佛教在印度的衰落应该归咎于谁？
正文翻译
Buddhism, as we know, was preached by Siddharta Gautama around 25 hundred years ago and first arose as an order of mendicant, wanderer monks - the sangha - in the northern kingdom of Maghada in India.
佛教，如我们所知，是由悉达多·乔达摩大约在2500年前所宣讲的，最初以一群托钵游行的僧侣——僧伽（saṅgha）的形式，在印度摩揭陀国的北部兴起。
More than hundred years later, the sangha split over matters of vinaya, that is, monastic discipline - the liberal party, the Mahasanghikas & the conservative, the Sthaviras. In fact, this was just the first in a series of splits that produced several different Buddhist schools, as the Theravada, the Sarvastivada, the Mula-Sarvastivada, the Dharmaguptaka, the Caitika, etc.
一百多年后，僧伽因戒律（vinaya，即僧团纪律）问题而产生分裂——自由派为“大众部”（Mahāsāṃghika），保守派为“上座部”（Sthavira）。事实上，这只是一系列分裂中的第一次，随后又产生了若干不同的佛教学派，例如上座部佛教（Theravāda）、说一切有部（Sarvāstivāda）、根本说一切有部（Mūla-Sarvāstivāda）、法藏部（Dharmaguptaka）、制多山部（Caitika）等等。
Under this context, Mahayana arose half a millenia after the death of the historical Buddha, and with it, a creative explosion generating hundreds of new texts, probably one of the greatest creative outbursts in the history of India - conveniently enough, Mahayana ideologists as Nagarjuna claimed they have simply "found" the texts in some supernatural realm... which of course, doesn’t subtract any merit to such creativity.
在这种背景下，大乘佛教于佛陀入灭约五百年后兴起，并伴随而来的是一次创造力的爆发，产生了数以百计的新经典，或许是佛教在印度历史上最为宏大的创造性喷发之一。大乘思想家龙树等人声称，他们只是“在某个超自然领域中发现”了这些经典……当然，这并不削弱这一创造力的思想价值。
As we see, so far Buddhism had been eminently an Indian religion, born & shaped through Indic idiosyncrasies and languages. Mahayana, however, with the charismatic devotionalism it inspired, made it suitable for export via Gandhara, Central Asia, the Silk Route... until it finally reached China, where it would find whole new cultural expressions, and eventually, new golden ages.
佛教一直是一种印度宗教，由印度的文化特质与语言塑造而成。然而，大乘佛教凭借其充满魅力的虔信精神，使之成为一种适合传播的宗教，经由犍陀罗、中亚、丝绸之路……最终传入中国，并在那里开创新的文化表现形式，甚至迎来新的黄金时代。
In the meantime, in India the Buddhist empires had fallen, and its middle ages featured regimes as the Gupta, which heavily patronized the resurgent Hinduism, which proved very useful for kings and rulers out of their rituals to support those in power. The decline of Buddhism had began, but it still had time to try what it knew better to resist: a new creative outburst. This time it would be centered around the tantra, with its very peculiars mahasiddhis, a new kind of saint with extremely heterodox practices, including sexual feasts... these new 'saints' suspiciously emerged from the same charnel grounds where Shivaist practices were performed. This is how Vajrayana Buddhism arose. Some say this very same fact made it easier for Hinduist ideologists to feast on Buddhism...
与此同时，在印度本土，佛教帝国已然覆灭，中世纪的政权如笈多王朝则大力扶持复兴印度教，其祭祀仪式对国王与统治者巩固权力非常有用。佛教的衰落已然开始，但它仍然尝试以自己最擅长的方式抵抗：再一次创造性的爆发。这一次是密教（Tantra），出现了一群非常独特的大成就者（Mahāsiddha）修行群体，拥有极其异端的修行方式，包括性仪式……这些新的修行者开始出现在湿婆派修行的尸陀林中。密乘佛教（Vajrayāna）由此兴起。有人说，正因这一事实，使得印度教能够更容易地吞并佛教。
After this, there were no further creative outbursts of Buddhism in India. By the time the Muslim Turkic armies started to overrun the northern plains, Buddhism had all but vanished from what as once one of its safest strongholds, Ghandara, and was in frank decadence everywhere else.
此后，印度佛教不再出现新的创造性爆发。当穆斯林突厥军队开始攻占北印度平原时，佛教从其曾经最稳固堡垒—健驮罗那里消失了，并且在其他地方也处于彻底衰落中。
Hence, we can say there's an unsettled question asked from the abyss... who is to blame from the vanishing of Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent?
因此，一个来自深渊的未解之问仍在回荡……佛教从印度次大陆的消逝，到底该归咎于谁？
The Hinduist rulers from medi India?
中世纪印度的印度教统治者？
The Muslim armies who stroke the coup de grace?
给予致命一击的穆斯林军队？
Or Indian Buddhism itself, contempt with being exported and finding a new home abroad?
还是印度佛教本身，甘于被其他教派竞争输出，于是在海外找到新的家园？
佛教，如我们所知，是由悉达多·乔达摩大约在2500年前所宣讲的，最初以一群托钵游行的僧侣——僧伽（saṅgha）的形式，在印度摩揭陀国的北部兴起。
More than hundred years later, the sangha split over matters of vinaya, that is, monastic discipline - the liberal party, the Mahasanghikas & the conservative, the Sthaviras. In fact, this was just the first in a series of splits that produced several different Buddhist schools, as the Theravada, the Sarvastivada, the Mula-Sarvastivada, the Dharmaguptaka, the Caitika, etc.
一百多年后，僧伽因戒律（vinaya，即僧团纪律）问题而产生分裂——自由派为“大众部”（Mahāsāṃghika），保守派为“上座部”（Sthavira）。事实上，这只是一系列分裂中的第一次，随后又产生了若干不同的佛教学派，例如上座部佛教（Theravāda）、说一切有部（Sarvāstivāda）、根本说一切有部（Mūla-Sarvāstivāda）、法藏部（Dharmaguptaka）、制多山部（Caitika）等等。
Under this context, Mahayana arose half a millenia after the death of the historical Buddha, and with it, a creative explosion generating hundreds of new texts, probably one of the greatest creative outbursts in the history of India - conveniently enough, Mahayana ideologists as Nagarjuna claimed they have simply "found" the texts in some supernatural realm... which of course, doesn’t subtract any merit to such creativity.
在这种背景下，大乘佛教于佛陀入灭约五百年后兴起，并伴随而来的是一次创造力的爆发，产生了数以百计的新经典，或许是佛教在印度历史上最为宏大的创造性喷发之一。大乘思想家龙树等人声称，他们只是“在某个超自然领域中发现”了这些经典……当然，这并不削弱这一创造力的思想价值。
As we see, so far Buddhism had been eminently an Indian religion, born & shaped through Indic idiosyncrasies and languages. Mahayana, however, with the charismatic devotionalism it inspired, made it suitable for export via Gandhara, Central Asia, the Silk Route... until it finally reached China, where it would find whole new cultural expressions, and eventually, new golden ages.
佛教一直是一种印度宗教，由印度的文化特质与语言塑造而成。然而，大乘佛教凭借其充满魅力的虔信精神，使之成为一种适合传播的宗教，经由犍陀罗、中亚、丝绸之路……最终传入中国，并在那里开创新的文化表现形式，甚至迎来新的黄金时代。
In the meantime, in India the Buddhist empires had fallen, and its middle ages featured regimes as the Gupta, which heavily patronized the resurgent Hinduism, which proved very useful for kings and rulers out of their rituals to support those in power. The decline of Buddhism had began, but it still had time to try what it knew better to resist: a new creative outburst. This time it would be centered around the tantra, with its very peculiars mahasiddhis, a new kind of saint with extremely heterodox practices, including sexual feasts... these new 'saints' suspiciously emerged from the same charnel grounds where Shivaist practices were performed. This is how Vajrayana Buddhism arose. Some say this very same fact made it easier for Hinduist ideologists to feast on Buddhism...
与此同时，在印度本土，佛教帝国已然覆灭，中世纪的政权如笈多王朝则大力扶持复兴印度教，其祭祀仪式对国王与统治者巩固权力非常有用。佛教的衰落已然开始，但它仍然尝试以自己最擅长的方式抵抗：再一次创造性的爆发。这一次是密教（Tantra），出现了一群非常独特的大成就者（Mahāsiddha）修行群体，拥有极其异端的修行方式，包括性仪式……这些新的修行者开始出现在湿婆派修行的尸陀林中。密乘佛教（Vajrayāna）由此兴起。有人说，正因这一事实，使得印度教能够更容易地吞并佛教。
After this, there were no further creative outbursts of Buddhism in India. By the time the Muslim Turkic armies started to overrun the northern plains, Buddhism had all but vanished from what as once one of its safest strongholds, Ghandara, and was in frank decadence everywhere else.
此后，印度佛教不再出现新的创造性爆发。当穆斯林突厥军队开始攻占北印度平原时，佛教从其曾经最稳固堡垒—健驮罗那里消失了，并且在其他地方也处于彻底衰落中。
Hence, we can say there's an unsettled question asked from the abyss... who is to blame from the vanishing of Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent?
因此，一个来自深渊的未解之问仍在回荡……佛教从印度次大陆的消逝，到底该归咎于谁？
The Hinduist rulers from medi India?
中世纪印度的印度教统治者？
The Muslim armies who stroke the coup de grace?
给予致命一击的穆斯林军队？
Or Indian Buddhism itself, contempt with being exported and finding a new home abroad?
还是印度佛教本身，甘于被其他教派竞争输出，于是在海外找到新的家园？
评论翻译
Buddhism, as we know, was preached by Siddharta Gautama around 25 hundred years ago and first arose as an order of mendicant, wanderer monks - the sangha - in the northern kingdom of Maghada in India.
佛教，如我们所知，是由悉达多·乔达摩大约在2500年前所宣讲的，最初以一群托钵游行的僧侣——僧伽（saṅgha）的形式，在印度摩揭陀国的北部兴起。
More than hundred years later, the sangha split over matters of vinaya, that is, monastic discipline - the liberal party, the Mahasanghikas & the conservative, the Sthaviras. In fact, this was just the first in a series of splits that produced several different Buddhist schools, as the Theravada, the Sarvastivada, the Mula-Sarvastivada, the Dharmaguptaka, the Caitika, etc.
一百多年后，僧伽因戒律（vinaya，即僧团纪律）问题而产生分裂——自由派为“大众部”（Mahāsāṃghika），保守派为“上座部”（Sthavira）。事实上，这只是一系列分裂中的第一次，随后又产生了若干不同的佛教学派，例如上座部佛教（Theravāda）、说一切有部（Sarvāstivāda）、根本说一切有部（Mūla-Sarvāstivāda）、法藏部（Dharmaguptaka）、制多山部（Caitika）等等。
Under this context, Mahayana arose half a millenia after the death of the historical Buddha, and with it, a creative explosion generating hundreds of new texts, probably one of the greatest creative outbursts in the history of India - conveniently enough, Mahayana ideologists as Nagarjuna claimed they have simply "found" the texts in some supernatural realm... which of course, doesn’t subtract any merit to such creativity.
在这种背景下，大乘佛教于佛陀入灭约五百年后兴起，并伴随而来的是一次创造力的爆发，产生了数以百计的新经典，或许是佛教在印度历史上最为宏大的创造性喷发之一。大乘思想家龙树等人声称，他们只是“在某个超自然领域中发现”了这些经典……当然，这并不削弱这一创造力的思想价值。
As we see, so far Buddhism had been eminently an Indian religion, born & shaped through Indic idiosyncrasies and languages. Mahayana, however, with the charismatic devotionalism it inspired, made it suitable for export via Gandhara, Central Asia, the Silk Route... until it finally reached China, where it would find whole new cultural expressions, and eventually, new golden ages.
佛教一直是一种印度宗教，由印度的文化特质与语言塑造而成。然而，大乘佛教凭借其充满魅力的虔信精神，使之成为一种适合传播的宗教，经由犍陀罗、中亚、丝绸之路……最终传入中国，并在那里开创新的文化表现形式，甚至迎来新的黄金时代。
In the meantime, in India the Buddhist empires had fallen, and its middle ages featured regimes as the Gupta, which heavily patronized the resurgent Hinduism, which proved very useful for kings and rulers out of their rituals to support those in power. The decline of Buddhism had began, but it still had time to try what it knew better to resist: a new creative outburst. This time it would be centered around the tantra, with its very peculiars mahasiddhis, a new kind of saint with extremely heterodox practices, including sexual feasts... these new 'saints' suspiciously emerged from the same charnel grounds where Shivaist practices were performed. This is how Vajrayana Buddhism arose. Some say this very same fact made it easier for Hinduist ideologists to feast on Buddhism...
与此同时，在印度本土，佛教帝国已然覆灭，中世纪的政权如笈多王朝则大力扶持复兴印度教，其祭祀仪式对国王与统治者巩固权力非常有用。佛教的衰落已然开始，但它仍然尝试以自己最擅长的方式抵抗：再一次创造性的爆发。这一次是密教（Tantra），出现了一群非常独特的大成就者（Mahāsiddha）修行群体，拥有极其异端的修行方式，包括性仪式……这些新的修行者开始出现在湿婆派修行的尸陀林中。密乘佛教（Vajrayāna）由此兴起。有人说，正因这一事实，使得印度教能够更容易地吞并佛教。
After this, there were no further creative outbursts of Buddhism in India. By the time the Muslim Turkic armies started to overrun the northern plains, Buddhism had all but vanished from what as once one of its safest strongholds, Ghandara, and was in frank decadence everywhere else.
此后，印度佛教不再出现新的创造性爆发。当穆斯林突厥军队开始攻占北印度平原时，佛教从其曾经最稳固堡垒—健驮罗那里消失了，并且在其他地方也处于彻底衰落中。
Hence, we can say there's an unsettled question asked from the abyss... who is to blame from the vanishing of Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent?
因此，一个来自深渊的未解之问仍在回荡……佛教从印度次大陆的消逝，到底该归咎于谁？
The Hinduist rulers from medi India?
中世纪印度的印度教统治者？
The Muslim armies who stroke the coup de grace?
给予致命一击的穆斯林军队？
Or Indian Buddhism itself, contempt with being exported and finding a new home abroad?
还是印度佛教本身，甘于被其他教派竞争输出，于是在海外找到新的家园？
佛教，如我们所知，是由悉达多·乔达摩大约在2500年前所宣讲的，最初以一群托钵游行的僧侣——僧伽（saṅgha）的形式，在印度摩揭陀国的北部兴起。
More than hundred years later, the sangha split over matters of vinaya, that is, monastic discipline - the liberal party, the Mahasanghikas & the conservative, the Sthaviras. In fact, this was just the first in a series of splits that produced several different Buddhist schools, as the Theravada, the Sarvastivada, the Mula-Sarvastivada, the Dharmaguptaka, the Caitika, etc.
一百多年后，僧伽因戒律（vinaya，即僧团纪律）问题而产生分裂——自由派为“大众部”（Mahāsāṃghika），保守派为“上座部”（Sthavira）。事实上，这只是一系列分裂中的第一次，随后又产生了若干不同的佛教学派，例如上座部佛教（Theravāda）、说一切有部（Sarvāstivāda）、根本说一切有部（Mūla-Sarvāstivāda）、法藏部（Dharmaguptaka）、制多山部（Caitika）等等。
Under this context, Mahayana arose half a millenia after the death of the historical Buddha, and with it, a creative explosion generating hundreds of new texts, probably one of the greatest creative outbursts in the history of India - conveniently enough, Mahayana ideologists as Nagarjuna claimed they have simply "found" the texts in some supernatural realm... which of course, doesn’t subtract any merit to such creativity.
在这种背景下，大乘佛教于佛陀入灭约五百年后兴起，并伴随而来的是一次创造力的爆发，产生了数以百计的新经典，或许是佛教在印度历史上最为宏大的创造性喷发之一。大乘思想家龙树等人声称，他们只是“在某个超自然领域中发现”了这些经典……当然，这并不削弱这一创造力的思想价值。
As we see, so far Buddhism had been eminently an Indian religion, born & shaped through Indic idiosyncrasies and languages. Mahayana, however, with the charismatic devotionalism it inspired, made it suitable for export via Gandhara, Central Asia, the Silk Route... until it finally reached China, where it would find whole new cultural expressions, and eventually, new golden ages.
佛教一直是一种印度宗教，由印度的文化特质与语言塑造而成。然而，大乘佛教凭借其充满魅力的虔信精神，使之成为一种适合传播的宗教，经由犍陀罗、中亚、丝绸之路……最终传入中国，并在那里开创新的文化表现形式，甚至迎来新的黄金时代。
In the meantime, in India the Buddhist empires had fallen, and its middle ages featured regimes as the Gupta, which heavily patronized the resurgent Hinduism, which proved very useful for kings and rulers out of their rituals to support those in power. The decline of Buddhism had began, but it still had time to try what it knew better to resist: a new creative outburst. This time it would be centered around the tantra, with its very peculiars mahasiddhis, a new kind of saint with extremely heterodox practices, including sexual feasts... these new 'saints' suspiciously emerged from the same charnel grounds where Shivaist practices were performed. This is how Vajrayana Buddhism arose. Some say this very same fact made it easier for Hinduist ideologists to feast on Buddhism...
与此同时，在印度本土，佛教帝国已然覆灭，中世纪的政权如笈多王朝则大力扶持复兴印度教，其祭祀仪式对国王与统治者巩固权力非常有用。佛教的衰落已然开始，但它仍然尝试以自己最擅长的方式抵抗：再一次创造性的爆发。这一次是密教（Tantra），出现了一群非常独特的大成就者（Mahāsiddha）修行群体，拥有极其异端的修行方式，包括性仪式……这些新的修行者开始出现在湿婆派修行的尸陀林中。密乘佛教（Vajrayāna）由此兴起。有人说，正因这一事实，使得印度教能够更容易地吞并佛教。
After this, there were no further creative outbursts of Buddhism in India. By the time the Muslim Turkic armies started to overrun the northern plains, Buddhism had all but vanished from what as once one of its safest strongholds, Ghandara, and was in frank decadence everywhere else.
此后，印度佛教不再出现新的创造性爆发。当穆斯林突厥军队开始攻占北印度平原时，佛教从其曾经最稳固堡垒—健驮罗那里消失了，并且在其他地方也处于彻底衰落中。
Hence, we can say there's an unsettled question asked from the abyss... who is to blame from the vanishing of Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent?
因此，一个来自深渊的未解之问仍在回荡……佛教从印度次大陆的消逝，到底该归咎于谁？
The Hinduist rulers from medi India?
中世纪印度的印度教统治者？
The Muslim armies who stroke the coup de grace?
给予致命一击的穆斯林军队？
Or Indian Buddhism itself, contempt with being exported and finding a new home abroad?
还是印度佛教本身，甘于被其他教派竞争输出，于是在海外找到新的家园？
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