
正文翻译

@Aya Shawn
master in Computer Science, National University of SingaporeMay 23
The J36 Is a Product of Chinese Anxiety
J36 是中国焦虑的产物
Recently the PL-15 missile shot down a French Rafale fighter in India. Europeans and Americans were shocked to discover that none of their air-to-air missiles could match the performance of the PL-15. Many observers were stunned.
近日,霹雳-15导弹在印度击落了一架法国“阵风”战斗机。欧美国家震惊地发现,他们的空空导弹竟然没有一种能比得上霹雳-15的性能。许多观察人士对此感到震惊。
This missile, too, is a product of anxiety.
这枚导弹也是焦虑的产物。
I once read the memoir of a Chinese Air Force expert, describing the scene when China developed the PL-15 missile about ten years ago:
我曾经读过一位中国空军专家的回忆录,其中描述了大约十年前中国研制霹雳-15导弹时的情景:
The Americans had released a new air-to-air missile, the AIM-120D, claiming it used a dual-pulse motor, real-time data lix correction, a 200-kilometer range, and terminal speed holding steady at Mach 5.
美国人发布了新型空对空导弹 AIM-120D,声称其采用双脉冲发动机、实时数据链校正、射程 200 公里、终端速度稳定在 5 马赫。
This made the Chinese quite anxious. They poured tremendous effort into developing a similar weapon. That’s why the PL-15 exists — its technical specs closely matched the early AIM-120D.
这让中国人非常焦虑。他们投入了巨大的精力来研发类似的武器。PL-15导弹正是为此而生——它的技术规格与早期的 AIM-120D 导弹非常接近。
But here’s the twist: Raytheon failed to develop the AIM-120D as promised. The project was delayed by three years, and the actual production missiles never reached the originally claimed performance.
但事情发生了转折:雷神公司未能按照承诺研制出 AIM-120D 导弹。该项目被推迟了三年,实际生产的导弹也从未达到最初宣称的性能。
Their sixth-generation fighter is more or less the same story. The U.S. announced the next-gen fighter program NGAD 15 years ago. At that time, China’s fifth-gen J-20 wasn’t even fully developed, while the U.S. had already mass-produced F-22s and F-35s.
他们的第六代战斗机也大体上是同样的情况。美国 15 年前就宣布了下一代战斗机项目NGAD。当时,中国的第五代战斗机歼-20 甚至还没有完全研发出来,而美国的 F-22 和 F-35 已经量产。
The U.S. leads by miles in air force tech. For the Chinese, who hadn’t even mastered a fifth-gen fighter yet, seeing the NGAD’s design felt like staring at alien technology.
美国在空军技术上遥遥领先。对于当时甚至还没有掌握第五代战斗机的中国人来说,看到NGAD的设计就像是在观看外星技术。
It’s said that after PL-15 appeared, thanks to missile data lixs, the Chinese began experimenting with a U.S.-proposed tactic: A fires B guides.
据说,PL-15 出现后,借助导弹数据链,中国人开始试验美国提出的战术:发射和引导分离进行
J-20 launches the missile, then immediately pulls away. An AWACS guides the missile toward the target. When the missile reaches an inescapable range, it activates its fire control radar and destroys the enemy.
歼-20发射导弹后立即脱离。预警机引导导弹飞向目标。当导弹到达无法逃脱的射程时,预警机启动火控雷达,摧毁敌方目标。
In simulated confrontations, the opposing forces scored 108 to 0 — a complete rout for those using traditional tactics.
在模拟对抗中,双方以108比0的比分完胜采用传统战术的对手。
The Chinese were stunned by the impact of this new mode of warfare. If the J-20’s tactics were that powerful, could the J-10 and J-11 do the same?
这种新作战模式的威力令中国人震惊。如果歼-20的战术如此强大,那么歼-10和歼-11能做到吗?
Soon, these 4th-gen fighters were equipped with 5th-gen radars and PL-15 missiles, leading to models like the J-10C and J-16.
很快,这些第四代战斗机就配备了第五代雷达和霹雳-15导弹,形成了歼-10C和歼-16等型号。
Although these non-stealth fighters could be detected by enemies, the PL-15’s range kept them safe. Exercises and training remained one-sided victories. The Pakistanis who recently used this tactic were just reenacting what the Chinese had tested years ago.
虽然这些非隐形战斗机可能会被敌方发现,但霹雳-15的射程足以保证它们的安全。演习和训练仍然是一边倒的胜利。最近使用这种战术的巴基斯坦人只不过是在重复中国多年前进行过试验的情况。
Years ago, an Air Force tactics expert said at a briefing:
几年前,一位空军战术专家在一次简报会上说:
“Tests proved the Americans’ approach is formidable. They proposed this tactic over a decade ago. They have AWACS, stealth fighters, and medium-range air-to-air missiles far earlier than us. They should have mastered the tech and tactics long ago—and surely have countermeasures ready.”
试验证明,美国人的策略非常强大。他们十多年前就提出了这种策略。他们比我们更早拥有预警机、隐形战斗机和中程空对空导弹。他们早就应该掌握了这些技术和战术——而且肯定已经准备好了应对措施。
This plunged all experts into deep anxiety…
这让所有专家都陷入了深深的焦虑之中……
One expert wrote in a report:
一位专家在报告中写道:
“The key to this tactic is the AWACS. If I were American, I’d counter by using F-35s to sneak-attack their AWACS. The solution is to develop anti-stealth radar.”
“这种战术的关键在于预警机。如果我是美国人,我会用 F-35 偷袭他们的预警机来应对。解决办法是研发反隐形雷达。”
Another expert replied:
另一位专家回答道:
“We can think of anti-stealth radar, but the Americans surely have that tech too. They will be ready for J-20 sneak attacks on AWACS! The solution is longer-range air-to-air missiles.”
“我们可以考虑反隐形雷达,但美国人肯定也有这种技术。他们会做好歼-20偷袭预警机的准备!解决方案是远程空对空导弹。”
China then developed many different types of anti-stealth radars. Later, they developed the PL-17 missile with a 400-kilometer range.
中国随后研制了多种类型的反隐形雷达,后来又研制出射程达400公里的 PL-17 导弹。
In tests three years ago, under AWACS support, a PL-17 launched from a J-16 simulated shooting down another AWACS 400 kilometers away.
三年前的一次试验中,在预警机支援下,一架歼-16发射的霹雳-17导弹模拟击落400公里外的另一架预警机。
Then a new problem appeared: what if the Americans also have such missiles?
那么新的问题又出现了:如果美国人也有这样的导弹怎么办?
The anxiety didn’t stop. After much discussion, they came up with the simplest solution:
焦虑并没有停止。经过多次讨论,他们想出了一个最简单的解决方案:
Long-range air-to-air missiles are large. Even heavy fighters like the F-15 and SU-35 can carry only one or two; fifth-gen stealth fighters with internal bays like the J-20 and F-35 cannot carry them at all. This makes them very scarce in combat.
远程空对空导弹体型庞大。即使是像F-15和SU-35这样的重型战斗机也只能携带两枚;而像歼-20和F-35这样拥有内置弹舱的第五代隐形战斗机则根本无法携带。这使得它们在战斗中非常稀缺。
So as long as you have more AWACS than the enemy’s missiles, you’re safe.
因此,只要你的预警机数量比敌人的导弹多,你就是安全的。
Next, they launched drone AWACS development projects—at least three different models are being tested.
接下来,他们启动了无人机预警机开发项目——至少有三种不同的型号正在接受测试。
Think they stopped there?
你认为他们就此止步了吗?
No. Someone pointed out:
不。有人指出:
“Don’t forget, the Americans are also great at drones. If they enlarge the RQ-4 and add radar, they can have drone AWACS too. What then?”
“别忘了,美国人在无人机方面也很厉害。如果他们把 RQ-4放大,再加装雷达,他们也能拥有无人机预警机。那怎么办?”
“Then we must fit the PL-17 inside stealth fighter bays!”
“那我们就必须把 PL-17 装进隐形战斗机的弹舱里!”
The sixth-generation fighters began development: J-36
第六代战斗机开始研制:这就是歼-36
They have three engines, stealth capabilities and maneuverability comparable to fifth-gen fighters, but with bomb bays as large as the B-2’s. They can carry four PL-17s, and, working with large AWACS and satellites, shoot down enemy AWACS 700 kilometers away and return safely.
它配备三台发动机,隐身能力和机动性堪比第五代战斗机,但弹舱容量却与B-2相当。它们可携带四枚霹雳-17导弹,并与大型预警机和卫星协同作战,计划在700公里外击落敌方预警机并安全返回。
“Given the spacious bays on sixth-gen fighters, is it wasteful to carry only PL-17s? I heard the Americans are developing AIM-174B.” Their anxiety never stops.
“第六代战斗机的弹舱这么宽敞,只挂霹雳-17 会不会太浪费?听说美国人正在研发 AIM-174B 导弹。”他们的焦虑感从未消退。
Last year, I read a report that the Chinese Air Force was testing the PL-21 missile with over 700 kilometers of range.
去年我看到一篇报道说中国空军正在测试射程超过700公里的霹雳-21导弹。
In 2024, China’s sixth-gen fighters J-36 and J-50 began frequent testing, roaring over cities daily—they’re so confident they don’t even bother hiding their tests anymore.
2024年,中国第六代战斗机歼-36和歼-50开始频繁测试,每天在城市上空呼啸而过——他们非常自信,甚至不再掩饰他们的测试。
Because they suddenly realized the Americans’ AIM-120D is nowhere near the performance of their PL-15. The U.S. is working hard on the next-gen AIM-260 to “counter” China’s PL-15;
因为他们突然意识到美国的AIM-120D性能远不及霹雳-15,美国正在全力研发下一代AIM-260,以“对抗”中国的霹雳-15;
the AIM-174B, with range similar to the PL-17, only entered service in 2024—and it’s actually a modified Standard-6 naval missile, over 30% larger in diameter and weight than the PL-17. The F/A-18E/F can only carry one, and other fighters can’t carry it at all.
AIM-174B的射程与 PL-17相近,但直到2024年才开始服役——它实际上是“标准-6”海军导弹的改进型,直径和重量比PL-17大 30% 以上。F/A-18E/F 只能携带一枚,其他战斗机根本无法携带。
The KJ3000 early warning aircraft is about to enter service, and its early warning radius has exceeded 500 kilometers. However, the expected US E7 and Russian A100 have been cancelled.
KJ3000预警机已经快服役,这款飞机的预警半径已经超过500公里。而预期中的美国E7和俄罗斯A100却被取消了。
Drone AWACS? Ultra-long-range air-to-air missiles? Sixth-gen fighters? Maybe, but the Americans just renamed NGAD to F-47—and it’s still just a PowerPoint concept.
无人机预警机?超远程空对空导弹?第六代战斗机?或许吧,但美国人刚刚把NGAD改名为 F-47——而且它仍然只是一个 PPT 概念。
It’s like the Chinese were running blindfolded on a runway, convinced they could never catch the Americans, until one day they opened their eyes and found themselves in first place.
这就像中国人蒙着眼睛在跑道上奔跑,坚信他们永远无法追上美国人,直到有一天他们睁开眼睛,发现自己已经领先了。
Anxiety is the driving force for the Chinese. It keeps them moving, never letting them rest, never letting them believe they’ve already achieved something.
焦虑是中国人前进的动力,它让他们不断前行,永不停歇,永不相信自己已经取得了一些成就。
When I visit different countries, I sense a unique feeling among the Chinese.
当我访问不同的国家时,我感受到中国人有一种独特的情感。
I ask: “Do you think your country’s military is strong?”
我问:“您认为你们国家的军事实力强大吗?”
Indians say: “Of course, India is one of the top global superpowers. Our military is brave and lethal, able to eliminate any threat. But our officials are too corrupt—they pocket much of the money. We should cut defense budgets and feed hungry children.”
印度人说:“当然,印度是世界顶级超级大国之一。我们的军队英勇无畏,能够消除任何威胁。但我们的官员太腐败了——他们中饱私囊。我们应该削减国防预算,去救济那些挨饿的孩子。”
Chinese say: “Oh, our military is still weak. Our government is too soft, unwilling to spend enough on defense. The U.S. is much stronger than us; even Russia, Japan, and Germany are more advanced. We spend too little on defense. It’s terrible.”
中国人说:“哦,我们的军队还是很弱。我们的政府太软弱了,不愿意在国防上投入足够的资金。美国比我们强大得多;甚至俄罗斯、日本和德国都比我们先进。我们的国防开支太少了。这太糟糕了。”
Among all the countries I’ve visited, with all sorts of people, answers vary.
在我访问过的所有国家中,遇到过各种各样的人,他们的答案各不相同。
But the Chinese answer is the most unique—they almost all think their country’s military is insufficiently strong, and they are nearly the only nation where everyone complains the government spends too little on defense.
但中国人的回答是最独特的——他们几乎都认为自己国家的军事实力不够强,而且他们几乎是唯一一个所有人都抱怨政府国防开支太少的国家。
In China, no matter whether students, young people, middle-aged, or elderly—you get roughly the same conclusion. It’s distinctive.
在中国,不管学生、年轻人、中年人、老年人,得出的结论都差不多,很有特点。
So I tend to believe the Chinese have a widespread “defense anxiety.”
所以我倾向于认为中国人普遍存在“防御焦虑”。
And so people will soon realize that things like the J-36 are just the beginning for China.
因此人们很快就会意识到,像歼-36这样的战机对中国来说仅仅是个开始。

@Aya Shawn
master in Computer Science, National University of SingaporeMay 23
The J36 Is a Product of Chinese Anxiety
J36 是中国焦虑的产物
Recently the PL-15 missile shot down a French Rafale fighter in India. Europeans and Americans were shocked to discover that none of their air-to-air missiles could match the performance of the PL-15. Many observers were stunned.
近日,霹雳-15导弹在印度击落了一架法国“阵风”战斗机。欧美国家震惊地发现,他们的空空导弹竟然没有一种能比得上霹雳-15的性能。许多观察人士对此感到震惊。
This missile, too, is a product of anxiety.
这枚导弹也是焦虑的产物。
I once read the memoir of a Chinese Air Force expert, describing the scene when China developed the PL-15 missile about ten years ago:
我曾经读过一位中国空军专家的回忆录,其中描述了大约十年前中国研制霹雳-15导弹时的情景:
The Americans had released a new air-to-air missile, the AIM-120D, claiming it used a dual-pulse motor, real-time data lix correction, a 200-kilometer range, and terminal speed holding steady at Mach 5.
美国人发布了新型空对空导弹 AIM-120D,声称其采用双脉冲发动机、实时数据链校正、射程 200 公里、终端速度稳定在 5 马赫。
This made the Chinese quite anxious. They poured tremendous effort into developing a similar weapon. That’s why the PL-15 exists — its technical specs closely matched the early AIM-120D.
这让中国人非常焦虑。他们投入了巨大的精力来研发类似的武器。PL-15导弹正是为此而生——它的技术规格与早期的 AIM-120D 导弹非常接近。
But here’s the twist: Raytheon failed to develop the AIM-120D as promised. The project was delayed by three years, and the actual production missiles never reached the originally claimed performance.
但事情发生了转折:雷神公司未能按照承诺研制出 AIM-120D 导弹。该项目被推迟了三年,实际生产的导弹也从未达到最初宣称的性能。
Their sixth-generation fighter is more or less the same story. The U.S. announced the next-gen fighter program NGAD 15 years ago. At that time, China’s fifth-gen J-20 wasn’t even fully developed, while the U.S. had already mass-produced F-22s and F-35s.
他们的第六代战斗机也大体上是同样的情况。美国 15 年前就宣布了下一代战斗机项目NGAD。当时,中国的第五代战斗机歼-20 甚至还没有完全研发出来,而美国的 F-22 和 F-35 已经量产。
The U.S. leads by miles in air force tech. For the Chinese, who hadn’t even mastered a fifth-gen fighter yet, seeing the NGAD’s design felt like staring at alien technology.
美国在空军技术上遥遥领先。对于当时甚至还没有掌握第五代战斗机的中国人来说,看到NGAD的设计就像是在观看外星技术。
It’s said that after PL-15 appeared, thanks to missile data lixs, the Chinese began experimenting with a U.S.-proposed tactic: A fires B guides.
据说,PL-15 出现后,借助导弹数据链,中国人开始试验美国提出的战术:发射和引导分离进行
J-20 launches the missile, then immediately pulls away. An AWACS guides the missile toward the target. When the missile reaches an inescapable range, it activates its fire control radar and destroys the enemy.
歼-20发射导弹后立即脱离。预警机引导导弹飞向目标。当导弹到达无法逃脱的射程时,预警机启动火控雷达,摧毁敌方目标。
In simulated confrontations, the opposing forces scored 108 to 0 — a complete rout for those using traditional tactics.
在模拟对抗中,双方以108比0的比分完胜采用传统战术的对手。
The Chinese were stunned by the impact of this new mode of warfare. If the J-20’s tactics were that powerful, could the J-10 and J-11 do the same?
这种新作战模式的威力令中国人震惊。如果歼-20的战术如此强大,那么歼-10和歼-11能做到吗?
Soon, these 4th-gen fighters were equipped with 5th-gen radars and PL-15 missiles, leading to models like the J-10C and J-16.
很快,这些第四代战斗机就配备了第五代雷达和霹雳-15导弹,形成了歼-10C和歼-16等型号。
Although these non-stealth fighters could be detected by enemies, the PL-15’s range kept them safe. Exercises and training remained one-sided victories. The Pakistanis who recently used this tactic were just reenacting what the Chinese had tested years ago.
虽然这些非隐形战斗机可能会被敌方发现,但霹雳-15的射程足以保证它们的安全。演习和训练仍然是一边倒的胜利。最近使用这种战术的巴基斯坦人只不过是在重复中国多年前进行过试验的情况。
Years ago, an Air Force tactics expert said at a briefing:
几年前,一位空军战术专家在一次简报会上说:
“Tests proved the Americans’ approach is formidable. They proposed this tactic over a decade ago. They have AWACS, stealth fighters, and medium-range air-to-air missiles far earlier than us. They should have mastered the tech and tactics long ago—and surely have countermeasures ready.”
试验证明,美国人的策略非常强大。他们十多年前就提出了这种策略。他们比我们更早拥有预警机、隐形战斗机和中程空对空导弹。他们早就应该掌握了这些技术和战术——而且肯定已经准备好了应对措施。
This plunged all experts into deep anxiety…
这让所有专家都陷入了深深的焦虑之中……
One expert wrote in a report:
一位专家在报告中写道:
“The key to this tactic is the AWACS. If I were American, I’d counter by using F-35s to sneak-attack their AWACS. The solution is to develop anti-stealth radar.”
“这种战术的关键在于预警机。如果我是美国人,我会用 F-35 偷袭他们的预警机来应对。解决办法是研发反隐形雷达。”
Another expert replied:
另一位专家回答道:
“We can think of anti-stealth radar, but the Americans surely have that tech too. They will be ready for J-20 sneak attacks on AWACS! The solution is longer-range air-to-air missiles.”
“我们可以考虑反隐形雷达,但美国人肯定也有这种技术。他们会做好歼-20偷袭预警机的准备!解决方案是远程空对空导弹。”
China then developed many different types of anti-stealth radars. Later, they developed the PL-17 missile with a 400-kilometer range.
中国随后研制了多种类型的反隐形雷达,后来又研制出射程达400公里的 PL-17 导弹。
In tests three years ago, under AWACS support, a PL-17 launched from a J-16 simulated shooting down another AWACS 400 kilometers away.
三年前的一次试验中,在预警机支援下,一架歼-16发射的霹雳-17导弹模拟击落400公里外的另一架预警机。
Then a new problem appeared: what if the Americans also have such missiles?
那么新的问题又出现了:如果美国人也有这样的导弹怎么办?
The anxiety didn’t stop. After much discussion, they came up with the simplest solution:
焦虑并没有停止。经过多次讨论,他们想出了一个最简单的解决方案:
Long-range air-to-air missiles are large. Even heavy fighters like the F-15 and SU-35 can carry only one or two; fifth-gen stealth fighters with internal bays like the J-20 and F-35 cannot carry them at all. This makes them very scarce in combat.
远程空对空导弹体型庞大。即使是像F-15和SU-35这样的重型战斗机也只能携带两枚;而像歼-20和F-35这样拥有内置弹舱的第五代隐形战斗机则根本无法携带。这使得它们在战斗中非常稀缺。
So as long as you have more AWACS than the enemy’s missiles, you’re safe.
因此,只要你的预警机数量比敌人的导弹多,你就是安全的。
Next, they launched drone AWACS development projects—at least three different models are being tested.
接下来,他们启动了无人机预警机开发项目——至少有三种不同的型号正在接受测试。
Think they stopped there?
你认为他们就此止步了吗?
No. Someone pointed out:
不。有人指出:
“Don’t forget, the Americans are also great at drones. If they enlarge the RQ-4 and add radar, they can have drone AWACS too. What then?”
“别忘了,美国人在无人机方面也很厉害。如果他们把 RQ-4放大,再加装雷达,他们也能拥有无人机预警机。那怎么办?”
“Then we must fit the PL-17 inside stealth fighter bays!”
“那我们就必须把 PL-17 装进隐形战斗机的弹舱里!”
The sixth-generation fighters began development: J-36
第六代战斗机开始研制:这就是歼-36
They have three engines, stealth capabilities and maneuverability comparable to fifth-gen fighters, but with bomb bays as large as the B-2’s. They can carry four PL-17s, and, working with large AWACS and satellites, shoot down enemy AWACS 700 kilometers away and return safely.
它配备三台发动机,隐身能力和机动性堪比第五代战斗机,但弹舱容量却与B-2相当。它们可携带四枚霹雳-17导弹,并与大型预警机和卫星协同作战,计划在700公里外击落敌方预警机并安全返回。
“Given the spacious bays on sixth-gen fighters, is it wasteful to carry only PL-17s? I heard the Americans are developing AIM-174B.” Their anxiety never stops.
“第六代战斗机的弹舱这么宽敞,只挂霹雳-17 会不会太浪费?听说美国人正在研发 AIM-174B 导弹。”他们的焦虑感从未消退。
Last year, I read a report that the Chinese Air Force was testing the PL-21 missile with over 700 kilometers of range.
去年我看到一篇报道说中国空军正在测试射程超过700公里的霹雳-21导弹。
In 2024, China’s sixth-gen fighters J-36 and J-50 began frequent testing, roaring over cities daily—they’re so confident they don’t even bother hiding their tests anymore.
2024年,中国第六代战斗机歼-36和歼-50开始频繁测试,每天在城市上空呼啸而过——他们非常自信,甚至不再掩饰他们的测试。
Because they suddenly realized the Americans’ AIM-120D is nowhere near the performance of their PL-15. The U.S. is working hard on the next-gen AIM-260 to “counter” China’s PL-15;
因为他们突然意识到美国的AIM-120D性能远不及霹雳-15,美国正在全力研发下一代AIM-260,以“对抗”中国的霹雳-15;
the AIM-174B, with range similar to the PL-17, only entered service in 2024—and it’s actually a modified Standard-6 naval missile, over 30% larger in diameter and weight than the PL-17. The F/A-18E/F can only carry one, and other fighters can’t carry it at all.
AIM-174B的射程与 PL-17相近,但直到2024年才开始服役——它实际上是“标准-6”海军导弹的改进型,直径和重量比PL-17大 30% 以上。F/A-18E/F 只能携带一枚,其他战斗机根本无法携带。
The KJ3000 early warning aircraft is about to enter service, and its early warning radius has exceeded 500 kilometers. However, the expected US E7 and Russian A100 have been cancelled.
KJ3000预警机已经快服役,这款飞机的预警半径已经超过500公里。而预期中的美国E7和俄罗斯A100却被取消了。
Drone AWACS? Ultra-long-range air-to-air missiles? Sixth-gen fighters? Maybe, but the Americans just renamed NGAD to F-47—and it’s still just a PowerPoint concept.
无人机预警机?超远程空对空导弹?第六代战斗机?或许吧,但美国人刚刚把NGAD改名为 F-47——而且它仍然只是一个 PPT 概念。
It’s like the Chinese were running blindfolded on a runway, convinced they could never catch the Americans, until one day they opened their eyes and found themselves in first place.
这就像中国人蒙着眼睛在跑道上奔跑,坚信他们永远无法追上美国人,直到有一天他们睁开眼睛,发现自己已经领先了。
Anxiety is the driving force for the Chinese. It keeps them moving, never letting them rest, never letting them believe they’ve already achieved something.
焦虑是中国人前进的动力,它让他们不断前行,永不停歇,永不相信自己已经取得了一些成就。
When I visit different countries, I sense a unique feeling among the Chinese.
当我访问不同的国家时,我感受到中国人有一种独特的情感。
I ask: “Do you think your country’s military is strong?”
我问:“您认为你们国家的军事实力强大吗?”
Indians say: “Of course, India is one of the top global superpowers. Our military is brave and lethal, able to eliminate any threat. But our officials are too corrupt—they pocket much of the money. We should cut defense budgets and feed hungry children.”
印度人说:“当然,印度是世界顶级超级大国之一。我们的军队英勇无畏,能够消除任何威胁。但我们的官员太腐败了——他们中饱私囊。我们应该削减国防预算,去救济那些挨饿的孩子。”
Chinese say: “Oh, our military is still weak. Our government is too soft, unwilling to spend enough on defense. The U.S. is much stronger than us; even Russia, Japan, and Germany are more advanced. We spend too little on defense. It’s terrible.”
中国人说:“哦,我们的军队还是很弱。我们的政府太软弱了,不愿意在国防上投入足够的资金。美国比我们强大得多;甚至俄罗斯、日本和德国都比我们先进。我们的国防开支太少了。这太糟糕了。”
Among all the countries I’ve visited, with all sorts of people, answers vary.
在我访问过的所有国家中,遇到过各种各样的人,他们的答案各不相同。
But the Chinese answer is the most unique—they almost all think their country’s military is insufficiently strong, and they are nearly the only nation where everyone complains the government spends too little on defense.
但中国人的回答是最独特的——他们几乎都认为自己国家的军事实力不够强,而且他们几乎是唯一一个所有人都抱怨政府国防开支太少的国家。
In China, no matter whether students, young people, middle-aged, or elderly—you get roughly the same conclusion. It’s distinctive.
在中国,不管学生、年轻人、中年人、老年人,得出的结论都差不多,很有特点。
So I tend to believe the Chinese have a widespread “defense anxiety.”
所以我倾向于认为中国人普遍存在“防御焦虑”。
And so people will soon realize that things like the J-36 are just the beginning for China.
因此人们很快就会意识到,像歼-36这样的战机对中国来说仅仅是个开始。
评论翻译

@Aya Shawn
master in Computer Science, National University of SingaporeMay 23
The J36 Is a Product of Chinese Anxiety
J36 是中国焦虑的产物
Recently the PL-15 missile shot down a French Rafale fighter in India. Europeans and Americans were shocked to discover that none of their air-to-air missiles could match the performance of the PL-15. Many observers were stunned.
近日,霹雳-15导弹在印度击落了一架法国“阵风”战斗机。欧美国家震惊地发现,他们的空空导弹竟然没有一种能比得上霹雳-15的性能。许多观察人士对此感到震惊。
This missile, too, is a product of anxiety.
这枚导弹也是焦虑的产物。
I once read the memoir of a Chinese Air Force expert, describing the scene when China developed the PL-15 missile about ten years ago:
我曾经读过一位中国空军专家的回忆录,其中描述了大约十年前中国研制霹雳-15导弹时的情景:
The Americans had released a new air-to-air missile, the AIM-120D, claiming it used a dual-pulse motor, real-time data lix correction, a 200-kilometer range, and terminal speed holding steady at Mach 5.
美国人发布了新型空对空导弹 AIM-120D,声称其采用双脉冲发动机、实时数据链校正、射程 200 公里、终端速度稳定在 5 马赫。
This made the Chinese quite anxious. They poured tremendous effort into developing a similar weapon. That’s why the PL-15 exists — its technical specs closely matched the early AIM-120D.
这让中国人非常焦虑。他们投入了巨大的精力来研发类似的武器。PL-15导弹正是为此而生——它的技术规格与早期的 AIM-120D 导弹非常接近。
But here’s the twist: Raytheon failed to develop the AIM-120D as promised. The project was delayed by three years, and the actual production missiles never reached the originally claimed performance.
但事情发生了转折:雷神公司未能按照承诺研制出 AIM-120D 导弹。该项目被推迟了三年,实际生产的导弹也从未达到最初宣称的性能。
Their sixth-generation fighter is more or less the same story. The U.S. announced the next-gen fighter program NGAD 15 years ago. At that time, China’s fifth-gen J-20 wasn’t even fully developed, while the U.S. had already mass-produced F-22s and F-35s.
他们的第六代战斗机也大体上是同样的情况。美国 15 年前就宣布了下一代战斗机项目NGAD。当时,中国的第五代战斗机歼-20 甚至还没有完全研发出来,而美国的 F-22 和 F-35 已经量产。
The U.S. leads by miles in air force tech. For the Chinese, who hadn’t even mastered a fifth-gen fighter yet, seeing the NGAD’s design felt like staring at alien technology.
美国在空军技术上遥遥领先。对于当时甚至还没有掌握第五代战斗机的中国人来说,看到NGAD的设计就像是在观看外星技术。
It’s said that after PL-15 appeared, thanks to missile data lixs, the Chinese began experimenting with a U.S.-proposed tactic: A fires B guides.
据说,PL-15 出现后,借助导弹数据链,中国人开始试验美国提出的战术:发射和引导分离进行
J-20 launches the missile, then immediately pulls away. An AWACS guides the missile toward the target. When the missile reaches an inescapable range, it activates its fire control radar and destroys the enemy.
歼-20发射导弹后立即脱离。预警机引导导弹飞向目标。当导弹到达无法逃脱的射程时,预警机启动火控雷达,摧毁敌方目标。
In simulated confrontations, the opposing forces scored 108 to 0 — a complete rout for those using traditional tactics.
在模拟对抗中,双方以108比0的比分完胜采用传统战术的对手。
The Chinese were stunned by the impact of this new mode of warfare. If the J-20’s tactics were that powerful, could the J-10 and J-11 do the same?
这种新作战模式的威力令中国人震惊。如果歼-20的战术如此强大,那么歼-10和歼-11能做到吗?
Soon, these 4th-gen fighters were equipped with 5th-gen radars and PL-15 missiles, leading to models like the J-10C and J-16.
很快,这些第四代战斗机就配备了第五代雷达和霹雳-15导弹,形成了歼-10C和歼-16等型号。
Although these non-stealth fighters could be detected by enemies, the PL-15’s range kept them safe. Exercises and training remained one-sided victories. The Pakistanis who recently used this tactic were just reenacting what the Chinese had tested years ago.
虽然这些非隐形战斗机可能会被敌方发现,但霹雳-15的射程足以保证它们的安全。演习和训练仍然是一边倒的胜利。最近使用这种战术的巴基斯坦人只不过是在重复中国多年前进行过试验的情况。
Years ago, an Air Force tactics expert said at a briefing:
几年前,一位空军战术专家在一次简报会上说:
“Tests proved the Americans’ approach is formidable. They proposed this tactic over a decade ago. They have AWACS, stealth fighters, and medium-range air-to-air missiles far earlier than us. They should have mastered the tech and tactics long ago—and surely have countermeasures ready.”
试验证明,美国人的策略非常强大。他们十多年前就提出了这种策略。他们比我们更早拥有预警机、隐形战斗机和中程空对空导弹。他们早就应该掌握了这些技术和战术——而且肯定已经准备好了应对措施。
This plunged all experts into deep anxiety…
这让所有专家都陷入了深深的焦虑之中……
One expert wrote in a report:
一位专家在报告中写道:
“The key to this tactic is the AWACS. If I were American, I’d counter by using F-35s to sneak-attack their AWACS. The solution is to develop anti-stealth radar.”
“这种战术的关键在于预警机。如果我是美国人,我会用 F-35 偷袭他们的预警机来应对。解决办法是研发反隐形雷达。”
Another expert replied:
另一位专家回答道:
“We can think of anti-stealth radar, but the Americans surely have that tech too. They will be ready for J-20 sneak attacks on AWACS! The solution is longer-range air-to-air missiles.”
“我们可以考虑反隐形雷达,但美国人肯定也有这种技术。他们会做好歼-20偷袭预警机的准备!解决方案是远程空对空导弹。”
China then developed many different types of anti-stealth radars. Later, they developed the PL-17 missile with a 400-kilometer range.
中国随后研制了多种类型的反隐形雷达,后来又研制出射程达400公里的 PL-17 导弹。
In tests three years ago, under AWACS support, a PL-17 launched from a J-16 simulated shooting down another AWACS 400 kilometers away.
三年前的一次试验中,在预警机支援下,一架歼-16发射的霹雳-17导弹模拟击落400公里外的另一架预警机。
Then a new problem appeared: what if the Americans also have such missiles?
那么新的问题又出现了:如果美国人也有这样的导弹怎么办?
The anxiety didn’t stop. After much discussion, they came up with the simplest solution:
焦虑并没有停止。经过多次讨论,他们想出了一个最简单的解决方案:
Long-range air-to-air missiles are large. Even heavy fighters like the F-15 and SU-35 can carry only one or two; fifth-gen stealth fighters with internal bays like the J-20 and F-35 cannot carry them at all. This makes them very scarce in combat.
远程空对空导弹体型庞大。即使是像F-15和SU-35这样的重型战斗机也只能携带两枚;而像歼-20和F-35这样拥有内置弹舱的第五代隐形战斗机则根本无法携带。这使得它们在战斗中非常稀缺。
So as long as you have more AWACS than the enemy’s missiles, you’re safe.
因此,只要你的预警机数量比敌人的导弹多,你就是安全的。
Next, they launched drone AWACS development projects—at least three different models are being tested.
接下来,他们启动了无人机预警机开发项目——至少有三种不同的型号正在接受测试。
Think they stopped there?
你认为他们就此止步了吗?
No. Someone pointed out:
不。有人指出:
“Don’t forget, the Americans are also great at drones. If they enlarge the RQ-4 and add radar, they can have drone AWACS too. What then?”
“别忘了,美国人在无人机方面也很厉害。如果他们把 RQ-4放大,再加装雷达,他们也能拥有无人机预警机。那怎么办?”
“Then we must fit the PL-17 inside stealth fighter bays!”
“那我们就必须把 PL-17 装进隐形战斗机的弹舱里!”
The sixth-generation fighters began development: J-36
第六代战斗机开始研制:这就是歼-36
They have three engines, stealth capabilities and maneuverability comparable to fifth-gen fighters, but with bomb bays as large as the B-2’s. They can carry four PL-17s, and, working with large AWACS and satellites, shoot down enemy AWACS 700 kilometers away and return safely.
它配备三台发动机,隐身能力和机动性堪比第五代战斗机,但弹舱容量却与B-2相当。它们可携带四枚霹雳-17导弹,并与大型预警机和卫星协同作战,计划在700公里外击落敌方预警机并安全返回。
“Given the spacious bays on sixth-gen fighters, is it wasteful to carry only PL-17s? I heard the Americans are developing AIM-174B.” Their anxiety never stops.
“第六代战斗机的弹舱这么宽敞,只挂霹雳-17 会不会太浪费?听说美国人正在研发 AIM-174B 导弹。”他们的焦虑感从未消退。
Last year, I read a report that the Chinese Air Force was testing the PL-21 missile with over 700 kilometers of range.
去年我看到一篇报道说中国空军正在测试射程超过700公里的霹雳-21导弹。
In 2024, China’s sixth-gen fighters J-36 and J-50 began frequent testing, roaring over cities daily—they’re so confident they don’t even bother hiding their tests anymore.
2024年,中国第六代战斗机歼-36和歼-50开始频繁测试,每天在城市上空呼啸而过——他们非常自信,甚至不再掩饰他们的测试。
Because they suddenly realized the Americans’ AIM-120D is nowhere near the performance of their PL-15. The U.S. is working hard on the next-gen AIM-260 to “counter” China’s PL-15;
因为他们突然意识到美国的AIM-120D性能远不及霹雳-15,美国正在全力研发下一代AIM-260,以“对抗”中国的霹雳-15;
the AIM-174B, with range similar to the PL-17, only entered service in 2024—and it’s actually a modified Standard-6 naval missile, over 30% larger in diameter and weight than the PL-17. The F/A-18E/F can only carry one, and other fighters can’t carry it at all.
AIM-174B的射程与 PL-17相近,但直到2024年才开始服役——它实际上是“标准-6”海军导弹的改进型,直径和重量比PL-17大 30% 以上。F/A-18E/F 只能携带一枚,其他战斗机根本无法携带。
The KJ3000 early warning aircraft is about to enter service, and its early warning radius has exceeded 500 kilometers. However, the expected US E7 and Russian A100 have been cancelled.
KJ3000预警机已经快服役,这款飞机的预警半径已经超过500公里。而预期中的美国E7和俄罗斯A100却被取消了。
Drone AWACS? Ultra-long-range air-to-air missiles? Sixth-gen fighters? Maybe, but the Americans just renamed NGAD to F-47—and it’s still just a PowerPoint concept.
无人机预警机?超远程空对空导弹?第六代战斗机?或许吧,但美国人刚刚把NGAD改名为 F-47——而且它仍然只是一个 PPT 概念。
It’s like the Chinese were running blindfolded on a runway, convinced they could never catch the Americans, until one day they opened their eyes and found themselves in first place.
这就像中国人蒙着眼睛在跑道上奔跑,坚信他们永远无法追上美国人,直到有一天他们睁开眼睛,发现自己已经领先了。
Anxiety is the driving force for the Chinese. It keeps them moving, never letting them rest, never letting them believe they’ve already achieved something.
焦虑是中国人前进的动力,它让他们不断前行,永不停歇,永不相信自己已经取得了一些成就。
When I visit different countries, I sense a unique feeling among the Chinese.
当我访问不同的国家时,我感受到中国人有一种独特的情感。
I ask: “Do you think your country’s military is strong?”
我问:“您认为你们国家的军事实力强大吗?”
Indians say: “Of course, India is one of the top global superpowers. Our military is brave and lethal, able to eliminate any threat. But our officials are too corrupt—they pocket much of the money. We should cut defense budgets and feed hungry children.”
印度人说:“当然,印度是世界顶级超级大国之一。我们的军队英勇无畏,能够消除任何威胁。但我们的官员太腐败了——他们中饱私囊。我们应该削减国防预算,去救济那些挨饿的孩子。”
Chinese say: “Oh, our military is still weak. Our government is too soft, unwilling to spend enough on defense. The U.S. is much stronger than us; even Russia, Japan, and Germany are more advanced. We spend too little on defense. It’s terrible.”
中国人说:“哦,我们的军队还是很弱。我们的政府太软弱了,不愿意在国防上投入足够的资金。美国比我们强大得多;甚至俄罗斯、日本和德国都比我们先进。我们的国防开支太少了。这太糟糕了。”
Among all the countries I’ve visited, with all sorts of people, answers vary.
在我访问过的所有国家中,遇到过各种各样的人,他们的答案各不相同。
But the Chinese answer is the most unique—they almost all think their country’s military is insufficiently strong, and they are nearly the only nation where everyone complains the government spends too little on defense.
但中国人的回答是最独特的——他们几乎都认为自己国家的军事实力不够强,而且他们几乎是唯一一个所有人都抱怨政府国防开支太少的国家。
In China, no matter whether students, young people, middle-aged, or elderly—you get roughly the same conclusion. It’s distinctive.
在中国,不管学生、年轻人、中年人、老年人,得出的结论都差不多,很有特点。
So I tend to believe the Chinese have a widespread “defense anxiety.”
所以我倾向于认为中国人普遍存在“防御焦虑”。
And so people will soon realize that things like the J-36 are just the beginning for China.
因此人们很快就会意识到,像歼-36这样的战机对中国来说仅仅是个开始。

@Aya Shawn
master in Computer Science, National University of SingaporeMay 23
The J36 Is a Product of Chinese Anxiety
J36 是中国焦虑的产物
Recently the PL-15 missile shot down a French Rafale fighter in India. Europeans and Americans were shocked to discover that none of their air-to-air missiles could match the performance of the PL-15. Many observers were stunned.
近日,霹雳-15导弹在印度击落了一架法国“阵风”战斗机。欧美国家震惊地发现,他们的空空导弹竟然没有一种能比得上霹雳-15的性能。许多观察人士对此感到震惊。
This missile, too, is a product of anxiety.
这枚导弹也是焦虑的产物。
I once read the memoir of a Chinese Air Force expert, describing the scene when China developed the PL-15 missile about ten years ago:
我曾经读过一位中国空军专家的回忆录,其中描述了大约十年前中国研制霹雳-15导弹时的情景:
The Americans had released a new air-to-air missile, the AIM-120D, claiming it used a dual-pulse motor, real-time data lix correction, a 200-kilometer range, and terminal speed holding steady at Mach 5.
美国人发布了新型空对空导弹 AIM-120D,声称其采用双脉冲发动机、实时数据链校正、射程 200 公里、终端速度稳定在 5 马赫。
This made the Chinese quite anxious. They poured tremendous effort into developing a similar weapon. That’s why the PL-15 exists — its technical specs closely matched the early AIM-120D.
这让中国人非常焦虑。他们投入了巨大的精力来研发类似的武器。PL-15导弹正是为此而生——它的技术规格与早期的 AIM-120D 导弹非常接近。
But here’s the twist: Raytheon failed to develop the AIM-120D as promised. The project was delayed by three years, and the actual production missiles never reached the originally claimed performance.
但事情发生了转折:雷神公司未能按照承诺研制出 AIM-120D 导弹。该项目被推迟了三年,实际生产的导弹也从未达到最初宣称的性能。
Their sixth-generation fighter is more or less the same story. The U.S. announced the next-gen fighter program NGAD 15 years ago. At that time, China’s fifth-gen J-20 wasn’t even fully developed, while the U.S. had already mass-produced F-22s and F-35s.
他们的第六代战斗机也大体上是同样的情况。美国 15 年前就宣布了下一代战斗机项目NGAD。当时,中国的第五代战斗机歼-20 甚至还没有完全研发出来,而美国的 F-22 和 F-35 已经量产。
The U.S. leads by miles in air force tech. For the Chinese, who hadn’t even mastered a fifth-gen fighter yet, seeing the NGAD’s design felt like staring at alien technology.
美国在空军技术上遥遥领先。对于当时甚至还没有掌握第五代战斗机的中国人来说,看到NGAD的设计就像是在观看外星技术。
It’s said that after PL-15 appeared, thanks to missile data lixs, the Chinese began experimenting with a U.S.-proposed tactic: A fires B guides.
据说,PL-15 出现后,借助导弹数据链,中国人开始试验美国提出的战术:发射和引导分离进行
J-20 launches the missile, then immediately pulls away. An AWACS guides the missile toward the target. When the missile reaches an inescapable range, it activates its fire control radar and destroys the enemy.
歼-20发射导弹后立即脱离。预警机引导导弹飞向目标。当导弹到达无法逃脱的射程时,预警机启动火控雷达,摧毁敌方目标。
In simulated confrontations, the opposing forces scored 108 to 0 — a complete rout for those using traditional tactics.
在模拟对抗中,双方以108比0的比分完胜采用传统战术的对手。
The Chinese were stunned by the impact of this new mode of warfare. If the J-20’s tactics were that powerful, could the J-10 and J-11 do the same?
这种新作战模式的威力令中国人震惊。如果歼-20的战术如此强大,那么歼-10和歼-11能做到吗?
Soon, these 4th-gen fighters were equipped with 5th-gen radars and PL-15 missiles, leading to models like the J-10C and J-16.
很快,这些第四代战斗机就配备了第五代雷达和霹雳-15导弹,形成了歼-10C和歼-16等型号。
Although these non-stealth fighters could be detected by enemies, the PL-15’s range kept them safe. Exercises and training remained one-sided victories. The Pakistanis who recently used this tactic were just reenacting what the Chinese had tested years ago.
虽然这些非隐形战斗机可能会被敌方发现,但霹雳-15的射程足以保证它们的安全。演习和训练仍然是一边倒的胜利。最近使用这种战术的巴基斯坦人只不过是在重复中国多年前进行过试验的情况。
Years ago, an Air Force tactics expert said at a briefing:
几年前,一位空军战术专家在一次简报会上说:
“Tests proved the Americans’ approach is formidable. They proposed this tactic over a decade ago. They have AWACS, stealth fighters, and medium-range air-to-air missiles far earlier than us. They should have mastered the tech and tactics long ago—and surely have countermeasures ready.”
试验证明,美国人的策略非常强大。他们十多年前就提出了这种策略。他们比我们更早拥有预警机、隐形战斗机和中程空对空导弹。他们早就应该掌握了这些技术和战术——而且肯定已经准备好了应对措施。
This plunged all experts into deep anxiety…
这让所有专家都陷入了深深的焦虑之中……
One expert wrote in a report:
一位专家在报告中写道:
“The key to this tactic is the AWACS. If I were American, I’d counter by using F-35s to sneak-attack their AWACS. The solution is to develop anti-stealth radar.”
“这种战术的关键在于预警机。如果我是美国人,我会用 F-35 偷袭他们的预警机来应对。解决办法是研发反隐形雷达。”
Another expert replied:
另一位专家回答道:
“We can think of anti-stealth radar, but the Americans surely have that tech too. They will be ready for J-20 sneak attacks on AWACS! The solution is longer-range air-to-air missiles.”
“我们可以考虑反隐形雷达,但美国人肯定也有这种技术。他们会做好歼-20偷袭预警机的准备!解决方案是远程空对空导弹。”
China then developed many different types of anti-stealth radars. Later, they developed the PL-17 missile with a 400-kilometer range.
中国随后研制了多种类型的反隐形雷达,后来又研制出射程达400公里的 PL-17 导弹。
In tests three years ago, under AWACS support, a PL-17 launched from a J-16 simulated shooting down another AWACS 400 kilometers away.
三年前的一次试验中,在预警机支援下,一架歼-16发射的霹雳-17导弹模拟击落400公里外的另一架预警机。
Then a new problem appeared: what if the Americans also have such missiles?
那么新的问题又出现了:如果美国人也有这样的导弹怎么办?
The anxiety didn’t stop. After much discussion, they came up with the simplest solution:
焦虑并没有停止。经过多次讨论,他们想出了一个最简单的解决方案:
Long-range air-to-air missiles are large. Even heavy fighters like the F-15 and SU-35 can carry only one or two; fifth-gen stealth fighters with internal bays like the J-20 and F-35 cannot carry them at all. This makes them very scarce in combat.
远程空对空导弹体型庞大。即使是像F-15和SU-35这样的重型战斗机也只能携带两枚;而像歼-20和F-35这样拥有内置弹舱的第五代隐形战斗机则根本无法携带。这使得它们在战斗中非常稀缺。
So as long as you have more AWACS than the enemy’s missiles, you’re safe.
因此,只要你的预警机数量比敌人的导弹多,你就是安全的。
Next, they launched drone AWACS development projects—at least three different models are being tested.
接下来,他们启动了无人机预警机开发项目——至少有三种不同的型号正在接受测试。
Think they stopped there?
你认为他们就此止步了吗?
No. Someone pointed out:
不。有人指出:
“Don’t forget, the Americans are also great at drones. If they enlarge the RQ-4 and add radar, they can have drone AWACS too. What then?”
“别忘了,美国人在无人机方面也很厉害。如果他们把 RQ-4放大,再加装雷达,他们也能拥有无人机预警机。那怎么办?”
“Then we must fit the PL-17 inside stealth fighter bays!”
“那我们就必须把 PL-17 装进隐形战斗机的弹舱里!”
The sixth-generation fighters began development: J-36
第六代战斗机开始研制:这就是歼-36
They have three engines, stealth capabilities and maneuverability comparable to fifth-gen fighters, but with bomb bays as large as the B-2’s. They can carry four PL-17s, and, working with large AWACS and satellites, shoot down enemy AWACS 700 kilometers away and return safely.
它配备三台发动机,隐身能力和机动性堪比第五代战斗机,但弹舱容量却与B-2相当。它们可携带四枚霹雳-17导弹,并与大型预警机和卫星协同作战,计划在700公里外击落敌方预警机并安全返回。
“Given the spacious bays on sixth-gen fighters, is it wasteful to carry only PL-17s? I heard the Americans are developing AIM-174B.” Their anxiety never stops.
“第六代战斗机的弹舱这么宽敞,只挂霹雳-17 会不会太浪费?听说美国人正在研发 AIM-174B 导弹。”他们的焦虑感从未消退。
Last year, I read a report that the Chinese Air Force was testing the PL-21 missile with over 700 kilometers of range.
去年我看到一篇报道说中国空军正在测试射程超过700公里的霹雳-21导弹。
In 2024, China’s sixth-gen fighters J-36 and J-50 began frequent testing, roaring over cities daily—they’re so confident they don’t even bother hiding their tests anymore.
2024年,中国第六代战斗机歼-36和歼-50开始频繁测试,每天在城市上空呼啸而过——他们非常自信,甚至不再掩饰他们的测试。
Because they suddenly realized the Americans’ AIM-120D is nowhere near the performance of their PL-15. The U.S. is working hard on the next-gen AIM-260 to “counter” China’s PL-15;
因为他们突然意识到美国的AIM-120D性能远不及霹雳-15,美国正在全力研发下一代AIM-260,以“对抗”中国的霹雳-15;
the AIM-174B, with range similar to the PL-17, only entered service in 2024—and it’s actually a modified Standard-6 naval missile, over 30% larger in diameter and weight than the PL-17. The F/A-18E/F can only carry one, and other fighters can’t carry it at all.
AIM-174B的射程与 PL-17相近,但直到2024年才开始服役——它实际上是“标准-6”海军导弹的改进型,直径和重量比PL-17大 30% 以上。F/A-18E/F 只能携带一枚,其他战斗机根本无法携带。
The KJ3000 early warning aircraft is about to enter service, and its early warning radius has exceeded 500 kilometers. However, the expected US E7 and Russian A100 have been cancelled.
KJ3000预警机已经快服役,这款飞机的预警半径已经超过500公里。而预期中的美国E7和俄罗斯A100却被取消了。
Drone AWACS? Ultra-long-range air-to-air missiles? Sixth-gen fighters? Maybe, but the Americans just renamed NGAD to F-47—and it’s still just a PowerPoint concept.
无人机预警机?超远程空对空导弹?第六代战斗机?或许吧,但美国人刚刚把NGAD改名为 F-47——而且它仍然只是一个 PPT 概念。
It’s like the Chinese were running blindfolded on a runway, convinced they could never catch the Americans, until one day they opened their eyes and found themselves in first place.
这就像中国人蒙着眼睛在跑道上奔跑,坚信他们永远无法追上美国人,直到有一天他们睁开眼睛,发现自己已经领先了。
Anxiety is the driving force for the Chinese. It keeps them moving, never letting them rest, never letting them believe they’ve already achieved something.
焦虑是中国人前进的动力,它让他们不断前行,永不停歇,永不相信自己已经取得了一些成就。
When I visit different countries, I sense a unique feeling among the Chinese.
当我访问不同的国家时,我感受到中国人有一种独特的情感。
I ask: “Do you think your country’s military is strong?”
我问:“您认为你们国家的军事实力强大吗?”
Indians say: “Of course, India is one of the top global superpowers. Our military is brave and lethal, able to eliminate any threat. But our officials are too corrupt—they pocket much of the money. We should cut defense budgets and feed hungry children.”
印度人说:“当然,印度是世界顶级超级大国之一。我们的军队英勇无畏,能够消除任何威胁。但我们的官员太腐败了——他们中饱私囊。我们应该削减国防预算,去救济那些挨饿的孩子。”
Chinese say: “Oh, our military is still weak. Our government is too soft, unwilling to spend enough on defense. The U.S. is much stronger than us; even Russia, Japan, and Germany are more advanced. We spend too little on defense. It’s terrible.”
中国人说:“哦,我们的军队还是很弱。我们的政府太软弱了,不愿意在国防上投入足够的资金。美国比我们强大得多;甚至俄罗斯、日本和德国都比我们先进。我们的国防开支太少了。这太糟糕了。”
Among all the countries I’ve visited, with all sorts of people, answers vary.
在我访问过的所有国家中,遇到过各种各样的人,他们的答案各不相同。
But the Chinese answer is the most unique—they almost all think their country’s military is insufficiently strong, and they are nearly the only nation where everyone complains the government spends too little on defense.
但中国人的回答是最独特的——他们几乎都认为自己国家的军事实力不够强,而且他们几乎是唯一一个所有人都抱怨政府国防开支太少的国家。
In China, no matter whether students, young people, middle-aged, or elderly—you get roughly the same conclusion. It’s distinctive.
在中国,不管学生、年轻人、中年人、老年人,得出的结论都差不多,很有特点。
So I tend to believe the Chinese have a widespread “defense anxiety.”
所以我倾向于认为中国人普遍存在“防御焦虑”。
And so people will soon realize that things like the J-36 are just the beginning for China.
因此人们很快就会意识到,像歼-36这样的战机对中国来说仅仅是个开始。
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