英国强调需要为“暴风”隐形战斗机配备更大、更远程的空对空导弹
正文翻译
More details have emerged about the United Kingdom’s Tempest next-generation stealth fighter, being developed under the Global Combat Air Program (GCAP). While many specifics of the aircraft are still being decided by the three partner nations — the United Kingdom, Japan, and Italy — we now know there are plans to arm it with larger air-to-air missiles offering a longer range than those currently used by these countries.
关于英国“暴风”下一代隐形战斗机的更多细节已曝光，该战斗机正在全球作战空中计划（GCAP）框架下开发。虽然这款战斗机的许多具体细节仍在英国、日本和意大利这三个合作国之间决定，但目前已知的计划是，未来将为其配备比这些国家目前使用的空对空导弹更大、更远程的导弹。
Nevertheless, Richard Berthon, Director Future Combat Air at the U.K. Ministry of Defense, told the committee that the three partner nations have reached an agreement on overall system requirements. Berthon further noted that a “mismatch” around requirements “tends to be the thing that undermines international partnerships as they play out.”
尽管如此，英国国防部未来作战空中项目主管理查德·伯松向委员会表示，三国合作方已就总体系统需求达成一致。伯松进一步指出，需求上的“不匹配”通常是破坏国际合作伙伴关系的因素。
The ramjet-powered Meteor was designed to have superior range and overall kinematic performance than the U.S.-made AIM-120 AMRAAM, which also arms the Typhoon and F-35.
搭载冲压发动机的“流星”导弹旨在比美国制造的AIM-120 AMRAAM导弹具有更优越的射程和整体动力学性能，后者同样装备了台风战斗机和F-35。
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TWZ recently reported on how the U.S. Air Force expects that, by 2050, there will be counter-air missiles that can hit aircraft at ranges as great as 1,000 miles — a huge advance in anti-access capabilities compared to the distances air defense missiles can reach today. Nevertheless, the prediction very clearly shows the direction of travel in this area of warfare.
TWZ最近报道了美国空军的预期，到2050年，将出现能够在1,000英里射程内击中飞机的反空导弹——相比今天空防导弹的射程，这将是反进入能力的巨大进步。然而，这一预测明确显示了这一领域战争发展的方向。
Douglas Barrie, the Senior Fellow for Military Aerospace at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) think-tank told TWZ that he believes that JNAAM was “successful as far as it went,” but that the program didn’t move beyond technical exploration.
国际战略研究所（IISS）军事航空高级研究员道格拉斯·巴里（Douglas Barrie）在接受TWZ采访时表示，他认为JNAAM项目“在其所涉及的范围内是成功的”，但该项目并未超出技术探索阶段。
It’s likely to be joined before long by a missile currently dubbed PL-16, the design of which seems to have been driven by the requirement for the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter to accommodate six longer-range missiles internally (as opposed to the four PL-15s currently carried). The PL-16 will likely look fairly similar to the PL-15 but will be a compressed-carriage missile. Barrie expects that it will also feature “an active electronically scanned front end, Mach 5-plus fly-out, a lot of very capable onboard software, and be very resistant to jamming.”
PL-16 很可能很快就会出现，其设计似乎是为了满足中国 J-20 隐形战斗机能够内部容纳六枚更长射程导弹的需求（与目前携带的四枚 PL-15 相比）。PL-16 可能与 PL-15 看起来相似，但将是一种压缩式发射导弹。巴里预计，它将具有“主动电子扫描前端、超过 Mach 5 的飞行速度、非常强大的机载软件，并且具有极强的抗干扰能力。”
More details have emerged about the United Kingdom’s Tempest next-generation stealth fighter, being developed under the Global Combat Air Program (GCAP). While many specifics of the aircraft are still being decided by the three partner nations — the United Kingdom, Japan, and Italy — we now know there are plans to arm it with larger air-to-air missiles offering a longer range than those currently used by these countries.
关于英国“暴风”下一代隐形战斗机的更多细节已曝光，该战斗机正在全球作战空中计划（GCAP）框架下开发。虽然这款战斗机的许多具体细节仍在英国、日本和意大利这三个合作国之间决定，但目前已知的计划是，未来将为其配备比这些国家目前使用的空对空导弹更大、更远程的导弹。
Published today, the House of Commons committee report on GCAP provides recommendations to the U.K. government. Of particular interest is the section outlining the capabilities of the Tempest, with the proviso that “the precise capabilities of the new aircraft remain to be determined.”
今天发布的英国下议院委员会关于全球作战空中计划（GCAP）报告向英国政府提出了建议。特别值得关注的是报告中概述的“暴风”战斗机的能力部分，但报告也指出，“新型战斗机的具体能力尚待确定”。
今天发布的英国下议院委员会关于全球作战空中计划（GCAP）报告向英国政府提出了建议。特别值得关注的是报告中概述的“暴风”战斗机的能力部分，但报告也指出，“新型战斗机的具体能力尚待确定”。
Nevertheless, Richard Berthon, Director Future Combat Air at the U.K. Ministry of Defense, told the committee that the three partner nations have reached an agreement on overall system requirements. Berthon further noted that a “mismatch” around requirements “tends to be the thing that undermines international partnerships as they play out.”
尽管如此，英国国防部未来作战空中项目主管理查德·伯松向委员会表示，三国合作方已就总体系统需求达成一致。伯松进一步指出，需求上的“不匹配”通常是破坏国际合作伙伴关系的因素。
As to the key requirements for the Tempest, which will drive the design of the new aircraft, the Chief of the Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Knighton laid these out to the committee.
至于“暴风”战斗机的关键需求，这些需求将推动新型战斗机的设计，皇家空军参谋长理查德·奈顿空军元帅向委员会阐明了这些要求。
至于“暴风”战斗机的关键需求，这些需求将推动新型战斗机的设计，皇家空军参谋长理查德·奈顿空军元帅向委员会阐明了这些要求。
Some of them are to be expected, including longer range, which is reflected in the large overall size of the fighter, at least in the concept artworks, models, and mockups that have appeared so far.
其中一些需求是可以预期的，包括更长的作战半径，这一点在战斗机的大尺寸上得到了体现，至少在目前公开的概念图、模型和样机中可见。
其中一些需求是可以预期的，包括更长的作战半径，这一点在战斗机的大尺寸上得到了体现，至少在目前公开的概念图、模型和样机中可见。
Knighton also says that the Tempest will feature “improved stealth,” without providing more details about how that will be achieved, and also notes the central importance of data fusion. Indeed, fusing and integrating “the vast amount of information that will be available” to the aircraft will be the main difference between the Tempest and previous generations of combat aircraft, the report contends.
奈顿还表示：“暴风”战斗机将具备“改进的隐身性”，但没有透露具体如何实现，并指出数据融合具有至关重要的作用。事实上，报告认为，将“大量可用信息进行融合和整合”将是“暴风”与前代战斗机的主要区别。
奈顿还表示：“暴风”战斗机将具备“改进的隐身性”，但没有透露具体如何实现，并指出数据融合具有至关重要的作用。事实上，报告认为，将“大量可用信息进行融合和整合”将是“暴风”与前代战斗机的主要区别。
Intriguingly, Knighton also said it was “absolutely” possible that an uncrewed version of the Tempest platform could be developed in the longer term.
有趣的是，奈顿还表示，长期来看，开发“暴风”平台的无人版本“完全”是可能的。
有趣的是，奈顿还表示，长期来看，开发“暴风”平台的无人版本“完全”是可能的。
As to the larger and longer-range air-to-air missile, this will be carried as part of a bigger payload than offered by current combat aircraft.
至于更大、更远的空对空导弹，这将作为比现有战斗机更大载荷的一部分进行挂载。
至于更大、更远的空对空导弹，这将作为比现有战斗机更大载荷的一部分进行挂载。
In the past, statements about the U.K.’s Future Combat Air System (FCAS) program, a wide-ranging U.K. air combat initiative that includes the Tempest, have referenced next-generation weapons — as well as uncrewed platforms, networks and data sharing, and more. However, very few if any details have been provided about these weapons, making the reference to a large long-range air-to-air missile all the more interesting.
过去，关于英国未来空中作战系统（FCAS）计划的声明中提到了下一代武器——以及无人平台、网络与数据共享等内容，"暴风"战斗机就是其中的一部分。然而，对于这些武器的具体细节几乎没有透露，因此提到更大、更远程的空对空导弹显得尤为引人注目。
过去，关于英国未来空中作战系统（FCAS）计划的声明中提到了下一代武器——以及无人平台、网络与数据共享等内容，"暴风"战斗机就是其中的一部分。然而，对于这些武器的具体细节几乎没有透露，因此提到更大、更远程的空对空导弹显得尤为引人注目。
Currently, the longest-range air-to-air missile available to the United Kingdom and Italy is the pan-European MBDA Meteor, which arms the Eurofighter Typhoon and will be integrated on the F-35.
目前，英国和意大利可用的射程最远的空对空导弹是泛欧MBDA流星导弹，该导弹装备了台风战斗机，并将被集成到F-35上。
目前，英国和意大利可用的射程最远的空对空导弹是泛欧MBDA流星导弹，该导弹装备了台风战斗机，并将被集成到F-35上。
The ramjet-powered Meteor was designed to have superior range and overall kinematic performance than the U.S.-made AIM-120 AMRAAM, which also arms the Typhoon and F-35.
搭载冲压发动机的“流星”导弹旨在比美国制造的AIM-120 AMRAAM导弹具有更优越的射程和整体动力学性能，后者同样装备了台风战斗机和F-35。
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Range claims for the Meteor differ widely and the actual figure is a closely guarded secret. However, the missile is generally assumed to be able to hit targets up to 130 miles away from the launch aircraft. In comparison, the AMRAAM, in its longer-range D-model form, is commonly assessed to have a range of around 100 miles. In practice, an air-to-air missile’s range is highly dependent on a wide number of factors, including the track of the target and the height and speed of the launch platform.
关于“流星”导弹的射程，相关说法差异较大，实际数据是一个严格保密的秘密。然而，普遍认为该导弹能够打击距离发射平台约130英里的目标。相比之下，AIM-120 AMRAAM导弹在其远程D型版本中，通常被评估具有大约100英里的射程。实际上，空对空导弹的射程高度依赖于多个因素，包括目标的轨迹、发射平台的高度和速度等。
关于“流星”导弹的射程，相关说法差异较大，实际数据是一个严格保密的秘密。然而，普遍认为该导弹能够打击距离发射平台约130英里的目标。相比之下，AIM-120 AMRAAM导弹在其远程D型版本中，通常被评估具有大约100英里的射程。实际上，空对空导弹的射程高度依赖于多个因素，包括目标的轨迹、发射平台的高度和速度等。
For its part, Japan currently also uses the AMRAAM, as well as the domestically developed Mitsubishi AAM-4, another medium-range air-to-air missile. This is reported to have a range of around 75 miles and, in its AAM-4B version, became the first air-to-air missile to feature an active electronically scanned array (AESA) seeker. It is carried by Japanese F-15J and Mitsubishi F-2 fighters but is too large to be accommodated internally in the F-35, which Japan also operates.
日本目前也使用AMRAAM导弹，以及自主研发的三菱AAM-4导弹，这是一种中程空对空导弹。据报道，其射程约为75英里，并且在AAM-4B版本中，成为首款配备主动电子扫描阵列（AESA）寻的器的空对空导弹。该导弹装备在了日本的F-15J和三菱F-2战斗机，但由于体积过大，无法在日本同样操作的F-35战斗机内部挂载。
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日本目前也使用AMRAAM导弹，以及自主研发的三菱AAM-4导弹，这是一种中程空对空导弹。据报道，其射程约为75英里，并且在AAM-4B版本中，成为首款配备主动电子扫描阵列（AESA）寻的器的空对空导弹。该导弹装备在了日本的F-15J和三菱F-2战斗机，但由于体积过大，无法在日本同样操作的F-35战斗机内部挂载。
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The Meteor, AMRAAM, and AAM-4 all utilize active radar homing, providing a ‘fire and forget’ capability, but midcourse upxes are required to squeeze the most out of the missile and make long-range engagements reliable.
“流星”、AMRAAM和AAM-4都采用了主动雷达制导，提供了“发射后自主制导”能力，但为了最大限度地发挥导弹性能并确保远程打击的可靠性，仍需要在中途进行更新。
“流星”、AMRAAM和AAM-4都采用了主动雷达制导，提供了“发射后自主制导”能力，但为了最大限度地发挥导弹性能并确保远程打击的可靠性，仍需要在中途进行更新。
The three nations in the GCAP program are far from the only ones pursuing programs for new long-range air-to-air weapons.
参与GCAP计划的三国并不是唯一在推进新型远程空对空武器项目的国家。
参与GCAP计划的三国并不是唯一在推进新型远程空对空武器项目的国家。
In recent months, the U.S. Navy has introduced, at least on a limited level, an air-launched version of the Standard Missile-6 (SM-6) under the AIM-174B designation. The range of this missile is classified but should be far in excess of that of the AIM-120D, probably at least double and perhaps even triple the range, against large targets. Meanwhile, a joint U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force program is jointly developing the AIM-260, a new air-to-air missile that is intended to offer far greater range than the current AMRAAMs, as well as other new and improved capabilities, but will importantly provide these in a missile with similar dimensions to the AIM-120.
近年来，美国海军至少在有限范围内推出了标准导弹-6（SM-6）的空射版本，型号为AIM-174B。该导弹的射程是机密，但预计远超AIM-120D，可能至少是其两倍，甚至三倍，特别是在对付大型目标时。与此同时，美国海军和空军正在共同研发AIM-260，这是一种新的空对空导弹，旨在提供比现有AMRAAM更远的射程，以及其他新的和改进的能力，但重要的是，它将保持与AIM-120类似的尺寸。
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近年来，美国海军至少在有限范围内推出了标准导弹-6（SM-6）的空射版本，型号为AIM-174B。该导弹的射程是机密，但预计远超AIM-120D，可能至少是其两倍，甚至三倍，特别是在对付大型目标时。与此同时，美国海军和空军正在共同研发AIM-260，这是一种新的空对空导弹，旨在提供比现有AMRAAM更远的射程，以及其他新的和改进的能力，但重要的是，它将保持与AIM-120类似的尺寸。
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The West’s development of these missiles, and others, has been driven to a large extent by the appearance of very long-range air-to-air weapons in Russia and China.
西方国家对这些导弹以及其他导弹的研发，在很大程度上是受到俄罗斯和中国出现超远程空对空武器的鞭策。
西方国家对这些导弹以及其他导弹的研发，在很大程度上是受到俄罗斯和中国出现超远程空对空武器的鞭策。
According to data from the manufacturer, the Russian R-37M, at least in its export form, can defeat “some types” of aerial targets at a range of up to 124 miles. This likely refers to only larger, less agile, aircraft targets and is very much a ‘sales brochure figure,’ with all the caveats that entails. Nevertheless, the missile has proven to be a significant threat in the war in Ukraine.
根据制造商的数据，俄罗斯的R-37M导弹（至少是其出口版本）在射程达到124英里的情况下，可以击败“某些类型”的空中目标。这很可能仅指较大、机动性较差的飞机目标，并且这一数据很大程度上是“销售手册中的数字”，带有所有相关的警告。然而，该导弹在乌克兰战争中已被证明是一个重要威胁。
根据制造商的数据，俄罗斯的R-37M导弹（至少是其出口版本）在射程达到124英里的情况下，可以击败“某些类型”的空中目标。这很可能仅指较大、机动性较差的飞机目标，并且这一数据很大程度上是“销售手册中的数字”，带有所有相关的警告。然而，该导弹在乌克兰战争中已被证明是一个重要威胁。
Meanwhile, the U.S. Air Force has publicly said that the emergence of the Chinese PL-15, a long-range air-to-air missile that may feature a dual-pulse rocket motor, was a key factor in the decision to start the AIM-260 program. The Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) defense and security think tank determines that the PL-15 “out-ranges the U.S.-made AIM-120C/D AMRAAM series and has a comparable maximum range to the Meteor.”
与此同时，美国空军公开表示，中国PL-15导弹的出现，作为一种可能配备双脉冲火箭发动机的远程空对空导弹，是启动AIM-260项目的关键因素。英国皇家联合军事研究所（RUSI）国防与安全智库指出，PL-15“射程超越美国制造的AIM-120C/D AMRAAM系列，最大射程与‘流星’导弹相当。”
与此同时，美国空军公开表示，中国PL-15导弹的出现，作为一种可能配备双脉冲火箭发动机的远程空对空导弹，是启动AIM-260项目的关键因素。英国皇家联合军事研究所（RUSI）国防与安全智库指出，PL-15“射程超越美国制造的AIM-120C/D AMRAAM系列，最大射程与‘流星’导弹相当。”
The PL-15 is already in widespread service, and China is also working on further-reaching weapons, including the much bigger PL-17, a very long-range missile that may well be intended primarily to target high-value assets, like tankers and airborne early warning aircraft.
PL-15已经在广泛服役，中国也在研发射程更远的武器，包括体积更大的PL-17，这是一种超远程导弹，可能主要用于针对高价值目标，如油轮和空中预警机。
PL-15已经在广泛服役，中国也在研发射程更远的武器，包括体积更大的PL-17，这是一种超远程导弹，可能主要用于针对高价值目标，如油轮和空中预警机。
TWZ recently reported on how the U.S. Air Force expects that, by 2050, there will be counter-air missiles that can hit aircraft at ranges as great as 1,000 miles — a huge advance in anti-access capabilities compared to the distances air defense missiles can reach today. Nevertheless, the prediction very clearly shows the direction of travel in this area of warfare.
TWZ最近报道了美国空军的预期，到2050年，将出现能够在1,000英里射程内击中飞机的反空导弹——相比今天空防导弹的射程，这将是反进入能力的巨大进步。然而，这一预测明确显示了这一领域战争发展的方向。
One option to provide the Tempest with a larger longer-range air-to-air missile would be to acquire one from the United States, although the specific reference to the weapon being larger than existing ones would seem to rule out the AIM-260. On the other hand, other very long-range air-to-air missile programs are known to have been in the works in the United States.
为了为“暴风”战斗机配备更大射程的空对空导弹，一个选择是从美国采购导弹，尽管提到的该武器比现有的导弹更大，这似乎排除了AIM-260的可能性。另一方面，已知美国也在研发其他超远程空对空导弹项目。
为了为“暴风”战斗机配备更大射程的空对空导弹，一个选择是从美国采购导弹，尽管提到的该武器比现有的导弹更大，这似乎排除了AIM-260的可能性。另一方面，已知美国也在研发其他超远程空对空导弹项目。
There are different ways of increasing the range of an air-to-air missile, but this process is always easier if the weapon can be made larger. Bigger dimensions can translate to a bigger engine, more fuel, multi-stage rocket motors, and air-breathing engines, like the ramjet used in the Meteor. Other range-extending options that the United States has examined include throttleable “multi-pulse solid rocket motors” and more exotic “propellants, grain configurations, cases, and liners,” all of which would also be able to ensure greater range — as well as higher speed — compared to existing weapons.
增加空对空导弹射程的方法有多种，但如果武器可以做得更大，这个过程通常会更容易。更大的尺寸可以转化为更大的发动机、更多的燃料、多级火箭发动机和空气呼吸式发动机，如“流星”导弹中使用的冲压发动机。美国研究过的其他射程扩展选项包括可调节的“多脉冲固体火箭发动机”和更为奇特的“推进剂、推进剂颗粒配置、外壳和衬里”，这些都能够确保比现有武器更大的射程和更高的速度。
增加空对空导弹射程的方法有多种，但如果武器可以做得更大，这个过程通常会更容易。更大的尺寸可以转化为更大的发动机、更多的燃料、多级火箭发动机和空气呼吸式发动机，如“流星”导弹中使用的冲压发动机。美国研究过的其他射程扩展选项包括可调节的“多脉冲固体火箭发动机”和更为奇特的“推进剂、推进剂颗粒配置、外壳和衬里”，这些都能够确保比现有武器更大的射程和更高的速度。
It should also be noted that, in the not-too-distant past, the United Kingdom and Japan were involved in a joint effort to develop a possible new-generation air-to-air missile.
还应注意的是，在不久前，英国和日本曾共同参与开发一款可能的下一代空对空导弹。
还应注意的是，在不久前，英国和日本曾共同参与开发一款可能的下一代空对空导弹。
This bilateral cooperation saw the U.K. Ministry of Defense support Japan’s Joint New Air-to-Air Missile program, or JNAAM. Still highly secretive, the program is understood to have yielded a missile with a Japanese ‘front end’ in the form of an advanced radio-frequency seeker and a British ‘back end,’ retaining the original Meteor’s ramjet motor.
这一双边合作使得英国国防部支持了日本的联合新型空对空导弹项目（JNAAM）。该项目仍高度保密，但据了解，它开发出了一款具有日本“前端”的导弹，采用先进的射频寻的器，并且保留了英国“后端”，即原“流星”导弹的冲压发动机。
这一双边合作使得英国国防部支持了日本的联合新型空对空导弹项目（JNAAM）。该项目仍高度保密，但据了解，它开发出了一款具有日本“前端”的导弹，采用先进的射频寻的器，并且保留了英国“后端”，即原“流星”导弹的冲压发动机。
Douglas Barrie, the Senior Fellow for Military Aerospace at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) think-tank told TWZ that he believes that JNAAM was “successful as far as it went,” but that the program didn’t move beyond technical exploration.
国际战略研究所（IISS）军事航空高级研究员道格拉斯·巴里（Douglas Barrie）在接受TWZ采访时表示，他认为JNAAM项目“在其所涉及的范围内是成功的”，但该项目并未超出技术探索阶段。
Barrie suggests that the JNAAM may have been discontinued on performance grounds, assessing that it was likely to have a top speed of below Mach 4, and more likely in the region of Mach 3.5, slower than the Meteor, which is thought to fly in excess of Mach 4.
巴里认为，JNAAM可能因性能原因被终止，他评估该导弹的最高速度可能低于马赫4，更可能在马赫3.5左右，低于流星导弹，据认为流星的飞行速度超过马赫4。
巴里认为，JNAAM可能因性能原因被终止，他评估该导弹的最高速度可能低于马赫4，更可能在马赫3.5左右，低于流星导弹，据认为流星的飞行速度超过马赫4。
In the meantime, the United Kingdom continued to work on a mid-life upxe for the Meteor, and this option remains under consideration. Nevertheless, a revamped Meteor might still not meet the performance requirements of the missile envisaged for Tempest, and it would also seem to be ruled out since it’s not understood to be larger than the current Meteor.
与此同时，英国继续对流星导弹进行中期升级，且这一选项仍在考虑之中。然而，经过改进的流星导弹仍可能无法满足为暴风计划设想的导弹性能要求，并且由于流星导弹似乎并没有比现有版本更大，因此这一选项也似乎被排除了。
与此同时，英国继续对流星导弹进行中期升级，且这一选项仍在考虑之中。然而，经过改进的流星导弹仍可能无法满足为暴风计划设想的导弹性能要求，并且由于流星导弹似乎并没有比现有版本更大，因此这一选项也似乎被排除了。
As for the Meteor, while this is likely “good enough” to meet the current threats, there is a much bigger question about whether it will be able to match the overall performance of the projected threat by the late 2030s and early 2040s, by which time the Tempest should be established in service.
至于流星导弹，尽管它可能“足够应对”当前的威胁，但更大的问题是，它是否能在2030年代末至2040年代初，暴风计划的战斗机投入使用时，匹配预期的整体威胁表现。
至于流星导弹，尽管它可能“足够应对”当前的威胁，但更大的问题是，它是否能在2030年代末至2040年代初，暴风计划的战斗机投入使用时，匹配预期的整体威胁表现。
By this time, the Meteor design will be around 40 years old and new Chinese missiles will challenge Western fighters in the Pacific. Looking beyond Meteor, comments from U.K. defense officials “seem to indicate that they need something new” to arm the Tempest, “in terms of overall performance to meet the projected threat,” Barrie says.
巴里表示：“到那时，流星导弹的设计将有40年历史，而新的中国导弹将挑战西方战机在太平洋地区的优势。展望未来，英国国防官员的言论“似乎表明他们需要一些新的武器”来装备暴风战机，“在整体性能上，以应对预期的威胁。”
巴里表示：“到那时，流星导弹的设计将有40年历史，而新的中国导弹将挑战西方战机在太平洋地区的优势。展望未来，英国国防官员的言论“似乎表明他们需要一些新的武器”来装备暴风战机，“在整体性能上，以应对预期的威胁。”
Putting aside the PL-17, which Barrie assesses is optimized for a “very specific value set,” today’s PL-15 is already a very potent weapon and one that is “better by some margin than anything Russia has right now.”
抛开PL-17不谈，巴里认为其为“非常特定的目标设计”，今天的PL-15已经是一款非常强大的武器，并且“在某些方面要明显优于俄罗斯目前拥有的任何导弹。”
抛开PL-17不谈，巴里认为其为“非常特定的目标设计”，今天的PL-15已经是一款非常强大的武器，并且“在某些方面要明显优于俄罗斯目前拥有的任何导弹。”
It’s likely to be joined before long by a missile currently dubbed PL-16, the design of which seems to have been driven by the requirement for the Chinese J-20 stealth fighter to accommodate six longer-range missiles internally (as opposed to the four PL-15s currently carried). The PL-16 will likely look fairly similar to the PL-15 but will be a compressed-carriage missile. Barrie expects that it will also feature “an active electronically scanned front end, Mach 5-plus fly-out, a lot of very capable onboard software, and be very resistant to jamming.”
PL-16 很可能很快就会出现，其设计似乎是为了满足中国 J-20 隐形战斗机能够内部容纳六枚更长射程导弹的需求（与目前携带的四枚 PL-15 相比）。PL-16 可能与 PL-15 看起来相似，但将是一种压缩式发射导弹。巴里预计，它将具有“主动电子扫描前端、超过 Mach 5 的飞行速度、非常强大的机载软件，并且具有极强的抗干扰能力。”
Even more alarming for the West is the potential for the carriage of larger numbers of even bigger air-to-air missiles in the capacious weapons bay of the new Chinese combat aircraft that appeared last month, and which has been tentatively dubbed J-36. As we pointed out when it debuted, the large size of this aircraft suggests an overarching concern with long endurance and comparatively massive internal volume to accommodate a very large fuel load, as well as plentiful (large) weapons.
对于西方来说，更加令人担忧的是，随着新的中国战斗机——暂定名为 J-36——的出现，这种战机的宽敞武器舱可能能够携带更多甚至更大尺寸的空对空导弹。正如我们在其首度亮相时指出的，这款战斗机的巨大尺寸表明，它关注的是长时间的续航能力和相对庞大的内部空间，以便容纳非常大的燃料负载，并且拥有大量（大尺寸）武器。
对于西方来说，更加令人担忧的是，随着新的中国战斗机——暂定名为 J-36——的出现，这种战机的宽敞武器舱可能能够携带更多甚至更大尺寸的空对空导弹。正如我们在其首度亮相时指出的，这款战斗机的巨大尺寸表明，它关注的是长时间的续航能力和相对庞大的内部空间，以便容纳非常大的燃料负载，并且拥有大量（大尺寸）武器。
At the same time, there remain questions about the viability of the GCAP and Tempest programs.
与此同时，GCAP 和 Tempest 计划的可行性仍然存在疑问。
与此同时，GCAP 和 Tempest 计划的可行性仍然存在疑问。
A concept demonstrator for the Tempest is planned to fly in 2027, with Richard Berthon telling the Committee that this won’t be a prototype but instead “a reasonably good representation of some of the characteristics that will play through into the GCAP platform itself.”
计划中的 Tempest 概念验证机将在 2027 年进行飞行，理查德·伯森（Richard Berthon）向委员会表示，这不会是原型机，而是“一个较为真实的展示，体现一些将会应用于 GCAP 平台的关键功能。”
计划中的 Tempest 概念验证机将在 2027 年进行飞行，理查德·伯森（Richard Berthon）向委员会表示，这不会是原型机，而是“一个较为真实的展示，体现一些将会应用于 GCAP 平台的关键功能。”
Thereafter, the Tempest is expected to be in service by 2035, but there will be plenty more challenges, both technical and political. Even if it survives potential political hurdles, the process of creating an all-new fighter, especially one incorporating stealth technologies, dictates lengthy development times and high costs. The Tempest is also planned to be supported by advanced uncrewed aircraft, not to mention new-generation air-launched weapons, all of which bring their own elements of risk — and yet more costs.
之后，Tempest 预计将在 2035 年服役，但仍将面临许多技术和政治挑战。即使它能够克服潜在的政治障碍，开发一款全新的战斗机，尤其是包含隐身技术的战斗机，仍需较长的开发时间和高昂的成本。Tempest 还计划由先进的无人驾驶飞行器支持，更不用说新一代空射武器，这些都带来了自己的风险因素——以及更多的成本。
之后，Tempest 预计将在 2035 年服役，但仍将面临许多技术和政治挑战。即使它能够克服潜在的政治障碍，开发一款全新的战斗机，尤其是包含隐身技术的战斗机，仍需较长的开发时间和高昂的成本。Tempest 还计划由先进的无人驾驶飞行器支持，更不用说新一代空射武器，这些都带来了自己的风险因素——以及更多的成本。
Increasingly, the requirements for internal weapons carriage are a very major driver behind the size of the platform, when it comes to next-generation fighters. This appears to be the case for the J-36 and almost certainly applies to the crewed combat jet at the center of the U.S. Air Force’s Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) initiative. The Tempest, too, looks like it will be a notably big fighter, and it will almost certainly need to be, not least to accommodate the larger and longer-range air-to-air missiles that are being earmarked for it.
对于下一代战斗机来说，内部武器舱的需求越来越成为平台尺寸的主要驱动因素。J-36 看起来是这种情况，几乎可以肯定，美国空军“下一代空中主导”计划（NGAD）中核心的有人战斗机也会如此。Tempest 看起来也将是一架相当庞大的战斗机，几乎可以确定，它必须具备较大的尺寸，至少要能够容纳为其指定的更大和更远程的空对空导弹。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
对于下一代战斗机来说，内部武器舱的需求越来越成为平台尺寸的主要驱动因素。J-36 看起来是这种情况，几乎可以肯定，美国空军“下一代空中主导”计划（NGAD）中核心的有人战斗机也会如此。Tempest 看起来也将是一架相当庞大的战斗机，几乎可以确定，它必须具备较大的尺寸，至少要能够容纳为其指定的更大和更远程的空对空导弹。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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