美军在阿富汗遗留下的悍马装备都怎么样了？

Hundreds of American Humvees have been left to rust in scrapyards across Afghanistan, three years after the US abandoned the trucks – so emblematic of its military campaign in the country – to the new Taliban regime.

三年过去了，美国遗弃的数百辆悍马车——曾是其在阿富汗军事行动的象征——如今散落在阿富汗各地的废品场内锈蚀不堪，被新塔利班政权接管后也无人问津。

New satellite images from former Nato and US bases in several Afghan provinces show the US-made vehicles dismantled and hollowed out, with their parts haphazardly strewn around open-air garages and compounds.

最新的卫星图像显示，在阿富汗多个省份的前北约和美军基地内，美制车辆已被拆解掏空，零部件随意散落在露天车库和院落中。

The US forces tried to dismantle or destroy much of their machinery, from aircraft to computer systems, in the last weeks of their chaotic pull-out from Afghanistan after 20 years of war. But much still fell to the Taliban in August 2021 when the US-trained Afghan military crumbled and surrendered to the Islamist militants, according to US defence officials.

据美国国防官员透露，在长达20年的战争结束后，美军在混乱撤离阿富汗的最后几周内，试图拆解或销毁大量设备，包括飞机和计算机系统。然而，随着受美军训练的阿富汗军队在2021年8月迅速崩溃并向塔利班投降，仍有大量装备落入塔利班手中。

The Pentagon says US forces left behind military equipment worth over $7.2bn at the time. Glimpses of this leftover military hardware are occasionally seen at Taliban events, such as a grand parade held by the Taliban at Bagram airbase in August to mark their three years in power.

五角大楼表示，美军当时遗留的军事装备总价值超过72亿美元。这些遗留的军事硬件偶尔会出现在塔利班的活动中，例如今年8月塔利班在巴格拉姆空军基地举行的一场大型阅兵式，以纪念其执政三周年。

Images from the immediate aftermath of the pull-out showed Taliban militants seizing US-supplied firepower, including guns, ammunition, helicopters and other modern military equipment.

撤离后的现场图片显示，塔利班武装分子夺取了美军提供的武器装备，包括枪支、弹药、直升机以及其他现代化军事装备。

The Independent has analysed images from Kabul, Kandahar, Herat, Khost and Ghazni which show Humvees, along with other military and heavy vehicles such as rangers and army tracks that were given by the American armed forces to the Afghan National Defence Security Forces and police authorities before the fall of Kabul in August 2021.

《独立报》分析了来自喀布尔、坎大哈、赫拉特、霍斯特和加兹尼的图像，这些图像显示悍马车以及其他军事和重型车辆，例如游骑兵车辆和军用卡车，曾在2021年8月喀布尔陷落之前由美军交付给阿富汗国家国防安全部队和警察机构。

The majority of these Humvees are seen in images from the two power centres in Afghanistan – Kabul and Kandahar – with several in the backyard of the Kabul International Airport. Most of the Humvees in Kandahar are also seen at the now-abandoned US military-run airbase near the Spin Boldak road.

这些悍马车的大部分出现在阿富汗两大权力中心——喀布尔和坎大哈的图像中。其中一些停放在喀布尔国际机场的后院，而坎大哈的悍马车则大多分布在靠近斯平博尔达克公路的现已废弃的美军空军基地内。
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Contrasting the available images from 2019 and 2020, when the US and Afghan forces jointly managed the bases, with images from now, under the Taliban regime, shows the poor state of these vehicles.

与2019年和2020年美军与阿富汗军队共同管理这些基地时的图像相比，如今在塔利班政权下的图像显示，这些车辆状况已非常糟糕。

Qais Alamdar, an open source intelligence researcher and analyst, confirms to The Independent that at least 20 geolocated coordinates from Afghanistan show abandoned Humvees, as well as other armoured vehicles, trucks and tanks.

开源情报研究员兼分析师凯斯·阿拉姆达尔向《独立报》证实，至少20个来自阿富汗的地理定位坐标显示有被遗弃的悍马车，以及其他装甲车、卡车和坦克。

“The comparison [of images] from before the Taliban took over shows that they are no longer able to upkeep this expensive Nato machinery, and there are several reasons for it – including the maintenance and expensive fuel to run them,” he says.

他表示：“对比塔利班接管前的图像可以看出，他们已经无法维持这些昂贵的北约设备，这其中有多个原因——包括维护成本高昂以及运行所需的昂贵燃料。”

In the first few months of their takeover, the Taliban were using these Humvees alongside pick-up trucks to patrol parts of Afghan provinces, but over the years they seem to have junked them by the dozen, Mr Alamdar says.

阿拉姆达尔表示，在塔利班接管后的前几个月，他们曾使用这些悍马车和皮卡车一起巡逻阿富汗各省的部分地区，但随着时间的推移，似乎他们已经把这些悍马车一辆辆丢弃了。

Besmillah Taban, former general director of the Crime Investigation Department (CID) under the Ashraf Ghani government, says the fuel to run Humvees is more expensive and the spare parts to repair them are impossible to get outside of US and European markets.

前阿什拉夫·加尼政府犯罪调查部门（CID）前总局局长贝斯米拉·塔班表示，悍马车的燃料非常昂贵，而其所需的零部件在美国和欧洲市场之外几乎无法获取。

“It’s not just the fuel, which guzzles five to six times more than an average vehicle, but you cannot find even a small part of the Humvee in the Afghan bazar. You have to order from the United Arab Emirates. The maintenance of the Humvee is turning out to be costly and, frankly, out of the budget for the Taliban,” he says.

他说：“不仅仅是燃料，悍马车的油耗是普通车辆的五到六倍，甚至连悍马车的小零部件在阿富汗的市场上也找不到，必须从阿联酋订购。悍马车的维修成本越来越高，坦率来说，已经超出了塔利班的预算。”

“The Taliban’s local leaders now seem to have switched to using motorcycles to carry out patrolling, especially in areas like Baghlan and Badakhshan,” he says.

他还表示：“塔利班的地方领导人现在似乎已经转而使用摩托车进行巡逻，特别是在巴格兰和巴达赫尚等地区。”

Mr Taban, who worked in Kabul near the places where the Humvees have been disposed of, says the mechanics who worked for Nato forces are now in the US or other parts of the world, and afraid to return to Afghanistan.

塔班先生曾在喀布尔工作，靠近悍马车被废弃的地方，他表示，曾为北约部队工作的机械师现在都在美国或其他地方，而且也不敢返回阿富汗。
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“Even if you manage to buy a spare part or fix a Humvee in such dire conditions, you can do it for 10 to 12 Humvees, not 100 or 200 Humvees,” Mr Taban says.

塔班先生说：“即使你设法购买到零部件或在这种艰难的条件下修理悍马车，也只能修理10到12辆，而不是100或200辆。”

As a result, the Humvees are now a mere showpiece of stolen American equipment, stationed at border checkpoints in the country.

因此，悍马车现在成了一种摆设，停放在阿富汗各地的边境检查站。

In a rare show of force, a column of Humvees was used to guard the procession at the funeral of the senior Taliban minister Khalil Haqqani, who was killed in a suicide bombing attack last week. Sources present at his funeral told The Independent that a convoy of around 30 to 40 Humvees was placed in a line at the burial in Paktia province.

在一次罕见的武力展示中，一列悍马车被用来护卫塔利班高级部长哈利勒·哈卡尼的葬礼队伍，他在上周的自杀式爆炸袭击中丧生。参加葬礼的消息人士告诉《独立报》，大约30至40辆悍马车的车队排成一列，停放在帕克蒂亚省的葬礼现场。
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In the absence of spare parts, the Taliban is cannibalising these Humvees, says Lynne O'Donnell, journalist and analyst on Afghanistan. The satellite images showed several Humvees that appeared to have been broken down or hollowed out completely.

阿富汗问题记者兼分析师林恩·奥唐奈表示，由于缺乏零部件，塔利班正在拆解这些悍马车。卫星图像显示，几辆悍马车似乎已经完全被拆解或掏空。

Pointing to how the Taliban was able to fix Black Hawk helicopters and other US military aircraft that they flew in Afghanistan, she says the US trained the Afghan military to repair and maintain the billions of dollars worth of materiel that was transferred to the republic to build its military capacity.

她指出，塔利班能够修理黑鹰直升机和其他美军飞机，这些飞机曾在阿富汗被塔利班使用。她表示，美国曾培训阿富汗军队修理和维护数十亿美元的军事装备，这些装备被转交给阿富汗政府以增强其军事实力。

The US spent around $83bn to develop and sustain Afghan security forces from 2001 to 2021, according to reports from the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction, which oversees American taxpayers’ money spent on the conflict.

根据阿富汗重建特别监察长的报告，美国在2001至2021年间花费了大约830亿美元，用于发展和维持阿富汗安全部队，该机构负责监管美国纳税人资金在冲突中的使用。

Ahmad Zia Saraj, who served as Afghanistan’s spy chief from 2019 to 2021, says there is a concern that the Taliban will be able to raise funds by selling off parts of former US military hardware on the black market via neighbours like Pakistan and Iran.

阿富汗前间谍负责人艾哈迈德·齐亚·萨拉吉表示，有人担心塔利班会通过邻国如巴基斯坦和伊朗，将前美国军事装备的零部件通过黑市出售筹集资金。

“As soon as the Taliban took over the depots of the ministry of defence, they were looted, they stole a lot of things, weapons, ammunition, and these spare parts of these vehicles, and all of them were sold in the black markets of Pakistan,” he says.

他说：“塔利班一接管国防部的仓库，就开始了抢劫，他们偷走了很多东西，包括武器、弹药以及这些车辆的零部件，所有这些都被卖到了巴基斯坦的黑市。”

“Soon they will just sell these Nato vehicles like scrap and of course, the market will be Pakistan and how Pakistan will use it later on,” he says.

他说：“很快，他们将把这些北约车辆像废品一样出售，当然，市场会是巴基斯坦，而巴基斯坦之后将如何使用这些车辆则是另一个问题。”