二战期间日本为何没有进攻美国西海岸？(二)
正文翻译
Gavin Kanowitz
History Enthusiast and teacherAuthor has 2.7K answers and 5M answer viewsupxed 4y
加文·卡诺维茨 历史爱好者、教师
As others have mentioned the Japanese did indeed attack the West Coast of the United States. The most newsworthy of these was the naval bombardment of Ellwood in Santa Barbara, California that damaged a local oil refinery. This occurred on the 23rd of February 1942.
正如其他人所提到的，日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。其中最具新闻价值的是对加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉市埃尔伍德地区的海军炮击，此次炮击损毁了当地一座炼油厂。该事件发生于1942年2月23日。
The military base of Fort Stevens in Oregon was also shelled by the Japanese Submarine I-25 on June 21st 1942 with very minimal damage. In addition the Japanese occupied two of the Aleutian Islands (Kiska and Attu) prior to the Battle of Midway with the intention of protecting their Northern Flank. The Attu landing marked the first time a part of the continental United States had been occupied since the War of 1812.
1942年6月21日，俄勒冈州的史蒂文斯堡军事基地也遭到日本I-25号潜艇的炮击，但造成的损失微乎其微。此外，在中途岛战役之前，日本为保护其北部侧翼，占领了阿留申群岛中的两个岛屿（基斯卡岛和阿图岛）。阿图岛的登陆事件，标志着自1812年战争以来，美国大陆领土首次有部分地区被占领。
So why then did the Japanese not go any further? Well the defeat of Kidō Butai (1st Fleet) at Midway put an end to further aspirations on the West Coast by securing naval supremacy in the Pacific in American favour.
那么，日本为何没有进一步采取行动呢？原因在于，机动部队（第一舰队）在中途岛战役中战败，美国借此确立了在太平洋的海上霸权，从而粉碎了日本对美国西海岸的进一步图谋。
However lets place devil’s advocate for a moment and assume that the Imperial Navy had emerged victorious on the 7th of June 1942 with Admirals Yamamoto and Kondō defeating Nimitz, Spruance and Fletcher.
不过，我们暂且从反面假设一下：倘若1942年6月7日日本帝国海军取得胜利，山本五十六和近藤信竹两位海军上将击败了尼米兹、斯普鲁恩斯和弗莱彻，情况会如何？
A victory here would have greatly turned the tide in the Pacific in Japan’s favour. It would only have been a matter of time before Pearl Harbor fell and with it Hawaii. With its new position the Japanese could have launched further sporadic attacks against the American West Coast and probably would have to limit an American Naval rebuild. It is very unlikely that the US would have sued for peace even in this alternative scenario (not with the home front intact).
若日本在此战中获胜，太平洋战场的局势将极大地向有利于日本的方向逆转。珍珠港乃至整个夏威夷的陷落都将只是时间问题。凭借这一新态势，日本本可以对美国西海岸发动更多零星袭击，而且或许能够遏制美国海军的重建计划。但即便在这种假设情景下，美国也不太可能求和（尤其是在本土未受损害的情况下）。
As for a full scale frontal attack on the West Coast proportions this is improbable. The planning and logistic commitments here would have dwarfed D-Day. The expanse of ocean that would have to be traversed was far too wide and the Japanese for all their maritime success did not have the Armed force strength of the Wehrmacht. Their continuing struggles in China and their defeat at the hands of the Soviets/Mongolians at Khalkin Gol had made that clear already. All of this likely played a significant part in the decision of Japan to not open a Second front in the Soviet unx much to the annoyance and ongoing frustration of Adolf Hitler. Invading the US mainland was even worse of an option. This is not the same as an assault against American positions in the Philippines. Far from it.
至于对美国西海岸发动全面正面进攻，这种可能性更是微乎其微。此类进攻所需的计划制定和后勤保障规模，将使诺曼底登陆相形见绌。日军需要跨越的海洋面积极为辽阔，而且尽管日本在海上作战中取得过一些胜利，其武装力量规模也无法与德国国防军相比。日本在中国战场的持续苦战，以及在诺门坎战役中被苏联和蒙古军队击败的事实，已充分证明了这一点。所有这些因素很可能在日本决定不对苏联开辟第二战场的过程中起到了重要作用，这让阿道夫·希特勒深感不满且一直耿耿于怀。而入侵美国本土，更是一个比开辟对苏第二战场更糟糕的选择，这与进攻美国在菲律宾的军事据点完全不同，两者有着天壤之别。
Besides which Japan was already heavily committed elsewhere having greatly expanded her domain in the Malaya Peninsula (including Singapore), Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, French IndoChina, Burma and numerous Pacific Islands. Her intentions for the time being would likely have involved the consolidation of gains (against active resistance) with an eye to containing future American rebuilds via a naval check. Anything beyond this would have spelled disaster.
此外，日本当时已在其他地区投入大量兵力，其势力范围已大幅扩张至马来半岛（包括新加坡）、香港（特区）、荷属东印度群岛、菲律宾、法属印度支那、缅甸以及众多太平洋岛屿。日本当时的意图，很可能是巩固已获取的利益（同时应对各地的积极抵抗），并计划通过海上封锁来遏制美国未来的军事重建。任何超出这一范围的行动，都注定会引发灾难。
Tim Rohrich
蒂姆·罗里奇
They did. There wasn't a lot of action along the Pacific coast of the US, but the Japanese did attack. The coastal defense battery at Fort Stevens in Oregon was engaged in a protracted gun fight with a Japanese submarine. The fight ended inconclusively but the gun crew reported that they may have destroyed the sub.
日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。虽然美国太平洋沿岸的战斗并不频繁，但日本的袭击确实发生过。俄勒冈州史蒂文斯堡的海岸防御炮台曾与一艘日本潜艇发生了长时间的炮战。这场战斗最终没有明确的结果，但炮台的炮手们报告称，他们可能摧毁了那艘潜艇。
Additionally there was a short and ultimately failed invasion of the Illution islands of Alaska. There were also a whole bunch of bombs attached to balloons that were released into the jet stream. Most of them never made it across the Pacific, on account of it being huge, but some did and even killed a few people long after the war ended. These bombs get found every now and then, though not often these days.
此外，日本还曾对阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛发动过一次短暂但最终失败的入侵。日本还将大量炸弹附着在气球上，释放到急流中。由于太平洋面积辽阔，大多数气球炸弹未能横跨太平洋抵达美国，但仍有一部分成功到达，甚至在战争结束多年后还造成了数人死亡。如今，人们仍会偶尔发现这些炸弹，不过现在发现的频率已经不高了。
The reason for that these attacks were what they were is in part due to the staggering distance involved with fighting across the Pacific entails. But mostly the reason the Japanese never really invaded the mainland US is they didn't want to. Their aims were mostly in Asia. A globe spanning empire wasn't really what they were trying to establish. They wanted to run Asia and some of the islands of the Pacific. So that is where they invaded.
日本之所以发动上述类型的袭击，部分原因在于跨太平洋作战所涉及的距离极为遥远。但更主要的原因是，日本根本不想入侵美国本土。他们的目标主要集中在亚洲，建立一个横跨全球的帝国并非其真正意图。日本希望掌控亚洲以及太平洋的部分岛屿，因此他们的入侵行动集中在这些地区。
Shaun Lawson
Freelance Chinese-English TranslatorAuthor has 851 answers and 4.7M answer views8y
肖恩·劳森 自由汉英翻译
They already barely had the supply lines to keep a secure perimeter over the western Pacific. Invading the Aleutians was a difficult strategic offensive. Can you imagine trying to raid California, or Washington, where their entire fleet would be subject to raids from land-based aircraft and fleets, then very vulnerable as they retreated towards their closest base in, what, the Aleutians? The Marshall Islands?
当时日本甚至难以维持西太平洋安全防线的补给线。入侵阿留申群岛本身就已是一次艰难的战略进攻。试想一下，如果日本试图袭击加利福尼亚州或华盛顿州，其整个舰队都将面临来自美国陆基飞机和舰队的袭击，而当他们向最近的基地（无论是阿留申群岛还是马绍尔群岛）撤退时，又会变得极度脆弱，这怎么可能实现呢？
Greg Taggart
Academic background in military history especially WWII operationsAuthor has 11.7K answers and 25.3M answer viewsupxed
格雷格·塔格特 拥有军事史学术背景，尤其专注二战军事行动研究
Amateurs focus on tactics; professionals study logistics.
业余爱好者关注战术，专业人士则研究后勤。
Tactics first:
首先看战术层面：
A Japanese Expeditionary Force would have been hard pressed to be larger than 450, 000 or so. The 50 division Japanese army already had half of its strength committed to operations in China, leaving perhaps 900,000 for other duties. We will pretend for this invasion that they sent half of the remainder. This invasion force would face the Army National Guard of the several western states - called in to federal service, the state militia ( non-National Guard state forces) of those states, ( mostly deer , elk and antelope hunters), plus perhaps 30 percent of the Regular Army. The invading Japanese Army would also face every deer hunter West Of the Mississippi. Many of those deer hunters would be WWI veterans shooting the same M1903 Rifles that they used to shoot Germans with during the previous bloodletting, except now many of those have been converted to deer guns with better sights, either micrometer adjustable iron sights or telescopic sights.
日本远征军的规模很难超过45万人左右。当时日本陆军共有50个师团，其中一半兵力已投入中国战场，剩余兵力约90万人用于其他任务。即便假设日本为此次入侵动用了剩余兵力的一半，这支入侵部队仍将面临多重抵抗力量：受联邦征召服役的美国西部几个州的国民警卫队、这些州的州民兵（非国民警卫队的州属武装力量，成员多为鹿、麋鹿和羚羊猎人），或许还有美国正规军30%的兵力。此外，入侵的日本军队还将遭遇密西西比河以西的所有猎鹿人。这些猎鹿人中，许多是第一次世界大战的老兵，他们使用的仍是一战时期用来抗击德军的M1903步枪，只不过如今其中许多步枪已被改装成猎鹿枪，配备了更精良的瞄准具——要么是千分尺可调式铁制瞄准具，要么是望远镜瞄准具。
Oh, I can’t forget -Pennsylvania and Michigan and Ohio and Texas would also be empty of deer hunters not wanting to miss the action. The invasion force of 450,000 Japanese soldiers would face 2 million or more defenders who were armed with more powerful rifles and were probably better shots than the invaders. These deer hunters (volunteer militia) and enrolled state militia and National Guard would be dug in behind the beaches. Admiral Yamamoto was asked “Why not invade the US mainland?” His reply ( Probably spurious , But apt anyway) : “ There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass.”
哦，我不能忘了——宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、俄亥俄州和得克萨斯州的猎鹿人也会为了不错过战斗而纷纷行动起来。这样一来，45万日本入侵士兵将面临200万甚至更多的防御者，这些防御者装备着火力更强的步枪，而且很可能比入侵者枪法更准。这些猎鹿人（志愿民兵）、已登记的州民兵和国民警卫队会在海滩后方构筑工事坚守。有人曾问山本五十六海军上将：“为何不入侵美国本土？”他的回答（可能并非真实原话，但无论如何都十分贴切）是：“那里的每一片草叶后面，都可能藏着一支步枪。”
The Defenders would have plenty of ammo, mobility, food, fuel and they would be pissed off. The invaders might manage a beachhead on the Oregon coast but they would go nowhere.
防御者将拥有充足的弹药、良好的机动性以及充足的食物和燃料，而且他们会满腔怒火。入侵者或许能在俄勒冈州海岸建立一个滩头阵地，但之后便会寸步难行。
Logistics:
再看后勤层面：
There would be no way to sustain a landing force. Ships of the US Navy and ( I am sure) the Royal Canadian Navy would prevent reinforcement, resupply, gunfire support, air support and all those other things invading armies need.
日本根本无法为登陆部队提供持续补给。美国海军的舰船，而且我确信加拿大皇家海军的舰船也会协同行动，阻止日军为入侵部队提供增援、补给、炮火支援、空中支援以及入侵军队所需的其他一切物资。
Bill L.
AA in Electrical Engineering, Kaplan Career Institute (Graduated 2006)Author has 2.6K answers and 5.3M answer views3y
比尔·L 卡普兰职业学院电气工程副学士（2006年毕业）
There’s this thing called combat logistics. Combat logistics, among other things, involves the resources and manpower needed to field an army. At no point during WW2 did Japan have the resources to even field 10 divisions across an ocean, let alone the 70 divisions it would have needed to establish a foothold in North America.
有一种东西叫做作战后勤。作战后勤涉及诸多方面，其中就包括部署一支军队所需的资源和人力。二战期间，日本从未有过能跨洋部署10个师团的资源，更不用说部署在北美建立立足点所需的70个师团了。
Japan didn’t even have the ability to occupy Hawaii. Had they attempted to send a fleet to North America it would have been badly damaged at sea, and its troop transports hounded by american submarines, probably resulting in one of the worst military blunders in world history.
日本甚至没有能力占领夏威夷。倘若他们试图派遣舰队前往北美，这支舰队在海上就会遭受重创，其运兵船还会遭到美国潜艇的追击，最终很可能会酿成世界历史上最严重的军事失误之一。
Kit Baker
Former Sales at RV Dealerships (2012–2022)Author has 7K answers and 7.2M answer views4y
基特·贝克 前房车经销商销售（2012-2022年任职）
The real reason no substantive attack was made on the west coast was that was never the plan. The plan for attacking Pearl Harbor was to diminish US capability in the Japanese sponsored “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. That was really just a natural resources grab by Japan and interference from the Allied powers would have, and ultimately did, unravel that plan.
日本没有对美国西海岸发动实质性袭击，真正原因在于这从未被纳入其计划。日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是削弱美国在日本所倡导的“大东亚共荣圈”中的影响力。而所谓的“大东亚共荣圈”，本质上只是日本掠夺自然资源的幌子，同盟国的干预本就会（且最终确实）使这一计划破产。
In reality, Japan had no territorial interest in the US and Allied Powers but did desire to keep them out of East Asia.
事实上，日本对美国及其他同盟国的领土并无兴趣，但其确实希望将这些国家排除在东亚之外。
They pretty much underestimated virtually everything about the US and the Allied Powers and botched the the whole deal costing them lives, property and influence in Asia. And from that they have never really fully recovered.
日本几乎低估了与美国及其他同盟国相关的一切，最终把整个计划搞砸了，不仅损失了大量人员和财产，还丧失了在亚洲的影响力，而且此后再也未能真正完全恢复元气。
History Enthusiast and teacherAuthor has 2.7K answers and 5M answer viewsupxed 4y
加文·卡诺维茨 历史爱好者、教师
As others have mentioned the Japanese did indeed attack the West Coast of the United States. The most newsworthy of these was the naval bombardment of Ellwood in Santa Barbara, California that damaged a local oil refinery. This occurred on the 23rd of February 1942.
正如其他人所提到的，日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。其中最具新闻价值的是对加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉市埃尔伍德地区的海军炮击，此次炮击损毁了当地一座炼油厂。该事件发生于1942年2月23日。
The military base of Fort Stevens in Oregon was also shelled by the Japanese Submarine I-25 on June 21st 1942 with very minimal damage. In addition the Japanese occupied two of the Aleutian Islands (Kiska and Attu) prior to the Battle of Midway with the intention of protecting their Northern Flank. The Attu landing marked the first time a part of the continental United States had been occupied since the War of 1812.
1942年6月21日，俄勒冈州的史蒂文斯堡军事基地也遭到日本I-25号潜艇的炮击，但造成的损失微乎其微。此外，在中途岛战役之前，日本为保护其北部侧翼，占领了阿留申群岛中的两个岛屿（基斯卡岛和阿图岛）。阿图岛的登陆事件，标志着自1812年战争以来，美国大陆领土首次有部分地区被占领。
So why then did the Japanese not go any further? Well the defeat of Kidō Butai (1st Fleet) at Midway put an end to further aspirations on the West Coast by securing naval supremacy in the Pacific in American favour.
那么，日本为何没有进一步采取行动呢？原因在于，机动部队（第一舰队）在中途岛战役中战败，美国借此确立了在太平洋的海上霸权，从而粉碎了日本对美国西海岸的进一步图谋。
However lets place devil’s advocate for a moment and assume that the Imperial Navy had emerged victorious on the 7th of June 1942 with Admirals Yamamoto and Kondō defeating Nimitz, Spruance and Fletcher.
不过，我们暂且从反面假设一下：倘若1942年6月7日日本帝国海军取得胜利，山本五十六和近藤信竹两位海军上将击败了尼米兹、斯普鲁恩斯和弗莱彻，情况会如何？
A victory here would have greatly turned the tide in the Pacific in Japan’s favour. It would only have been a matter of time before Pearl Harbor fell and with it Hawaii. With its new position the Japanese could have launched further sporadic attacks against the American West Coast and probably would have to limit an American Naval rebuild. It is very unlikely that the US would have sued for peace even in this alternative scenario (not with the home front intact).
若日本在此战中获胜，太平洋战场的局势将极大地向有利于日本的方向逆转。珍珠港乃至整个夏威夷的陷落都将只是时间问题。凭借这一新态势，日本本可以对美国西海岸发动更多零星袭击，而且或许能够遏制美国海军的重建计划。但即便在这种假设情景下，美国也不太可能求和（尤其是在本土未受损害的情况下）。
As for a full scale frontal attack on the West Coast proportions this is improbable. The planning and logistic commitments here would have dwarfed D-Day. The expanse of ocean that would have to be traversed was far too wide and the Japanese for all their maritime success did not have the Armed force strength of the Wehrmacht. Their continuing struggles in China and their defeat at the hands of the Soviets/Mongolians at Khalkin Gol had made that clear already. All of this likely played a significant part in the decision of Japan to not open a Second front in the Soviet unx much to the annoyance and ongoing frustration of Adolf Hitler. Invading the US mainland was even worse of an option. This is not the same as an assault against American positions in the Philippines. Far from it.
至于对美国西海岸发动全面正面进攻，这种可能性更是微乎其微。此类进攻所需的计划制定和后勤保障规模，将使诺曼底登陆相形见绌。日军需要跨越的海洋面积极为辽阔，而且尽管日本在海上作战中取得过一些胜利，其武装力量规模也无法与德国国防军相比。日本在中国战场的持续苦战，以及在诺门坎战役中被苏联和蒙古军队击败的事实，已充分证明了这一点。所有这些因素很可能在日本决定不对苏联开辟第二战场的过程中起到了重要作用，这让阿道夫·希特勒深感不满且一直耿耿于怀。而入侵美国本土，更是一个比开辟对苏第二战场更糟糕的选择，这与进攻美国在菲律宾的军事据点完全不同，两者有着天壤之别。
Besides which Japan was already heavily committed elsewhere having greatly expanded her domain in the Malaya Peninsula (including Singapore), Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, French IndoChina, Burma and numerous Pacific Islands. Her intentions for the time being would likely have involved the consolidation of gains (against active resistance) with an eye to containing future American rebuilds via a naval check. Anything beyond this would have spelled disaster.
此外，日本当时已在其他地区投入大量兵力，其势力范围已大幅扩张至马来半岛（包括新加坡）、香港（特区）、荷属东印度群岛、菲律宾、法属印度支那、缅甸以及众多太平洋岛屿。日本当时的意图，很可能是巩固已获取的利益（同时应对各地的积极抵抗），并计划通过海上封锁来遏制美国未来的军事重建。任何超出这一范围的行动，都注定会引发灾难。
Tim Rohrich
蒂姆·罗里奇
They did. There wasn't a lot of action along the Pacific coast of the US, but the Japanese did attack. The coastal defense battery at Fort Stevens in Oregon was engaged in a protracted gun fight with a Japanese submarine. The fight ended inconclusively but the gun crew reported that they may have destroyed the sub.
日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。虽然美国太平洋沿岸的战斗并不频繁，但日本的袭击确实发生过。俄勒冈州史蒂文斯堡的海岸防御炮台曾与一艘日本潜艇发生了长时间的炮战。这场战斗最终没有明确的结果，但炮台的炮手们报告称，他们可能摧毁了那艘潜艇。
Additionally there was a short and ultimately failed invasion of the Illution islands of Alaska. There were also a whole bunch of bombs attached to balloons that were released into the jet stream. Most of them never made it across the Pacific, on account of it being huge, but some did and even killed a few people long after the war ended. These bombs get found every now and then, though not often these days.
此外，日本还曾对阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛发动过一次短暂但最终失败的入侵。日本还将大量炸弹附着在气球上，释放到急流中。由于太平洋面积辽阔，大多数气球炸弹未能横跨太平洋抵达美国，但仍有一部分成功到达，甚至在战争结束多年后还造成了数人死亡。如今，人们仍会偶尔发现这些炸弹，不过现在发现的频率已经不高了。
The reason for that these attacks were what they were is in part due to the staggering distance involved with fighting across the Pacific entails. But mostly the reason the Japanese never really invaded the mainland US is they didn't want to. Their aims were mostly in Asia. A globe spanning empire wasn't really what they were trying to establish. They wanted to run Asia and some of the islands of the Pacific. So that is where they invaded.
日本之所以发动上述类型的袭击，部分原因在于跨太平洋作战所涉及的距离极为遥远。但更主要的原因是，日本根本不想入侵美国本土。他们的目标主要集中在亚洲，建立一个横跨全球的帝国并非其真正意图。日本希望掌控亚洲以及太平洋的部分岛屿，因此他们的入侵行动集中在这些地区。
Shaun Lawson
Freelance Chinese-English TranslatorAuthor has 851 answers and 4.7M answer views8y
肖恩·劳森 自由汉英翻译
They already barely had the supply lines to keep a secure perimeter over the western Pacific. Invading the Aleutians was a difficult strategic offensive. Can you imagine trying to raid California, or Washington, where their entire fleet would be subject to raids from land-based aircraft and fleets, then very vulnerable as they retreated towards their closest base in, what, the Aleutians? The Marshall Islands?
当时日本甚至难以维持西太平洋安全防线的补给线。入侵阿留申群岛本身就已是一次艰难的战略进攻。试想一下，如果日本试图袭击加利福尼亚州或华盛顿州，其整个舰队都将面临来自美国陆基飞机和舰队的袭击，而当他们向最近的基地（无论是阿留申群岛还是马绍尔群岛）撤退时，又会变得极度脆弱，这怎么可能实现呢？
Greg Taggart
Academic background in military history especially WWII operationsAuthor has 11.7K answers and 25.3M answer viewsupxed
格雷格·塔格特 拥有军事史学术背景，尤其专注二战军事行动研究
Amateurs focus on tactics; professionals study logistics.
业余爱好者关注战术，专业人士则研究后勤。
Tactics first:
首先看战术层面：
A Japanese Expeditionary Force would have been hard pressed to be larger than 450, 000 or so. The 50 division Japanese army already had half of its strength committed to operations in China, leaving perhaps 900,000 for other duties. We will pretend for this invasion that they sent half of the remainder. This invasion force would face the Army National Guard of the several western states - called in to federal service, the state militia ( non-National Guard state forces) of those states, ( mostly deer , elk and antelope hunters), plus perhaps 30 percent of the Regular Army. The invading Japanese Army would also face every deer hunter West Of the Mississippi. Many of those deer hunters would be WWI veterans shooting the same M1903 Rifles that they used to shoot Germans with during the previous bloodletting, except now many of those have been converted to deer guns with better sights, either micrometer adjustable iron sights or telescopic sights.
日本远征军的规模很难超过45万人左右。当时日本陆军共有50个师团，其中一半兵力已投入中国战场，剩余兵力约90万人用于其他任务。即便假设日本为此次入侵动用了剩余兵力的一半，这支入侵部队仍将面临多重抵抗力量：受联邦征召服役的美国西部几个州的国民警卫队、这些州的州民兵（非国民警卫队的州属武装力量，成员多为鹿、麋鹿和羚羊猎人），或许还有美国正规军30%的兵力。此外，入侵的日本军队还将遭遇密西西比河以西的所有猎鹿人。这些猎鹿人中，许多是第一次世界大战的老兵，他们使用的仍是一战时期用来抗击德军的M1903步枪，只不过如今其中许多步枪已被改装成猎鹿枪，配备了更精良的瞄准具——要么是千分尺可调式铁制瞄准具，要么是望远镜瞄准具。
Oh, I can’t forget -Pennsylvania and Michigan and Ohio and Texas would also be empty of deer hunters not wanting to miss the action. The invasion force of 450,000 Japanese soldiers would face 2 million or more defenders who were armed with more powerful rifles and were probably better shots than the invaders. These deer hunters (volunteer militia) and enrolled state militia and National Guard would be dug in behind the beaches. Admiral Yamamoto was asked “Why not invade the US mainland?” His reply ( Probably spurious , But apt anyway) : “ There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass.”
哦，我不能忘了——宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、俄亥俄州和得克萨斯州的猎鹿人也会为了不错过战斗而纷纷行动起来。这样一来，45万日本入侵士兵将面临200万甚至更多的防御者，这些防御者装备着火力更强的步枪，而且很可能比入侵者枪法更准。这些猎鹿人（志愿民兵）、已登记的州民兵和国民警卫队会在海滩后方构筑工事坚守。有人曾问山本五十六海军上将：“为何不入侵美国本土？”他的回答（可能并非真实原话，但无论如何都十分贴切）是：“那里的每一片草叶后面，都可能藏着一支步枪。”
The Defenders would have plenty of ammo, mobility, food, fuel and they would be pissed off. The invaders might manage a beachhead on the Oregon coast but they would go nowhere.
防御者将拥有充足的弹药、良好的机动性以及充足的食物和燃料，而且他们会满腔怒火。入侵者或许能在俄勒冈州海岸建立一个滩头阵地，但之后便会寸步难行。
Logistics:
再看后勤层面：
There would be no way to sustain a landing force. Ships of the US Navy and ( I am sure) the Royal Canadian Navy would prevent reinforcement, resupply, gunfire support, air support and all those other things invading armies need.
日本根本无法为登陆部队提供持续补给。美国海军的舰船，而且我确信加拿大皇家海军的舰船也会协同行动，阻止日军为入侵部队提供增援、补给、炮火支援、空中支援以及入侵军队所需的其他一切物资。
Bill L.
AA in Electrical Engineering, Kaplan Career Institute (Graduated 2006)Author has 2.6K answers and 5.3M answer views3y
比尔·L 卡普兰职业学院电气工程副学士（2006年毕业）
There’s this thing called combat logistics. Combat logistics, among other things, involves the resources and manpower needed to field an army. At no point during WW2 did Japan have the resources to even field 10 divisions across an ocean, let alone the 70 divisions it would have needed to establish a foothold in North America.
有一种东西叫做作战后勤。作战后勤涉及诸多方面，其中就包括部署一支军队所需的资源和人力。二战期间，日本从未有过能跨洋部署10个师团的资源，更不用说部署在北美建立立足点所需的70个师团了。
Japan didn’t even have the ability to occupy Hawaii. Had they attempted to send a fleet to North America it would have been badly damaged at sea, and its troop transports hounded by american submarines, probably resulting in one of the worst military blunders in world history.
日本甚至没有能力占领夏威夷。倘若他们试图派遣舰队前往北美，这支舰队在海上就会遭受重创，其运兵船还会遭到美国潜艇的追击，最终很可能会酿成世界历史上最严重的军事失误之一。
Kit Baker
Former Sales at RV Dealerships (2012–2022)Author has 7K answers and 7.2M answer views4y
基特·贝克 前房车经销商销售（2012-2022年任职）
The real reason no substantive attack was made on the west coast was that was never the plan. The plan for attacking Pearl Harbor was to diminish US capability in the Japanese sponsored “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. That was really just a natural resources grab by Japan and interference from the Allied powers would have, and ultimately did, unravel that plan.
日本没有对美国西海岸发动实质性袭击，真正原因在于这从未被纳入其计划。日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是削弱美国在日本所倡导的“大东亚共荣圈”中的影响力。而所谓的“大东亚共荣圈”，本质上只是日本掠夺自然资源的幌子，同盟国的干预本就会（且最终确实）使这一计划破产。
In reality, Japan had no territorial interest in the US and Allied Powers but did desire to keep them out of East Asia.
事实上，日本对美国及其他同盟国的领土并无兴趣，但其确实希望将这些国家排除在东亚之外。
They pretty much underestimated virtually everything about the US and the Allied Powers and botched the the whole deal costing them lives, property and influence in Asia. And from that they have never really fully recovered.
日本几乎低估了与美国及其他同盟国相关的一切，最终把整个计划搞砸了，不仅损失了大量人员和财产，还丧失了在亚洲的影响力，而且此后再也未能真正完全恢复元气。
评论翻译
Gavin Kanowitz
History Enthusiast and teacherAuthor has 2.7K answers and 5M answer viewsupxed 4y
加文·卡诺维茨 历史爱好者、教师
As others have mentioned the Japanese did indeed attack the West Coast of the United States. The most newsworthy of these was the naval bombardment of Ellwood in Santa Barbara, California that damaged a local oil refinery. This occurred on the 23rd of February 1942.
正如其他人所提到的，日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。其中最具新闻价值的是对加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉市埃尔伍德地区的海军炮击，此次炮击损毁了当地一座炼油厂。该事件发生于1942年2月23日。
The military base of Fort Stevens in Oregon was also shelled by the Japanese Submarine I-25 on June 21st 1942 with very minimal damage. In addition the Japanese occupied two of the Aleutian Islands (Kiska and Attu) prior to the Battle of Midway with the intention of protecting their Northern Flank. The Attu landing marked the first time a part of the continental United States had been occupied since the War of 1812.
1942年6月21日，俄勒冈州的史蒂文斯堡军事基地也遭到日本I-25号潜艇的炮击，但造成的损失微乎其微。此外，在中途岛战役之前，日本为保护其北部侧翼，占领了阿留申群岛中的两个岛屿（基斯卡岛和阿图岛）。阿图岛的登陆事件，标志着自1812年战争以来，美国大陆领土首次有部分地区被占领。
So why then did the Japanese not go any further? Well the defeat of Kidō Butai (1st Fleet) at Midway put an end to further aspirations on the West Coast by securing naval supremacy in the Pacific in American favour.
那么，日本为何没有进一步采取行动呢？原因在于，机动部队（第一舰队）在中途岛战役中战败，美国借此确立了在太平洋的海上霸权，从而粉碎了日本对美国西海岸的进一步图谋。
However lets place devil’s advocate for a moment and assume that the Imperial Navy had emerged victorious on the 7th of June 1942 with Admirals Yamamoto and Kondō defeating Nimitz, Spruance and Fletcher.
不过，我们暂且从反面假设一下：倘若1942年6月7日日本帝国海军取得胜利，山本五十六和近藤信竹两位海军上将击败了尼米兹、斯普鲁恩斯和弗莱彻，情况会如何？
A victory here would have greatly turned the tide in the Pacific in Japan’s favour. It would only have been a matter of time before Pearl Harbor fell and with it Hawaii. With its new position the Japanese could have launched further sporadic attacks against the American West Coast and probably would have to limit an American Naval rebuild. It is very unlikely that the US would have sued for peace even in this alternative scenario (not with the home front intact).
若日本在此战中获胜，太平洋战场的局势将极大地向有利于日本的方向逆转。珍珠港乃至整个夏威夷的陷落都将只是时间问题。凭借这一新态势，日本本可以对美国西海岸发动更多零星袭击，而且或许能够遏制美国海军的重建计划。但即便在这种假设情景下，美国也不太可能求和（尤其是在本土未受损害的情况下）。
As for a full scale frontal attack on the West Coast proportions this is improbable. The planning and logistic commitments here would have dwarfed D-Day. The expanse of ocean that would have to be traversed was far too wide and the Japanese for all their maritime success did not have the Armed force strength of the Wehrmacht. Their continuing struggles in China and their defeat at the hands of the Soviets/Mongolians at Khalkin Gol had made that clear already. All of this likely played a significant part in the decision of Japan to not open a Second front in the Soviet unx much to the annoyance and ongoing frustration of Adolf Hitler. Invading the US mainland was even worse of an option. This is not the same as an assault against American positions in the Philippines. Far from it.
至于对美国西海岸发动全面正面进攻，这种可能性更是微乎其微。此类进攻所需的计划制定和后勤保障规模，将使诺曼底登陆相形见绌。日军需要跨越的海洋面积极为辽阔，而且尽管日本在海上作战中取得过一些胜利，其武装力量规模也无法与德国国防军相比。日本在中国战场的持续苦战，以及在诺门坎战役中被苏联和蒙古军队击败的事实，已充分证明了这一点。所有这些因素很可能在日本决定不对苏联开辟第二战场的过程中起到了重要作用，这让阿道夫·希特勒深感不满且一直耿耿于怀。而入侵美国本土，更是一个比开辟对苏第二战场更糟糕的选择，这与进攻美国在菲律宾的军事据点完全不同，两者有着天壤之别。
Besides which Japan was already heavily committed elsewhere having greatly expanded her domain in the Malaya Peninsula (including Singapore), Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, French IndoChina, Burma and numerous Pacific Islands. Her intentions for the time being would likely have involved the consolidation of gains (against active resistance) with an eye to containing future American rebuilds via a naval check. Anything beyond this would have spelled disaster.
此外，日本当时已在其他地区投入大量兵力，其势力范围已大幅扩张至马来半岛（包括新加坡）、香港（特区）、荷属东印度群岛、菲律宾、法属印度支那、缅甸以及众多太平洋岛屿。日本当时的意图，很可能是巩固已获取的利益（同时应对各地的积极抵抗），并计划通过海上封锁来遏制美国未来的军事重建。任何超出这一范围的行动，都注定会引发灾难。
Tim Rohrich
蒂姆·罗里奇
They did. There wasn't a lot of action along the Pacific coast of the US, but the Japanese did attack. The coastal defense battery at Fort Stevens in Oregon was engaged in a protracted gun fight with a Japanese submarine. The fight ended inconclusively but the gun crew reported that they may have destroyed the sub.
日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。虽然美国太平洋沿岸的战斗并不频繁，但日本的袭击确实发生过。俄勒冈州史蒂文斯堡的海岸防御炮台曾与一艘日本潜艇发生了长时间的炮战。这场战斗最终没有明确的结果，但炮台的炮手们报告称，他们可能摧毁了那艘潜艇。
Additionally there was a short and ultimately failed invasion of the Illution islands of Alaska. There were also a whole bunch of bombs attached to balloons that were released into the jet stream. Most of them never made it across the Pacific, on account of it being huge, but some did and even killed a few people long after the war ended. These bombs get found every now and then, though not often these days.
此外，日本还曾对阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛发动过一次短暂但最终失败的入侵。日本还将大量炸弹附着在气球上，释放到急流中。由于太平洋面积辽阔，大多数气球炸弹未能横跨太平洋抵达美国，但仍有一部分成功到达，甚至在战争结束多年后还造成了数人死亡。如今，人们仍会偶尔发现这些炸弹，不过现在发现的频率已经不高了。
The reason for that these attacks were what they were is in part due to the staggering distance involved with fighting across the Pacific entails. But mostly the reason the Japanese never really invaded the mainland US is they didn't want to. Their aims were mostly in Asia. A globe spanning empire wasn't really what they were trying to establish. They wanted to run Asia and some of the islands of the Pacific. So that is where they invaded.
日本之所以发动上述类型的袭击，部分原因在于跨太平洋作战所涉及的距离极为遥远。但更主要的原因是，日本根本不想入侵美国本土。他们的目标主要集中在亚洲，建立一个横跨全球的帝国并非其真正意图。日本希望掌控亚洲以及太平洋的部分岛屿，因此他们的入侵行动集中在这些地区。
Shaun Lawson
Freelance Chinese-English TranslatorAuthor has 851 answers and 4.7M answer views8y
肖恩·劳森 自由汉英翻译
They already barely had the supply lines to keep a secure perimeter over the western Pacific. Invading the Aleutians was a difficult strategic offensive. Can you imagine trying to raid California, or Washington, where their entire fleet would be subject to raids from land-based aircraft and fleets, then very vulnerable as they retreated towards their closest base in, what, the Aleutians? The Marshall Islands?
当时日本甚至难以维持西太平洋安全防线的补给线。入侵阿留申群岛本身就已是一次艰难的战略进攻。试想一下，如果日本试图袭击加利福尼亚州或华盛顿州，其整个舰队都将面临来自美国陆基飞机和舰队的袭击，而当他们向最近的基地（无论是阿留申群岛还是马绍尔群岛）撤退时，又会变得极度脆弱，这怎么可能实现呢？
Greg Taggart
Academic background in military history especially WWII operationsAuthor has 11.7K answers and 25.3M answer viewsupxed
格雷格·塔格特 拥有军事史学术背景，尤其专注二战军事行动研究
Amateurs focus on tactics; professionals study logistics.
业余爱好者关注战术，专业人士则研究后勤。
Tactics first:
首先看战术层面：
A Japanese Expeditionary Force would have been hard pressed to be larger than 450, 000 or so. The 50 division Japanese army already had half of its strength committed to operations in China, leaving perhaps 900,000 for other duties. We will pretend for this invasion that they sent half of the remainder. This invasion force would face the Army National Guard of the several western states - called in to federal service, the state militia ( non-National Guard state forces) of those states, ( mostly deer , elk and antelope hunters), plus perhaps 30 percent of the Regular Army. The invading Japanese Army would also face every deer hunter West Of the Mississippi. Many of those deer hunters would be WWI veterans shooting the same M1903 Rifles that they used to shoot Germans with during the previous bloodletting, except now many of those have been converted to deer guns with better sights, either micrometer adjustable iron sights or telescopic sights.
日本远征军的规模很难超过45万人左右。当时日本陆军共有50个师团，其中一半兵力已投入中国战场，剩余兵力约90万人用于其他任务。即便假设日本为此次入侵动用了剩余兵力的一半，这支入侵部队仍将面临多重抵抗力量：受联邦征召服役的美国西部几个州的国民警卫队、这些州的州民兵（非国民警卫队的州属武装力量，成员多为鹿、麋鹿和羚羊猎人），或许还有美国正规军30%的兵力。此外，入侵的日本军队还将遭遇密西西比河以西的所有猎鹿人。这些猎鹿人中，许多是第一次世界大战的老兵，他们使用的仍是一战时期用来抗击德军的M1903步枪，只不过如今其中许多步枪已被改装成猎鹿枪，配备了更精良的瞄准具——要么是千分尺可调式铁制瞄准具，要么是望远镜瞄准具。
Oh, I can’t forget -Pennsylvania and Michigan and Ohio and Texas would also be empty of deer hunters not wanting to miss the action. The invasion force of 450,000 Japanese soldiers would face 2 million or more defenders who were armed with more powerful rifles and were probably better shots than the invaders. These deer hunters (volunteer militia) and enrolled state militia and National Guard would be dug in behind the beaches. Admiral Yamamoto was asked “Why not invade the US mainland?” His reply ( Probably spurious , But apt anyway) : “ There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass.”
哦，我不能忘了——宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、俄亥俄州和得克萨斯州的猎鹿人也会为了不错过战斗而纷纷行动起来。这样一来，45万日本入侵士兵将面临200万甚至更多的防御者，这些防御者装备着火力更强的步枪，而且很可能比入侵者枪法更准。这些猎鹿人（志愿民兵）、已登记的州民兵和国民警卫队会在海滩后方构筑工事坚守。有人曾问山本五十六海军上将：“为何不入侵美国本土？”他的回答（可能并非真实原话，但无论如何都十分贴切）是：“那里的每一片草叶后面，都可能藏着一支步枪。”
The Defenders would have plenty of ammo, mobility, food, fuel and they would be pissed off. The invaders might manage a beachhead on the Oregon coast but they would go nowhere.
防御者将拥有充足的弹药、良好的机动性以及充足的食物和燃料，而且他们会满腔怒火。入侵者或许能在俄勒冈州海岸建立一个滩头阵地，但之后便会寸步难行。
Logistics:
再看后勤层面：
There would be no way to sustain a landing force. Ships of the US Navy and ( I am sure) the Royal Canadian Navy would prevent reinforcement, resupply, gunfire support, air support and all those other things invading armies need.
日本根本无法为登陆部队提供持续补给。美国海军的舰船，而且我确信加拿大皇家海军的舰船也会协同行动，阻止日军为入侵部队提供增援、补给、炮火支援、空中支援以及入侵军队所需的其他一切物资。
Bill L.
AA in Electrical Engineering, Kaplan Career Institute (Graduated 2006)Author has 2.6K answers and 5.3M answer views3y
比尔·L 卡普兰职业学院电气工程副学士（2006年毕业）
There’s this thing called combat logistics. Combat logistics, among other things, involves the resources and manpower needed to field an army. At no point during WW2 did Japan have the resources to even field 10 divisions across an ocean, let alone the 70 divisions it would have needed to establish a foothold in North America.
有一种东西叫做作战后勤。作战后勤涉及诸多方面，其中就包括部署一支军队所需的资源和人力。二战期间，日本从未有过能跨洋部署10个师团的资源，更不用说部署在北美建立立足点所需的70个师团了。
Japan didn’t even have the ability to occupy Hawaii. Had they attempted to send a fleet to North America it would have been badly damaged at sea, and its troop transports hounded by american submarines, probably resulting in one of the worst military blunders in world history.
日本甚至没有能力占领夏威夷。倘若他们试图派遣舰队前往北美，这支舰队在海上就会遭受重创，其运兵船还会遭到美国潜艇的追击，最终很可能会酿成世界历史上最严重的军事失误之一。
Kit Baker
Former Sales at RV Dealerships (2012–2022)Author has 7K answers and 7.2M answer views4y
基特·贝克 前房车经销商销售（2012-2022年任职）
The real reason no substantive attack was made on the west coast was that was never the plan. The plan for attacking Pearl Harbor was to diminish US capability in the Japanese sponsored “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. That was really just a natural resources grab by Japan and interference from the Allied powers would have, and ultimately did, unravel that plan.
日本没有对美国西海岸发动实质性袭击，真正原因在于这从未被纳入其计划。日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是削弱美国在日本所倡导的“大东亚共荣圈”中的影响力。而所谓的“大东亚共荣圈”，本质上只是日本掠夺自然资源的幌子，同盟国的干预本就会（且最终确实）使这一计划破产。
In reality, Japan had no territorial interest in the US and Allied Powers but did desire to keep them out of East Asia.
事实上，日本对美国及其他同盟国的领土并无兴趣，但其确实希望将这些国家排除在东亚之外。
They pretty much underestimated virtually everything about the US and the Allied Powers and botched the the whole deal costing them lives, property and influence in Asia. And from that they have never really fully recovered.
日本几乎低估了与美国及其他同盟国相关的一切，最终把整个计划搞砸了，不仅损失了大量人员和财产，还丧失了在亚洲的影响力，而且此后再也未能真正完全恢复元气。
History Enthusiast and teacherAuthor has 2.7K answers and 5M answer viewsupxed 4y
加文·卡诺维茨 历史爱好者、教师
As others have mentioned the Japanese did indeed attack the West Coast of the United States. The most newsworthy of these was the naval bombardment of Ellwood in Santa Barbara, California that damaged a local oil refinery. This occurred on the 23rd of February 1942.
正如其他人所提到的，日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。其中最具新闻价值的是对加利福尼亚州圣巴巴拉市埃尔伍德地区的海军炮击，此次炮击损毁了当地一座炼油厂。该事件发生于1942年2月23日。
The military base of Fort Stevens in Oregon was also shelled by the Japanese Submarine I-25 on June 21st 1942 with very minimal damage. In addition the Japanese occupied two of the Aleutian Islands (Kiska and Attu) prior to the Battle of Midway with the intention of protecting their Northern Flank. The Attu landing marked the first time a part of the continental United States had been occupied since the War of 1812.
1942年6月21日，俄勒冈州的史蒂文斯堡军事基地也遭到日本I-25号潜艇的炮击，但造成的损失微乎其微。此外，在中途岛战役之前，日本为保护其北部侧翼，占领了阿留申群岛中的两个岛屿（基斯卡岛和阿图岛）。阿图岛的登陆事件，标志着自1812年战争以来，美国大陆领土首次有部分地区被占领。
So why then did the Japanese not go any further? Well the defeat of Kidō Butai (1st Fleet) at Midway put an end to further aspirations on the West Coast by securing naval supremacy in the Pacific in American favour.
那么，日本为何没有进一步采取行动呢？原因在于，机动部队（第一舰队）在中途岛战役中战败，美国借此确立了在太平洋的海上霸权，从而粉碎了日本对美国西海岸的进一步图谋。
However lets place devil’s advocate for a moment and assume that the Imperial Navy had emerged victorious on the 7th of June 1942 with Admirals Yamamoto and Kondō defeating Nimitz, Spruance and Fletcher.
不过，我们暂且从反面假设一下：倘若1942年6月7日日本帝国海军取得胜利，山本五十六和近藤信竹两位海军上将击败了尼米兹、斯普鲁恩斯和弗莱彻，情况会如何？
A victory here would have greatly turned the tide in the Pacific in Japan’s favour. It would only have been a matter of time before Pearl Harbor fell and with it Hawaii. With its new position the Japanese could have launched further sporadic attacks against the American West Coast and probably would have to limit an American Naval rebuild. It is very unlikely that the US would have sued for peace even in this alternative scenario (not with the home front intact).
若日本在此战中获胜，太平洋战场的局势将极大地向有利于日本的方向逆转。珍珠港乃至整个夏威夷的陷落都将只是时间问题。凭借这一新态势，日本本可以对美国西海岸发动更多零星袭击，而且或许能够遏制美国海军的重建计划。但即便在这种假设情景下，美国也不太可能求和（尤其是在本土未受损害的情况下）。
As for a full scale frontal attack on the West Coast proportions this is improbable. The planning and logistic commitments here would have dwarfed D-Day. The expanse of ocean that would have to be traversed was far too wide and the Japanese for all their maritime success did not have the Armed force strength of the Wehrmacht. Their continuing struggles in China and their defeat at the hands of the Soviets/Mongolians at Khalkin Gol had made that clear already. All of this likely played a significant part in the decision of Japan to not open a Second front in the Soviet unx much to the annoyance and ongoing frustration of Adolf Hitler. Invading the US mainland was even worse of an option. This is not the same as an assault against American positions in the Philippines. Far from it.
至于对美国西海岸发动全面正面进攻，这种可能性更是微乎其微。此类进攻所需的计划制定和后勤保障规模，将使诺曼底登陆相形见绌。日军需要跨越的海洋面积极为辽阔，而且尽管日本在海上作战中取得过一些胜利，其武装力量规模也无法与德国国防军相比。日本在中国战场的持续苦战，以及在诺门坎战役中被苏联和蒙古军队击败的事实，已充分证明了这一点。所有这些因素很可能在日本决定不对苏联开辟第二战场的过程中起到了重要作用，这让阿道夫·希特勒深感不满且一直耿耿于怀。而入侵美国本土，更是一个比开辟对苏第二战场更糟糕的选择，这与进攻美国在菲律宾的军事据点完全不同，两者有着天壤之别。
Besides which Japan was already heavily committed elsewhere having greatly expanded her domain in the Malaya Peninsula (including Singapore), Hong Kong, the Dutch East Indies, the Philippines, French IndoChina, Burma and numerous Pacific Islands. Her intentions for the time being would likely have involved the consolidation of gains (against active resistance) with an eye to containing future American rebuilds via a naval check. Anything beyond this would have spelled disaster.
此外，日本当时已在其他地区投入大量兵力，其势力范围已大幅扩张至马来半岛（包括新加坡）、香港（特区）、荷属东印度群岛、菲律宾、法属印度支那、缅甸以及众多太平洋岛屿。日本当时的意图，很可能是巩固已获取的利益（同时应对各地的积极抵抗），并计划通过海上封锁来遏制美国未来的军事重建。任何超出这一范围的行动，都注定会引发灾难。
Tim Rohrich
蒂姆·罗里奇
They did. There wasn't a lot of action along the Pacific coast of the US, but the Japanese did attack. The coastal defense battery at Fort Stevens in Oregon was engaged in a protracted gun fight with a Japanese submarine. The fight ended inconclusively but the gun crew reported that they may have destroyed the sub.
日本确实袭击过美国西海岸。虽然美国太平洋沿岸的战斗并不频繁，但日本的袭击确实发生过。俄勒冈州史蒂文斯堡的海岸防御炮台曾与一艘日本潜艇发生了长时间的炮战。这场战斗最终没有明确的结果，但炮台的炮手们报告称，他们可能摧毁了那艘潜艇。
Additionally there was a short and ultimately failed invasion of the Illution islands of Alaska. There were also a whole bunch of bombs attached to balloons that were released into the jet stream. Most of them never made it across the Pacific, on account of it being huge, but some did and even killed a few people long after the war ended. These bombs get found every now and then, though not often these days.
此外，日本还曾对阿拉斯加的阿留申群岛发动过一次短暂但最终失败的入侵。日本还将大量炸弹附着在气球上，释放到急流中。由于太平洋面积辽阔，大多数气球炸弹未能横跨太平洋抵达美国，但仍有一部分成功到达，甚至在战争结束多年后还造成了数人死亡。如今，人们仍会偶尔发现这些炸弹，不过现在发现的频率已经不高了。
The reason for that these attacks were what they were is in part due to the staggering distance involved with fighting across the Pacific entails. But mostly the reason the Japanese never really invaded the mainland US is they didn't want to. Their aims were mostly in Asia. A globe spanning empire wasn't really what they were trying to establish. They wanted to run Asia and some of the islands of the Pacific. So that is where they invaded.
日本之所以发动上述类型的袭击，部分原因在于跨太平洋作战所涉及的距离极为遥远。但更主要的原因是，日本根本不想入侵美国本土。他们的目标主要集中在亚洲，建立一个横跨全球的帝国并非其真正意图。日本希望掌控亚洲以及太平洋的部分岛屿，因此他们的入侵行动集中在这些地区。
Shaun Lawson
Freelance Chinese-English TranslatorAuthor has 851 answers and 4.7M answer views8y
肖恩·劳森 自由汉英翻译
They already barely had the supply lines to keep a secure perimeter over the western Pacific. Invading the Aleutians was a difficult strategic offensive. Can you imagine trying to raid California, or Washington, where their entire fleet would be subject to raids from land-based aircraft and fleets, then very vulnerable as they retreated towards their closest base in, what, the Aleutians? The Marshall Islands?
当时日本甚至难以维持西太平洋安全防线的补给线。入侵阿留申群岛本身就已是一次艰难的战略进攻。试想一下，如果日本试图袭击加利福尼亚州或华盛顿州，其整个舰队都将面临来自美国陆基飞机和舰队的袭击，而当他们向最近的基地（无论是阿留申群岛还是马绍尔群岛）撤退时，又会变得极度脆弱，这怎么可能实现呢？
Greg Taggart
Academic background in military history especially WWII operationsAuthor has 11.7K answers and 25.3M answer viewsupxed
格雷格·塔格特 拥有军事史学术背景，尤其专注二战军事行动研究
Amateurs focus on tactics; professionals study logistics.
业余爱好者关注战术，专业人士则研究后勤。
Tactics first:
首先看战术层面：
A Japanese Expeditionary Force would have been hard pressed to be larger than 450, 000 or so. The 50 division Japanese army already had half of its strength committed to operations in China, leaving perhaps 900,000 for other duties. We will pretend for this invasion that they sent half of the remainder. This invasion force would face the Army National Guard of the several western states - called in to federal service, the state militia ( non-National Guard state forces) of those states, ( mostly deer , elk and antelope hunters), plus perhaps 30 percent of the Regular Army. The invading Japanese Army would also face every deer hunter West Of the Mississippi. Many of those deer hunters would be WWI veterans shooting the same M1903 Rifles that they used to shoot Germans with during the previous bloodletting, except now many of those have been converted to deer guns with better sights, either micrometer adjustable iron sights or telescopic sights.
日本远征军的规模很难超过45万人左右。当时日本陆军共有50个师团，其中一半兵力已投入中国战场，剩余兵力约90万人用于其他任务。即便假设日本为此次入侵动用了剩余兵力的一半，这支入侵部队仍将面临多重抵抗力量：受联邦征召服役的美国西部几个州的国民警卫队、这些州的州民兵（非国民警卫队的州属武装力量，成员多为鹿、麋鹿和羚羊猎人），或许还有美国正规军30%的兵力。此外，入侵的日本军队还将遭遇密西西比河以西的所有猎鹿人。这些猎鹿人中，许多是第一次世界大战的老兵，他们使用的仍是一战时期用来抗击德军的M1903步枪，只不过如今其中许多步枪已被改装成猎鹿枪，配备了更精良的瞄准具——要么是千分尺可调式铁制瞄准具，要么是望远镜瞄准具。
Oh, I can’t forget -Pennsylvania and Michigan and Ohio and Texas would also be empty of deer hunters not wanting to miss the action. The invasion force of 450,000 Japanese soldiers would face 2 million or more defenders who were armed with more powerful rifles and were probably better shots than the invaders. These deer hunters (volunteer militia) and enrolled state militia and National Guard would be dug in behind the beaches. Admiral Yamamoto was asked “Why not invade the US mainland?” His reply ( Probably spurious , But apt anyway) : “ There would be a rifle behind every blade of grass.”
哦，我不能忘了——宾夕法尼亚州、密歇根州、俄亥俄州和得克萨斯州的猎鹿人也会为了不错过战斗而纷纷行动起来。这样一来，45万日本入侵士兵将面临200万甚至更多的防御者，这些防御者装备着火力更强的步枪，而且很可能比入侵者枪法更准。这些猎鹿人（志愿民兵）、已登记的州民兵和国民警卫队会在海滩后方构筑工事坚守。有人曾问山本五十六海军上将：“为何不入侵美国本土？”他的回答（可能并非真实原话，但无论如何都十分贴切）是：“那里的每一片草叶后面，都可能藏着一支步枪。”
The Defenders would have plenty of ammo, mobility, food, fuel and they would be pissed off. The invaders might manage a beachhead on the Oregon coast but they would go nowhere.
防御者将拥有充足的弹药、良好的机动性以及充足的食物和燃料，而且他们会满腔怒火。入侵者或许能在俄勒冈州海岸建立一个滩头阵地，但之后便会寸步难行。
Logistics:
再看后勤层面：
There would be no way to sustain a landing force. Ships of the US Navy and ( I am sure) the Royal Canadian Navy would prevent reinforcement, resupply, gunfire support, air support and all those other things invading armies need.
日本根本无法为登陆部队提供持续补给。美国海军的舰船，而且我确信加拿大皇家海军的舰船也会协同行动，阻止日军为入侵部队提供增援、补给、炮火支援、空中支援以及入侵军队所需的其他一切物资。
Bill L.
AA in Electrical Engineering, Kaplan Career Institute (Graduated 2006)Author has 2.6K answers and 5.3M answer views3y
比尔·L 卡普兰职业学院电气工程副学士（2006年毕业）
There’s this thing called combat logistics. Combat logistics, among other things, involves the resources and manpower needed to field an army. At no point during WW2 did Japan have the resources to even field 10 divisions across an ocean, let alone the 70 divisions it would have needed to establish a foothold in North America.
有一种东西叫做作战后勤。作战后勤涉及诸多方面，其中就包括部署一支军队所需的资源和人力。二战期间，日本从未有过能跨洋部署10个师团的资源，更不用说部署在北美建立立足点所需的70个师团了。
Japan didn’t even have the ability to occupy Hawaii. Had they attempted to send a fleet to North America it would have been badly damaged at sea, and its troop transports hounded by american submarines, probably resulting in one of the worst military blunders in world history.
日本甚至没有能力占领夏威夷。倘若他们试图派遣舰队前往北美，这支舰队在海上就会遭受重创，其运兵船还会遭到美国潜艇的追击，最终很可能会酿成世界历史上最严重的军事失误之一。
Kit Baker
Former Sales at RV Dealerships (2012–2022)Author has 7K answers and 7.2M answer views4y
基特·贝克 前房车经销商销售（2012-2022年任职）
The real reason no substantive attack was made on the west coast was that was never the plan. The plan for attacking Pearl Harbor was to diminish US capability in the Japanese sponsored “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”. That was really just a natural resources grab by Japan and interference from the Allied powers would have, and ultimately did, unravel that plan.
日本没有对美国西海岸发动实质性袭击，真正原因在于这从未被纳入其计划。日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是削弱美国在日本所倡导的“大东亚共荣圈”中的影响力。而所谓的“大东亚共荣圈”，本质上只是日本掠夺自然资源的幌子，同盟国的干预本就会（且最终确实）使这一计划破产。
In reality, Japan had no territorial interest in the US and Allied Powers but did desire to keep them out of East Asia.
事实上，日本对美国及其他同盟国的领土并无兴趣，但其确实希望将这些国家排除在东亚之外。
They pretty much underestimated virtually everything about the US and the Allied Powers and botched the the whole deal costing them lives, property and influence in Asia. And from that they have never really fully recovered.
日本几乎低估了与美国及其他同盟国相关的一切，最终把整个计划搞砸了，不仅损失了大量人员和财产，还丧失了在亚洲的影响力，而且此后再也未能真正完全恢复元气。
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