为什么中国的月球探测器嫦娥六号花了20天才从月球背面返回地球，而几十年前的阿波罗11号只用了5天？
正文翻译
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Aya Shawn
Different orbits!
Apollo spacecraft:
There are astronauts on board, and the spacecraft must run a life support system.
The Apollo spacecraft has limited electricity, oxygen, food, and water, which cannot withstand long-term consumption, and must complete the mission in the shortest time.
They chose a radical flight route:
They used the most powerful and expensive super rocket in human history, Saturn V
The Apollo spacecraft hardly used the gravitational slingshot effect, and was even reluctant to circle the earth one more time. Instead, it accelerated at full speed. When returning to the earth, they set off from the lunar orbit and directly entered the Earth-Moon transfer orbit. When the spacecraft was captured by the earth, it directly slowed down and landed.
Advantages: simple and direct, saving time
Disadvantages: requires super rockets and large engines, a lot of fuel, high flight control risks, and low safety redundancy.
不同的轨道！
阿波罗飞船：
飞船上有宇航员，并且必须运行生命维持系统。
阿波罗飞船的电力、氧气、食物、水都有限，经不起长期消耗，而且必须在最短的时间内完成任务。
他们选择了一条激进的飞行路线：
他们使用了人类历史上最强大、最昂贵的超级火箭——土星五号
阿波罗飞船几乎没用引力弹弓效应，甚至不愿意再绕地球一圈，而是全速加速，返回地球时从月球轨道出发，直接进入地月转移轨道，当飞船被地球捕获时，直接减速降落。
优点：简单直接，节省时间
缺点：需要超级火箭和大型发动机，需要大量燃料，飞行控制风险高，安全冗余度低。
Chang'e probe:
It is an unmanned spacecraft that does not require any life support system. Solar panels provide it with almost unlimited endurance. It has plenty of time to slowly complete the mission.
They chose an economical and conservative flight route:
They did not even use the full version of the CZ5 rocket, but only a small thrust version to make full use of the gravitational slingshot effect. Whether going to the moon or returning to the earth, they first fly around the planet, using the slingshot effect to accelerate, save fuel to the greatest extent, and adjust the orbit carefully and gradually.
When returning to the earth's orbit, they also slow down four times and gradually adjust the orbital height, repeatedly orbiting the earth, and finally cut into the earth's orbit at a very small angle and return.
Advantages: low cost, no need for particularly large rockets and engines, and no need to consume too much fuel. The orbit can be adjusted multiple times, with low control risk and high safety redundancy.
Disadvantages: slow speed
嫦娥探测器：
它是一艘无人航天器，不需要任何生命支持系统，太阳能电池板为它提供了几乎无限的续航能力，它有充足的时间慢慢完成任务。
他们选择了一条经济保守的飞行路线：
他们甚至没有使用全尺寸版的长征5火箭，只使用了小推力版本，充分利用引力弹弓效应。无论是前往月球还是返回地球，都先绕行星飞行，利用引力效应加速，最大程度节省燃料，并小心谨慎地逐步调整轨道。
在返回地球轨道时，它们也经过四次减速并逐步调整轨道高度，反复绕地球运行，最后以很小的角度切入地球轨道返回。
优点：成本低，不需要特别大的火箭和发动机，也不需要消耗太多燃料。可多次调整轨道，操控风险低，安全冗余度高。
缺点：速度慢
The rockets used in the two missions have huge differences in size and cost
The Apollo program took place in the 1970s, when the United States and the Soviet unx engaged in a fierce space race. Various plans spared no expense and cost more than $25 billion (equivalent to more than $180 billion today)
China's moon landing plan took place in recent years. Space plans of various countries are very concerned about reducing costs. China's lunar exploration plan has a budget of $200 million.
Different mission demands determine that they choose different plans.
两次任务使用的火箭在尺寸和成本上存在巨大差异
阿波罗计划发生在 20 世纪 70年代，当时美国和苏联展开了激烈的太空竞赛。各项计划不惜重金，耗资超过250亿美元（相当于今天的 1800 多亿美元）
中国的登月计划是近几年的事情，各国的航天计划都非常注重降低成本，中国的探月计划预算2亿美元。
不同的任务需求决定了他们选择不同的方案。
Aya Shawn
Different orbits!
Apollo spacecraft:
There are astronauts on board, and the spacecraft must run a life support system.
The Apollo spacecraft has limited electricity, oxygen, food, and water, which cannot withstand long-term consumption, and must complete the mission in the shortest time.
They chose a radical flight route:
They used the most powerful and expensive super rocket in human history, Saturn V
The Apollo spacecraft hardly used the gravitational slingshot effect, and was even reluctant to circle the earth one more time. Instead, it accelerated at full speed. When returning to the earth, they set off from the lunar orbit and directly entered the Earth-Moon transfer orbit. When the spacecraft was captured by the earth, it directly slowed down and landed.
Advantages: simple and direct, saving time
Disadvantages: requires super rockets and large engines, a lot of fuel, high flight control risks, and low safety redundancy.
不同的轨道！
阿波罗飞船：
飞船上有宇航员，并且必须运行生命维持系统。
阿波罗飞船的电力、氧气、食物、水都有限，经不起长期消耗，而且必须在最短的时间内完成任务。
他们选择了一条激进的飞行路线：
他们使用了人类历史上最强大、最昂贵的超级火箭——土星五号
阿波罗飞船几乎没用引力弹弓效应，甚至不愿意再绕地球一圈，而是全速加速，返回地球时从月球轨道出发，直接进入地月转移轨道，当飞船被地球捕获时，直接减速降落。
优点：简单直接，节省时间
缺点：需要超级火箭和大型发动机，需要大量燃料，飞行控制风险高，安全冗余度低。
Chang'e probe:
It is an unmanned spacecraft that does not require any life support system. Solar panels provide it with almost unlimited endurance. It has plenty of time to slowly complete the mission.
They chose an economical and conservative flight route:
They did not even use the full version of the CZ5 rocket, but only a small thrust version to make full use of the gravitational slingshot effect. Whether going to the moon or returning to the earth, they first fly around the planet, using the slingshot effect to accelerate, save fuel to the greatest extent, and adjust the orbit carefully and gradually.
When returning to the earth's orbit, they also slow down four times and gradually adjust the orbital height, repeatedly orbiting the earth, and finally cut into the earth's orbit at a very small angle and return.
Advantages: low cost, no need for particularly large rockets and engines, and no need to consume too much fuel. The orbit can be adjusted multiple times, with low control risk and high safety redundancy.
Disadvantages: slow speed
嫦娥探测器：
它是一艘无人航天器，不需要任何生命支持系统，太阳能电池板为它提供了几乎无限的续航能力，它有充足的时间慢慢完成任务。
他们选择了一条经济保守的飞行路线：
他们甚至没有使用全尺寸版的长征5火箭，只使用了小推力版本，充分利用引力弹弓效应。无论是前往月球还是返回地球，都先绕行星飞行，利用引力效应加速，最大程度节省燃料，并小心谨慎地逐步调整轨道。
在返回地球轨道时，它们也经过四次减速并逐步调整轨道高度，反复绕地球运行，最后以很小的角度切入地球轨道返回。
优点：成本低，不需要特别大的火箭和发动机，也不需要消耗太多燃料。可多次调整轨道，操控风险低，安全冗余度高。
缺点：速度慢
The rockets used in the two missions have huge differences in size and cost
The Apollo program took place in the 1970s, when the United States and the Soviet unx engaged in a fierce space race. Various plans spared no expense and cost more than $25 billion (equivalent to more than $180 billion today)
China's moon landing plan took place in recent years. Space plans of various countries are very concerned about reducing costs. China's lunar exploration plan has a budget of $200 million.
Different mission demands determine that they choose different plans.
两次任务使用的火箭在尺寸和成本上存在巨大差异
阿波罗计划发生在 20 世纪 70年代，当时美国和苏联展开了激烈的太空竞赛。各项计划不惜重金，耗资超过250亿美元（相当于今天的 1800 多亿美元）
中国的登月计划是近几年的事情，各国的航天计划都非常注重降低成本，中国的探月计划预算2亿美元。
不同的任务需求决定了他们选择不同的方案。
评论翻译
Profile photo for Aya Shawn
Aya Shawn
Different orbits!
Apollo spacecraft:
There are astronauts on board, and the spacecraft must run a life support system.
The Apollo spacecraft has limited electricity, oxygen, food, and water, which cannot withstand long-term consumption, and must complete the mission in the shortest time.
They chose a radical flight route:
They used the most powerful and expensive super rocket in human history, Saturn V
The Apollo spacecraft hardly used the gravitational slingshot effect, and was even reluctant to circle the earth one more time. Instead, it accelerated at full speed. When returning to the earth, they set off from the lunar orbit and directly entered the Earth-Moon transfer orbit. When the spacecraft was captured by the earth, it directly slowed down and landed.
Advantages: simple and direct, saving time
Disadvantages: requires super rockets and large engines, a lot of fuel, high flight control risks, and low safety redundancy.
不同的轨道！
阿波罗飞船：
飞船上有宇航员，并且必须运行生命维持系统。
阿波罗飞船的电力、氧气、食物、水都有限，经不起长期消耗，而且必须在最短的时间内完成任务。
他们选择了一条激进的飞行路线：
他们使用了人类历史上最强大、最昂贵的超级火箭——土星五号
阿波罗飞船几乎没用引力弹弓效应，甚至不愿意再绕地球一圈，而是全速加速，返回地球时从月球轨道出发，直接进入地月转移轨道，当飞船被地球捕获时，直接减速降落。
优点：简单直接，节省时间
缺点：需要超级火箭和大型发动机，需要大量燃料，飞行控制风险高，安全冗余度低。
Chang'e probe:
It is an unmanned spacecraft that does not require any life support system. Solar panels provide it with almost unlimited endurance. It has plenty of time to slowly complete the mission.
They chose an economical and conservative flight route:
They did not even use the full version of the CZ5 rocket, but only a small thrust version to make full use of the gravitational slingshot effect. Whether going to the moon or returning to the earth, they first fly around the planet, using the slingshot effect to accelerate, save fuel to the greatest extent, and adjust the orbit carefully and gradually.
When returning to the earth's orbit, they also slow down four times and gradually adjust the orbital height, repeatedly orbiting the earth, and finally cut into the earth's orbit at a very small angle and return.
Advantages: low cost, no need for particularly large rockets and engines, and no need to consume too much fuel. The orbit can be adjusted multiple times, with low control risk and high safety redundancy.
Disadvantages: slow speed
嫦娥探测器：
它是一艘无人航天器，不需要任何生命支持系统，太阳能电池板为它提供了几乎无限的续航能力，它有充足的时间慢慢完成任务。
他们选择了一条经济保守的飞行路线：
他们甚至没有使用全尺寸版的长征5火箭，只使用了小推力版本，充分利用引力弹弓效应。无论是前往月球还是返回地球，都先绕行星飞行，利用引力效应加速，最大程度节省燃料，并小心谨慎地逐步调整轨道。
在返回地球轨道时，它们也经过四次减速并逐步调整轨道高度，反复绕地球运行，最后以很小的角度切入地球轨道返回。
优点：成本低，不需要特别大的火箭和发动机，也不需要消耗太多燃料。可多次调整轨道，操控风险低，安全冗余度高。
缺点：速度慢
The rockets used in the two missions have huge differences in size and cost
The Apollo program took place in the 1970s, when the United States and the Soviet unx engaged in a fierce space race. Various plans spared no expense and cost more than $25 billion (equivalent to more than $180 billion today)
China's moon landing plan took place in recent years. Space plans of various countries are very concerned about reducing costs. China's lunar exploration plan has a budget of $200 million.
Different mission demands determine that they choose different plans.
两次任务使用的火箭在尺寸和成本上存在巨大差异
阿波罗计划发生在 20 世纪 70年代，当时美国和苏联展开了激烈的太空竞赛。各项计划不惜重金，耗资超过250亿美元（相当于今天的 1800 多亿美元）
中国的登月计划是近几年的事情，各国的航天计划都非常注重降低成本，中国的探月计划预算2亿美元。
不同的任务需求决定了他们选择不同的方案。
Aya Shawn
Different orbits!
Apollo spacecraft:
There are astronauts on board, and the spacecraft must run a life support system.
The Apollo spacecraft has limited electricity, oxygen, food, and water, which cannot withstand long-term consumption, and must complete the mission in the shortest time.
They chose a radical flight route:
They used the most powerful and expensive super rocket in human history, Saturn V
The Apollo spacecraft hardly used the gravitational slingshot effect, and was even reluctant to circle the earth one more time. Instead, it accelerated at full speed. When returning to the earth, they set off from the lunar orbit and directly entered the Earth-Moon transfer orbit. When the spacecraft was captured by the earth, it directly slowed down and landed.
Advantages: simple and direct, saving time
Disadvantages: requires super rockets and large engines, a lot of fuel, high flight control risks, and low safety redundancy.
不同的轨道！
阿波罗飞船：
飞船上有宇航员，并且必须运行生命维持系统。
阿波罗飞船的电力、氧气、食物、水都有限，经不起长期消耗，而且必须在最短的时间内完成任务。
他们选择了一条激进的飞行路线：
他们使用了人类历史上最强大、最昂贵的超级火箭——土星五号
阿波罗飞船几乎没用引力弹弓效应，甚至不愿意再绕地球一圈，而是全速加速，返回地球时从月球轨道出发，直接进入地月转移轨道，当飞船被地球捕获时，直接减速降落。
优点：简单直接，节省时间
缺点：需要超级火箭和大型发动机，需要大量燃料，飞行控制风险高，安全冗余度低。
Chang'e probe:
It is an unmanned spacecraft that does not require any life support system. Solar panels provide it with almost unlimited endurance. It has plenty of time to slowly complete the mission.
They chose an economical and conservative flight route:
They did not even use the full version of the CZ5 rocket, but only a small thrust version to make full use of the gravitational slingshot effect. Whether going to the moon or returning to the earth, they first fly around the planet, using the slingshot effect to accelerate, save fuel to the greatest extent, and adjust the orbit carefully and gradually.
When returning to the earth's orbit, they also slow down four times and gradually adjust the orbital height, repeatedly orbiting the earth, and finally cut into the earth's orbit at a very small angle and return.
Advantages: low cost, no need for particularly large rockets and engines, and no need to consume too much fuel. The orbit can be adjusted multiple times, with low control risk and high safety redundancy.
Disadvantages: slow speed
嫦娥探测器：
它是一艘无人航天器，不需要任何生命支持系统，太阳能电池板为它提供了几乎无限的续航能力，它有充足的时间慢慢完成任务。
他们选择了一条经济保守的飞行路线：
他们甚至没有使用全尺寸版的长征5火箭，只使用了小推力版本，充分利用引力弹弓效应。无论是前往月球还是返回地球，都先绕行星飞行，利用引力效应加速，最大程度节省燃料，并小心谨慎地逐步调整轨道。
在返回地球轨道时，它们也经过四次减速并逐步调整轨道高度，反复绕地球运行，最后以很小的角度切入地球轨道返回。
优点：成本低，不需要特别大的火箭和发动机，也不需要消耗太多燃料。可多次调整轨道，操控风险低，安全冗余度高。
缺点：速度慢
The rockets used in the two missions have huge differences in size and cost
The Apollo program took place in the 1970s, when the United States and the Soviet unx engaged in a fierce space race. Various plans spared no expense and cost more than $25 billion (equivalent to more than $180 billion today)
China's moon landing plan took place in recent years. Space plans of various countries are very concerned about reducing costs. China's lunar exploration plan has a budget of $200 million.
Different mission demands determine that they choose different plans.
两次任务使用的火箭在尺寸和成本上存在巨大差异
阿波罗计划发生在 20 世纪 70年代，当时美国和苏联展开了激烈的太空竞赛。各项计划不惜重金，耗资超过250亿美元（相当于今天的 1800 多亿美元）
中国的登月计划是近几年的事情，各国的航天计划都非常注重降低成本，中国的探月计划预算2亿美元。
不同的任务需求决定了他们选择不同的方案。
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