RT：发射力量-探秘印度日益壮大的导弹武库
正文翻译
Launch power Inside India’s growing missiles arsenal
RT：发射力量：探秘印度日益壮大的导弹武库
Leveraging cutting-edge technology, New Delhi is advancing hypersonic capabilities to cement its place among the world’s ballistic leaders
新德里正凭借尖端技术推进高超音速能力，以巩固其全球弹道导弹技术领先者地位
Anil Chopra
By Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retired), an Indian Air Force veteran fighter test pilot and is the former Director-General of the Center for Air Power Studies in New Delhi.
作者：阿尼尔·乔普拉空军中将（退役），印度空军资深战斗机试飞员，曾任新德里空军力量研究中心主任。
Speaking at an event in Bengaluru last Sunday, Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief Marshal A.P. Singh disclosed new details about India’s strikes against Pakistan during their unprecedented standoff in May this year. For the first time since the conflict, Singh publicly confirmed that the IAF had shot down five Pakistani fighter jets, along with a large airborne platform – possibly an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) or AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft – from a distance of about 300km.
印度空军参谋长 A.P.辛格元帅上周日在班加罗尔某活动上，首次披露了今年五月印巴空前对峙期间印度实施空袭的新细节。这是冲突结束后辛格首次公开证实，印度空军在约 300 公里距离外击落了五架巴基斯坦战斗机，同时击落一架大型空中平台——可能是电子情报侦察机或空中预警管制机。
The IAF chief described it as “the largest-ever recorded surface-to-air kill that we can talk about.” Singh also highlighted the deterrent power of the S-400 air defense system and the precision of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, which he said played a game-changing role in the conflict.
印度空军参谋长将其称为"有记录以来最大规模的地对空击杀战例"。辛格还强调了 S-400 防空系统的威慑力与"布拉莫斯"超音速巡航导弹的精确性，称这些武器在冲突中发挥了改变战局的作用。
Weeks before Singh made these revelations, media reported that the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India’s primary agency for developing weaponry, has given a devastating upgrade to country’s longest range ballistic missile – Agni-V. The missiles will reportedly carry a massive 7,500kg conventional warhead and will have a bunker-buster capability to achieve penetration through a combination of high mass, hardened casings, and advanced guidance systems.
在辛格披露这些信息前数周，有媒体报道称印度主要武器研发机构国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）已对该国射程最远的"烈火-5"弹道导弹进行了毁灭性升级。据报道，该导弹将携带重达 7500 公斤的常规弹头，通过高重量、硬化外壳与先进制导系统的结合，具备穿透地下掩体的打击能力。
The US has used the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, also referred to as the “Mother of All Bombs,” in Afghanistan. More recently it struck Iranian nuclear facilities, including the key Fordow site, with 14 GBU-57s, 30,000-pound “bunker buster bombs.”
美国曾在阿富汗使用过 GBU-43/B 大型空爆炸弹（俗称"炸弹之母"）。近期更使用 14 枚 3 万磅级的 GBU-57"掩体粉碎者"炸弹打击了包括福尔多核设施在内的伊朗核目标。
Russia possesses the powerful “Father of All Bombs” (FOAB), a thermobaric weapon weighing 7,100kg with a blast effect comparable to a small nuclear weapon. China unveiled a weapon similar to America’s GBU-43/B in 2019. The Chinese bomb is smaller and lighter than the US one, enabling it to be deployed on the H-6K bomber.
俄罗斯则拥有威力巨大的"炸弹之父"（FOAB），这款重达 7100 公斤的温压武器爆炸当量堪比小型核弹。中国在 2019 年也展示了类似美国 GBU-43/B 的武器，其体积和重量更小，可由轰-6K 轰炸机搭载。
India has been working to accelerate its own efforts to develop advanced bunker-buster capabilities as both its neighbors, Pakistan and China, maintain fortified command centers.
鉴于邻国巴基斯坦和中国都拥有加固指挥中心，印度正加紧研发先进钻地打击能力。
India’s Guided Missile Development Program
印度制导导弹发展计划
In the aftermath of the 1962 war with China and the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan, India recognized the need for self-sufficiency in critical military hardware to support national security obxtives. Missiles which featured prominently in these conflicts were primarily imported ones. In the early 1980s, India started an indigenous comprehensive missile development effort under the leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. It culminated in the operational Agni and Prithvi class surface-to-surface ballistic missiles conferring credible deterrence ability.
1962 年对华战争以及 1965 年、1971 年两次对巴战争后，印度意识到必须实现关键军事装备的自主可控以支撑国家安全目标。这些战争中发挥重要作用的导弹主要依赖进口。1980 年代初，在 APJ·阿卜杜勒·卡拉姆博士领导下，印度启动了国产导弹全面研发计划，最终研制出具备可靠威慑力的"烈火"与"大地"系列地对地弹道导弹。
Having achieved its self-reliance goals, the program was discontinued in 2008. The specific weapons programs continued. Agni missile series, Prithvi missiles, Indo-Russian developed BrahMos missiles, and Akash medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems are now integral to national security management. Below, we’ll look at some of the most advanced missiles currently in service with the Indian military, as well as those being tested for future deployment.
在实现自主目标后，该项目于 2008 年终止。但具体武器研发计划仍在继续。烈火导弹系列、大地导弹、印俄联合研制的布拉莫斯导弹，以及阿卡什中程机动防空导弹系统，现已成为国家安全管理的核心组成部分。下文将介绍印度军队现役的部分最先进导弹，以及正在测试以备未来部署的型号。
Prithvi missile series
大地系列导弹
The Prithvi series are short-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSM) with varying range and a choice of conventional or nuclear payloads of different capacities are operational. These include Prithvi-I with 150km range and a 1,000kg high-explosive nuclear warhead; Prithvi II with a 750kg nuclear or conventional warhead and 350km range; the two-stage Prithvi III has a max range of 750km with a 250kg warhead, or 650km with a 500kg warhead.
大地系列是短程地对地导弹(SSM)，具备不同射程并可选择搭载常规或核弹头。现役型号包括：射程 150 公里、配备 1000 公斤高爆核弹头的"大地-I"型；搭载 750 公斤核/常规弹头、射程 350 公里的"大地-II"型；采用两级设计的"大地-III"型最大射程达 750 公里（配 250 公斤弹头）或 650 公里（配 500 公斤弹头）。
Dhanush is the naval variant of the Prithvi III missile, which can carry up to 500kg-1,000kg for a strike range of 350km. The submarine version is named Sagarika.
"达努什"导弹是"普里特维 III"型导弹的海军版本，可携带 500 至 1000 公斤弹头，射程达 350 公里。其潜艇发射型号被命名为"萨加里卡"。
Akash missile
阿卡什导弹
The Mach 2.5, 720kg, Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile capable of intercepting up to a range of 30km. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
这款重 720 公斤、速度达 2.5 马赫的阿卡什导弹属于中程地对空导弹，拦截范围可达 30 公里，目前已在印度陆军和空军中服役。
The Akash Prime missile is equipped with an indigenous active radio frequency seeker giving it a 360-degree engagement capability with higher accuracy. Akash (New generation) “Akash-NG” will have an improved reaction time against saturation attacks. The overall range will go up from the current 30km to 70-80km.
阿卡什 Prime 导弹配备了国产主动射频导引头，具备 360 度全向攻击能力和更高打击精度。新一代"阿卡什-NG"将显著提升应对饱和攻击的反应速度，射程将从现有的 30 公里提升至 70-80 公里。
Agni series
烈火系列导弹
The Agni series of missiles are surface-to-surface ballistic missiles that can carry nuclear as well as conventional payloads. There are currently six operational missiles. Agni-1 can carry conventional or nuclear warheads of up to 1,000kg to 1,200km. Agni-IV is a long-range ballistic missile that can carry a 1,000kg warhead to 4,000km. It has a multi-stage composite rocket motor with solid-fuel propellant that can take it to 900km altitude. The missile has seen repeated successful test launches since 2011, including many by the user, the Strategic Forces Command.
烈火系列导弹是能够携带核弹头与常规弹头的地对地弹道导弹。目前共有六款现役型号。烈火-1 型可携带 1000 公斤至 1200 公斤的常规或核弹头，射程达 1200 公里。烈火-4 型作为远程弹道导弹，能将 1000 公斤弹头投送至 4000 公里外，其采用多级复合火箭发动机与固体燃料推进剂，可将弹体送至 900 公里高空。自 2011 年以来该型号已多次成功试射，其中多由用户单位战略部队司令部实施。
Agni-V is a land-based nuclear MIRV-capable Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of more than 7,000km. The warhead could be 3,000-4,000kg. It is a three-stage, road-mobile, canisterised and solid-fueled ballistic missile. It is one of the fastest missiles in the world, reaching speeds up to Mach 24 (29,400kph).
烈火-5 型是陆基分导式多弹头洲际弹道导弹（ICBM），射程超过 7000 公里，弹头重量可达 3000-4000 公斤。这款三级固体燃料导弹采用公路机动发射筒设计，最高速度达 24 马赫（29400 公里/小时），位列全球最快导弹之一。
The nearly 56,000kg heavy missile costs around $6 million. The development cost has been nearly $300 million.
这枚重达近 5.6 万公斤的导弹造价约为 600 万美元，研发成本已接近 3 亿美元。
Agni-Prime or Agni-P is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fuel medium-range ballistic missile is the sixth in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command. Both the first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during the Agni-V project. The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000km with a 1.5 ton payload. Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan’s forces as its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China.
"烈火-P"（Agni-P）是烈火系列导弹的第六款型号，采用两级固体燃料推进，可从发射筒进行地面机动发射，属于中程弹道导弹。该导弹专为战略部队司令部的作战部署而设计，其第一、第二级均采用在"烈火-5"项目中研发的防腐蚀复合材料以减轻重量。该导弹在搭载 1.5 吨有效载荷时最大射程可达 2000 公里，主要针对巴基斯坦军事力量，因其射程尚不足以覆盖中国全境。
The progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China’s plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
"烈火-P"导弹的进展成为印度印太战略的关键组成部分，旨在应对中国计划到 2035 年部署 5 至 6 个航母战斗群以掌控太平洋和印度洋的战略布局。
As of late June 2025, the DRDO was also developing a conventional warhead-equipped, bunker-buster variant of Agni-V. The missile would be armed with a 7,500kg warhead and will have a reduced range of 2,500km. The new variant of the missile under development will have an estimated penetration of 80-100m (260-330ft) of earth before exploding. Another air-burst variant of the missile is also planned. The re-entry speed for both missiles is expected to reach Mach 8 – Mach 20 (9,800-24,500kph).
截至 2025 年 6 月下旬，印度国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）正在开发配备常规弹头的"烈火-V"地堡摧毁型变体导弹。该导弹将携带 7500 公斤弹头，射程缩减至 2500 公里。正在研发的新型变体导弹预计可穿透 80-100 米（260-330 英尺）土层后引爆。另计划开发该导弹的空爆型变体。两种导弹的再入速度预计将达到 8-20 马赫（9800-24500 公里/小时）。
BrahMos
布拉莫斯
The BrahMos is a long-range, ramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or mobile autonomous launchers. It is a joint venture between DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya, which together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks.
布拉莫斯是一种可由潜艇、舰船、战斗机或移动自主发射装置发射的远程冲压发动机超音速巡航导弹。这是印度 DRDO 与俄罗斯机械制造科研生产联合体（NPO Mashinostroyeniya）合资成立的布拉莫斯航空航天公司联合研制。该导弹基于俄罗斯 P-800"缟玛瑙"导弹改进而来。
Land-launched, ship-launched, and air-launched versions have been inducted and are in service with the Indian armed forces. Currently only the Su-30 MKI can carry the air-launched variant, but a smaller modification, the BrahMos-NG, will enable other IAF fighters – including the indigenous LCA Tejas Mark 1A – to carry it, while the Su-30MKI will be capable of carrying three BrahMos-NG missiles.
陆基型、舰载型和空射型均已列装印度武装部队并投入使用。目前仅有苏-30MKI 战机可搭载空射版本，但经过小型化改进的布拉莫斯-NG 型导弹将使得印度空军其他战机——包括国产 LCA"光辉"Mark1A——也能挂载，而苏-30MKI 将具备同时携带三枚布拉莫斯-NG 导弹的能力。
BrahMos has a range of up to 400km and is capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.8. It utilizes a “fire and forget” principle, meaning it can lock onto a target and then be launched without further guidance. In 2016, after India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia gradually increased the range of the missile. In 2024, India ordered 220 BrahMos extended-range missiles with 800km range. India has also supplied BrahMos missiles to Philippines and is in talks about exporting these missiles to Indonesia and Vietnam.
布拉莫斯导弹射程可达 400 公里，最高速度达 2.8 马赫。采用"发射后不管"原理，意味着锁定目标后发射无需后续制导。2016 年印度加入《导弹技术控制协定》（MTCR）后，印俄两国逐步提升了该导弹射程。2024 年印度订购了 220 枚射程达 800 公里的增程型布拉莫斯导弹。印度已向菲律宾供应布拉莫斯导弹，并正与印尼、越南就出口该型导弹进行谈判。
A hypersonic scramjet-propelled missile, to be called the BrahMos-II, will likely be developed and have similar characteristics to the Russian 3M22 Zircon. The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of 1,500km and a speed of Mach 8. Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian Naval destroyers (Project 21956) are also likely to be equipped with the BrahMos II. DRDO reportedly tested the scramjet combustor of Brahmos-II for over 1,000 seconds in April 2025. BrahMos-II variant was again tested on May 2025 in the Bay of Bengal where it achieved a range of 800km.
一款名为"布拉莫斯-II"的高超音速超燃冲压导弹或将问世，其性能预计与俄罗斯"锆石"3M22 导弹相近。该导弹射程可达 1500 公里，速度达 8 马赫。俄罗斯第四代多用途海军驱逐舰（21956 项目）也可能配备"布拉莫斯-II"导弹。据报道，印度国防研究与发展组织于 2025 年 4 月对"布拉莫斯-II"的超燃冲压燃烧室进行了超过 1000 秒的测试。2025 年 5 月，改进型"布拉莫斯-II"在孟加拉湾再次试射，实现了 800 公里的射程。
Nirbhay
无畏
Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic surface-to-surface cruise missile. Weighing 1,500kg, it can carry a 200-300kg conventional or nuclear warhead up to a range of 1,500km, maintaining low level using its two side wings. It is a highly mobile system. There is a vertical launch variant for warships. It is currently deployed in limited numbers on the Line of Actual Control as part of India’s standoff with China.
"无畏"是一款远程、全天候、亚音速地对地巡航导弹。该导弹重达 1500 公斤，可携带 200-300 公斤常规或核弹头，射程达 1500 公里，利用其两侧机翼保持低空飞行。作为高机动性武器系统，其舰载垂直发射型号已列装部队。目前印度在实际控制线部署了少量该型导弹，作为对华战略对峙的组成部分。
The missile will supplement the role played by the BrahMos missile for the Indian Armed Forces by delivering warheads farther than the 450km range.
该导弹将弥补"布拉莫斯"导弹的作战半径不足（450 公里），为印度武装力量提供更远距离的弹头投送能力。
The standard Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile is powered by a Russian NPO Saturn 36MT engine. A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development.
标准型"无畏"亚音速巡航导弹采用俄罗斯 NPO Saturn 36MT 发动机推进。目前正在积极研发空射型和潜射型变体。
The Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM), is a longer range variant of the Nirbhay with a range up to 1,500km. There is also a Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) variant designed to launch from torpedo tubes of submarines with a range of 500km. There are plans to extend the missile’s range to 800km.
远程对地攻击巡航导弹（LR-LACM）是"无畏"导弹的增程版本，射程可达 1500 公里。另有专为潜艇鱼雷管发射设计的潜射巡航导弹（SLCM）变体，射程 500 公里，计划未来将射程提升至 800 公里。
Way forward for stand-off weapons
防区外武器的未来发展路径
The ongoing Ukraine conflict and the recent Indo–Pakistan confrontation have underscored the critical importance of stand-off weapons. Hardened strategic and high-value tactical targets must be engaged using ballistic and cruise missiles, along with deep-penetration weapons capable of striking well-defended obxtives. Such systems must combine range, speed, accuracy, and lethality, while also possessing the ability to circumvent sophisticated enemy air defenses.
当前的乌克兰冲突以及近期印巴对峙凸显了防区外武器的关键重要性。必须运用弹道导弹、巡航导弹以及能够打击严密防御目标的深侵彻武器来攻击加固的战略目标和高价值战术目标。这类武器系统需兼具射程、速度、精度与杀伤力，同时具备突破敌方先进防空体系的能力。
These weapons are costly, as they rely on cutting-edge technologies, but large inventories are essential. The impact they deliver justifies the investment. They will increasingly be supplemented by loitering munitions of various sizes and capabilities, expanding the spectrum of precision-strike options.
这些武器造价高昂，因为它们依赖尖端技术，但保持庞大库存至关重要。其带来的战略效益证明了这笔投资的合理性。未来它们将越来越多地与各种尺寸和性能的游荡弹药配合使用，从而扩展精确打击的选择范围。
To maintain and strengthen India’s leading position in guided weapon systems, development is focused on advanced front-end technologies. Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicles (MaRVs) enhance precision and penetration, enabling missiles to defeat anti-missile systems through radical trajectory shaping made possible by jet vanes, atmospheric friction, and advanced mathematical modelling. Equally, sophisticated countermeasures – including flares, chaff, jamming warheads, and receiver saturation – will be essential to overwhelm increasingly capable interceptors by manipulating multi-spectral signatures.
为保持并强化印度在制导武器系统的领先地位，研发重点聚焦于先进的前沿技术。机动再入飞行器（MaRV）通过喷流舵、大气摩擦和先进数学建模实现的激进弹道重塑，显著提升了精度和突防能力，使导弹能够突破反导系统。同样，包括热焰弹、箔条、干扰弹头和接收器饱和在内的精密对抗措施，将通过操纵多频谱特征来压制日益强大的拦截器，这将成为关键所在。
Future missile systems will integrate wings and combined-cycle propulsion – scramjet/ramjet with rocket boosters – enabling sustained Mach 6–8 attack speeds. These platforms could rival ballistic missiles in range while offering the advantage of level flight, allowing for flexible mid-course manoeuvres.
未来导弹系统将整合机翼与组合循环推进技术——即超燃冲压/亚燃冲压发动机与火箭助推器结合——实现持续 6-8 马赫的攻击速度。这类平台在射程上可媲美弹道导弹，同时具备平飞优势，允许进行灵活的中段机动。
India’s longer-range Agni variants will enhance operational readiness through canisterised storage, heavier payloads, advanced networking, and and regular testing of mobile missile systems capable of striking targets over 5,000km away. Continued upgrades will further strengthen deterrence. The Agni-VI intercontinental ballistic missile, reportedly under development, will be capable of launch from both submarines and land, striking targets 6,000–10,000km away, and incorporating both MIRV and MaRV technologies.
印度射程更远的"烈火"系列导弹将通过筒式储存、更大载荷、先进组网技术以及可打击 5000 公里外目标的机动导弹系统定期测试来提升战备状态。持续升级将进一步加强威慑力。据报道正在研发的"烈火-VI"洲际弹道导弹将具备海基/陆基双重发射能力，射程覆盖 6000-10000 公里，并采用多弹头分导（MIRV）与机动再入（MaRV）技术。
With these advancements, India is poised to cement its position as a major global missile power.
凭借这些进步，印度正巩固其作为全球主要导弹大国的地位。
Launch power Inside India’s growing missiles arsenal
RT：发射力量：探秘印度日益壮大的导弹武库
Leveraging cutting-edge technology, New Delhi is advancing hypersonic capabilities to cement its place among the world’s ballistic leaders
新德里正凭借尖端技术推进高超音速能力，以巩固其全球弹道导弹技术领先者地位
Anil Chopra
By Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retired), an Indian Air Force veteran fighter test pilot and is the former Director-General of the Center for Air Power Studies in New Delhi.
作者：阿尼尔·乔普拉空军中将（退役），印度空军资深战斗机试飞员，曾任新德里空军力量研究中心主任。
Speaking at an event in Bengaluru last Sunday, Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief Marshal A.P. Singh disclosed new details about India’s strikes against Pakistan during their unprecedented standoff in May this year. For the first time since the conflict, Singh publicly confirmed that the IAF had shot down five Pakistani fighter jets, along with a large airborne platform – possibly an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) or AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft – from a distance of about 300km.
印度空军参谋长 A.P.辛格元帅上周日在班加罗尔某活动上，首次披露了今年五月印巴空前对峙期间印度实施空袭的新细节。这是冲突结束后辛格首次公开证实，印度空军在约 300 公里距离外击落了五架巴基斯坦战斗机，同时击落一架大型空中平台——可能是电子情报侦察机或空中预警管制机。
The IAF chief described it as “the largest-ever recorded surface-to-air kill that we can talk about.” Singh also highlighted the deterrent power of the S-400 air defense system and the precision of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, which he said played a game-changing role in the conflict.
印度空军参谋长将其称为"有记录以来最大规模的地对空击杀战例"。辛格还强调了 S-400 防空系统的威慑力与"布拉莫斯"超音速巡航导弹的精确性，称这些武器在冲突中发挥了改变战局的作用。
Weeks before Singh made these revelations, media reported that the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India’s primary agency for developing weaponry, has given a devastating upgrade to country’s longest range ballistic missile – Agni-V. The missiles will reportedly carry a massive 7,500kg conventional warhead and will have a bunker-buster capability to achieve penetration through a combination of high mass, hardened casings, and advanced guidance systems.
在辛格披露这些信息前数周，有媒体报道称印度主要武器研发机构国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）已对该国射程最远的"烈火-5"弹道导弹进行了毁灭性升级。据报道，该导弹将携带重达 7500 公斤的常规弹头，通过高重量、硬化外壳与先进制导系统的结合，具备穿透地下掩体的打击能力。
The US has used the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, also referred to as the “Mother of All Bombs,” in Afghanistan. More recently it struck Iranian nuclear facilities, including the key Fordow site, with 14 GBU-57s, 30,000-pound “bunker buster bombs.”
美国曾在阿富汗使用过 GBU-43/B 大型空爆炸弹（俗称"炸弹之母"）。近期更使用 14 枚 3 万磅级的 GBU-57"掩体粉碎者"炸弹打击了包括福尔多核设施在内的伊朗核目标。
Russia possesses the powerful “Father of All Bombs” (FOAB), a thermobaric weapon weighing 7,100kg with a blast effect comparable to a small nuclear weapon. China unveiled a weapon similar to America’s GBU-43/B in 2019. The Chinese bomb is smaller and lighter than the US one, enabling it to be deployed on the H-6K bomber.
俄罗斯则拥有威力巨大的"炸弹之父"（FOAB），这款重达 7100 公斤的温压武器爆炸当量堪比小型核弹。中国在 2019 年也展示了类似美国 GBU-43/B 的武器，其体积和重量更小，可由轰-6K 轰炸机搭载。
India has been working to accelerate its own efforts to develop advanced bunker-buster capabilities as both its neighbors, Pakistan and China, maintain fortified command centers.
鉴于邻国巴基斯坦和中国都拥有加固指挥中心，印度正加紧研发先进钻地打击能力。
India’s Guided Missile Development Program
印度制导导弹发展计划
In the aftermath of the 1962 war with China and the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan, India recognized the need for self-sufficiency in critical military hardware to support national security obxtives. Missiles which featured prominently in these conflicts were primarily imported ones. In the early 1980s, India started an indigenous comprehensive missile development effort under the leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. It culminated in the operational Agni and Prithvi class surface-to-surface ballistic missiles conferring credible deterrence ability.
1962 年对华战争以及 1965 年、1971 年两次对巴战争后，印度意识到必须实现关键军事装备的自主可控以支撑国家安全目标。这些战争中发挥重要作用的导弹主要依赖进口。1980 年代初，在 APJ·阿卜杜勒·卡拉姆博士领导下，印度启动了国产导弹全面研发计划，最终研制出具备可靠威慑力的"烈火"与"大地"系列地对地弹道导弹。
Having achieved its self-reliance goals, the program was discontinued in 2008. The specific weapons programs continued. Agni missile series, Prithvi missiles, Indo-Russian developed BrahMos missiles, and Akash medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems are now integral to national security management. Below, we’ll look at some of the most advanced missiles currently in service with the Indian military, as well as those being tested for future deployment.
在实现自主目标后，该项目于 2008 年终止。但具体武器研发计划仍在继续。烈火导弹系列、大地导弹、印俄联合研制的布拉莫斯导弹，以及阿卡什中程机动防空导弹系统，现已成为国家安全管理的核心组成部分。下文将介绍印度军队现役的部分最先进导弹，以及正在测试以备未来部署的型号。
Prithvi missile series
大地系列导弹
The Prithvi series are short-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSM) with varying range and a choice of conventional or nuclear payloads of different capacities are operational. These include Prithvi-I with 150km range and a 1,000kg high-explosive nuclear warhead; Prithvi II with a 750kg nuclear or conventional warhead and 350km range; the two-stage Prithvi III has a max range of 750km with a 250kg warhead, or 650km with a 500kg warhead.
大地系列是短程地对地导弹(SSM)，具备不同射程并可选择搭载常规或核弹头。现役型号包括：射程 150 公里、配备 1000 公斤高爆核弹头的"大地-I"型；搭载 750 公斤核/常规弹头、射程 350 公里的"大地-II"型；采用两级设计的"大地-III"型最大射程达 750 公里（配 250 公斤弹头）或 650 公里（配 500 公斤弹头）。
Dhanush is the naval variant of the Prithvi III missile, which can carry up to 500kg-1,000kg for a strike range of 350km. The submarine version is named Sagarika.
"达努什"导弹是"普里特维 III"型导弹的海军版本，可携带 500 至 1000 公斤弹头，射程达 350 公里。其潜艇发射型号被命名为"萨加里卡"。
Akash missile
阿卡什导弹
The Mach 2.5, 720kg, Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile capable of intercepting up to a range of 30km. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
这款重 720 公斤、速度达 2.5 马赫的阿卡什导弹属于中程地对空导弹，拦截范围可达 30 公里，目前已在印度陆军和空军中服役。
The Akash Prime missile is equipped with an indigenous active radio frequency seeker giving it a 360-degree engagement capability with higher accuracy. Akash (New generation) “Akash-NG” will have an improved reaction time against saturation attacks. The overall range will go up from the current 30km to 70-80km.
阿卡什 Prime 导弹配备了国产主动射频导引头，具备 360 度全向攻击能力和更高打击精度。新一代"阿卡什-NG"将显著提升应对饱和攻击的反应速度，射程将从现有的 30 公里提升至 70-80 公里。
Agni series
烈火系列导弹
The Agni series of missiles are surface-to-surface ballistic missiles that can carry nuclear as well as conventional payloads. There are currently six operational missiles. Agni-1 can carry conventional or nuclear warheads of up to 1,000kg to 1,200km. Agni-IV is a long-range ballistic missile that can carry a 1,000kg warhead to 4,000km. It has a multi-stage composite rocket motor with solid-fuel propellant that can take it to 900km altitude. The missile has seen repeated successful test launches since 2011, including many by the user, the Strategic Forces Command.
烈火系列导弹是能够携带核弹头与常规弹头的地对地弹道导弹。目前共有六款现役型号。烈火-1 型可携带 1000 公斤至 1200 公斤的常规或核弹头，射程达 1200 公里。烈火-4 型作为远程弹道导弹，能将 1000 公斤弹头投送至 4000 公里外，其采用多级复合火箭发动机与固体燃料推进剂，可将弹体送至 900 公里高空。自 2011 年以来该型号已多次成功试射，其中多由用户单位战略部队司令部实施。
Agni-V is a land-based nuclear MIRV-capable Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of more than 7,000km. The warhead could be 3,000-4,000kg. It is a three-stage, road-mobile, canisterised and solid-fueled ballistic missile. It is one of the fastest missiles in the world, reaching speeds up to Mach 24 (29,400kph).
烈火-5 型是陆基分导式多弹头洲际弹道导弹（ICBM），射程超过 7000 公里，弹头重量可达 3000-4000 公斤。这款三级固体燃料导弹采用公路机动发射筒设计，最高速度达 24 马赫（29400 公里/小时），位列全球最快导弹之一。
The nearly 56,000kg heavy missile costs around $6 million. The development cost has been nearly $300 million.
这枚重达近 5.6 万公斤的导弹造价约为 600 万美元，研发成本已接近 3 亿美元。
Agni-Prime or Agni-P is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fuel medium-range ballistic missile is the sixth in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command. Both the first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during the Agni-V project. The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000km with a 1.5 ton payload. Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan’s forces as its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China.
"烈火-P"（Agni-P）是烈火系列导弹的第六款型号，采用两级固体燃料推进，可从发射筒进行地面机动发射，属于中程弹道导弹。该导弹专为战略部队司令部的作战部署而设计，其第一、第二级均采用在"烈火-5"项目中研发的防腐蚀复合材料以减轻重量。该导弹在搭载 1.5 吨有效载荷时最大射程可达 2000 公里，主要针对巴基斯坦军事力量，因其射程尚不足以覆盖中国全境。
The progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China’s plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
"烈火-P"导弹的进展成为印度印太战略的关键组成部分，旨在应对中国计划到 2035 年部署 5 至 6 个航母战斗群以掌控太平洋和印度洋的战略布局。
As of late June 2025, the DRDO was also developing a conventional warhead-equipped, bunker-buster variant of Agni-V. The missile would be armed with a 7,500kg warhead and will have a reduced range of 2,500km. The new variant of the missile under development will have an estimated penetration of 80-100m (260-330ft) of earth before exploding. Another air-burst variant of the missile is also planned. The re-entry speed for both missiles is expected to reach Mach 8 – Mach 20 (9,800-24,500kph).
截至 2025 年 6 月下旬，印度国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）正在开发配备常规弹头的"烈火-V"地堡摧毁型变体导弹。该导弹将携带 7500 公斤弹头，射程缩减至 2500 公里。正在研发的新型变体导弹预计可穿透 80-100 米（260-330 英尺）土层后引爆。另计划开发该导弹的空爆型变体。两种导弹的再入速度预计将达到 8-20 马赫（9800-24500 公里/小时）。
BrahMos
布拉莫斯
The BrahMos is a long-range, ramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or mobile autonomous launchers. It is a joint venture between DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya, which together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks.
布拉莫斯是一种可由潜艇、舰船、战斗机或移动自主发射装置发射的远程冲压发动机超音速巡航导弹。这是印度 DRDO 与俄罗斯机械制造科研生产联合体（NPO Mashinostroyeniya）合资成立的布拉莫斯航空航天公司联合研制。该导弹基于俄罗斯 P-800"缟玛瑙"导弹改进而来。
Land-launched, ship-launched, and air-launched versions have been inducted and are in service with the Indian armed forces. Currently only the Su-30 MKI can carry the air-launched variant, but a smaller modification, the BrahMos-NG, will enable other IAF fighters – including the indigenous LCA Tejas Mark 1A – to carry it, while the Su-30MKI will be capable of carrying three BrahMos-NG missiles.
陆基型、舰载型和空射型均已列装印度武装部队并投入使用。目前仅有苏-30MKI 战机可搭载空射版本，但经过小型化改进的布拉莫斯-NG 型导弹将使得印度空军其他战机——包括国产 LCA"光辉"Mark1A——也能挂载，而苏-30MKI 将具备同时携带三枚布拉莫斯-NG 导弹的能力。
BrahMos has a range of up to 400km and is capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.8. It utilizes a “fire and forget” principle, meaning it can lock onto a target and then be launched without further guidance. In 2016, after India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia gradually increased the range of the missile. In 2024, India ordered 220 BrahMos extended-range missiles with 800km range. India has also supplied BrahMos missiles to Philippines and is in talks about exporting these missiles to Indonesia and Vietnam.
布拉莫斯导弹射程可达 400 公里，最高速度达 2.8 马赫。采用"发射后不管"原理，意味着锁定目标后发射无需后续制导。2016 年印度加入《导弹技术控制协定》（MTCR）后，印俄两国逐步提升了该导弹射程。2024 年印度订购了 220 枚射程达 800 公里的增程型布拉莫斯导弹。印度已向菲律宾供应布拉莫斯导弹，并正与印尼、越南就出口该型导弹进行谈判。
A hypersonic scramjet-propelled missile, to be called the BrahMos-II, will likely be developed and have similar characteristics to the Russian 3M22 Zircon. The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of 1,500km and a speed of Mach 8. Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian Naval destroyers (Project 21956) are also likely to be equipped with the BrahMos II. DRDO reportedly tested the scramjet combustor of Brahmos-II for over 1,000 seconds in April 2025. BrahMos-II variant was again tested on May 2025 in the Bay of Bengal where it achieved a range of 800km.
一款名为"布拉莫斯-II"的高超音速超燃冲压导弹或将问世，其性能预计与俄罗斯"锆石"3M22 导弹相近。该导弹射程可达 1500 公里，速度达 8 马赫。俄罗斯第四代多用途海军驱逐舰（21956 项目）也可能配备"布拉莫斯-II"导弹。据报道，印度国防研究与发展组织于 2025 年 4 月对"布拉莫斯-II"的超燃冲压燃烧室进行了超过 1000 秒的测试。2025 年 5 月，改进型"布拉莫斯-II"在孟加拉湾再次试射，实现了 800 公里的射程。
Nirbhay
无畏
Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic surface-to-surface cruise missile. Weighing 1,500kg, it can carry a 200-300kg conventional or nuclear warhead up to a range of 1,500km, maintaining low level using its two side wings. It is a highly mobile system. There is a vertical launch variant for warships. It is currently deployed in limited numbers on the Line of Actual Control as part of India’s standoff with China.
"无畏"是一款远程、全天候、亚音速地对地巡航导弹。该导弹重达 1500 公斤，可携带 200-300 公斤常规或核弹头，射程达 1500 公里，利用其两侧机翼保持低空飞行。作为高机动性武器系统，其舰载垂直发射型号已列装部队。目前印度在实际控制线部署了少量该型导弹，作为对华战略对峙的组成部分。
The missile will supplement the role played by the BrahMos missile for the Indian Armed Forces by delivering warheads farther than the 450km range.
该导弹将弥补"布拉莫斯"导弹的作战半径不足（450 公里），为印度武装力量提供更远距离的弹头投送能力。
The standard Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile is powered by a Russian NPO Saturn 36MT engine. A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development.
标准型"无畏"亚音速巡航导弹采用俄罗斯 NPO Saturn 36MT 发动机推进。目前正在积极研发空射型和潜射型变体。
The Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM), is a longer range variant of the Nirbhay with a range up to 1,500km. There is also a Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) variant designed to launch from torpedo tubes of submarines with a range of 500km. There are plans to extend the missile’s range to 800km.
远程对地攻击巡航导弹（LR-LACM）是"无畏"导弹的增程版本，射程可达 1500 公里。另有专为潜艇鱼雷管发射设计的潜射巡航导弹（SLCM）变体，射程 500 公里，计划未来将射程提升至 800 公里。
Way forward for stand-off weapons
防区外武器的未来发展路径
The ongoing Ukraine conflict and the recent Indo–Pakistan confrontation have underscored the critical importance of stand-off weapons. Hardened strategic and high-value tactical targets must be engaged using ballistic and cruise missiles, along with deep-penetration weapons capable of striking well-defended obxtives. Such systems must combine range, speed, accuracy, and lethality, while also possessing the ability to circumvent sophisticated enemy air defenses.
当前的乌克兰冲突以及近期印巴对峙凸显了防区外武器的关键重要性。必须运用弹道导弹、巡航导弹以及能够打击严密防御目标的深侵彻武器来攻击加固的战略目标和高价值战术目标。这类武器系统需兼具射程、速度、精度与杀伤力，同时具备突破敌方先进防空体系的能力。
These weapons are costly, as they rely on cutting-edge technologies, but large inventories are essential. The impact they deliver justifies the investment. They will increasingly be supplemented by loitering munitions of various sizes and capabilities, expanding the spectrum of precision-strike options.
这些武器造价高昂，因为它们依赖尖端技术，但保持庞大库存至关重要。其带来的战略效益证明了这笔投资的合理性。未来它们将越来越多地与各种尺寸和性能的游荡弹药配合使用，从而扩展精确打击的选择范围。
To maintain and strengthen India’s leading position in guided weapon systems, development is focused on advanced front-end technologies. Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicles (MaRVs) enhance precision and penetration, enabling missiles to defeat anti-missile systems through radical trajectory shaping made possible by jet vanes, atmospheric friction, and advanced mathematical modelling. Equally, sophisticated countermeasures – including flares, chaff, jamming warheads, and receiver saturation – will be essential to overwhelm increasingly capable interceptors by manipulating multi-spectral signatures.
为保持并强化印度在制导武器系统的领先地位，研发重点聚焦于先进的前沿技术。机动再入飞行器（MaRV）通过喷流舵、大气摩擦和先进数学建模实现的激进弹道重塑，显著提升了精度和突防能力，使导弹能够突破反导系统。同样，包括热焰弹、箔条、干扰弹头和接收器饱和在内的精密对抗措施，将通过操纵多频谱特征来压制日益强大的拦截器，这将成为关键所在。
Future missile systems will integrate wings and combined-cycle propulsion – scramjet/ramjet with rocket boosters – enabling sustained Mach 6–8 attack speeds. These platforms could rival ballistic missiles in range while offering the advantage of level flight, allowing for flexible mid-course manoeuvres.
未来导弹系统将整合机翼与组合循环推进技术——即超燃冲压/亚燃冲压发动机与火箭助推器结合——实现持续 6-8 马赫的攻击速度。这类平台在射程上可媲美弹道导弹，同时具备平飞优势，允许进行灵活的中段机动。
India’s longer-range Agni variants will enhance operational readiness through canisterised storage, heavier payloads, advanced networking, and and regular testing of mobile missile systems capable of striking targets over 5,000km away. Continued upgrades will further strengthen deterrence. The Agni-VI intercontinental ballistic missile, reportedly under development, will be capable of launch from both submarines and land, striking targets 6,000–10,000km away, and incorporating both MIRV and MaRV technologies.
印度射程更远的"烈火"系列导弹将通过筒式储存、更大载荷、先进组网技术以及可打击 5000 公里外目标的机动导弹系统定期测试来提升战备状态。持续升级将进一步加强威慑力。据报道正在研发的"烈火-VI"洲际弹道导弹将具备海基/陆基双重发射能力，射程覆盖 6000-10000 公里，并采用多弹头分导（MIRV）与机动再入（MaRV）技术。
With these advancements, India is poised to cement its position as a major global missile power.
凭借这些进步，印度正巩固其作为全球主要导弹大国的地位。
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Launch power Inside India’s growing missiles arsenal
RT：发射力量：探秘印度日益壮大的导弹武库
Leveraging cutting-edge technology, New Delhi is advancing hypersonic capabilities to cement its place among the world’s ballistic leaders
新德里正凭借尖端技术推进高超音速能力，以巩固其全球弹道导弹技术领先者地位
Anil Chopra
By Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retired), an Indian Air Force veteran fighter test pilot and is the former Director-General of the Center for Air Power Studies in New Delhi.
作者：阿尼尔·乔普拉空军中将（退役），印度空军资深战斗机试飞员，曾任新德里空军力量研究中心主任。
Speaking at an event in Bengaluru last Sunday, Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief Marshal A.P. Singh disclosed new details about India’s strikes against Pakistan during their unprecedented standoff in May this year. For the first time since the conflict, Singh publicly confirmed that the IAF had shot down five Pakistani fighter jets, along with a large airborne platform – possibly an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) or AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft – from a distance of about 300km.
印度空军参谋长 A.P.辛格元帅上周日在班加罗尔某活动上，首次披露了今年五月印巴空前对峙期间印度实施空袭的新细节。这是冲突结束后辛格首次公开证实，印度空军在约 300 公里距离外击落了五架巴基斯坦战斗机，同时击落一架大型空中平台——可能是电子情报侦察机或空中预警管制机。
The IAF chief described it as “the largest-ever recorded surface-to-air kill that we can talk about.” Singh also highlighted the deterrent power of the S-400 air defense system and the precision of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, which he said played a game-changing role in the conflict.
印度空军参谋长将其称为"有记录以来最大规模的地对空击杀战例"。辛格还强调了 S-400 防空系统的威慑力与"布拉莫斯"超音速巡航导弹的精确性，称这些武器在冲突中发挥了改变战局的作用。
Weeks before Singh made these revelations, media reported that the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India’s primary agency for developing weaponry, has given a devastating upgrade to country’s longest range ballistic missile – Agni-V. The missiles will reportedly carry a massive 7,500kg conventional warhead and will have a bunker-buster capability to achieve penetration through a combination of high mass, hardened casings, and advanced guidance systems.
在辛格披露这些信息前数周，有媒体报道称印度主要武器研发机构国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）已对该国射程最远的"烈火-5"弹道导弹进行了毁灭性升级。据报道，该导弹将携带重达 7500 公斤的常规弹头，通过高重量、硬化外壳与先进制导系统的结合，具备穿透地下掩体的打击能力。
The US has used the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, also referred to as the “Mother of All Bombs,” in Afghanistan. More recently it struck Iranian nuclear facilities, including the key Fordow site, with 14 GBU-57s, 30,000-pound “bunker buster bombs.”
美国曾在阿富汗使用过 GBU-43/B 大型空爆炸弹（俗称"炸弹之母"）。近期更使用 14 枚 3 万磅级的 GBU-57"掩体粉碎者"炸弹打击了包括福尔多核设施在内的伊朗核目标。
Russia possesses the powerful “Father of All Bombs” (FOAB), a thermobaric weapon weighing 7,100kg with a blast effect comparable to a small nuclear weapon. China unveiled a weapon similar to America’s GBU-43/B in 2019. The Chinese bomb is smaller and lighter than the US one, enabling it to be deployed on the H-6K bomber.
俄罗斯则拥有威力巨大的"炸弹之父"（FOAB），这款重达 7100 公斤的温压武器爆炸当量堪比小型核弹。中国在 2019 年也展示了类似美国 GBU-43/B 的武器，其体积和重量更小，可由轰-6K 轰炸机搭载。
India has been working to accelerate its own efforts to develop advanced bunker-buster capabilities as both its neighbors, Pakistan and China, maintain fortified command centers.
鉴于邻国巴基斯坦和中国都拥有加固指挥中心，印度正加紧研发先进钻地打击能力。
India’s Guided Missile Development Program
印度制导导弹发展计划
In the aftermath of the 1962 war with China and the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan, India recognized the need for self-sufficiency in critical military hardware to support national security obxtives. Missiles which featured prominently in these conflicts were primarily imported ones. In the early 1980s, India started an indigenous comprehensive missile development effort under the leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. It culminated in the operational Agni and Prithvi class surface-to-surface ballistic missiles conferring credible deterrence ability.
1962 年对华战争以及 1965 年、1971 年两次对巴战争后，印度意识到必须实现关键军事装备的自主可控以支撑国家安全目标。这些战争中发挥重要作用的导弹主要依赖进口。1980 年代初，在 APJ·阿卜杜勒·卡拉姆博士领导下，印度启动了国产导弹全面研发计划，最终研制出具备可靠威慑力的"烈火"与"大地"系列地对地弹道导弹。
Having achieved its self-reliance goals, the program was discontinued in 2008. The specific weapons programs continued. Agni missile series, Prithvi missiles, Indo-Russian developed BrahMos missiles, and Akash medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems are now integral to national security management. Below, we’ll look at some of the most advanced missiles currently in service with the Indian military, as well as those being tested for future deployment.
在实现自主目标后，该项目于 2008 年终止。但具体武器研发计划仍在继续。烈火导弹系列、大地导弹、印俄联合研制的布拉莫斯导弹，以及阿卡什中程机动防空导弹系统，现已成为国家安全管理的核心组成部分。下文将介绍印度军队现役的部分最先进导弹，以及正在测试以备未来部署的型号。
Prithvi missile series
大地系列导弹
The Prithvi series are short-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSM) with varying range and a choice of conventional or nuclear payloads of different capacities are operational. These include Prithvi-I with 150km range and a 1,000kg high-explosive nuclear warhead; Prithvi II with a 750kg nuclear or conventional warhead and 350km range; the two-stage Prithvi III has a max range of 750km with a 250kg warhead, or 650km with a 500kg warhead.
大地系列是短程地对地导弹(SSM)，具备不同射程并可选择搭载常规或核弹头。现役型号包括：射程 150 公里、配备 1000 公斤高爆核弹头的"大地-I"型；搭载 750 公斤核/常规弹头、射程 350 公里的"大地-II"型；采用两级设计的"大地-III"型最大射程达 750 公里（配 250 公斤弹头）或 650 公里（配 500 公斤弹头）。
Dhanush is the naval variant of the Prithvi III missile, which can carry up to 500kg-1,000kg for a strike range of 350km. The submarine version is named Sagarika.
"达努什"导弹是"普里特维 III"型导弹的海军版本，可携带 500 至 1000 公斤弹头，射程达 350 公里。其潜艇发射型号被命名为"萨加里卡"。
Akash missile
阿卡什导弹
The Mach 2.5, 720kg, Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile capable of intercepting up to a range of 30km. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
这款重 720 公斤、速度达 2.5 马赫的阿卡什导弹属于中程地对空导弹，拦截范围可达 30 公里，目前已在印度陆军和空军中服役。
The Akash Prime missile is equipped with an indigenous active radio frequency seeker giving it a 360-degree engagement capability with higher accuracy. Akash (New generation) “Akash-NG” will have an improved reaction time against saturation attacks. The overall range will go up from the current 30km to 70-80km.
阿卡什 Prime 导弹配备了国产主动射频导引头，具备 360 度全向攻击能力和更高打击精度。新一代"阿卡什-NG"将显著提升应对饱和攻击的反应速度，射程将从现有的 30 公里提升至 70-80 公里。
Agni series
烈火系列导弹
The Agni series of missiles are surface-to-surface ballistic missiles that can carry nuclear as well as conventional payloads. There are currently six operational missiles. Agni-1 can carry conventional or nuclear warheads of up to 1,000kg to 1,200km. Agni-IV is a long-range ballistic missile that can carry a 1,000kg warhead to 4,000km. It has a multi-stage composite rocket motor with solid-fuel propellant that can take it to 900km altitude. The missile has seen repeated successful test launches since 2011, including many by the user, the Strategic Forces Command.
烈火系列导弹是能够携带核弹头与常规弹头的地对地弹道导弹。目前共有六款现役型号。烈火-1 型可携带 1000 公斤至 1200 公斤的常规或核弹头，射程达 1200 公里。烈火-4 型作为远程弹道导弹，能将 1000 公斤弹头投送至 4000 公里外，其采用多级复合火箭发动机与固体燃料推进剂，可将弹体送至 900 公里高空。自 2011 年以来该型号已多次成功试射，其中多由用户单位战略部队司令部实施。
Agni-V is a land-based nuclear MIRV-capable Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of more than 7,000km. The warhead could be 3,000-4,000kg. It is a three-stage, road-mobile, canisterised and solid-fueled ballistic missile. It is one of the fastest missiles in the world, reaching speeds up to Mach 24 (29,400kph).
烈火-5 型是陆基分导式多弹头洲际弹道导弹（ICBM），射程超过 7000 公里，弹头重量可达 3000-4000 公斤。这款三级固体燃料导弹采用公路机动发射筒设计，最高速度达 24 马赫（29400 公里/小时），位列全球最快导弹之一。
The nearly 56,000kg heavy missile costs around $6 million. The development cost has been nearly $300 million.
这枚重达近 5.6 万公斤的导弹造价约为 600 万美元，研发成本已接近 3 亿美元。
Agni-Prime or Agni-P is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fuel medium-range ballistic missile is the sixth in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command. Both the first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during the Agni-V project. The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000km with a 1.5 ton payload. Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan’s forces as its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China.
"烈火-P"（Agni-P）是烈火系列导弹的第六款型号，采用两级固体燃料推进，可从发射筒进行地面机动发射，属于中程弹道导弹。该导弹专为战略部队司令部的作战部署而设计，其第一、第二级均采用在"烈火-5"项目中研发的防腐蚀复合材料以减轻重量。该导弹在搭载 1.5 吨有效载荷时最大射程可达 2000 公里，主要针对巴基斯坦军事力量，因其射程尚不足以覆盖中国全境。
The progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China’s plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
"烈火-P"导弹的进展成为印度印太战略的关键组成部分，旨在应对中国计划到 2035 年部署 5 至 6 个航母战斗群以掌控太平洋和印度洋的战略布局。
As of late June 2025, the DRDO was also developing a conventional warhead-equipped, bunker-buster variant of Agni-V. The missile would be armed with a 7,500kg warhead and will have a reduced range of 2,500km. The new variant of the missile under development will have an estimated penetration of 80-100m (260-330ft) of earth before exploding. Another air-burst variant of the missile is also planned. The re-entry speed for both missiles is expected to reach Mach 8 – Mach 20 (9,800-24,500kph).
截至 2025 年 6 月下旬，印度国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）正在开发配备常规弹头的"烈火-V"地堡摧毁型变体导弹。该导弹将携带 7500 公斤弹头，射程缩减至 2500 公里。正在研发的新型变体导弹预计可穿透 80-100 米（260-330 英尺）土层后引爆。另计划开发该导弹的空爆型变体。两种导弹的再入速度预计将达到 8-20 马赫（9800-24500 公里/小时）。
BrahMos
布拉莫斯
The BrahMos is a long-range, ramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or mobile autonomous launchers. It is a joint venture between DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya, which together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks.
布拉莫斯是一种可由潜艇、舰船、战斗机或移动自主发射装置发射的远程冲压发动机超音速巡航导弹。这是印度 DRDO 与俄罗斯机械制造科研生产联合体（NPO Mashinostroyeniya）合资成立的布拉莫斯航空航天公司联合研制。该导弹基于俄罗斯 P-800"缟玛瑙"导弹改进而来。
Land-launched, ship-launched, and air-launched versions have been inducted and are in service with the Indian armed forces. Currently only the Su-30 MKI can carry the air-launched variant, but a smaller modification, the BrahMos-NG, will enable other IAF fighters – including the indigenous LCA Tejas Mark 1A – to carry it, while the Su-30MKI will be capable of carrying three BrahMos-NG missiles.
陆基型、舰载型和空射型均已列装印度武装部队并投入使用。目前仅有苏-30MKI 战机可搭载空射版本，但经过小型化改进的布拉莫斯-NG 型导弹将使得印度空军其他战机——包括国产 LCA"光辉"Mark1A——也能挂载，而苏-30MKI 将具备同时携带三枚布拉莫斯-NG 导弹的能力。
BrahMos has a range of up to 400km and is capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.8. It utilizes a “fire and forget” principle, meaning it can lock onto a target and then be launched without further guidance. In 2016, after India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia gradually increased the range of the missile. In 2024, India ordered 220 BrahMos extended-range missiles with 800km range. India has also supplied BrahMos missiles to Philippines and is in talks about exporting these missiles to Indonesia and Vietnam.
布拉莫斯导弹射程可达 400 公里，最高速度达 2.8 马赫。采用"发射后不管"原理，意味着锁定目标后发射无需后续制导。2016 年印度加入《导弹技术控制协定》（MTCR）后，印俄两国逐步提升了该导弹射程。2024 年印度订购了 220 枚射程达 800 公里的增程型布拉莫斯导弹。印度已向菲律宾供应布拉莫斯导弹，并正与印尼、越南就出口该型导弹进行谈判。
A hypersonic scramjet-propelled missile, to be called the BrahMos-II, will likely be developed and have similar characteristics to the Russian 3M22 Zircon. The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of 1,500km and a speed of Mach 8. Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian Naval destroyers (Project 21956) are also likely to be equipped with the BrahMos II. DRDO reportedly tested the scramjet combustor of Brahmos-II for over 1,000 seconds in April 2025. BrahMos-II variant was again tested on May 2025 in the Bay of Bengal where it achieved a range of 800km.
一款名为"布拉莫斯-II"的高超音速超燃冲压导弹或将问世，其性能预计与俄罗斯"锆石"3M22 导弹相近。该导弹射程可达 1500 公里，速度达 8 马赫。俄罗斯第四代多用途海军驱逐舰（21956 项目）也可能配备"布拉莫斯-II"导弹。据报道，印度国防研究与发展组织于 2025 年 4 月对"布拉莫斯-II"的超燃冲压燃烧室进行了超过 1000 秒的测试。2025 年 5 月，改进型"布拉莫斯-II"在孟加拉湾再次试射，实现了 800 公里的射程。
Nirbhay
无畏
Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic surface-to-surface cruise missile. Weighing 1,500kg, it can carry a 200-300kg conventional or nuclear warhead up to a range of 1,500km, maintaining low level using its two side wings. It is a highly mobile system. There is a vertical launch variant for warships. It is currently deployed in limited numbers on the Line of Actual Control as part of India’s standoff with China.
"无畏"是一款远程、全天候、亚音速地对地巡航导弹。该导弹重达 1500 公斤，可携带 200-300 公斤常规或核弹头，射程达 1500 公里，利用其两侧机翼保持低空飞行。作为高机动性武器系统，其舰载垂直发射型号已列装部队。目前印度在实际控制线部署了少量该型导弹，作为对华战略对峙的组成部分。
The missile will supplement the role played by the BrahMos missile for the Indian Armed Forces by delivering warheads farther than the 450km range.
该导弹将弥补"布拉莫斯"导弹的作战半径不足（450 公里），为印度武装力量提供更远距离的弹头投送能力。
The standard Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile is powered by a Russian NPO Saturn 36MT engine. A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development.
标准型"无畏"亚音速巡航导弹采用俄罗斯 NPO Saturn 36MT 发动机推进。目前正在积极研发空射型和潜射型变体。
The Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM), is a longer range variant of the Nirbhay with a range up to 1,500km. There is also a Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) variant designed to launch from torpedo tubes of submarines with a range of 500km. There are plans to extend the missile’s range to 800km.
远程对地攻击巡航导弹（LR-LACM）是"无畏"导弹的增程版本，射程可达 1500 公里。另有专为潜艇鱼雷管发射设计的潜射巡航导弹（SLCM）变体，射程 500 公里，计划未来将射程提升至 800 公里。
Way forward for stand-off weapons
防区外武器的未来发展路径
The ongoing Ukraine conflict and the recent Indo–Pakistan confrontation have underscored the critical importance of stand-off weapons. Hardened strategic and high-value tactical targets must be engaged using ballistic and cruise missiles, along with deep-penetration weapons capable of striking well-defended obxtives. Such systems must combine range, speed, accuracy, and lethality, while also possessing the ability to circumvent sophisticated enemy air defenses.
当前的乌克兰冲突以及近期印巴对峙凸显了防区外武器的关键重要性。必须运用弹道导弹、巡航导弹以及能够打击严密防御目标的深侵彻武器来攻击加固的战略目标和高价值战术目标。这类武器系统需兼具射程、速度、精度与杀伤力，同时具备突破敌方先进防空体系的能力。
These weapons are costly, as they rely on cutting-edge technologies, but large inventories are essential. The impact they deliver justifies the investment. They will increasingly be supplemented by loitering munitions of various sizes and capabilities, expanding the spectrum of precision-strike options.
这些武器造价高昂，因为它们依赖尖端技术，但保持庞大库存至关重要。其带来的战略效益证明了这笔投资的合理性。未来它们将越来越多地与各种尺寸和性能的游荡弹药配合使用，从而扩展精确打击的选择范围。
To maintain and strengthen India’s leading position in guided weapon systems, development is focused on advanced front-end technologies. Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicles (MaRVs) enhance precision and penetration, enabling missiles to defeat anti-missile systems through radical trajectory shaping made possible by jet vanes, atmospheric friction, and advanced mathematical modelling. Equally, sophisticated countermeasures – including flares, chaff, jamming warheads, and receiver saturation – will be essential to overwhelm increasingly capable interceptors by manipulating multi-spectral signatures.
为保持并强化印度在制导武器系统的领先地位，研发重点聚焦于先进的前沿技术。机动再入飞行器（MaRV）通过喷流舵、大气摩擦和先进数学建模实现的激进弹道重塑，显著提升了精度和突防能力，使导弹能够突破反导系统。同样，包括热焰弹、箔条、干扰弹头和接收器饱和在内的精密对抗措施，将通过操纵多频谱特征来压制日益强大的拦截器，这将成为关键所在。
Future missile systems will integrate wings and combined-cycle propulsion – scramjet/ramjet with rocket boosters – enabling sustained Mach 6–8 attack speeds. These platforms could rival ballistic missiles in range while offering the advantage of level flight, allowing for flexible mid-course manoeuvres.
未来导弹系统将整合机翼与组合循环推进技术——即超燃冲压/亚燃冲压发动机与火箭助推器结合——实现持续 6-8 马赫的攻击速度。这类平台在射程上可媲美弹道导弹，同时具备平飞优势，允许进行灵活的中段机动。
India’s longer-range Agni variants will enhance operational readiness through canisterised storage, heavier payloads, advanced networking, and and regular testing of mobile missile systems capable of striking targets over 5,000km away. Continued upgrades will further strengthen deterrence. The Agni-VI intercontinental ballistic missile, reportedly under development, will be capable of launch from both submarines and land, striking targets 6,000–10,000km away, and incorporating both MIRV and MaRV technologies.
印度射程更远的"烈火"系列导弹将通过筒式储存、更大载荷、先进组网技术以及可打击 5000 公里外目标的机动导弹系统定期测试来提升战备状态。持续升级将进一步加强威慑力。据报道正在研发的"烈火-VI"洲际弹道导弹将具备海基/陆基双重发射能力，射程覆盖 6000-10000 公里，并采用多弹头分导（MIRV）与机动再入（MaRV）技术。
With these advancements, India is poised to cement its position as a major global missile power.
凭借这些进步，印度正巩固其作为全球主要导弹大国的地位。
Launch power Inside India’s growing missiles arsenal
RT：发射力量：探秘印度日益壮大的导弹武库
Leveraging cutting-edge technology, New Delhi is advancing hypersonic capabilities to cement its place among the world’s ballistic leaders
新德里正凭借尖端技术推进高超音速能力，以巩固其全球弹道导弹技术领先者地位
Anil Chopra
By Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retired), an Indian Air Force veteran fighter test pilot and is the former Director-General of the Center for Air Power Studies in New Delhi.
作者：阿尼尔·乔普拉空军中将（退役），印度空军资深战斗机试飞员，曾任新德里空军力量研究中心主任。
Speaking at an event in Bengaluru last Sunday, Indian Air Force (IAF) Chief Marshal A.P. Singh disclosed new details about India’s strikes against Pakistan during their unprecedented standoff in May this year. For the first time since the conflict, Singh publicly confirmed that the IAF had shot down five Pakistani fighter jets, along with a large airborne platform – possibly an ELINT (Electronic Intelligence) or AEW&C (Airborne Early Warning and Control) aircraft – from a distance of about 300km.
印度空军参谋长 A.P.辛格元帅上周日在班加罗尔某活动上，首次披露了今年五月印巴空前对峙期间印度实施空袭的新细节。这是冲突结束后辛格首次公开证实，印度空军在约 300 公里距离外击落了五架巴基斯坦战斗机，同时击落一架大型空中平台——可能是电子情报侦察机或空中预警管制机。
The IAF chief described it as “the largest-ever recorded surface-to-air kill that we can talk about.” Singh also highlighted the deterrent power of the S-400 air defense system and the precision of BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles, which he said played a game-changing role in the conflict.
印度空军参谋长将其称为"有记录以来最大规模的地对空击杀战例"。辛格还强调了 S-400 防空系统的威慑力与"布拉莫斯"超音速巡航导弹的精确性，称这些武器在冲突中发挥了改变战局的作用。
Weeks before Singh made these revelations, media reported that the Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), India’s primary agency for developing weaponry, has given a devastating upgrade to country’s longest range ballistic missile – Agni-V. The missiles will reportedly carry a massive 7,500kg conventional warhead and will have a bunker-buster capability to achieve penetration through a combination of high mass, hardened casings, and advanced guidance systems.
在辛格披露这些信息前数周，有媒体报道称印度主要武器研发机构国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）已对该国射程最远的"烈火-5"弹道导弹进行了毁灭性升级。据报道，该导弹将携带重达 7500 公斤的常规弹头，通过高重量、硬化外壳与先进制导系统的结合，具备穿透地下掩体的打击能力。
The US has used the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast bomb, also referred to as the “Mother of All Bombs,” in Afghanistan. More recently it struck Iranian nuclear facilities, including the key Fordow site, with 14 GBU-57s, 30,000-pound “bunker buster bombs.”
美国曾在阿富汗使用过 GBU-43/B 大型空爆炸弹（俗称"炸弹之母"）。近期更使用 14 枚 3 万磅级的 GBU-57"掩体粉碎者"炸弹打击了包括福尔多核设施在内的伊朗核目标。
Russia possesses the powerful “Father of All Bombs” (FOAB), a thermobaric weapon weighing 7,100kg with a blast effect comparable to a small nuclear weapon. China unveiled a weapon similar to America’s GBU-43/B in 2019. The Chinese bomb is smaller and lighter than the US one, enabling it to be deployed on the H-6K bomber.
俄罗斯则拥有威力巨大的"炸弹之父"（FOAB），这款重达 7100 公斤的温压武器爆炸当量堪比小型核弹。中国在 2019 年也展示了类似美国 GBU-43/B 的武器，其体积和重量更小，可由轰-6K 轰炸机搭载。
India has been working to accelerate its own efforts to develop advanced bunker-buster capabilities as both its neighbors, Pakistan and China, maintain fortified command centers.
鉴于邻国巴基斯坦和中国都拥有加固指挥中心，印度正加紧研发先进钻地打击能力。
India’s Guided Missile Development Program
印度制导导弹发展计划
In the aftermath of the 1962 war with China and the 1965 and 1971 wars with Pakistan, India recognized the need for self-sufficiency in critical military hardware to support national security obxtives. Missiles which featured prominently in these conflicts were primarily imported ones. In the early 1980s, India started an indigenous comprehensive missile development effort under the leadership of Dr APJ Abdul Kalam. It culminated in the operational Agni and Prithvi class surface-to-surface ballistic missiles conferring credible deterrence ability.
1962 年对华战争以及 1965 年、1971 年两次对巴战争后，印度意识到必须实现关键军事装备的自主可控以支撑国家安全目标。这些战争中发挥重要作用的导弹主要依赖进口。1980 年代初，在 APJ·阿卜杜勒·卡拉姆博士领导下，印度启动了国产导弹全面研发计划，最终研制出具备可靠威慑力的"烈火"与"大地"系列地对地弹道导弹。
Having achieved its self-reliance goals, the program was discontinued in 2008. The specific weapons programs continued. Agni missile series, Prithvi missiles, Indo-Russian developed BrahMos missiles, and Akash medium-range mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM) systems are now integral to national security management. Below, we’ll look at some of the most advanced missiles currently in service with the Indian military, as well as those being tested for future deployment.
在实现自主目标后，该项目于 2008 年终止。但具体武器研发计划仍在继续。烈火导弹系列、大地导弹、印俄联合研制的布拉莫斯导弹，以及阿卡什中程机动防空导弹系统，现已成为国家安全管理的核心组成部分。下文将介绍印度军队现役的部分最先进导弹，以及正在测试以备未来部署的型号。
Prithvi missile series
大地系列导弹
The Prithvi series are short-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSM) with varying range and a choice of conventional or nuclear payloads of different capacities are operational. These include Prithvi-I with 150km range and a 1,000kg high-explosive nuclear warhead; Prithvi II with a 750kg nuclear or conventional warhead and 350km range; the two-stage Prithvi III has a max range of 750km with a 250kg warhead, or 650km with a 500kg warhead.
大地系列是短程地对地导弹(SSM)，具备不同射程并可选择搭载常规或核弹头。现役型号包括：射程 150 公里、配备 1000 公斤高爆核弹头的"大地-I"型；搭载 750 公斤核/常规弹头、射程 350 公里的"大地-II"型；采用两级设计的"大地-III"型最大射程达 750 公里（配 250 公斤弹头）或 650 公里（配 500 公斤弹头）。
Dhanush is the naval variant of the Prithvi III missile, which can carry up to 500kg-1,000kg for a strike range of 350km. The submarine version is named Sagarika.
"达努什"导弹是"普里特维 III"型导弹的海军版本，可携带 500 至 1000 公斤弹头，射程达 350 公里。其潜艇发射型号被命名为"萨加里卡"。
Akash missile
阿卡什导弹
The Mach 2.5, 720kg, Akash is a medium-range surface-to-air missile capable of intercepting up to a range of 30km. It is in operational service with the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force.
这款重 720 公斤、速度达 2.5 马赫的阿卡什导弹属于中程地对空导弹，拦截范围可达 30 公里，目前已在印度陆军和空军中服役。
The Akash Prime missile is equipped with an indigenous active radio frequency seeker giving it a 360-degree engagement capability with higher accuracy. Akash (New generation) “Akash-NG” will have an improved reaction time against saturation attacks. The overall range will go up from the current 30km to 70-80km.
阿卡什 Prime 导弹配备了国产主动射频导引头，具备 360 度全向攻击能力和更高打击精度。新一代"阿卡什-NG"将显著提升应对饱和攻击的反应速度，射程将从现有的 30 公里提升至 70-80 公里。
Agni series
烈火系列导弹
The Agni series of missiles are surface-to-surface ballistic missiles that can carry nuclear as well as conventional payloads. There are currently six operational missiles. Agni-1 can carry conventional or nuclear warheads of up to 1,000kg to 1,200km. Agni-IV is a long-range ballistic missile that can carry a 1,000kg warhead to 4,000km. It has a multi-stage composite rocket motor with solid-fuel propellant that can take it to 900km altitude. The missile has seen repeated successful test launches since 2011, including many by the user, the Strategic Forces Command.
烈火系列导弹是能够携带核弹头与常规弹头的地对地弹道导弹。目前共有六款现役型号。烈火-1 型可携带 1000 公斤至 1200 公斤的常规或核弹头，射程达 1200 公里。烈火-4 型作为远程弹道导弹，能将 1000 公斤弹头投送至 4000 公里外，其采用多级复合火箭发动机与固体燃料推进剂，可将弹体送至 900 公里高空。自 2011 年以来该型号已多次成功试射，其中多由用户单位战略部队司令部实施。
Agni-V is a land-based nuclear MIRV-capable Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) with a range of more than 7,000km. The warhead could be 3,000-4,000kg. It is a three-stage, road-mobile, canisterised and solid-fueled ballistic missile. It is one of the fastest missiles in the world, reaching speeds up to Mach 24 (29,400kph).
烈火-5 型是陆基分导式多弹头洲际弹道导弹（ICBM），射程超过 7000 公里，弹头重量可达 3000-4000 公斤。这款三级固体燃料导弹采用公路机动发射筒设计，最高速度达 24 马赫（29400 公里/小时），位列全球最快导弹之一。
The nearly 56,000kg heavy missile costs around $6 million. The development cost has been nearly $300 million.
这枚重达近 5.6 万公斤的导弹造价约为 600 万美元，研发成本已接近 3 亿美元。
Agni-Prime or Agni-P is a two-stage, surface to surface, canister-launched, road mobile and solid-fuel medium-range ballistic missile is the sixth in the Agni series. It is intended to be deployed in the operational service of the Strategic Forces Command. Both the first and second stage of Agni-P are made up of corrosion free composite material for the purpose of weight reduction, which was mastered during the Agni-V project. The missile can cover a maximum distance of 2000km with a 1.5 ton payload. Agni-P is primarily aimed at countering Pakistan’s forces as its range is insufficient to reach all parts of mainland China.
"烈火-P"（Agni-P）是烈火系列导弹的第六款型号，采用两级固体燃料推进，可从发射筒进行地面机动发射，属于中程弹道导弹。该导弹专为战略部队司令部的作战部署而设计，其第一、第二级均采用在"烈火-5"项目中研发的防腐蚀复合材料以减轻重量。该导弹在搭载 1.5 吨有效载荷时最大射程可达 2000 公里，主要针对巴基斯坦军事力量，因其射程尚不足以覆盖中国全境。
The progress of Agni-P became a crucial part of India’s Indo-Pacific strategy to tackle China’s plan of having five or six aircraft carrier battle groups by 2035 to cover both the Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean.
"烈火-P"导弹的进展成为印度印太战略的关键组成部分，旨在应对中国计划到 2035 年部署 5 至 6 个航母战斗群以掌控太平洋和印度洋的战略布局。
As of late June 2025, the DRDO was also developing a conventional warhead-equipped, bunker-buster variant of Agni-V. The missile would be armed with a 7,500kg warhead and will have a reduced range of 2,500km. The new variant of the missile under development will have an estimated penetration of 80-100m (260-330ft) of earth before exploding. Another air-burst variant of the missile is also planned. The re-entry speed for both missiles is expected to reach Mach 8 – Mach 20 (9,800-24,500kph).
截至 2025 年 6 月下旬，印度国防研究与发展组织（DRDO）正在开发配备常规弹头的"烈火-V"地堡摧毁型变体导弹。该导弹将携带 7500 公斤弹头，射程缩减至 2500 公里。正在研发的新型变体导弹预计可穿透 80-100 米（260-330 英尺）土层后引爆。另计划开发该导弹的空爆型变体。两种导弹的再入速度预计将达到 8-20 马赫（9800-24500 公里/小时）。
BrahMos
布拉莫斯
The BrahMos is a long-range, ramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that can be launched from submarines, ships, fighter aircraft or mobile autonomous launchers. It is a joint venture between DRDO and Russia’s NPO Mashinostroyeniya, which together have formed BrahMos Aerospace. The missile is based on the Russian P-800 Oniks.
布拉莫斯是一种可由潜艇、舰船、战斗机或移动自主发射装置发射的远程冲压发动机超音速巡航导弹。这是印度 DRDO 与俄罗斯机械制造科研生产联合体（NPO Mashinostroyeniya）合资成立的布拉莫斯航空航天公司联合研制。该导弹基于俄罗斯 P-800"缟玛瑙"导弹改进而来。
Land-launched, ship-launched, and air-launched versions have been inducted and are in service with the Indian armed forces. Currently only the Su-30 MKI can carry the air-launched variant, but a smaller modification, the BrahMos-NG, will enable other IAF fighters – including the indigenous LCA Tejas Mark 1A – to carry it, while the Su-30MKI will be capable of carrying three BrahMos-NG missiles.
陆基型、舰载型和空射型均已列装印度武装部队并投入使用。目前仅有苏-30MKI 战机可搭载空射版本，但经过小型化改进的布拉莫斯-NG 型导弹将使得印度空军其他战机——包括国产 LCA"光辉"Mark1A——也能挂载，而苏-30MKI 将具备同时携带三枚布拉莫斯-NG 导弹的能力。
BrahMos has a range of up to 400km and is capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.8. It utilizes a “fire and forget” principle, meaning it can lock onto a target and then be launched without further guidance. In 2016, after India became a member of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), India and Russia gradually increased the range of the missile. In 2024, India ordered 220 BrahMos extended-range missiles with 800km range. India has also supplied BrahMos missiles to Philippines and is in talks about exporting these missiles to Indonesia and Vietnam.
布拉莫斯导弹射程可达 400 公里，最高速度达 2.8 马赫。采用"发射后不管"原理，意味着锁定目标后发射无需后续制导。2016 年印度加入《导弹技术控制协定》（MTCR）后，印俄两国逐步提升了该导弹射程。2024 年印度订购了 220 枚射程达 800 公里的增程型布拉莫斯导弹。印度已向菲律宾供应布拉莫斯导弹，并正与印尼、越南就出口该型导弹进行谈判。
A hypersonic scramjet-propelled missile, to be called the BrahMos-II, will likely be developed and have similar characteristics to the Russian 3M22 Zircon. The BrahMos-II is expected to have a range of 1,500km and a speed of Mach 8. Fourth-generation multi-purpose Russian Naval destroyers (Project 21956) are also likely to be equipped with the BrahMos II. DRDO reportedly tested the scramjet combustor of Brahmos-II for over 1,000 seconds in April 2025. BrahMos-II variant was again tested on May 2025 in the Bay of Bengal where it achieved a range of 800km.
一款名为"布拉莫斯-II"的高超音速超燃冲压导弹或将问世，其性能预计与俄罗斯"锆石"3M22 导弹相近。该导弹射程可达 1500 公里，速度达 8 马赫。俄罗斯第四代多用途海军驱逐舰（21956 项目）也可能配备"布拉莫斯-II"导弹。据报道，印度国防研究与发展组织于 2025 年 4 月对"布拉莫斯-II"的超燃冲压燃烧室进行了超过 1000 秒的测试。2025 年 5 月，改进型"布拉莫斯-II"在孟加拉湾再次试射，实现了 800 公里的射程。
Nirbhay
无畏
Nirbhay is a long-range, all-weather, subsonic surface-to-surface cruise missile. Weighing 1,500kg, it can carry a 200-300kg conventional or nuclear warhead up to a range of 1,500km, maintaining low level using its two side wings. It is a highly mobile system. There is a vertical launch variant for warships. It is currently deployed in limited numbers on the Line of Actual Control as part of India’s standoff with China.
"无畏"是一款远程、全天候、亚音速地对地巡航导弹。该导弹重达 1500 公斤，可携带 200-300 公斤常规或核弹头，射程达 1500 公里，利用其两侧机翼保持低空飞行。作为高机动性武器系统，其舰载垂直发射型号已列装部队。目前印度在实际控制线部署了少量该型导弹，作为对华战略对峙的组成部分。
The missile will supplement the role played by the BrahMos missile for the Indian Armed Forces by delivering warheads farther than the 450km range.
该导弹将弥补"布拉莫斯"导弹的作战半径不足（450 公里），为印度武装力量提供更远距离的弹头投送能力。
The standard Nirbhay subsonic cruise missile is powered by a Russian NPO Saturn 36MT engine. A separate air-launched variant and submarine-launched variant is under active development.
标准型"无畏"亚音速巡航导弹采用俄罗斯 NPO Saturn 36MT 发动机推进。目前正在积极研发空射型和潜射型变体。
The Long Range-Land Attack Cruise Missile (LR-LACM), is a longer range variant of the Nirbhay with a range up to 1,500km. There is also a Submarine Launched Cruise Missile (SLCM) variant designed to launch from torpedo tubes of submarines with a range of 500km. There are plans to extend the missile’s range to 800km.
远程对地攻击巡航导弹（LR-LACM）是"无畏"导弹的增程版本，射程可达 1500 公里。另有专为潜艇鱼雷管发射设计的潜射巡航导弹（SLCM）变体，射程 500 公里，计划未来将射程提升至 800 公里。
Way forward for stand-off weapons
防区外武器的未来发展路径
The ongoing Ukraine conflict and the recent Indo–Pakistan confrontation have underscored the critical importance of stand-off weapons. Hardened strategic and high-value tactical targets must be engaged using ballistic and cruise missiles, along with deep-penetration weapons capable of striking well-defended obxtives. Such systems must combine range, speed, accuracy, and lethality, while also possessing the ability to circumvent sophisticated enemy air defenses.
当前的乌克兰冲突以及近期印巴对峙凸显了防区外武器的关键重要性。必须运用弹道导弹、巡航导弹以及能够打击严密防御目标的深侵彻武器来攻击加固的战略目标和高价值战术目标。这类武器系统需兼具射程、速度、精度与杀伤力，同时具备突破敌方先进防空体系的能力。
These weapons are costly, as they rely on cutting-edge technologies, but large inventories are essential. The impact they deliver justifies the investment. They will increasingly be supplemented by loitering munitions of various sizes and capabilities, expanding the spectrum of precision-strike options.
这些武器造价高昂，因为它们依赖尖端技术，但保持庞大库存至关重要。其带来的战略效益证明了这笔投资的合理性。未来它们将越来越多地与各种尺寸和性能的游荡弹药配合使用，从而扩展精确打击的选择范围。
To maintain and strengthen India’s leading position in guided weapon systems, development is focused on advanced front-end technologies. Manoeuvrable Re-entry Vehicles (MaRVs) enhance precision and penetration, enabling missiles to defeat anti-missile systems through radical trajectory shaping made possible by jet vanes, atmospheric friction, and advanced mathematical modelling. Equally, sophisticated countermeasures – including flares, chaff, jamming warheads, and receiver saturation – will be essential to overwhelm increasingly capable interceptors by manipulating multi-spectral signatures.
为保持并强化印度在制导武器系统的领先地位，研发重点聚焦于先进的前沿技术。机动再入飞行器（MaRV）通过喷流舵、大气摩擦和先进数学建模实现的激进弹道重塑，显著提升了精度和突防能力，使导弹能够突破反导系统。同样，包括热焰弹、箔条、干扰弹头和接收器饱和在内的精密对抗措施，将通过操纵多频谱特征来压制日益强大的拦截器，这将成为关键所在。
Future missile systems will integrate wings and combined-cycle propulsion – scramjet/ramjet with rocket boosters – enabling sustained Mach 6–8 attack speeds. These platforms could rival ballistic missiles in range while offering the advantage of level flight, allowing for flexible mid-course manoeuvres.
未来导弹系统将整合机翼与组合循环推进技术——即超燃冲压/亚燃冲压发动机与火箭助推器结合——实现持续 6-8 马赫的攻击速度。这类平台在射程上可媲美弹道导弹，同时具备平飞优势，允许进行灵活的中段机动。
India’s longer-range Agni variants will enhance operational readiness through canisterised storage, heavier payloads, advanced networking, and and regular testing of mobile missile systems capable of striking targets over 5,000km away. Continued upgrades will further strengthen deterrence. The Agni-VI intercontinental ballistic missile, reportedly under development, will be capable of launch from both submarines and land, striking targets 6,000–10,000km away, and incorporating both MIRV and MaRV technologies.
印度射程更远的"烈火"系列导弹将通过筒式储存、更大载荷、先进组网技术以及可打击 5000 公里外目标的机动导弹系统定期测试来提升战备状态。持续升级将进一步加强威慑力。据报道正在研发的"烈火-VI"洲际弹道导弹将具备海基/陆基双重发射能力，射程覆盖 6000-10000 公里，并采用多弹头分导（MIRV）与机动再入（MaRV）技术。
With these advancements, India is poised to cement its position as a major global missile power.
凭借这些进步，印度正巩固其作为全球主要导弹大国的地位。
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