodox politicians. Many ultra-Orthodox view military service as a gateway to assimilation into a secular Israeli society that would lead young people to deviate from a lifestyle guided by the Torah, the Jewish scxtures.
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
“The State of Israel was established in order to be a home for the Jewish people, for whom Torah is the bedrock of their existence. The Holy Torah will prevail,” Yitzhak Goldknopf, an ultra-Orthodox government minister, said in a statement on Monday.
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
After the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on southern Israel, Israelis united in determination to strike back. But as thousands of reserve soldiers were asked to serve second and third tours in Gaza, the fault lines in Israeli society quickly resurfaced.
10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
Some Israeli analysts warn that war could spread to additional fronts in the West Bank and the northern border with Lebanon, leading the government to call for more conscxts and further straining relations between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews.
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
Already many Israelis — secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox alike — see the draft issue as just one skirmish in a broader cultural battle over the country’s increasingly uncertain future.
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have been exempt from military service since the founding of Israel in 1948, when the country’s leadership promised them autonomy in exchange for their support in creating a largely secular state. At the time, there were only a few hundred yeshiva students.
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
The ultra-Orthodox have grown to more than a million people, roughly 13 percent of Israel’s population. They wield considerable political clout and their elected leaders became kingmakers, featuring in most Israeli coalition governments.
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
But as ultra-Orthodox power grew, so did anger over their failure to join the military and their relatively small contribution to the economy. In 2019, Avigdor Lieberman, a former ally of Mr. Netanyahu, rebuffed his offer to join a coalition that would legislate the draft exemption for the ultra-Orthodox. The decision helped send Israel to repeated elections — five in four years.
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
Last year, after Mr. Netanyahu returned to power at the helm of his current coalition, he sought to legislate a plan to weaken the country’s judiciary, setting off mass protests. For the ultra-Orthodox, who backed the judicial overhaul, a major motivation was ensuring that the Supreme Court could no longer impede their ability to avoid the draft.
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
Ron Scherf, a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli reserves, said many soldiers were frustrated to be serving multiple tours of duty during the war, even as ultra-Orthodox Israelis are “never called up in the first place.”
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
An activist with Brothers in Arms, a collection of reserve soldiers who oppose Mr. Netanyahu, Mr. Scherf asked, “How can Israel just allow an entire community to be exempt from its civic duties?”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
以色列最高法院周二裁定，军队必须开始征召极端正统派的犹太男子入伍，这一决定有可能在加沙战争期间分裂本雅明-内塔尼亚胡总理的联合政府。
In a unanimous decision, a panel of nine judges held that there was no legal basis for the longstanding military exemption given to ultra-Orthodox religious students. Without a law distinguishing between seminarians and other men of draft age, the court ruled, the country’s mandatory draft laws must similarly apply to the ultra-Orthodox minority.
由九名法官组成的合议庭在一致同意的裁决中认为，长期以来军队对极端正统派宗教学生的豁免没有法律依据。法院裁定，由于没有法律区分神学院学生和其他达到征兵年龄的男子，该国的强制征兵法必须同样适用于极端正统派的少数群体。
In a country where military service is compulsory for most Jewish Israelis, both men and women, the exemption for the ultra-Orthodox has long prompted resentment. But anger over the group’s special treatment has grown as the war in Gaza has stretched into its ninth month, requiring tens of thousands of reservists to serve multiple tours and costing the lives of hundreds of soldiers.
在一个大多数以色列犹太人（包括男性和女性）都必须服兵役的国家，对极端正统派教徒的豁免长期以来一直引起人们的不满。但随着加沙战争进入第九个月，数万名预备役军人需要多次服役，数百名士兵因此丧生，对该群体特殊待遇的愤怒也与日俱增。
“These days, in the midst of a difficult war, the burden of that inequality is more acute than ever — and requires the advancement of a sustainable solution to this issue,” the Supreme Court said in its ruling.
最高法院在裁决中说：“如今，在一场艰难的战争中，这种不平等的负担比以往任何时候都更加严重--这就要求推进这一问题的可持续解决。”
The decision threatened to widen one of the most painful divisions in Israeli society, pitting secular Jews against the ultra-Orthodox, who say their religious study is as essential and protective as the military. It also exposed the fault lines in Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, which depends on the support of two ultra-Orthodox parties that oppose their constituents’ conscxtion, even as other Israelis are killed and wounded in Gaza.
这一决定有可能扩大以色列社会中最令人痛苦的分歧之一，使世俗犹太人与极端正统派信徒对立起来，后者认为他们的宗教学习与军队一样重要并具有保护作用。这也暴露了内塔尼亚胡先生联盟中的断层，内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟依赖于两个即使其他以色列人在加沙被杀和受伤也反对其选民应征入伍的极端正统派党派的支持。
Israeli courts have ruled against the exemption before, including Supreme Court decisions in 1998, 2012 and 2017. The top court has repeatedly warned the government that to continue the policy, it must be written into law — though that law would be subject to constitutional challenges, as previous ones were — while also giving the government time to hammer out legislation.
以色列法院以前曾做出过反对豁免的裁决，包括最高法院在1998年、2012年和2017年做出的裁决。最高法院曾多次警告政府，要想继续执行这项政策，就必须将其写入法律--尽管这项法律会受到宪法挑战，就像以前的法律一样--同时也给了政府制定法律的时间。
插图：上周，以色列警方驱散了封锁以色列贝内贝拉克高速公路的极端正统派抗议者。
But for seven years, since the last law was struck down, successive Israeli governments have dragged their feet in drafting new legislation. In 2023, the law finally reached its expiration date, leading the Israeli government to order the military simply not to draft the ultra-Orthodox while lawmakers worked on an exemption.
但自上一部法律被废除后的七年里，以色列历届政府在起草新法律方面一直拖拖拉拉。2023年，该法律终于到了失效日期，导致以色列政府命令军方在立法者制定豁免条款期间不得征召极端正统派人士。
On Tuesday, the court indicated that its patience had finally run out, striking down that order as illegal. It did not set a timeline for when the military must start conscxting tens of thousands of draft-age religious students. Such a move would likely prove a massive logistical and political challenge, as well as be met with mass resistance by the ultra-Orthodox community.
本周二，法院表示其耐心终于耗尽，以非法为由驳回了这一命令。法院没有规定军方何时必须开始征召数万名适龄宗教学生入伍。此举很可能会带来巨大的后勤和政治挑战，并遭到极端正统派团体的大规模抵制。
Gali Baharav-Miara, Israel’s attorney general, in a letter to government officials on Tuesday, said the military had committed to draft at least 3,000 ultra-Orthodox religious students — out of more than 60,000 of draft age — during the coming year. She noted that the number would come nowhere near to bridging the gap in military service between the ultra-Orthodox community and other Israeli Jews.
以色列总检察长加利-巴哈拉夫-米拉周二在给政府官员的一封信中说，军方已承诺在来年征召至少3000名极端正统派宗教学生入伍--这一群体中有6万多人达到征兵年龄。她指出，这一数字远远无法弥补极端正统派社区与其他以色列犹太人之间在服兵役方面的差距。
Instead, the ruling included a means of pressuring the ultra-Orthodox to accept the court’s judgment: the suspension of millions of dollars in government subsidies given to religious schools, or yeshivas, that previously supported the exempted students, striking a blow to revered institutions at the heart of the ultra-Orthodox community.
相反，该裁决还包括一种迫使极端正统派信徒接受法院判决的手段：暂停政府向宗教学校（或称犹太学校）提供的数百万美元的补贴，这些学校以前曾资助过免征兵役的学生，这对极端正统派社区核心的受人尊敬的机构造成了打击。
The court’s ruling threatens Mr. Netanyahu’s fragile wartime coalition, which includes secular members who oppose the exemption and ultra-Orthodox parties that support it. Either group breaking ranks could cause the government to collapse and call new elections, at a time when popular support for the government is at a low. The opposition in the Israeli Parliament largely wants to end the exemption.
法院的裁决威胁到内塔尼亚胡先生脆弱的战时联盟，该联盟包括反对豁免的世俗成员和支持豁免的极端正统派党派。在政府的民意支持率处于低谷之际，任何一个党派的分裂都可能导致政府垮台并重新举行选举。以色列议会中的反对党大多希望终止豁免。
The Hamas-led attacks on Oct. 7 — which ignited the eight-month war in Gaza — somewhat loosened the ultra-Orthodox stance on the draft, with some leaders saying that those who could not study scxture should go to the military.
哈马斯领导的10月7日袭击点燃了长达八个月的加沙战争，这在一定程度上放松了极端正统派信徒对征兵的立场，一些领导人表示，那些无法学习经文的人应该去当兵。
“Still, the maximum that the ultra-Orthodox community is willing to give is far less than what the general Israeli public is willing to accept,” said Israel Cohen, a commentator for Kol Barama, an ultra-Orthodox radio station.
极端正统派电台Kol Barama的评论员以色列-科恩说：“尽管如此，极端正统派团体愿意给予的最大限度还是远远低于以色列普通民众愿意接受的程度。”
But the ultra-Orthodox parties, with few palatable options, might not be eager to bring down Mr. Netanyahu’s coalition, he said. “They don’t see an alternative, so they’ll try to make it work for as long as they can,” said Mr. Cohen. “They will compromise more than they might have been willing to a year ago in an attempt to preserve the government.”
但他说，极端正统派党派几乎没有可取的选择，因此可能并不急于推翻内塔尼亚胡先生的联盟。科恩先生说：“他们还没有替代方案，所以他们会尽量让联盟继续运作下去。他们会做出比一年前更多的妥协，试图保住政府。”
插图：自1948年以色列建国以来，从事宗教研究的极端正统派犹太人可以免服兵役，但对于大多数犹太人来说，服兵役是强制性的。
For now, the military must devise a plan to potentially welcome to its ranks thousands of soldiers who are opposed to serving and whose insularity and traditions are at odds with a modern fighting force.
目前，军方必须制定一项计划，迎接成千上万反对服役的士兵加入军队，他们的孤僻和传统与现代化的战斗力量格格不入。
The court’s decision creates a “gaping political wound in the heart of the coalition” that Mr. Netanyahu now must urgently address, said Yohanan Plesner, chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute, a Jerusalem-based think tank.
耶路撒冷智库以色列民主研究所主席约哈南-普莱斯纳说，法院的裁决造成了“联盟核心的一个巨大政治伤口”，内塔尼亚胡现在必须紧急处理这个伤口。
In a statement, Mr. Netanyahu’s Likud party criticized the Supreme Court for issuing a ruling when the government was planning to pass legislation that would render the case obsolete. The government’s proposed law, the party said, would increase the number of ultra-Orthodox conscxts while recognizing the importance of religious study.
内塔尼亚胡先生领导的利库德集团在一份声明中批评最高法院在政府计划通过将使该案过时的立法时做出裁决。该党说，政府提议的法律将增加极端正统派应征入伍者的人数，同时承认宗教学习的重要性。
It was unclear whether Mr. Netanyahu’s proposal would ultimately hold up to judicial scrutiny. But if passed by Parliament, a new law could face years of court challenges, buying the government additional time, said Mr. Plesner.
目前还不清楚内塔尼亚胡先生的提议最终能否通过司法审查。但普莱斯纳先生说，如果议会通过，新法律可能会面临数年的法庭挑战，从而为政府赢得更多时间。
The Supreme Court’s decision on Tuesday immediately sparked outrage among ultra-Orthodox politicians. Many ultra-Orthodox view military service as a gateway to assimilation into a secular Israeli society that would lead young people to deviate from a lifestyle guided by the Torah, the Jewish scxtures.
最高法院周二的决定立即引发了极端正统派政治家们的愤怒。许多极端正统派人士认为，服兵役是与以色列世俗社会同化的一个途径，会导致年轻人偏离以犹太经文《托拉》为指导的生活方式。
“The State of Israel was established in order to be a home for the Jewish people, for whom Torah is the bedrock of their existence. The Holy Torah will prevail,” Yitzhak Goldknopf, an ultra-Orthodox government minister, said in a statement on Monday.
“以色列国的建立是为了成为犹太人的家园，对犹太人来说，《托拉》是他们生存的基石。神圣的《托拉》将占上风，”极端正统派的政府部长伊扎克-戈德科诺夫在周一的一份声明中说。
（译者注：《托拉》，狭义上指《旧约》的首五卷（犹太人不称旧约），犹太教称为摩西律法，或《摩西五经》即《创世记》、《出埃及记》、《利未记》、《民数记》和《申命记》）
After the Oct. 7 Hamas-led attack on southern Israel, Israelis united in determination to strike back. But as thousands of reserve soldiers were asked to serve second and third tours in Gaza, the fault lines in Israeli society quickly resurfaced.
10月7日哈马斯领导的对以色列南部的袭击发生后，以色列人团结一致，决心进行反击。但随着成千上万的后备役士兵被要求在加沙服第二和第三次兵役，以色列社会的裂痕很快再次出现。
Some Israeli analysts warn that war could spread to additional fronts in the West Bank and the northern border with Lebanon, leading the government to call for more conscxts and further straining relations between secular and ultra-Orthodox Jews.
一些以色列分析家警告说，战争可能会蔓延到约旦河西岸和与黎巴嫩接壤的北部边境的更多战线，导致政府要求征召更多的新兵，并使世俗犹太人和极端正统派犹太人之间的关系进一步紧张。
Already many Israelis — secular, religious and ultra-Orthodox alike — see the draft issue as just one skirmish in a broader cultural battle over the country’s increasingly uncertain future.
许多以色列人--世俗的、虔诚的和极端正统派的--已经把征兵问题看作是围绕国家日益不确定的未来而展开的更广泛的文化斗争中的一场小冲突。
Ultra-Orthodox Jews have been exempt from military service since the founding of Israel in 1948, when the country’s leadership promised them autonomy in exchange for their support in creating a largely secular state. At the time, there were only a few hundred yeshiva students.
自1948年以色列建国以来，极端正统派犹太人一直免服兵役，当时以色列领导层承诺给予他们自治权，以换取他们支持建立一个基本世俗化的国家。当时，以色列只有几百名神学院学生。
The ultra-Orthodox have grown to more than a million people, roughly 13 percent of Israel’s population. They wield considerable political clout and their elected leaders became kingmakers, featuring in most Israeli coalition governments.
极端正统派已发展到100多万人，约占以色列人口的13%。他们拥有相当大的政治影响力，其民选领导人成为以色列大多数联合政府的“国王”。
But as ultra-Orthodox power grew, so did anger over their failure to join the military and their relatively small contribution to the economy. In 2019, Avigdor Lieberman, a former ally of Mr. Netanyahu, rebuffed his offer to join a coalition that would legislate the draft exemption for the ultra-Orthodox. The decision helped send Israel to repeated elections — five in four years.
但随着极端正统派势力的增长，人们对他们未能参军以及对经济贡献相对较小的愤怒也随之增长。2019年，内塔尼亚胡先生的前盟友阿维格多-利伯曼拒绝了内塔尼亚胡先生提出的加入一个将立法规定极端正统派豁免草案的联盟的提议。这一决定促使以色列在四年内五次重复选举。
Last year, after Mr. Netanyahu returned to power at the helm of his current coalition, he sought to legislate a plan to weaken the country’s judiciary, setting off mass protests. For the ultra-Orthodox, who backed the judicial overhaul, a major motivation was ensuring that the Supreme Court could no longer impede their ability to avoid the draft.
去年，内塔尼亚胡先生在其当前联盟的领导下重新掌权后，试图通过立法制定一项削弱国家司法机构的计划，引发了大规模抗议。对于支持司法改革的极端正统派信徒来说，他们的主要动机是确保最高法院不再阻碍他们逃避征兵。
Ron Scherf, a lieutenant colonel in the Israeli reserves, said many soldiers were frustrated to be serving multiple tours of duty during the war, even as ultra-Orthodox Israelis are “never called up in the first place.”
以色列预备役中校罗恩-舍夫说，许多士兵对在战争期间多次服役感到沮丧，而极端正统派信徒以色列人“从一开始就没有被征召过”。
An activist with Brothers in Arms, a collection of reserve soldiers who oppose Mr. Netanyahu, Mr. Scherf asked, “How can Israel just allow an entire community to be exempt from its civic duties?”
舍夫先生是反对内塔尼亚胡先生的后备役士兵组织“手拉手兄弟会”的一名活动家，他问道：“以色列怎么能允许整个社区都免除公民义务的？”
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