QA问答:为什么中国、日本和韩国的古代建筑风格几乎相同?
2024-08-16 Rayla 12602
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K Onliner
China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam (Most part of Vietnam.) are considered as Sinosphere because they have significant influence from Chinese culture. This makes sense considering the geographical proximity. In the past, Chinese dynasties were more prosperous and advanced than Japan and Korea. This is because the location was more ideal for trading, the population was larger because of the number of rivers, and there are more fertile lands. The East of Japan is a huge ocean while Korea is sandwiched between China and Japan so the people in Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago looked up to the Chinese for inspirations of architecture and development. If Korea and Japan were located near Iran, then the architecture would look like Persian. If they were located in Europe, then the architectural developments would follow the trends in Europe.

中国、日本、韩国和越南(大部分地区)被认为是汉文化圈,因为它们受到了中国文化的显著影响。这与地理接近性是有道理的。过去,中国的朝代比日本和韩国更繁荣和先进。这是因为中国的地理位置更适合贸易,人口由于河流数量较多而更大,土地也更肥沃。日本东部是广阔的海洋,而韩国则夹在中国和日本之间,因此朝鲜半岛和日本列岛的人们仰视中国,寻求建筑和发展的灵感。如果韩国和日本位于伊朗附近,那么它们的建筑风格可能会像波斯建筑。如果它们位于欧洲,那么建筑发展将会遵循欧洲的趋势。

The traditional architecture of Japan look closer to Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty Chinese. This is because during the Song Dynasty, the Chinese influence to Japan started to decrease and Japan became more isolated. During the Edo period of Japan, there were still trades with the Chinese but it was limited. As the result, the Chinese influence in Japanese culture evolved separately.

日本的传统建筑风格与唐代和宋代的中国建筑更为相似。这是因为在宋代,中国对日本的影响开始减少,日本逐渐变得更加孤立。在日本的江户时代,尽管与中国仍有贸易往来,但这种交流是有限的。因此,中国在日本文化中的影响逐渐演变出了自己的特色。


(On the left are Chinese buildings from Tang Dynasty and on the right are Japanese buildings.)
In China, Tang Dynasty style architecture can still be found though the number is not many because mostly were either destroyed or renovated to a newer style. Tang style architecture is still preserved by Cantonese-speaking Chinese.

(左侧是唐代的中国建筑,右侧是日本建筑。)在中国,唐代风格的建筑虽然数量不多,但仍然可以找到,因为大多数要么被毁坏,要么被改建成了新风格。唐代风格的建筑仍由讲粤语的中国人保留。


Traditional Korean architecture looks closer to Chinese because the Chinese influence is more recent. The traditional Chinese architecture that you see today is based on the architectural style of Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. During the Ming Dynasty, the people in Korean peninsula still looked up to the Chinese for inspirations and hence, the Ming style architecture influenced Korean architecture. During the Qing Dynasty, the people in Korea viewed Chinese negatively because Joseon (Korea) was forced to become tributary state by Qing. This is why their traditional clothing look closer to Ming Dynasty.

传统的韩国建筑风格与中国更为接近,因为中国的影响相对较为近期。今天我们所见的传统中国建筑风格主要基于明代和清代的建筑风格。在明代,朝鲜半岛的人们仍然仰望中国,寻求灵感,因此明代风格的建筑影响了韩国建筑。到了清代,由于朝鲜(韩国)被清朝迫使成为藩属国,韩国人对中国的看法变得消极,这也是为什么他们的传统服饰更接近明代风格的原因。

Korean architecture :

韩国建筑:
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Chinese architecture :

中国建筑:
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Traditional Korean architecture have more green colors and the red color is more brownish compared to Chinese. They also have different paintings and patterns.

与中国建筑相比,韩国传统建筑以绿色为主,以红色为主。它们也有不同的绘画和图案。

Kevin Lim
I like Japanese, somewhat ‘passionate’ colors and reminding Shogunate eras! (Japanese red pillars)
I like Korean ‘clean’ and ‘harmonic’ colors, with bluish-green and balanced black roof colors!
I like Chinese ‘yellowish’ and ‘grand’ colors, it looks like they are showing their stunning size and crowds!

我喜欢日本那种有些“热情”的颜色,令人联想到幕府时代!(日本的红色柱子)
我喜欢韩国的“干净”和“和谐”的颜色,带有蓝绿色调和平衡的黑色屋顶!
我喜欢中国的“黄色”和“宏伟”的颜色,它们展示了惊人的规模和人群!

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Gris Grey
Hi
Yeah the architecture in East Asia must be look similar for you.
Japan has Chinese Tang Dynasty influenced architectures in there and the Tang dynasty has been ended earlier so the Tang dynasty architectures are stayed in Japan but not in China.

你好
是的,东亚的建筑对于你来说可能看起来很相似。
日本有受中国唐代影响的建筑,而唐代早已结束,因此唐代的建筑留在了日本,但在中国不再存在。

That’s an interesting point to me too.
The architectures influence from China are tend to be symmetrical.
But Japan has many architectures that are not symmetrical such as Himeji Castle.
Korean castle’s roofs are very rounded and bent the corner of the roofs.
Japanese architectures are more straight and not much rounded.
Korean architecture

这对我来说也是一个有趣的观点。
来自中国的建筑影响往往是对称的。
但日本有很多不对称的建筑,比如姬路城。
韩国城堡的屋顶非常圆,屋角弯曲。
而日本建筑则更加直线,不太圆。


Japanese castle (Himeji castle)

日本城堡(姬路城堡)


Chinese architectures sometimes used rocks and bricks but never bricks in Japanese ones.
There are stone hedge basement always when they make castles. But the walls are normally plasters.

中国的建筑有时使用石头和砖块,但日本的建筑从不使用砖块。
当他们建造城堡时,总是有石篱地下室。但墙壁通常是灰泥的。

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Fact Finder
Well that’s like saying why are architectures and fashion in old days of Europe between the France, England, Germany, Spain, and Italy look similar? They do and they don’t. Obviously China as a continent and one of major hotbed of civilisation was influential. But the influence aside each countries in Asia were and is distinctive and had their own design ethos and culture of their own and influenced back as it does now through trades and exchanges.

这就像在问为什么过去欧洲的建筑和时尚在法国、英国、德国、西班牙和意大利之间看起来很相似?它们既相似又不相似。显然,中国作为一个大陆和主要的文明发源地之一,具有影响力。但除了这种影响外,每个亚洲国家都有其独特的设计理念和文化,并通过贸易和交流相互影响,就像现在一样。

Gris Grey
Japan is not really much friendship with South Korean, North Korea, China.
These countries and Japan are hate each other especially nowadays.
So sad things.

日本和朝鲜韩国、中国之间并没有真正的友谊。这些国家和日本之间的关系尤其在今天很紧张。这真是令人遗憾的事情。
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Fact Finder
That’s not quite true. Geopolitics and relationship is a complicated thing. Yes while the gov, historical and political issues causes animosities, on civilian level there’s hardly any hate. Korean pop culture is all the rage in Japan and Japan’s anime and food also have a quite a following in Korea. Same is true in China for both but banned and censored by China and extremely nationalistic netizens. But many consumes it and visits both countries the most.
And they’ll continue fighht but also join hands and cooperate when interest is met.

这不完全正确。地缘政治和关系是复杂的。虽然政府、历史和政治问题造成了敌对情绪,但在民间几乎没有仇恨。韩国的流行文化在日本非常受欢迎,日本的动漫和美食在韩国也有相当的粉丝。中国也是如此,但在中国这些内容被禁止和审查,且极端民族主义的网民较多。但很多人仍然消费这些文化,并且访问这两个国家的频率很高。他们会继续争斗,但也会在利益一致时携手合作。

Chengfeng Wang
The architecture of ancient China can be divided into palace architecture, temple architecture and folk architecture. The study of Chinese architecture in Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam is basically closely related to politics and Buddhism.

古代中国的建筑可以分为宫殿建筑、寺庙建筑和民间建筑。在日本、韩国和越南对中国建筑的研究基本上与政治和佛教有密切关系。

First of all, politically
Japan and South Korea learned from China in their ancient political systems to varying degrees, while South Korea and Vietnam became vassal states of China in certain periods. Their political systems are highly similar to China's. Therefore, the construction of the palace is basically based on the Chinese imperial palace. Korea and Japan imported these architectural concepts from China. Not only did they try to imitate China, but they saw China as a great country with a mature culture that they could benefit from. The ruling governments of Korea and Japan very purposefully adopted the design of Chinese palaces. Building mode. and the general layout of the capital city as a means of demonstrating its power and legitimacy to its own people.

首先,从政治上讲: 日本和韩国在古代政治体系上不同程度地借鉴了中国,而韩国和越南在某些时期成为了中国的附属国。它们的政治体系与中国高度相似。因此,宫殿建筑基本上是以中国皇宫为基础的。韩国和日本从中国引入了这些建筑概念。他们不仅试图模仿中国,还把中国视为一个拥有成熟文化的大国,从中获益。韩国和日本的统治者有目的地采用了中国宫殿的设计模式以及首都城市的一般布局,以此作为向自己人民展示权力和合法性的手段。

For example:
China's Forbidden City.

例如:中国的紫禁城。
Their layout and structure are basically built according to the pattern of the Forbidden City. For example, palaces basically face south and are symmetrical. It was just smaller in size and level than the Forbidden City in China. This was also the requirement of the Chinese emperor for Korea and Vietnam at that time. Not only in the layout, but also in the naming of the houses in the palace, they will also learn from the Chinese naming method, and even the names will be the same. For example, the southern gate of the Forbidden City in China is called "wumen"(午门), the place where the emperor works is called "Qinzheng dian"(勤政殿). This is the case in South Korea and Vietnam. The main entrance of the palace is called "wumen" and the king's office is called "Qinzheng Hall".
它们的布局和结构基本上是按照紫禁城的模式建造的。例如,宫殿通常面向南方,且对称。这些宫殿的规模和等级只是比中国的紫禁城小。这也是当时中国皇帝对韩国和越南的要求。不仅在布局上,宫殿中的房间命名也会借鉴中国的命名方法,甚至名称相同。例如,中国紫禁城的南门叫“午门”,皇帝工作的地方叫“勤政殿”。在韩国和越南也是如此,宫殿的正门叫“午门”,国王的办公室叫“勤政殿”。

In the seventh century AD, Nara and Kyoto, Japan, were built after the Chang'an City of the Tang Dynasty in China. Although the area was only a quarter of Chang'an City, the structure was very similar to Chang'an City. It can be said to be a smaller version of Chang'an City in the Tang Dynasty. In Nara, you can still see a large number of Chinese Tang Dynasty-style wooden structures, from which you can feel the magnificence of the Tang Dynasty. The influence of the original imitation of the layout of Chang'an, the capital of China's Tang Dynasty, can still be seen in the architectural layout of Kyoto, Japan today.

公元七世纪,日本的奈良和京都是在中国唐朝长安城的基础上建造的。虽然面积仅为长安城的四分之一,但其结构与长安城非常相似,可以说是唐代长安城的一个缩小版。在奈良,你仍然可以看到大量唐代风格的木结构建筑,从中可以感受到唐代的宏伟气象。对中国唐朝长安城布局的最初模仿的影响,至今仍可以在日本京都的建筑布局中见到。


This is the city plan of Chang'an, the capital of China's Tang Dynasty, from a Japanese textbook.

这是日本教科书中的中国唐朝长安城的城市规划图。



This is a modern aerial photo of Kyoto, Japan.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism
The second influencing factor is the spread of Chinese Buddhism.

这是日本京都的现代航拍照片。

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism

第二个影响因素是中国佛教的传播。
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In ancient East Asia, in addition to the government having the financial resources to afford the construction of large palace complexes, only temples had enough financial resources to afford it. Religion also had certain requirements for the layout and form of buildings. With the spread of Chinese Buddhism to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, Chinese style Buddhist architecture also entered these countries.

在古代东亚,除了政府拥有足够的财政资源来建造大型宫殿建筑群外,只有寺庙有足够的财力来负担这些建设。宗教对建筑的布局和形式也有一定要求。随着中国佛教的传播到韩国、日本和越南,中国风格的佛教建筑也进入了这些国家。

Buddhist temples were usually built by the ruling class, and some, such as the Huanglong Temple in Silla, were massive and bore many striking similarities to Tang Dynasty palace designs. Due to the close historical ties between Buddhism and government, most temples are painted using similar decorative techniques as palaces.

佛教寺庙通常由统治阶级建造,有些如新罗的黄龙寺规模宏大,与唐代宫殿设计有许多相似之处。由于佛教与政府的密切历史联系,大多数寺庙采用了与宫殿类似的装饰技术。

The first people to introduce "Chinese architecture" to Japan were the Koreans, who brought Chinese architecture, Chinese characters and Chinese Buddhism to Japan. After the Koreans introduced mainland architecture, the Japanese began traveling directly to China during the Tang Dynasty to study architecture, Buddhism, and other arts, which included influences on classical Chinese poetry, pottery, and ink painting styles.

向日本引入“中式建筑”的首批人是韩国人,他们将中国建筑、中国汉字和中国佛教带到了日本。在韩国人引入了中国大陆建筑后,日本人开始在唐朝时期直接前往中国学习建筑、佛教及其他艺术,包括古典中国诗歌、陶瓷和墨画风格的影响。

唐招提寺Tangshodai Temple (Japanese: Tangshodai Temple/とうしょうだいじ Tōshōdai ji) is the headquarter of the Japanese Vinaya sect. Located in Gojo Town, Nara City, Nara Prefecture. It is a temple built in the prosperous Tang architectural style by the eminent monk Jianzhen of the Tang Dynasty in China, so it is called the temple of Sino-Japanese friendship. It has been listed as a national treasure of Japan and was listed as a World Cultural Heritage in 1998 as part of the "Cultural Properties of Ancient Capital Nara".
唐招提寺(日本名:唐招提寺/とうしょうだいじ Tōshōdai ji)是日本律宗的总部。位于奈良市五条町,由唐代著名高僧鉴真大师建造,采用了繁盛的唐代建筑风格,因此被称为中日友好寺庙。它被列为日本国宝,并于1998年作为“古都奈良的文化财产”被列入世界文化遗产。
AKA
i think vietnam only follow or resemble pre Song dynasty because of the 1000 years domination. it was free flow. during the song and after there was a border, so people don’t cross it, illegal. so the influence become less. like viet loan sound more like during Tang period. not song yuan ming etc.

我认为越南主要受到了宋朝之前的中国文化影响,因为越南在长达1000年的统治期间,文化交流相对自由。然而,在宋朝及其之后,由于边界的存在,人员往来受到限制,影响也因此减少了。因此,越南的语言借词更像是唐代时期的影响,而不是宋、元、明等朝代的影响。

Shin Ho Jun
It is due to the reasons that the three nations meets up to same cultural root - Won(원), Bang(방), Gak(각). Based on research by Jeungsan academia in Korea, the three factors symbolizes the nature of universe. Won is circle, Bang is rectangular, and Gak is triangle. I would like to add some photos and diagrams to help your question but I am not sure intellectual property would allow that. So I end up writing a short article. Orthodoxical Conservative Koreans have idea that Baedal Civilization have provided cultural norm to three nations in East Asia. The civilization has history of 5920.

这是因为三个国家都源于相同的文化根源——元(원)、方(방)、角(각)。根据韩国的精山学术研究,这三个因素象征着宇宙的本质。元是圆形的,方是矩形的,角是三角形的。我想添加一些照片和图表来帮助说明这个问题,但不确定知识产权是否允许。因此,我最终写了一篇简短的文章。保守的韩国正统派认为,百济文明为东亚三国提供了文化规范。这个文明的历史为5920年。


Photo 1. STB Sangsaeng Bangsong(STB Broadcasting Media Group) screenshot

照片 1. STB 상생 방송(STB广播媒体集团) 截图


Photo 2. The nature of Asiatic soul depicted in several diagrams

照片 2. 几个图示展示的亚洲灵魂的本质


Photo 3. The extent of cultural boundaries of Baedal Civilization(배달국)

照片 3. 百济文明(배달국)的文化边界范围

Jiujius
East Asian architecture is similar to each other because both Japan and Korea has been influenced by China. Historically, China has influenced Korea more than Japan, for longer as well, so Chinese and Korean architecture may look more similar to each other than Japan. Even though each country has their own differences, Japan, China, and Korea generally uses the East Asian hip-and-gable roof:

东亚建筑相互之间相似,因为日本和韩国都受到了中国的影响。从历史上看,中国对韩国的影响时间更长,因此中国和韩国的建筑可能比日本更相似。尽管每个国家都有自己的特点,但日本、中国和韩国普遍使用东亚的翘檐屋顶。


Though Japan also has it’s own native architectural styles:

尽管日本也有自己本土的建筑风格:


Mark Ericson
China was an advanced civilization while Koreans and Japanse were living in huts. It was inevitable that they would like to China for “advanced” cultural elements such as architecture. Korea and Japan copied or imitated Chinese styles of architecture, particularly those of Buddhist temples. Korea learned first and then taught Japan through the many Koreans who emigrated to that island nation between 500 and 700 CE.

中国曾是一个先进的文明,而韩国和日本当时还住在茅屋里。他们对中国的“先进”文化元素如建筑产生了兴趣是不可避免的。韩国首先学习了中国的建筑风格,特别是佛教寺庙的风格,然后通过大量在公元500年至700年间移民到日本的韩国人,将这些风格传授给了日本。

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