QA问答：中国古代历史文献很容易被统治者随意更改，那么中国人如何确认某些信息是错误的呢？例如秦始皇活埋儒家学者，朱棣不是马皇后的儿子等。
正文翻译
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CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中国有一门学科叫考古学。
对于考古学来说，最有价值的文物不是黄金、钻石首饰或艺术品，而是竹简、丝绸书、甲骨文和带有文字的青铜器。
文献资料往往受时代和记录者认知局限的限制，无法完整、真实地反映社会现象和历史事实。
但文物不同，它是在每个时期留下的客观现实。它可以充分确认历史文献的真实性，纠正文献记录的错误，填补文献记录的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云梦县城关镇睡虎乡11号墓的秦代竹简，记录了当时的法律和官文，经整理并收录在《睡虎地秦简》一书中。
This batch of bamboo slips is a precious historical material for the study of politics, economy, culture, law and military in the period from the late Warring States period to the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and it is also the basis for the proofreading of ancient books.
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
这批竹简是战国末至秦始皇时期研究政治、经济、文化、法律、军事的珍贵史料，也是古籍校对的依据。
据证证，墓主是“喜”，生前曾担任县长，参与“监狱管理”，这些竹简可能是墓主生前根据工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文书的抄录。
睡虎地秦墓竹简共1155枚，残片80枚，分类整理为十部分内容，包括：《秦律十八种》《效律》《秦律杂抄》《法律答问》《封诊式》《编年记》《语书》《为吏之道》、甲种与乙种《日书》。其中《语书》《效律》《封诊式》《日书》为原书标题，其他均为后人整理拟定。
However, through the excavation of Qin slips, we see that the Qin Empire's corvée was paid, the court took care of the food, and the government could distribute clothes. Each household was not allowed to draft two people to serve at the same time, and the workload in winter was reduced by one-third. In short, it was very humane, and Qin Shi Huang was not the tyrant depicted in the literature and novels.
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通过秦简的挖掘，我们看到秦帝国的徭役是有偿的，朝廷负责食物的，政府可以分发衣服。每户不允许征召两个人同时服役，冬季的工作量减少了三分之一。总之，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文学小说中描绘的暴君。
至于秦始皇没有活埋儒家学者，中国历史上其实是有争议的。
例如，“儒家”一词是指“儒家学生”还是“巫师”？这一点需要用更多的历史数据来验证。
但不管怎么说，《睡虎地秦简》对于战国后期到秦初初的现代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
The Thirteen Ming-Tombs in Beijing were not stolen, nor were the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma in Nanjing.
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵没有被盗，南京的朱元璋和皇后马的陵墓也没有被盗。
使用现代技术，通过比较朱棣和马皇后的基因，难道不会知道结果吗？
中国还有很多地下文物没有被挖掘出来，以目前的技术水平还不能做到100%的无损挖掘，中国不会对这些文物做任何工作，让它们继续沉睡在地下是最好的保护。
CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中国有一门学科叫考古学。
对于考古学来说，最有价值的文物不是黄金、钻石首饰或艺术品，而是竹简、丝绸书、甲骨文和带有文字的青铜器。
文献资料往往受时代和记录者认知局限的限制，无法完整、真实地反映社会现象和历史事实。
但文物不同，它是在每个时期留下的客观现实。它可以充分确认历史文献的真实性，纠正文献记录的错误，填补文献记录的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云梦县城关镇睡虎乡11号墓的秦代竹简，记录了当时的法律和官文，经整理并收录在《睡虎地秦简》一书中。
This batch of bamboo slips is a precious historical material for the study of politics, economy, culture, law and military in the period from the late Warring States period to the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and it is also the basis for the proofreading of ancient books.
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
这批竹简是战国末至秦始皇时期研究政治、经济、文化、法律、军事的珍贵史料，也是古籍校对的依据。
据证证，墓主是“喜”，生前曾担任县长，参与“监狱管理”，这些竹简可能是墓主生前根据工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文书的抄录。
睡虎地秦墓竹简共1155枚，残片80枚，分类整理为十部分内容，包括：《秦律十八种》《效律》《秦律杂抄》《法律答问》《封诊式》《编年记》《语书》《为吏之道》、甲种与乙种《日书》。其中《语书》《效律》《封诊式》《日书》为原书标题，其他均为后人整理拟定。
However, through the excavation of Qin slips, we see that the Qin Empire's corvée was paid, the court took care of the food, and the government could distribute clothes. Each household was not allowed to draft two people to serve at the same time, and the workload in winter was reduced by one-third. In short, it was very humane, and Qin Shi Huang was not the tyrant depicted in the literature and novels.
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通过秦简的挖掘，我们看到秦帝国的徭役是有偿的，朝廷负责食物的，政府可以分发衣服。每户不允许征召两个人同时服役，冬季的工作量减少了三分之一。总之，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文学小说中描绘的暴君。
至于秦始皇没有活埋儒家学者，中国历史上其实是有争议的。
例如，“儒家”一词是指“儒家学生”还是“巫师”？这一点需要用更多的历史数据来验证。
但不管怎么说，《睡虎地秦简》对于战国后期到秦初初的现代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
The Thirteen Ming-Tombs in Beijing were not stolen, nor were the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma in Nanjing.
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵没有被盗，南京的朱元璋和皇后马的陵墓也没有被盗。
使用现代技术，通过比较朱棣和马皇后的基因，难道不会知道结果吗？
中国还有很多地下文物没有被挖掘出来，以目前的技术水平还不能做到100%的无损挖掘，中国不会对这些文物做任何工作，让它们继续沉睡在地下是最好的保护。
评论翻译
Profile photo for CaiLei
CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中国有一门学科叫考古学。
对于考古学来说，最有价值的文物不是黄金、钻石首饰或艺术品，而是竹简、丝绸书、甲骨文和带有文字的青铜器。
文献资料往往受时代和记录者认知局限的限制，无法完整、真实地反映社会现象和历史事实。
但文物不同，它是在每个时期留下的客观现实。它可以充分确认历史文献的真实性，纠正文献记录的错误，填补文献记录的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云梦县城关镇睡虎乡11号墓的秦代竹简，记录了当时的法律和官文，经整理并收录在《睡虎地秦简》一书中。
This batch of bamboo slips is a precious historical material for the study of politics, economy, culture, law and military in the period from the late Warring States period to the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and it is also the basis for the proofreading of ancient books.
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
这批竹简是战国末至秦始皇时期研究政治、经济、文化、法律、军事的珍贵史料，也是古籍校对的依据。
据证证，墓主是“喜”，生前曾担任县长，参与“监狱管理”，这些竹简可能是墓主生前根据工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文书的抄录。
睡虎地秦墓竹简共1155枚，残片80枚，分类整理为十部分内容，包括：《秦律十八种》《效律》《秦律杂抄》《法律答问》《封诊式》《编年记》《语书》《为吏之道》、甲种与乙种《日书》。其中《语书》《效律》《封诊式》《日书》为原书标题，其他均为后人整理拟定。
However, through the excavation of Qin slips, we see that the Qin Empire's corvée was paid, the court took care of the food, and the government could distribute clothes. Each household was not allowed to draft two people to serve at the same time, and the workload in winter was reduced by one-third. In short, it was very humane, and Qin Shi Huang was not the tyrant depicted in the literature and novels.
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通过秦简的挖掘，我们看到秦帝国的徭役是有偿的，朝廷负责食物的，政府可以分发衣服。每户不允许征召两个人同时服役，冬季的工作量减少了三分之一。总之，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文学小说中描绘的暴君。
至于秦始皇没有活埋儒家学者，中国历史上其实是有争议的。
例如，“儒家”一词是指“儒家学生”还是“巫师”？这一点需要用更多的历史数据来验证。
但不管怎么说，《睡虎地秦简》对于战国后期到秦初初的现代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
The Thirteen Ming-Tombs in Beijing were not stolen, nor were the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma in Nanjing.
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵没有被盗，南京的朱元璋和皇后马的陵墓也没有被盗。
使用现代技术，通过比较朱棣和马皇后的基因，难道不会知道结果吗？
中国还有很多地下文物没有被挖掘出来，以目前的技术水平还不能做到100%的无损挖掘，中国不会对这些文物做任何工作，让它们继续沉睡在地下是最好的保护。
CaiLei
There is a subject in China called archeology.
For archaeology, the most valuable artifacts are not gold, diamond jewelry or artwork, but bamboo slips, silk book, oracle bones, and bronzes with writing on them.
Documentary materials are often limited by the era and the cognitive limitations of the recorders, so that it is impossible to reflect the social phenomena and historical facts completely and truthfully.
But the cultural relics are different, it is in each period of time left behind the obxtive reality. It can fully confirm the authenticity of historical documents, correct the errors of documentary records, and fill the gaps in documentary records.
Bamboo slips of the Qin Dynasty unearthed in December 1975 in Tomb No. 11 of Sleeping Tiger Land, Chengguan Town, Yunmeng County, xiaogan City, Hubei Province, China, recording the laws and official documents of the time, have been collated and included in the book "Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts".
中国有一门学科叫考古学。
对于考古学来说，最有价值的文物不是黄金、钻石首饰或艺术品，而是竹简、丝绸书、甲骨文和带有文字的青铜器。
文献资料往往受时代和记录者认知局限的限制，无法完整、真实地反映社会现象和历史事实。
但文物不同，它是在每个时期留下的客观现实。它可以充分确认历史文献的真实性，纠正文献记录的错误，填补文献记录的空白。
1975年12月出土于湖北省孝感市云梦县城关镇睡虎乡11号墓的秦代竹简，记录了当时的法律和官文，经整理并收录在《睡虎地秦简》一书中。
This batch of bamboo slips is a precious historical material for the study of politics, economy, culture, law and military in the period from the late Warring States period to the first emperor of Qin Dynasty, and it is also the basis for the proofreading of ancient books.
According to the evidence, the owner of the tomb was "xi", who had served as a magistrate of the county during his lifetime and participated in "prison management", and these bamboo slips may be the transcxtions of the laws and legal documents of the Qin Dynasty made by the owner of the tomb according to the needs of his work during his lifetime.
“Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” counted 1,155, 80 pieces of debris, is now categorized and organized into ten parts, including: "18 kinds of Qin law", "the effect of the law", "the Qin law of miscellaneous copy", "the law of the Q&A", "sealing diagnostic formula", "chronicle", "language book", "for the way of the official", "day book" A and "day book" B. The "language book", "effect" and "day book" A and "day book" B. Among them, the Book of Words, the Effective Laws, the Seal Diagnostic Forms, and the Book of Days are the titles of the original books, while the others are organized and formulated by the later generations. The bamboo slips are 23.1 to 27.8 centimeters long and 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters wide, and the inner texts are written in ink with Qin clerical scxt, written in the late Warring States period and the period of Qin Shi Huang.
这批竹简是战国末至秦始皇时期研究政治、经济、文化、法律、军事的珍贵史料，也是古籍校对的依据。
据证证，墓主是“喜”，生前曾担任县长，参与“监狱管理”，这些竹简可能是墓主生前根据工作需要制作的秦朝法律和法律文书的抄录。
睡虎地秦墓竹简共1155枚，残片80枚，分类整理为十部分内容，包括：《秦律十八种》《效律》《秦律杂抄》《法律答问》《封诊式》《编年记》《语书》《为吏之道》、甲种与乙种《日书》。其中《语书》《效律》《封诊式》《日书》为原书标题，其他均为后人整理拟定。
However, through the excavation of Qin slips, we see that the Qin Empire's corvée was paid, the court took care of the food, and the government could distribute clothes. Each household was not allowed to draft two people to serve at the same time, and the workload in winter was reduced by one-third. In short, it was very humane, and Qin Shi Huang was not the tyrant depicted in the literature and novels.
As for the fact that Emperor Qin Shi Huang did not bury the Confucian scholars alive, there are actually controversies in Chinese history.
For example, does the term "Confucian" refer to "Confucian students" or "sorcerers"? This point needs to be verified by more historical data.
But in any case, the “Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts” is a very, very, very important historical material for the modern study of the late Warring States period to the early Qin Dynasty.
然而，通过秦简的挖掘，我们看到秦帝国的徭役是有偿的，朝廷负责食物的，政府可以分发衣服。每户不允许征召两个人同时服役，冬季的工作量减少了三分之一。总之，非常人性化，秦始皇也不是文学小说中描绘的暴君。
至于秦始皇没有活埋儒家学者，中国历史上其实是有争议的。
例如，“儒家”一词是指“儒家学生”还是“巫师”？这一点需要用更多的历史数据来验证。
但不管怎么说，《睡虎地秦简》对于战国后期到秦初初的现代研究，都是非常、非常、非常重要的史料。
The Thirteen Ming-Tombs in Beijing were not stolen, nor were the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Empress Ma in Nanjing.
Using modern technology, wouldn't the results be known by comparing the genes of Zhu Di and Empress Ma?
China still has a lot of underground cultural relics have not been excavated, the current level of technology can not do 100% of non-destructive excavation, all, China will not do any work on these cultural relics, so that they continue to sleep in the ground is the best protection.
北京的十三明陵没有被盗，南京的朱元璋和皇后马的陵墓也没有被盗。
使用现代技术，通过比较朱棣和马皇后的基因，难道不会知道结果吗？
中国还有很多地下文物没有被挖掘出来，以目前的技术水平还不能做到100%的无损挖掘，中国不会对这些文物做任何工作，让它们继续沉睡在地下是最好的保护。
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