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-As the wildfires continue to ravage southern California bogus information is spreading online. We saw claims the Hollywood sign was in flames, looters were calmly walking out of homes with TVs, and confusion over a picture that's not even from California. Scammers are feeding on this misinformation, trying to take advantage of victims Melissa Mahtani is the executive producer of CBS News confirmed. She is here to help us sort fact from fiction. Good morning.

随着野火继续肆虐南加州，虚假信息在网上传播。有传言称好莱坞标志着火了，抢劫者冷静地走出家门拿着电视，还有一些关于一张图片的混乱，实际上那张图片根本不来自加州。骗子们正在利用这些错误信息，试图利用受害者。梅丽莎·马赫塔尼是CBS新闻确认的执行制片人。她今天来帮助我们分辨事实与虚构。早上好。

-Good morning.

早上好。
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-So how can people tell when something is real? I know this is like the basic focus of your life's work, but especially in terms of a natural disaster, what should people be looking for?

那么，人们如何分辨信息的真假呢？我知道这是你工作中的基本重点，但尤其在自然灾害期间，人们应该注意哪些方面呢？

-Right, so in times of natural disasters, it gets more difficult because people are very emotional. They're vulnerable, so they're not thinking properly, right? Let's take a look at the images that you just showed, and let's go through them one by one, and I'll give you some clues. So the first one is Hollywood sign on fire, now, this is actually AI generated. There were various versions of this, one of them was quite obvious, it actually had the Grok logo at the bottom, and Grok is ***'s AI-generated image tool, so that was kind of a giveaway. Some of them were quite realistic, though, especially if you've only seen the Hollywood sign in the movies, so what do you do? You check the source, who is the account or the person that is sharing this information and why? Do they have a track record of sharing reliable information? Second, check the official sources, so the Hollywood sign is so famous that it actually has its own social-media account, and it was saying that, no, the Hollywood sign is not on fire. Equally, fire-tracking apps are showing where the fires were in California, they clearly showed that there were no fires around the sign. So that's another giveaway. Now, if those sound like too much work to do, the easiest and most simple thing to do is just google it. Like, is the Hollywood sign on fire, right? You get off social media, you go and cross-check what other media is saying, and you'll very quickly see if something is gaining traction if it's real or not. That's quite a simple one.

对，在自然灾害时，分辨真假信息变得更困难，因为人们情绪激动，容易受影响，思维不够清晰，对吧？我们先来看你刚才展示的那些图片，一张一张地分析，我会给你一些提示。首先是好莱坞标志着火了，这其实是AI生成的。实际上有好几种版本，其中一个版本底部明显带有Grok标志，而Grok是**的AI图像生成工具，所以这是个明显的提示。不过其中一些版本看起来非常逼真，特别是对于那些只在电影中见过好莱坞标志的人来说，所以该怎么做呢？你应该检查信息的来源，分享这个信息的人或账号是谁？他们有可靠的信息分享记录吗？
其次，要检查官方渠道，好莱坞标志如此著名，甚至有自己的社交媒体账号，而它在发布消息表示，好莱坞标志并没有着火。还有，火灾追踪应用显示了加州的火灾位置，清楚地显示好莱坞标志附近并没有火灾。这也是一个提示。如果这些方法看起来太麻烦，那么最简单的方式就是直接搜索一下：好莱坞标志着火了吗？你离开社交媒体，去看看其他媒体的报道，很快你就能判断出这个信息是真是假了。这是一个非常简单的方法。

-And don't spread it.

然后不要传播。

-You need to pause before you share this stuff because people want to take advantage of you, they want you to kind of see something, share it, it gives them more followers. Sometimes it's for a gain for them that could be nefarious, so if we move on to the next one, you'll begin to understand why. This image purported to show a mosque with a red roof that had survived all the fires and stood standing in California. Actually, this image is an old image shared as if it was new, and it's of a red-roofed house that survived the Hawaii fires in 2023. Now, do you guys remember the last time I was here and we were talking about tools you could use? And we talked about a reverse image search, so that's exactly, essentially, it's a Google image search, but it's a Google search for images. It sounds complicated, but you could put this picture in and you would see the history of where it had been posted and you would see that it actually came from Hawaii. If you didn't want to put the image in, you could, again, just google red-roofed mosque, did it survive California? Very simple thing to do, right? But again, check the source, who is posting this? This is from a religious account. So, again, why might they be trying to do that? Sometimes the person who's receiving it, they might want to believe that a mosque had survived, so you need to pause, you need to check your emotions, but this third one, this is quite difficult, and I will say it's very easy to do. This was video, I believe we can show it, and this was video that was shared with a misleading caption, but the video is actually real. And this was basically friends who were helping family evacuate their house, so you could see a guy in a hoodie, he was helping move stuff out of the house. This video was shared saying looting, and again, this is where you really, really need to pause and cheek your emotions. Oftentimes, people are posting inflammatory content, because it's something that people want to believe and they'll share it very, very quickly. But you need to do your due diligence, check who's sharing it, think about why, check your emotions, check official sources, and cross-check the information that you're seeing online.

在分享这些内容之前，你需要暂停一下，因为有些人希望你看到一些东西并分享出去，这样他们就能获得更多的关注。有时候这是为了他们自己的利益，甚至可能是恶意的。所以如果我们继续看下一个例子，你会明白为什么了。这张图片声称展示了一座屋顶为红色的清真寺，它在加州的火灾中幸存下来。
事实上，这张图片是一张旧图片，假装是新的，实际上它是2023年夏威夷火灾中幸存的一座红屋顶房子。如果你记得我上次来时我们谈到过的工具，我们讨论过一个反向图像搜索工具，基本上就是谷歌图片搜索，但它是搜索图片的来源。虽然听起来有点复杂，但你可以将这张图片上传，然后你会看到它曾经被发布的历史，看到它实际上是来自夏威夷。
如果你不想上传图片，简单的方法就是直接搜索“红色屋顶清真寺”，看看它是否在加州幸存。很简单对吧？但同样，检查信息的来源，发布信息的人是谁？这来自一个宗教账号。那么，他们为什么要这么做呢？有时候，接受这些信息的人可能希望相信清真寺幸存了下来，所以你需要暂停一下，检查自己的情绪。至于第三个例子，这个比较复杂，我得说它非常容易误导。
这是一段视频，带有误导性的说明文字，但这段视频本身是实事求是的。这实际上是朋友们帮助家人撤离房屋的视频。你可以看到一个穿着卫衣的男士，他正在搬东西。这个视频被错误地分享，配文说是抢劫事件，而这正是你需要暂停并检查自己情绪的地方。很多时候，大家在分享煽动性的内容，因为它是人们想相信的东西，他们会很快分享出去。但你需要做你的调查，检查发布者是谁，为什么发布，检查官方来源，交叉验证你看到的信息。

-Lots of checking, that's why they say do your research, I guess. Is your job changing in any way, now, that Meta is going to strop independently fact checking？ So they had partnered with these organizations, they've later said that they thought they weren't good organizations for this job. Now the community will do its own fact checking. How does that change your job, and what advice do you have for people who are in thar community who are going to be fact checking themselves?

很多检查，所以他们说做研究是很重要的。你认为你的工作会有所变化吗？Meta现在宣布将停止独立事实核查。曾经与这些组织合作，但后来他们表示认为这些组织不适合这个工作，现在社区将自己进行事实核查。那对你的工作有何影响？你对那些将要进行自我事实核查的社区成员有什么建议？

-So in terms of our job, we are always checking ourselves and not relying on other people. But for people who are out there, our viewers, this is going to mean that they need to take more control of what I call their media diet. So all the tips that I just ran through, this needs to become second nature to people, and CBS News confirmed has put together a quick checklist, so people at home can take a screenshot of this and just run through each thing that I talked about. So check the source, are they reliable? do they have a track record of being reliable? You want to check the date because, as I just talked about, there's old media that is often shared as new. You want to cross-check your information, google it, see what other news outlets are saying about it. And this one is the last one, but it's really the most important is check your emotions, we're all guilty of seeing a headline on social media and sharing it.

就我们的工作而言，我们总是自己检查，而不是依赖别人。但对于那些在外面的观众来说，这意味着他们需要更加关注他们的“媒体饮食”。所以，刚才我提到的所有提示，这些应该成为每个人的第二天性，而CBS新闻确认也准备了一份简短的清单，大家可以截图下来，逐项检查。
首先，检查来源，它是否可靠？他们是否有可靠的记录？你要检查日期，因为正如我刚才提到的，旧媒体常常被当做新的来分享。你要交叉检查信息，谷歌一下，看看其他新闻机构怎么说。最后一点，虽然它是最简单的，但也是最重要的：检查自己的情绪。我们每个人都有过看到社交媒体上的标题就急于分享的经历。

-And especially in a time like this.

尤其是在这种时刻。

While investigators work to find out what caused multiple wildfires in the Los Angeles area, some conspiracies about the fires' origins have spread on social media platforms.
Posts about baseless theories — ranging from celebrity involvement to secret government weapons — have racked up millions of views.
Despite fact-checking efforts, researchers say conspiracies of this kind regularly emerge after large wildfires.
"I think that the more emotionally overwhelming it is, the more likely we are to just see high volumes of conspiracy theories to cope and make people feel like they have control," said misinformation researcher Abbie Richards.

在调查人员努力查明洛杉矶地区多起野火起因的同时，一些关于火灾起源的阴谋论也在社交媒体平台上传播开来。
从名人参与到政府秘密武器等毫无根据的理论帖子已经获得了数百万的浏览量。
研究人员表示，尽管对事实进行了核实，但在大型野火发生后，这类阴谋论还是会经常出现。
虚假信息研究员阿比-理查兹（Abbie Richards）说："我认为，越是在情绪上难以承受的情况下，我们就越有可能看到大量的阴谋论来应对，让人们感觉自己能够控制局面。"

Directed energy weapons conspiracy resurfaces

定向能武器阴谋再起

Misleading videos have fueled false claims that directed energy weapons, often referred to as DEWs, ignited the flames. The conspiracy theory suggests that governments or secret organizations use lasers or microwave systems to ignite fires.
Experts have repeatedly debunked these claims, attributing irregular burn patterns to natural factors like wind, terrain and vegetation.
While the U.S. has developed and tested DEWs for military applications — such as disabling enemy drones or missiles — there is no credible evidence of DEWs being employed in civilian settings, including for igniting wildfires.
The DEW theory also surfaced during the California wildfires of 2018, with Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene claiming in a now-dexed social media post the fires could be caused by lasers from space. And online users spread the conspiracy during other disasters including the Canadian and Maui fires in 2023 and the Texas Smokehouse Creek wildfire in 2024.
"Most people will see this sort of stuff and completely reject it because it doesn't match with how they already view the world. But there are people who view the world through a conspiratorial lens," said Joseph Uscinski, co-author of "American Conspiracy Theories."

误导性视频助长了关于定向能武器（通常被称为 DEWs）点燃大火的虚假说法。这种阴谋论认为，政府或秘密组织使用激光或微波系统点燃大火。
专家们多次驳斥了这些说法，将不规则的燃烧模式归因于风、地形和植被等自然因素。
虽然美国已经开发并测试了用于军事用途的定向能武器，如使敌方无人机或导弹失效，但没有可信的证据表明定向能武器被用于民用环境，包括点燃野火。
2018年加州野火期间，DEW理论也浮出水面，众议员马乔里-泰勒-格林（Marjorie Taylor Greene）在一篇现已删除的社交媒体帖子中称，大火可能是由来自太空的激光造成的。而在其他灾难期间，包括 2023 年的加拿大和毛伊岛大火以及 2024 年的德克萨斯州斯莫克豪斯溪野火，网上用户也在传播这一阴谋。
“大多数人看到这种东西会完全拒绝，因为这不符合他们已经形成的世界观。但也有人会从阴谋论的角度来看待这个世界，"《美国阴谋论》的合著者约瑟夫-乌辛斯基（Joseph Uscinski）说。

Claims that weather is manmade

天气是人造的说法

Claims have circulated that the government could have geoengineered rain to stop the Los Angeles wildfires.
Theories that the government has some control over the weather have surfaced after several natural disasters, including hurricanes Helene and Milton. And meteorologists and agencies including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have debunked these claims.
People blame the government or company executives because it's easier than facing structural problems, like drought conditions," Geoff Dancy, a political science professor at the University of Toronto, told CBS News.
"That is more attractive to people that are desperate for order amid catastrophe," Dancy said.
The U.S. Government Accountability Office said in a December assessment on cloud seeding at least nine states are using the technology, which is "primarily funded at the state level or below" and there is little federal intervention.
For cloud seeding to be effective, the atmosphere around greater Los Angeles would have required more moisture in the clouds for water vapor to be condensed, Katja Friedrich, a cloud physics expert and professor at Colorado University at Boulder, told PolitiFact.
"The L.A. area is currently so dry that there is not enough water that you could condense," Friedrich said.

坊间流传着一种说法，称政府可能通过地球工程造雨来阻止洛杉矶野火。
在海伦飓风和米尔顿飓风等多起自然灾害发生后，关于政府对天气有一定控制权的说法也随之出现。而包括美国国家海洋和大气管理局在内的气象学家和机构已经驳斥了这些说法。
多伦多大学政治学教授杰夫-丹西（Geoff Dancy）告诉哥伦比亚广播公司新闻（CBS News）："人们指责政府或公司高管，因为这比面对结构性问题（如干旱状况）更容易。
丹西说："这对在灾难中急于寻求秩序的人们更有吸引力。"
美国政府问责局在 12 月的一份关于云播种的评估报告中说，至少有 9 个州正在使用这种技术，“主要由州一级或州以下提供资金，联邦几乎没有干预。”
云物理学专家、科罗拉多大学博尔德分校教授卡佳-弗里德里希（Katja Friedrich）告诉 PolitiFact，要使云种子技术有效，大洛杉矶周围的大气需要云层中有更多的水分，水蒸气才能凝结。
弗里德里希说："洛杉矶地区目前非常干燥，没有足够的水可以凝结。“

Land grab conspiracy

土地夺取阴谋

Another unfounded claim shared on social media suggests the Southern California wildfires were started to clear land so officials could make way for what are called "smart cities," aligned with United Nations' goals.
The U.N.'s agenda to cut global emissions includes making cities more sustainable. And the Los Angeles Area's SmartLA 2028 initiative suggests renovating the city's transportation systems, among other technological changes, to make the city greener — but the plan does not involve mass demolition or rebuilding.
This conspiracy also gained traction after the wildfires in Maui, when a video of Hawaii's governor was clipped, taken out of context and shared to bolster the false claim the state was aiming to create a "smart city" on scorched land. And similar theories were debunked after wildfires in Canada and Spain's Canary Islands.

另一种未经证实的说法在社交媒体上传播，声称南加州的野火是为了清理土地，以便官员们为所谓的“智慧城市”腾出空间，这与联合国的目标相一致。
联合国的全球减排议程包括使城市更具可持续性。洛杉矶地区的SmartLA 2028计划建议对城市的交通系统进行翻新，并进行其他技术改革，以使城市更加环保——但该计划并不涉及大规模的拆迁或重建。
这个阴谋论在毛伊岛的野火之后获得了更多关注，当时夏威夷州州长的一段视频被剪辑、断章取义，并被分享以支持这一虚假说法，声称该州打算在烧毁的土地上建立“智慧城市”。类似的理论在加拿大和西班牙加那利群岛的野火之后也被揭穿。

Celebrity crime cover-up conspiracy

名人犯罪掩盖阴谋
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Some posts that reached millions of people on TikTok falsely claim the wildfires were sparked to destroy evidence in the sex trafficking case against Sean "Diddy" Combs — falsely claiming his mansion was consumed in flames.
In reality, Combs' mansion remains intact and outside the evacuation zone as of Jan. 16.
His home was raided in March by federal agents who seized evidence on the property, and People reported the home was listed for sale in September.
False claims about celebrity homes also spread after the Maui wildfire, with some users sharing baseless claims that Oprah Winfrey helped start those fires.

一些在TikTok上传播的帖子错误地声称，野火是为了销毁关于肖恩·“迪迪”·科姆斯的性贩卖案件的证据而引发的，虚假地称他的豪宅被火灾吞噬。
实际上，科姆斯的豪宅至2025年1月16日仍然完好无损，并且位于撤离区之外。
他的家在3月曾被联邦特工搜查，搜出了房产上的证据，《人物》杂志报道该房产在9月挂牌出售。
关于名人住宅的虚假说法在毛伊岛野火之后也传播开来，有用户毫无根据地声称奥普拉·温弗瑞帮助引发了这些火灾。

Addressing the spread of conspiracies

应对阴谋论的传播

By coincidence, on the day the wildfires started, Facebook announced it was ending its third party fact checking program and loosening its automated systems that police policy violations, instead relying more on users to report issues before they take action. The platform is adopting a crowdsourced "community notes" system, similar to Elon Musk's ***.
Dancy said conspiracy theorists are "benefitting from the information revolution" we live in. "It's an attention economy, and conspiracy theories get attention," Dancy said.
He advocates for regulating social media algorithms that prioritize sensational content.
Richards, who wrote a thesis about climate conspiracy theories circulating on TikTok, agreed.
"You're fighting against algorithms that are designed for profit and not for creating a well-informed and healthy society," she said.

巧合的是，在野火爆发的那天，Facebook宣布结束其第三方事实核查程序，并放宽了监控政策违规的自动化系统，转而更多依赖用户报告问题，然后再采取行动。该平台正在采用一个类似于埃隆·马斯克的平台的群众外包“社区笔记”系统。
丹西表示，阴谋论者正在“受益于我们所生活的信息革命”。“这是一个注意力经济，阴谋论吸引注意力，”丹西说。
他主张对社交媒体算法进行监管，尤其是那些优先推荐耸人听闻内容的算法。
写过关于气候阴谋论在TikTok上传播的论文的理查兹表示同意。
“你正在与那些为利润而设计的算法作斗争，而不是为了创造一个信息丰富、健康的社会，”她说。