印度铁路是如何发展起来的?
正文翻译
What is the historical development of railways in India?
印度铁路是如何发展起来的?
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
What is the historical development of railways in India?
印度铁路是如何发展起来的?
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
评论翻译
Nitesh Yadav
How did the Indian Railways come into being?
let us see about Indian Railways.
The core of the pressure for building railways in India came from London in 1840s. For a century thereafter the basic policies and ultimate management of the Indian Railways were issued from London. The British built railways in India in order to intermesh the economies of the two countries. The building of railways in India brought about unintended as well as hoped for consequences in economic, political and military front. The new railways tied the the different parts of India together more closely than ever before.
印度铁路是如何发展起来的？
让我们看看印度铁路。
19世纪40年代，印度铁路建设压力的核心来自伦敦。此后的一个世纪里，印度铁路的基本政策和最终管理都是从伦敦发布的。英国人在印度修建铁路是为了使两国经济相互融合。印度的铁路建设在经济、政治和军事方面带来了意想不到也可以说带来希望的影响。新铁路将印度不同地区比以往任何时候都更加紧密地联系在一起。
How did the Indian Railways come into being?
let us see about Indian Railways.
The core of the pressure for building railways in India came from London in 1840s. For a century thereafter the basic policies and ultimate management of the Indian Railways were issued from London. The British built railways in India in order to intermesh the economies of the two countries. The building of railways in India brought about unintended as well as hoped for consequences in economic, political and military front. The new railways tied the the different parts of India together more closely than ever before.
印度铁路是如何发展起来的？
让我们看看印度铁路。
19世纪40年代，印度铁路建设压力的核心来自伦敦。此后的一个世纪里，印度铁路的基本政策和最终管理都是从伦敦发布的。英国人在印度修建铁路是为了使两国经济相互融合。印度的铁路建设在经济、政治和军事方面带来了意想不到也可以说带来希望的影响。新铁路将印度不同地区比以往任何时候都更加紧密地联系在一起。
Some mention should be made of the role of Indian businessmen played in the early years. There were Indian merchants , both in Calcutta and Bombay who took an interest in founding of the railways. The most prominent of these was a remarkable Bengali merchant Prince Dwarkanath Tagore , grandfather of Nobel laureate poet Rabindranath Tagore. Dwarkanath's firm Carr, Tagore & Company, is reported to have offered in 1844, to raise one-third of the capital required for a railway from Calcutta northwest to the coalfields above Burdwan. After Dwarkanath's premature death a few tears later the other Indian businessmen played only a passive role. The conception, promotion and launching of India's railways were all British.
应该提到印度商人在早期发挥的作用。加尔各答和孟买的印度商人都对建立铁路感兴趣。其中最著名的是杰出的孟加拉商人德瓦侃纳特·泰戈尔(Dwarkanath Tagore)王子，其也是诺贝尔奖获得者诗人拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔（Rabindranath Tagore）的祖父。据报道，德瓦卡纳特的卡尔泰戈尔公司曾在1844年提出，为一条从加尔各答西北部到布德万上方煤田的铁路筹集三分之一的资金。在德瓦卡纳特英年早逝之后，几滴眼泪之后，其他印度商人只是扮演了一个被动的角色。印度铁路的构想、推广和开通都是英国人弄的。
应该提到印度商人在早期发挥的作用。加尔各答和孟买的印度商人都对建立铁路感兴趣。其中最著名的是杰出的孟加拉商人德瓦侃纳特·泰戈尔(Dwarkanath Tagore)王子，其也是诺贝尔奖获得者诗人拉宾德拉纳特·泰戈尔（Rabindranath Tagore）的祖父。据报道，德瓦卡纳特的卡尔泰戈尔公司曾在1844年提出，为一条从加尔各答西北部到布德万上方煤田的铁路筹集三分之一的资金。在德瓦卡纳特英年早逝之后，几滴眼泪之后，其他印度商人只是扮演了一个被动的角色。印度铁路的构想、推广和开通都是英国人弄的。
The Railway Age dawned in India on 16th. April 1853, when the first train ran from Bombay to Thana, a distance of 21 miles(33.81 Km.) For some years before that the idea of building railways in India had taken concrete shape with the Court of Directors of the East India Company in London. The East India Company had obtained a foothold in India as a trading company, but gradually lost most of its privileges it had enjoyed as an instrument of commerce. It had , however been made responsible for the governance of India under the supervision of a Court of Directors in London. The final authority lay , of course , with the British Cabinet, who acted on the advice of its special Board of ontrol for Indian Affairs. There was a Governor General at Fort William in Calcutta, having superintending authority over the administration of India.
1853年4月16日，印度迎来了铁路时代。第一列火车从孟买开往塔那，全长21英里(33.81公里)。在此之前的几年里，伦敦东印度公司的董事会已经形成了在印度修建铁路的具体想法。东印度公司作为一家贸易公司在印度获得了立足之地，但逐渐失去了它作为商业工具所享有的大部分特权。但是，它在伦敦董事会的监督下负责管理印度。当然，最终的决定权在于英国内阁，他们根据印度事务特别控制委员会的建议采取行动。加尔各答的威廉堡有一位总督，对印度的行政管理具有监督权。
1853年4月16日，印度迎来了铁路时代。第一列火车从孟买开往塔那，全长21英里(33.81公里)。在此之前的几年里，伦敦东印度公司的董事会已经形成了在印度修建铁路的具体想法。东印度公司作为一家贸易公司在印度获得了立足之地，但逐渐失去了它作为商业工具所享有的大部分特权。但是，它在伦敦董事会的监督下负责管理印度。当然，最终的决定权在于英国内阁，他们根据印度事务特别控制委员会的建议采取行动。加尔各答的威廉堡有一位总督，对印度的行政管理具有监督权。
The first proposals for construction of railways in India were presented in 1844 to East India Company in London by, (a) East Indian Railway Company headed by R.McDonald Stephenson, and (b) Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company.
George Stephenson the great British Locomotive inventor was one the first Directors of GIPR and his son Robert Stephenson was appointed as the consulting engineer based at London.
1844年，由R.McDonald Stephenson领导的东印度铁路公司和大印度半岛铁路公司向伦敦的东印度公司提交了印度铁路建设的第一份提案。
伟大的英国机车发明家乔治·斯蒂芬森是大印度半岛铁路公司的首任董事之一，他的儿子罗伯特·斯蒂芬森被任命为伦敦的咨询工程师。
George Stephenson the great British Locomotive inventor was one the first Directors of GIPR and his son Robert Stephenson was appointed as the consulting engineer based at London.
1844年，由R.McDonald Stephenson领导的东印度铁路公司和大印度半岛铁路公司向伦敦的东印度公司提交了印度铁路建设的第一份提案。
伟大的英国机车发明家乔治·斯蒂芬森是大印度半岛铁路公司的首任董事之一，他的儿子罗伯特·斯蒂芬森被任命为伦敦的咨询工程师。
Both E.I.R. and G.I.P.R were incorporated in England for the purpose of constructing railway lines in Calcutta and Bombay presidencies respectively. Though GIPR company was formed in 1844. George Stephenson could not see his Locomotives run on Indian soil as he died in 1848.
Lord Hardinge was the Governor General of India at this point of time. He considered the proposals from political, military and commercial point of view and thought that Court Of Directors of East India Company should liberally give assistance to private capitalists, willing to make railways in India , without waiting for proof that the construction of railways in India should yield reasonable profit. The Court of Directors in their suggestion that the first attempt should be made on a limited scale due to some difficulties, deliberated as under,
东印度铁路公司和大印度半岛铁路公司都是在英国成立的，目的分别是在加尔各答和孟买修建铁路线。不过大印度半岛铁路公司成立于1844年。乔治·斯蒂芬森于1848年去世，当时他看不到自己的机车在印度土地上行驶了。
哈丁勋爵是当时的印度总督。他从政治、军事和商业的角度考虑了这些建议，并认为东印度公司董事会应慷慨地援助愿意在印度修建铁路的私人资本家，而无需等待在印度修建铁路应该产生合理利润的证据。董事会建议，由于一些困难，应在有限范围内进行第一次尝试，现审议如下:
Lord Hardinge was the Governor General of India at this point of time. He considered the proposals from political, military and commercial point of view and thought that Court Of Directors of East India Company should liberally give assistance to private capitalists, willing to make railways in India , without waiting for proof that the construction of railways in India should yield reasonable profit. The Court of Directors in their suggestion that the first attempt should be made on a limited scale due to some difficulties, deliberated as under,
东印度铁路公司和大印度半岛铁路公司都是在英国成立的，目的分别是在加尔各答和孟买修建铁路线。不过大印度半岛铁路公司成立于1844年。乔治·斯蒂芬森于1848年去世，当时他看不到自己的机车在印度土地上行驶了。
哈丁勋爵是当时的印度总督。他从政治、军事和商业的角度考虑了这些建议，并认为东印度公司董事会应慷慨地援助愿意在印度修建铁路的私人资本家，而无需等待在印度修建铁路应该产生合理利润的证据。董事会建议，由于一些困难，应在有限范围内进行第一次尝试，现审议如下:
1. Periodical rains and inundations;
2. The continued action of violent winds, and influence of a vertical sun;
3. The ravages of insects and vermin upon timber and earth work;
4. The destructive effect of spontaneous vegetation of Underwood upon earth and brick work;
5. The unenclosed and unprotected tracts of the country though which railroads would pass;
6. The difficulty and expenses of securing the services of competent and trustworthy engineers.
1.周期性降雨和洪水；
2.强风的持续作用，以及太阳直射的影响
3.昆虫和害虫对木材和土方工程的破坏；
4.生产于泥土和土砖工程上的下层林木类自然植被的破坏作用
5.铁路要经过的未封闭和未受保护的乡村地区;
6.确保有能力和值得信赖的工程师的服务的困难和费用。
2. The continued action of violent winds, and influence of a vertical sun;
3. The ravages of insects and vermin upon timber and earth work;
4. The destructive effect of spontaneous vegetation of Underwood upon earth and brick work;
5. The unenclosed and unprotected tracts of the country though which railroads would pass;
6. The difficulty and expenses of securing the services of competent and trustworthy engineers.
1.周期性降雨和洪水；
2.强风的持续作用，以及太阳直射的影响
3.昆虫和害虫对木材和土方工程的破坏；
4.生产于泥土和土砖工程上的下层林木类自然植被的破坏作用
5.铁路要经过的未封闭和未受保护的乡村地区;
6.确保有能力和值得信赖的工程师的服务的困难和费用。
West : On 16th April, 1853 the first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane . The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Ghats incline
first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.The first Indian train steamed off from Bombay(Bori Bunder) to Thane on 16th. April 1853, at 3:30 P.M. "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The train consisting of 14 carriages was hauled by three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib with 400 VVIPs The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.35 PM.
西方：1853年4月16日，印度次大陆上的第一条铁路从孟买到塔那，全长21英里。产生连接孟买与塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔尔(Thal)和高止山脉（印度南部）斜坡的铁路构想
1843年，孟买政府总工程师乔治·克拉克先生在访问Bhandup时第一次想到了这一点。1853年4月16日，下午3:30，“在广大群众的热烈掌声和21响礼炮的礼炮声中。”第一列印度火车从孟买（Bori Bunder站）开往塔那，1853年4月16日下午3点35分，14节火车车厢载着大约400名客人离开了Bori Bunder站，（印度铁路）正式启动仪式于4月16日举行。
first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.The first Indian train steamed off from Bombay(Bori Bunder) to Thane on 16th. April 1853, at 3:30 P.M. "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The train consisting of 14 carriages was hauled by three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib with 400 VVIPs The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.35 PM.
西方：1853年4月16日，印度次大陆上的第一条铁路从孟买到塔那，全长21英里。产生连接孟买与塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔尔(Thal)和高止山脉（印度南部）斜坡的铁路构想
1843年，孟买政府总工程师乔治·克拉克先生在访问Bhandup时第一次想到了这一点。1853年4月16日，下午3:30，“在广大群众的热烈掌声和21响礼炮的礼炮声中。”第一列印度火车从孟买（Bori Bunder站）开往塔那，1853年4月16日下午3点35分，14节火车车厢载着大约400名客人离开了Bori Bunder站，（印度铁路）正式启动仪式于4月16日举行。
Edit -
Before the first commercial train service in India. Railways were particularly used in Delhi's Shahajahanabad fort. For transporting valuables, cargos and movement of troops from inside to outside of the fort. It was eventually constructed by demolishing the Western wall of Shahajahanabad.
Later on as Railway expaned, and it reached Delhi. Shahajahanabad was a commercial hub for making the way and expanding the Railways through Delhi. Later on which eventually led to the formation of Delhi Jn. And tracks were changed to Standard size of Railways.
编辑：
在印度第一次商业列车服务之前。尤其是德里的Shahajahanabad堡使用了铁路，用于运送贵重物品、货物和从堡垒内部到外部的部队。它最终是通过拆除Shahajahanabad的西墙而建成的。
后来，随着铁路的扩建，它到达了德里。Shahajahanabad是一个商业枢纽，为德里的铁路开辟了道路并进行了扩建。后来，最终形成了旧德里（Delhi Jn）站。轨道也改为标准尺寸的铁路。
Before the first commercial train service in India. Railways were particularly used in Delhi's Shahajahanabad fort. For transporting valuables, cargos and movement of troops from inside to outside of the fort. It was eventually constructed by demolishing the Western wall of Shahajahanabad.
Later on as Railway expaned, and it reached Delhi. Shahajahanabad was a commercial hub for making the way and expanding the Railways through Delhi. Later on which eventually led to the formation of Delhi Jn. And tracks were changed to Standard size of Railways.
编辑：
在印度第一次商业列车服务之前。尤其是德里的Shahajahanabad堡使用了铁路，用于运送贵重物品、货物和从堡垒内部到外部的部队。它最终是通过拆除Shahajahanabad的西墙而建成的。
后来，随着铁路的扩建，它到达了德里。Shahajahanabad是一个商业枢纽，为德里的铁路开辟了道路并进行了扩建。后来，最终形成了旧德里（Delhi Jn）站。轨道也改为标准尺寸的铁路。
Praveen Upadhyay
How was Indian Railways started?
The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghats inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.
The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.30 pm "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15th August, 1854. Thus the first section of the East Indian Railway was opened to public traffic, inaugurating the beginning of railway transport on the Eastern side of the subcontinent.
印度铁路是如何起步的？
印度次大陆上的第一条铁路从孟买到塔恩，全长21英里。1843年，孟买政府总工程师乔治·克拉克先生在访问Bhandup时，第一次想到了修建一条铁路将孟买与塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔尔(Thal)和高止山脉（印度南部）斜坡连接起来的想法。
1853年4月16日举行了正式的启动仪式，当时14节载有约400名客人的火车车厢于下午3点30分“在广大群众的热烈掌声和21响礼炮的礼炮声中”离开了Bori Bunder站。1854年8月15日，第一列客运列车驶出豪拉站，开往24英里外的胡格利。因此，东印度铁路的第一段向公众开放，开启了次大陆东部铁路运输的开端。
How was Indian Railways started?
The first railway on Indian sub-continent ran over a stretch of 21 miles from Bombay to Thane. The idea of a railway to connect Bombay with Thane, Kalyan and with the Thal and Bhore Ghats inclines first occurred to Mr. George Clark, the Chief Engineer of the Bombay Government, during a visit to Bhandup in 1843.
The formal inauguration ceremony was performed on 16th April 1853, when 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 guests left Bori Bunder at 3.30 pm "amidst the loud applause of a vast multitude and to the salute of 21 guns." The first passenger train steamed out of Howrah station destined for Hooghly, a distance of 24 miles, on 15th August, 1854. Thus the first section of the East Indian Railway was opened to public traffic, inaugurating the beginning of railway transport on the Eastern side of the subcontinent.
印度铁路是如何起步的？
印度次大陆上的第一条铁路从孟买到塔恩，全长21英里。1843年，孟买政府总工程师乔治·克拉克先生在访问Bhandup时，第一次想到了修建一条铁路将孟买与塔那、卡延(Kalyan)以及塔尔(Thal)和高止山脉（印度南部）斜坡连接起来的想法。
1853年4月16日举行了正式的启动仪式，当时14节载有约400名客人的火车车厢于下午3点30分“在广大群众的热烈掌声和21响礼炮的礼炮声中”离开了Bori Bunder站。1854年8月15日，第一列客运列车驶出豪拉站，开往24英里外的胡格利。因此，东印度铁路的第一段向公众开放，开启了次大陆东部铁路运输的开端。
In south the first line was opened on Ist July, 1856 by the Madras Railway Company. In the North a length of 119 miles of line was laid from Allahabad to Kanpur on 3rd March 1859. The first section from Hathras Road to Mathura Cantonment was opened to traffic on 19th October, 1875.
These were the small’s beginnings which is due course developed into a network of railway lines all over the country. By 1880 the Indian Railway system had a route mileage of about 9000 miles. INDIAN RAILWAYS, the premier transport organization of the country is the largest rail network in Asia and the world’s second largest under one management.
在南部，第一条线路于1856年7月1日由马德拉斯铁路公司开通。1859年3月3日，在北部，从阿拉哈巴德到坎普尔铺设了119英里长的线路。从Hathras路到马图拉宿营地的第一段铁路于1875年10月19日通车。
这些都是小规模的开端，很快就发展成了遍布全国的铁路网。到1880年，印度铁路系统的线路里程约为9000英里。印度铁路公司是该国首屈一指的运输组织，是亚洲最大的铁路网，也是全球第二大铁路网。
These were the small’s beginnings which is due course developed into a network of railway lines all over the country. By 1880 the Indian Railway system had a route mileage of about 9000 miles. INDIAN RAILWAYS, the premier transport organization of the country is the largest rail network in Asia and the world’s second largest under one management.
在南部，第一条线路于1856年7月1日由马德拉斯铁路公司开通。1859年3月3日，在北部，从阿拉哈巴德到坎普尔铺设了119英里长的线路。从Hathras路到马图拉宿营地的第一段铁路于1875年10月19日通车。
这些都是小规模的开端，很快就发展成了遍布全国的铁路网。到1880年，印度铁路系统的线路里程约为9000英里。印度铁路公司是该国首屈一指的运输组织，是亚洲最大的铁路网，也是全球第二大铁路网。
Yashwant Kumar
On what basis were the Indian Railways zones created?
Indian Railways network is, currently, divided into 17 zones, which are again divided into 68 divisions. Each railway zone will be headed by The General Manager(GM) of the zone. Each of the divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM).
These railway zones are not created on the basis of states. Instead. they are created based on their Cardinal-direction(East, West, North and South) location in India.
印度铁路区是在什么基础上建立的？
目前，印度铁路网分为17个区域，这些区域又分为68个部门。每个铁路分区将由该分区的总经理领导。每个部门都由一名部门铁路经理（DRM）领导。
这些铁路区不是建立在各州的基础上的。相反它们是根据它们在印度的主要方向（东、西、北和南）而创建的。
On what basis were the Indian Railways zones created?
Indian Railways network is, currently, divided into 17 zones, which are again divided into 68 divisions. Each railway zone will be headed by The General Manager(GM) of the zone. Each of the divisions is headed by a Divisional Railway Manager (DRM).
These railway zones are not created on the basis of states. Instead. they are created based on their Cardinal-direction(East, West, North and South) location in India.
印度铁路区是在什么基础上建立的？
目前，印度铁路网分为17个区域，这些区域又分为68个部门。每个铁路分区将由该分区的总经理领导。每个部门都由一名部门铁路经理（DRM）领导。
这些铁路区不是建立在各州的基础上的。相反它们是根据它们在印度的主要方向（东、西、北和南）而创建的。
Sheshrao Kharpkar
The INDIAN RAILWAY was establish in 16 April 1853. The first locomotive engine was developed by Thomson and first broad gauge engine was developed by Lord Falkland. On April 16, 1853, India's first train was ran between Mumbai and Thane of Maharashtra. This train cover the distance 33.8 kilometer and take a time 57 minute.
Let us tell you that 3 engineers named Sindh, Sahib and Sultan delivered about 400 passengers in 14 bogies to their destination. The first train launched in the country through steam engine. The world's oldest heritage train, is Fairy Queen.
印度铁路公司成立于1853年4月16日。第一台机车发动机是由汤姆森研制的，第一台宽轨发动机是福克兰勋爵研制的。1853年4月16日，印度第一列火车在孟买和马哈拉施特拉邦的塔那之间运行。这列火车全程33.8公里，耗时57分钟。
让我们告诉你，三名工程师分别叫Sindh, Sahib和Sultan，他们用14节车厢将大约400名乘客运送到目的地。这个国家的第一列火车是通过蒸汽机启动的。世界上最古老的遗产列车是“仙后”号列车。
The INDIAN RAILWAY was establish in 16 April 1853. The first locomotive engine was developed by Thomson and first broad gauge engine was developed by Lord Falkland. On April 16, 1853, India's first train was ran between Mumbai and Thane of Maharashtra. This train cover the distance 33.8 kilometer and take a time 57 minute.
Let us tell you that 3 engineers named Sindh, Sahib and Sultan delivered about 400 passengers in 14 bogies to their destination. The first train launched in the country through steam engine. The world's oldest heritage train, is Fairy Queen.
印度铁路公司成立于1853年4月16日。第一台机车发动机是由汤姆森研制的，第一台宽轨发动机是福克兰勋爵研制的。1853年4月16日，印度第一列火车在孟买和马哈拉施特拉邦的塔那之间运行。这列火车全程33.8公里，耗时57分钟。
让我们告诉你，三名工程师分别叫Sindh, Sahib和Sultan，他们用14节车厢将大约400名乘客运送到目的地。这个国家的第一列火车是通过蒸汽机启动的。世界上最古老的遗产列车是“仙后”号列车。
Vikas Malik
When and where was the Indian Railways built?
The first railway line in India was built in 1853, between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane, a distance of 34 km. This line was built by the British East India Company, and it was primarily used to transport goods.
The first passenger train in India started running on 16 April 1853, between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, with 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 passengers. The railway line was built by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), a British-owned company.
The railway network in India expanded rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with lines being built by both the British government and private companies. The British government took control of the rail system in the 1890s, and the Indian Railways was officially formed in 1951, after India gained independence from British rule.
The Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks in the world, and it operates in different regions of the country. The network is divided into 17 zones, and it covers around 66,687 km of track and serves around 8,000 stations.
印度铁路是何时何地建成的？
印度第一条铁路线建于1853年，位于孟买和塔那之间，全长34公里。这条铁路线由英国东印度公司建造，主要用于运输货物。
1853年4月16日，印度第一列客运列车开始运行，往返于孟买的Bori Bunder站和塔那之间，共有14节车厢，载有约400名乘客。这条铁路线是由英国拥有的大印度半岛铁路公司建造的。
印度的铁路网在19世纪末和20世纪初迅速扩张，英国政府和私营公司都在修建铁路线。19世纪90年代，英国政府控制了铁路系统，1951年，印度从英国统治下独立后，印度铁路正式成立。
印度铁路网是世界上最大的铁路网之一，在该国不同地区运营。该网络分为17个区域，覆盖约66687公里的轨道，服务于约8000个车站。
When and where was the Indian Railways built?
The first railway line in India was built in 1853, between Bombay (now Mumbai) and Thane, a distance of 34 km. This line was built by the British East India Company, and it was primarily used to transport goods.
The first passenger train in India started running on 16 April 1853, between Bori Bunder (Bombay) and Thane, with 14 railway carriages carrying about 400 passengers. The railway line was built by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR), a British-owned company.
The railway network in India expanded rapidly during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with lines being built by both the British government and private companies. The British government took control of the rail system in the 1890s, and the Indian Railways was officially formed in 1951, after India gained independence from British rule.
The Indian Railways is one of the largest railway networks in the world, and it operates in different regions of the country. The network is divided into 17 zones, and it covers around 66,687 km of track and serves around 8,000 stations.
印度铁路是何时何地建成的？
印度第一条铁路线建于1853年，位于孟买和塔那之间，全长34公里。这条铁路线由英国东印度公司建造，主要用于运输货物。
1853年4月16日，印度第一列客运列车开始运行，往返于孟买的Bori Bunder站和塔那之间，共有14节车厢，载有约400名乘客。这条铁路线是由英国拥有的大印度半岛铁路公司建造的。
印度的铁路网在19世纪末和20世纪初迅速扩张，英国政府和私营公司都在修建铁路线。19世纪90年代，英国政府控制了铁路系统，1951年，印度从英国统治下独立后，印度铁路正式成立。
印度铁路网是世界上最大的铁路网之一，在该国不同地区运营。该网络分为17个区域，覆盖约66687公里的轨道，服务于约8000个车站。
Manufacturing(Current Data)
Indian Railways is a vertically integrated organization that produces majority of its locomotives & rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent exceptions.
Locomotives:
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan, West Bengal manufactures electric locomotives.
Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh manufactures electric locomotives.
Electric Locomotive Factory in Madhepura, Bihar, a Joint Venture of Indian Railways and Alstom SA manufactures electric locomotives.
Diesel-Loco Modernization Works in Patiala, Punjab upgrades and overhauls locomotives. They also manufacture electric locomotives
制造（当前数据）
印度铁路公司是一个垂直整合的组织，除了最近的一些例外，大部分机车和机车车辆都是在内部生产单位生产。
机车：
位于西孟加拉邦吉塔兰詹的吉塔兰詹机车厂生产电力机车。
位于北方邦瓦拉纳西的贝拿勒斯机车厂生产电力机车。
位于比哈尔邦马德普拉的电力机车厂是印度铁路公司和阿尔斯通公司的合资企业，生产电力机车。
旁遮普省帕蒂亚拉的柴油机车现代化工程对机车进行升级和大修。他们还生产电力机车
Indian Railways is a vertically integrated organization that produces majority of its locomotives & rolling stock at in-house production units, with a few recent exceptions.
Locomotives:
Chittaranjan Locomotive Works in Chittaranjan, West Bengal manufactures electric locomotives.
Banaras Locomotive Works in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh manufactures electric locomotives.
Electric Locomotive Factory in Madhepura, Bihar, a Joint Venture of Indian Railways and Alstom SA manufactures electric locomotives.
Diesel-Loco Modernization Works in Patiala, Punjab upgrades and overhauls locomotives. They also manufacture electric locomotives
制造（当前数据）
印度铁路公司是一个垂直整合的组织，除了最近的一些例外，大部分机车和机车车辆都是在内部生产单位生产。
机车：
位于西孟加拉邦吉塔兰詹的吉塔兰詹机车厂生产电力机车。
位于北方邦瓦拉纳西的贝拿勒斯机车厂生产电力机车。
位于比哈尔邦马德普拉的电力机车厂是印度铁路公司和阿尔斯通公司的合资企业，生产电力机车。
旁遮普省帕蒂亚拉的柴油机车现代化工程对机车进行升级和大修。他们还生产电力机车
Subhasis Dutta Roy
What are the special features of the Indian Railways?
The only Railway Organisation that uses three categories of gauges and still in its operation.
Narrow Gauge:- The first name comes into our mind when we talk about the narrow gauge railway in India is the world-famous the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It is also famous as the name of Toy Train runs on 2 ft track.
It runs between New Jalpaiguri height of 328 ft to Darjeeling at a height of 7218 ft from mean sea level. It built by British rulers of India and starts operations between 1879 to 1881 total distance of 88 km. On December 2, 1999, UNESCO declares this Railways as a world heritage site.
印度铁路的特点是什么？
唯一一家使用三类轨距且仍在运营的铁路组织。
窄轨铁路：当我们谈论印度的窄轨铁路时，我们脑海中浮现的第一个名字是世界著名的大吉岭-喜马拉雅铁路。它也因在2英尺长的轨道上运行的小火车而闻名。
它位于328英尺高的 新杰尔拜古里和7218英尺高的大吉岭之间。它由印度的英国统治者建造，于1879年至1881年间开始运营，全长88公里。1999年12月2日，联合国教科文组织宣布这条铁路为世界遗产。
What are the special features of the Indian Railways?
The only Railway Organisation that uses three categories of gauges and still in its operation.
Narrow Gauge:- The first name comes into our mind when we talk about the narrow gauge railway in India is the world-famous the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway. It is also famous as the name of Toy Train runs on 2 ft track.
It runs between New Jalpaiguri height of 328 ft to Darjeeling at a height of 7218 ft from mean sea level. It built by British rulers of India and starts operations between 1879 to 1881 total distance of 88 km. On December 2, 1999, UNESCO declares this Railways as a world heritage site.
印度铁路的特点是什么？
唯一一家使用三类轨距且仍在运营的铁路组织。
窄轨铁路：当我们谈论印度的窄轨铁路时，我们脑海中浮现的第一个名字是世界著名的大吉岭-喜马拉雅铁路。它也因在2英尺长的轨道上运行的小火车而闻名。
它位于328英尺高的 新杰尔拜古里和7218英尺高的大吉岭之间。它由印度的英国统治者建造，于1879年至1881年间开始运营，全长88公里。1999年12月2日，联合国教科文组织宣布这条铁路为世界遗产。
Meter Gauge:- The Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR) which is only operating metre gauge railway system in Indian Railways.
It operates on 1000 m.m. metre gauge railway track between Mettupalayam(MTP) to Udhagamandalam(UAM) a total 45.8 kilometres (28 mi), 108 curves, 16 tunnels and 250 bridges.
It is also declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005. It is the only Indian Railways that use Abt rack and pinion method to climb steep gradient between Mettupalayam and Coonoor section. It has the steepest track in Asia with a maximum gradient of 8.33%.
Two more railway lines including DHR and NMR were later added, and the site became known as one of the mountain railwayst of India.
Broad gauge:- Indian Railways has world fourth largest broad gauge railway track spread across India with a route length of 68,155 km (42,350 mi).
It is the world largest employer having about 13 lakhs of dedicated employees. Proud to be a member of Indian Railways family.
米轨铁路：尼吉里铁路（NMR）是印度铁路中唯一运营米轨铁路系统的铁路。
它在美图帕拉亚(Mettupalayam)（MTP）至Udhagamadalam（UAM）之间的1000毫米轨距的铁路上运营，全长45.8公里（28英里），有108个弯道、16个隧道和250座桥梁。
2005年，它还被联合国教科文组织宣布为世界遗产。这是印度唯一使用齿轮齿条方法在梅图帕拉雅姆和库努尔段之间攀爬陡峭坡度的铁路。它拥有亚洲最陡峭的轨道，最大坡度为8.33%。
后来又增加了两条铁路线，包括大吉岭喜马拉雅铁路(DHR)和尼吉里铁路，该地点被称为印度的山区铁路之一。
宽轨铁路：印度铁路公司拥有世界第四大宽轨铁路，分布在印度各地，线路长度为68155公里（42350英里）。
它是世界上最大的雇主，拥有约130万名敬业的员工。很自豪能成为印度铁路大家庭的一员。
It operates on 1000 m.m. metre gauge railway track between Mettupalayam(MTP) to Udhagamandalam(UAM) a total 45.8 kilometres (28 mi), 108 curves, 16 tunnels and 250 bridges.
It is also declared as World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2005. It is the only Indian Railways that use Abt rack and pinion method to climb steep gradient between Mettupalayam and Coonoor section. It has the steepest track in Asia with a maximum gradient of 8.33%.
Two more railway lines including DHR and NMR were later added, and the site became known as one of the mountain railwayst of India.
Broad gauge:- Indian Railways has world fourth largest broad gauge railway track spread across India with a route length of 68,155 km (42,350 mi).
It is the world largest employer having about 13 lakhs of dedicated employees. Proud to be a member of Indian Railways family.
米轨铁路：尼吉里铁路（NMR）是印度铁路中唯一运营米轨铁路系统的铁路。
它在美图帕拉亚(Mettupalayam)（MTP）至Udhagamadalam（UAM）之间的1000毫米轨距的铁路上运营，全长45.8公里（28英里），有108个弯道、16个隧道和250座桥梁。
2005年，它还被联合国教科文组织宣布为世界遗产。这是印度唯一使用齿轮齿条方法在梅图帕拉雅姆和库努尔段之间攀爬陡峭坡度的铁路。它拥有亚洲最陡峭的轨道，最大坡度为8.33%。
后来又增加了两条铁路线，包括大吉岭喜马拉雅铁路(DHR)和尼吉里铁路，该地点被称为印度的山区铁路之一。
宽轨铁路：印度铁路公司拥有世界第四大宽轨铁路，分布在印度各地，线路长度为68155公里（42350英里）。
它是世界上最大的雇主，拥有约130万名敬业的员工。很自豪能成为印度铁路大家庭的一员。
Nikhil Jindal
In 1845, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, forwarded to the Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie, a number of applications they had received from private contractors in England for the construction of a wide ranging railway network in India, and requested a feasibility report. It was suggested, that three experimental lines be constructed and their performance uated.
Contracts were awarded in 1849 to the East Indian Railway Company to construct a 120-mile railway from Howrah-Calcutta to Raniganj; to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company for a service from Bombay to Kalyan, 30- miles away; and to the Madras Railway Company for a line from Madras city to Arkonam, a distance of 39- miles.
1845年，东印度公司董事会向印度总督达尔豪斯勋爵转交了他们从英国私人承包商那里收到的一些申请书，要求在印度建造一个范围广泛的铁路网，并要求提交一份可行性报告。建议建造三条试验性的铁路线，并对其运转情况进行评估。
1849年，东印度铁路公司获得了建造一条从豪拉-加尔各答到拉尼甘吉的120英里铁路的合同；向大印度半岛铁路公司申请从孟买到30英里外的卡延(Kalyan)的铁路服务；并向马德拉斯铁路公司申请修建一条从马德拉斯市到阿尔科南的铁路线，全长39英里。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
In 1845, the Court of Directors of the East India Company, forwarded to the Governor-General of India, Lord Dalhousie, a number of applications they had received from private contractors in England for the construction of a wide ranging railway network in India, and requested a feasibility report. It was suggested, that three experimental lines be constructed and their performance uated.
Contracts were awarded in 1849 to the East Indian Railway Company to construct a 120-mile railway from Howrah-Calcutta to Raniganj; to the Great Indian Peninsular Railway Company for a service from Bombay to Kalyan, 30- miles away; and to the Madras Railway Company for a line from Madras city to Arkonam, a distance of 39- miles.
1845年，东印度公司董事会向印度总督达尔豪斯勋爵转交了他们从英国私人承包商那里收到的一些申请书，要求在印度建造一个范围广泛的铁路网，并要求提交一份可行性报告。建议建造三条试验性的铁路线，并对其运转情况进行评估。
1849年，东印度铁路公司获得了建造一条从豪拉-加尔各答到拉尼甘吉的120英里铁路的合同；向大印度半岛铁路公司申请从孟买到30英里外的卡延(Kalyan)的铁路服务；并向马德拉斯铁路公司申请修建一条从马德拉斯市到阿尔科南的铁路线，全长39英里。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Although construction began first, in 1849, on the East Indian Railways line, it was the first-leg of the Bombay-Kalyan line—a 21-mile stretch from Bombay to Thane—that, in 1853, was the first to be completed.
The feasibility of a train network in India was comprehensively discussed by Lord Dalhousie in his Railway minute of 1853. The Governor-General vigorously advocated the quick and widespread introduction of railways in India, pointing to their political, social, and economic advantages.
虽然东印度铁路最早于1849年开始建设，但1853年，它是孟买至卡延铁路线的第一段——21英里长的孟买至塔那铁路线，是第一条完工的铁路线。
达尔豪斯勋爵在1853年的《铁路纪要》中对印度铁路网的可行性进行了全面讨论。总督大力提倡在印度迅速而广泛地引入铁路，指出铁路的政治、社会和经济优势。
The feasibility of a train network in India was comprehensively discussed by Lord Dalhousie in his Railway minute of 1853. The Governor-General vigorously advocated the quick and widespread introduction of railways in India, pointing to their political, social, and economic advantages.
虽然东印度铁路最早于1849年开始建设，但1853年，它是孟买至卡延铁路线的第一段——21英里长的孟买至塔那铁路线，是第一条完工的铁路线。
达尔豪斯勋爵在1853年的《铁路纪要》中对印度铁路网的可行性进行了全面讨论。总督大力提倡在印度迅速而广泛地引入铁路，指出铁路的政治、社会和经济优势。
The first leg of the East Indian Railway line, a broad gauge railway, from Howrah to Pandua, was opened in 1854, and the entire line up to Raniganj would become functional by the time of the Indian rebellion of 1857.
But it should be noted that the railway lines were not built out of the Indian exchequer but by private enterprise. Thus, it gave the English capital and enterprise a chance of investment.
Subsequently, railway lines in India were mostly built by Indian companies under a system of ‘Government guarantee.’ Development of railways was also not accompanied by the development of ancillary industries. Thus, it heralded a ‘commercial revolution’ by penetrating deep into the markets of India rather than facilitating ‘industrial revolution.’
东印度铁路线的第一段是一条从豪拉到潘杜阿的宽轨铁路，于1854年开通，到1857年印度叛乱时，拉尼甘杰的整条铁路线才开始运转。
但应该注意的是，这些铁路线不是由印度财政部建造的，而是由私营企业建造的。因此，它给了英国资本和企业一个投资的机会。
随后，印度的铁路线大多由印度公司在“政府担保”制度下建造，铁路的发展也没有伴随着附属产业的发展。因此，它通过深入印度市场预示着一场“商业革命”，而不是促进“工业革命”。
But it should be noted that the railway lines were not built out of the Indian exchequer but by private enterprise. Thus, it gave the English capital and enterprise a chance of investment.
Subsequently, railway lines in India were mostly built by Indian companies under a system of ‘Government guarantee.’ Development of railways was also not accompanied by the development of ancillary industries. Thus, it heralded a ‘commercial revolution’ by penetrating deep into the markets of India rather than facilitating ‘industrial revolution.’
东印度铁路线的第一段是一条从豪拉到潘杜阿的宽轨铁路，于1854年开通，到1857年印度叛乱时，拉尼甘杰的整条铁路线才开始运转。
但应该注意的是，这些铁路线不是由印度财政部建造的，而是由私营企业建造的。因此，它给了英国资本和企业一个投资的机会。
随后，印度的铁路线大多由印度公司在“政府担保”制度下建造，铁路的发展也没有伴随着附属产业的发展。因此，它通过深入印度市场预示着一场“商业革命”，而不是促进“工业革命”。
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