二战期间日本为何没有进攻美国西海岸？(三)
正文翻译
Mark
Former Retired at Automotive Industry (2001–2024)Author has 186 answers and 737K answer views6y
马克 前汽车行业从业者（2001-2024年任职，已退休）
The Japanese never intended to invade the continental United States. There is enduring myth that I've addressed before that fear of “a rifle behind every blade of grass” convinced the Imperial High Command of the futility of an invasion. Unless you are knowingly leading an army of rabble, no military in the world is going to forgo an invasion based on the possibility of armed civilians fighting back. That’s what rear guard fighting units are designed to combat. Furthermore, the Japanese deigned to view the American military as equal to theirs. They would hardly view the populace are more competent.
日本从未有过入侵美国大陆的意图。长期以来存在一种传言，我此前也曾提及，即日本帝国最高指挥部因担心“每一片草叶后都有一支步枪”，而认定入侵是徒劳之举。但事实上，除非是明知所率领的军队是乌合之众，否则世界上没有任何一支军队会仅仅因为担心平民武装反抗，就放弃入侵行动——后卫作战部队的设计用途本就是应对这类情况。此外，日本连美国军队都不屑于视为与自己实力相当的对手，更不可能认为美国平民比其军队更有战斗力。
The reason Japan didn’t invade the West Coast of the US is that it wasn’t necessary for their overall strategy to succeed. I won’t belabor Japan’s obxtives but in a nutshell, the Japanese had decided to seize vital natural resources in the Dutch East Indies and elsewhere. In order to secure that territory and the shipping lanes back to the Home Islands, the Japanese also had to neutralize the Philippines which was ostensibly American territory. An attack on American territory without accounting for the large American naval presence at Hawai'i would have been foolish which, in turn, led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
日本没有入侵美国西海岸，原因在于这对于其整体战略的成功而言并非必要之举。我不想过多赘述日本的目标，但简而言之，日本当时已决定夺取荷属东印度群岛及其他地区的重要自然资源。为了确保这些领土以及返回日本本土的航线安全，日本还必须摧毁菲律宾的军事力量（菲律宾表面上是美国领土）。若不考虑美国在夏威夷部署的庞大海军力量，就对美国领土发动袭击，无疑是愚蠢之举，这也正是日本袭击珍珠港的原因所在。
The Japanese had considered occupying Hawai'i in conjunction with the bombing but that would have tied up troops needed elsewhere. Furthermore, Imperial Command expected the Americans to acquiesce to Japanese territorial gains and negotiate an acceptable peace. Tokyo only began to realize that they may have misjudged American resolve when Lt. Col. Doolittle led his famous raid over the city. Japan then scrambled to advance their imperial “picket lines.” This led to the Battle of Midway which turned the tide of the war and ended any possibility of an invasion of Hawai’i and/or the American West Coast.
日本曾考虑在轰炸珍珠港的同时占领夏威夷，但这样做会牵制原本需要派往其他地区的兵力。此外，日本帝国指挥部还预期美国会默许其获取的领土利益，并通过谈判达成一份双方都能接受的和平协议。直到杜立特中校率领部队对东京发动著名的空袭后，日本东京才开始意识到，他们可能误判了美国的决心。随后，日本仓促推进其帝国“前哨防线”，这一行动引发了中途岛战役。该战役扭转了战局，也彻底断绝了日本入侵夏威夷乃至美国西海岸的任何可能性。
But ultimately, Japan lacked the means to carry out an amphibious invasion of the United States. Even if that logistical constraint could have been overcome, then the underlying obstacle of “where” remains. The West Coast is vast. Where would an invasion take place? Do you want to slug your way through Washington State and take out the Naval Shipyards in Bremerton and the Boeing plants? Or would you rather attack Los Angeles with their own shipyards and airplane factories. Perhaps Oregon is a softer target until the massive counterattack drives your troops back into the sea. There was no logical reason for Japan to invade the West Coast and plenty of great ones not to even make the attempt.
但归根结底，日本缺乏对美国发动两栖入侵的能力。即便能够克服后勤方面的限制，“在哪里入侵”这一根本难题依然存在。美国西海岸地域辽阔，入侵行动该在何处展开呢？是艰难穿越华盛顿州，摧毁布雷默顿的海军造船厂和波音工厂？还是进攻洛杉矶，那里同样有造船厂和飞机制造厂？或许俄勒冈州看似是更易攻击的目标，但一旦美国发动大规模反击，日军仍会被赶回大海。日本没有任何合理的理由入侵美国西海岸，反而有无数充分的理由连尝试都不必进行。
Charles Neilsen
Vietnam VeteranAuthor has 11.2K answers and 52.6M answer views4y
查尔斯·尼尔森 越南战争老兵
While they could (and did) send the occasional submarine to shell the west coast, it would have been impossible for Japan to supply an invasion of the west coast. We attacked the Home Islands by island-hopping our way there. Building our logistic network as we went. California doesn’t have such a chain of handy islands. S1 wins battles, S4 wins wars.
尽管日本能够（而且确实）偶尔派遣潜艇炮击美国西海岸，但要为入侵西海岸的行动提供补给，对日本而言是绝无可能的。我们（美国）当时是通过“跳岛战术”逐步逼近日本本土，并在推进过程中建立起自己的后勤网络。而加利福尼亚附近并没有这样一连串便于作为前进基地的岛屿。要知道，战术（S1）决定战役胜负，后勤（S4）决定战争成败。
Randall Burns
Graduate Certificate in Software Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University (Graduated 2006)Author has 12.5K answers and 9.8M answer views8y
兰德尔·伯恩斯 卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究生证书（2006年毕业）
The Panama Canal was a more urgently strategic target. They didn’t really start preparations in that direction until 1942 well after Pearl Harbor.
巴拿马运河才是更紧迫的战略目标。日本直到1942年，也就是珍珠港事件过去很久之后，才真正开始朝着袭击巴拿马运河的方向做准备。
Japanese Plan to Attack Panama Canal
日本袭击巴拿马运河的计划
Japan had limited resources and their planning simply wasn’t very good.
日本的资源有限，而且其作战计划制定得相当糟糕。
I think in general, bringing the US into WW II was a bad idea.
总的来说，我认为将美国拖入二战是一个糟糕的决策。
If war was inevitable, I think they should have attacked Hawaii(with fuel dumps), the Panama Canal and the major west coast ship yards all at the same time. That would have bought them considerable more time to consolidate their position in Asia.
如果战争已不可避免，我认为日本本应同时袭击夏威夷（包括那里的燃料库）、巴拿马运河以及美国西海岸的主要造船厂。这样一来，他们就能获得更多时间来巩固在亚洲的地位。
However, with a better plan, I think the US could have been kept out of the war a long time. I think that rather than attempting to colonize Asia like they did, Japan should have funded and equipped anti-colonial armies in the Dutch, French and British occupied areas(Hong Kong and singapore would have needed to be seized along with Brunei and possibly Malaysia). China could have been induced to become very, very cooperative. There were German advisors there already.
然而，如果日本制定了更完善的计划，或许能在很长一段时间内阻止美国参战。我认为，日本不应像当初那样试图对亚洲进行殖民统治，而应向荷兰、法国和英国占领地区（香港（特区）、新加坡，以及文莱和可能的马来西亚都需要被攻占）的反殖民军队提供资金和装备支持。此外，日本本可以促使中国变得非常合作——当时中国境内已有德国顾问。
The German invasion of Russia was also a mistake. Italy had quite a bit of oil in Libya. Germany could have installed a rather cooperative government in Kuwait and Iraq. Iran was deeply concerned about Russia. If the US was kept out of the war and Britain’s major oil supply was cut off, that phase of WW II could have been won and an invasion of the USSR jointly by Japan and Germany conducted after careful development of an arms industry and advanced weapons.
德国入侵苏联同样是一个错误。意大利当时在利比亚拥有相当数量的石油资源，德国本可以在科威特和伊拉克建立一个相对合作的政府，而伊朗也对苏联深感担忧。如果能将美国排除在战争之外，并切断英国的主要石油供应，二战的这一阶段（轴心国）或许就能取得胜利，之后日本和德国在大力发展军火工业、研发先进武器后，还能联合入侵苏联。
Kelly La Rue
Have visited all four corners of America and lived in threeAuthor has 19K answers and 57.5M answer views4y
凯利·拉鲁 曾游历美国四方，在三个地区居住过
The Japanese leadership never intended to defeat, much less occupy the United States. They knew that was impossible. We didn’t know their long term plans did not include occupying us so many Americans were in a panic fearing an invasion of the West Coast. This fear is the reason we rounded up and imprisoned Japanese civilians.
日本领导层从未打算击败美国，更不用说占领美国了——他们清楚这是不可能的。但我们（美国民众）当时并不知道日本的长期计划中并不包括占领美国，因此许多美国人陷入恐慌，担心日本会入侵西海岸。正是这种恐慌情绪，导致我们将日本裔平民集中关押起来。
Our reaction was the opposite of what an arrogant leadership anticipated. They did, like a number of other countries since, vastly underestimate our backbone, fighting spirit, and determination. They were contemptuous of our “softness”. We were not soft, just different, and nicer. If you don’t understand what I mean by nicer then that’s another question.
我们的反应与日本傲慢领导层的预期截然相反。和后来许多国家一样，日本严重低估了我们的骨气、战斗精神和决心，还鄙视我们所谓的“软弱”。但我们并不软弱，只是文化不同，而且更友善罢了。如果你不明白我说的“更友善”是什么意思，那就是另一个问题了。
Like Hitler the Japanese leadership thought Americans were soft even though we had subdued an alien continent with our bare hands, an axe, and a shotgun and then walked alongside our covered wagons 2000 miles across a continent in order to settle the West. Yamamoto had lived and studied in America so knew better but no one listened. The previously undefeated Japan’s military was gung ho to do their thing. Although they had a first class navy their badly led, poorly equipped army was third rate and their industrial base was weak. The army performed okay against Chinese farmers but was outmatched by our disciplined, trained, well-equipped Marines.
和希特勒一样，日本领导层认为美国人软弱，但他们忘了，我们曾仅凭双手、斧头和猎枪征服了一片陌生的大陆，还曾推着大篷车，徒步穿越2000英里的大陆去开拓西部。山本五十六曾在美国生活和学习，他更了解美国的实力，但没人听从他的意见。此前未尝败绩的日本军队一心想要按自己的意愿行事。尽管日本拥有一流的海军，但他们的陆军指挥混乱、装备落后，仅处于三流水平，而且日本的工业基础也十分薄弱。日本陆军对付中国农民或许还能勉强应对，但面对我们纪律严明、训练有素且装备精良的海军陆战队，就完全不是对手了。
Their strategy was to cow the United States long enough to complete their ambitions in Asia which were threefold:
日本的战略是通过威慑美国，争取足够时间来实现其在亚洲的野心，这些野心主要包括三个方面：
One: Conquer China and the other Southeast Asian countries down to and eventually to include Australia and the Midway Islands.
第一：征服中国及其他东南亚国家，范围向南延伸，最终将澳大利亚和中途岛也纳入其势力范围。
Two: Turn the Pacific into a Japanese lake. To this end they even invaded and held part of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands.
第二：将太平洋变成“日本湖”。为此，日本甚至入侵并占领了阿拉斯加阿留申群岛的部分地区。
Three: Hand the US and her Allies a fait accompli. Once done they thought we would accept that they were the de facto ruler of all the territories they held.
第三：让美国及其同盟国接受既成事实。日本认为，一旦实现上述目标，美国及其同盟国就会承认日本是其所占领所有领土的实际统治者。
The plan was ambitious but not impossible. But for some critical mistakes during the Pearl Harbor attack they might have succeeded. These mistakes were also threefold:
这个计划虽然野心勃勃，但并非完全不可能实现。然而，由于在袭击珍珠港时犯下了几个关键性错误，日本最终未能成功。这些错误同样有三个方面：
One: They didn’t get the carriers. These same carriers ended up tearing the heart out of their offensive naval arm and killing any chance of keeping their gains.
第一：日本没有摧毁美国的航空母舰。而正是这些航空母舰，后来重创了日本的进攻性海军力量，使其失去了保住既得利益的任何可能。
Two: They didn’t make a third raid to take out the maintenance arms and fuel storage thus allowing us to keep our fleet operating in the Pacific.
第二：日本没有发动第三次袭击来摧毁美国的维修设施和燃料储备，这使得我们的舰队能够继续在太平洋地区作战。
Three: Again they underestimated our martial spirit and what we were capable of once they pissed us off.
第三：日本再次低估了我们的尚武精神，以及他们激怒我们后我们所能爆发出的力量。
Why did Japan attack the United States? This is a more complicated question. Japan knew the United States was economically and military powerful, but it was not afraid of any American attack on its islands. Japan did worry however, that the Americans might help the Chinese resist the Japanese invasion of their country. When President Roosevelt stopped U.S. shipments of steel and oil the Japan, he was doing exactly this: the Japanese are dependent on other countries for raw materials, for they have almost none on their own islands. Without imports of steel and oil, the Japanese military could not fight for long. Without oil, the navy would not be able to move after it had exhausted its six-month reserve. Roosevelt hoped that this economic pressure would force Japan to end its military expansion in East Asia.
日本为何要袭击美国？这是一个更为复杂的问题。日本知道美国在经济和军事上都实力雄厚，但并不担心美国会袭击其本土岛屿。不过，日本确实担心美国会帮助中国抵抗日本的侵略。罗斯福总统停止向日本运送钢铁和石油，正是为了达到这一目的：日本本土几乎没有原材料，高度依赖其他国家进口。如果无法进口钢铁和石油，日本军队就无法长期作战；一旦耗尽六个月的石油储备，日本海军将无法行动。罗斯福希望通过这种经济压力，迫使日本停止在东亚的军事扩张。
The Japanese military saw another solution to the problem: if it could quickly conquer the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia and gain complete control of the oil, rubber, and other raw materials it needed, then it could defend its interests in China and IndoChina against those Europeans who were now busy fighting a major war in Europe against the Germans and Italians. The only force that could stop the Japanese was the American Pacific fleet — which was conveniently gathered close to Japan at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. Knowing that many Americans did not want to fight a war against Japan, the military thought that if it suddenly destroyed the U.S. fleet, America would simply give up and allow Japan to consolidate its grasp on East Asia.
日本军方则看到了另一种解决办法：如果能迅速征服英国和荷兰在东南亚的殖民地，全面控制所需的石油、橡胶及其他原材料，就能保护其在中国和印度支那的利益，免受那些正忙于在欧洲与德国、意大利作战的欧洲国家的干预。而当时唯一能阻止日本的力量，就是美国太平洋舰队——该舰队恰好集中在靠近日本的夏威夷珍珠港。日本军方知道许多美国人不愿与日本开战，因此认为，如果能突然摧毁美国舰队，美国就会放弃抵抗，任由日本巩固其在东亚的控制权。
Japan was not militarily or economically powerful enough to fight a long war against the United States, and the Japanese military knew this. Its attack on Pearl Harbor was a tremendous gamble — and though the short-run gamble was successful, the long-run gamble was lost because the Japanese were wrong about the American reaction. Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia
日本的军事和经济实力都不足以支撑其与美国打一场长期战争，日本军方对此也心知肚明。袭击珍珠港是一场巨大的赌博——尽管短期内这场赌博取得了成功，但从长远来看，日本还是输了，因为他们错误地判断了美国的反应。（这便是）日本的权力争夺与二战中的亚洲战场。
After the Battle of Midway the Japanese were defeated. It just took them a few years of further defeats to accept this. Actually even after they realized they had lost the war they didn’t surrender, partly because of their ideology but also for a more practical reason. They were holding out of a treaty that allowed them to keep at least some of their gains.
中途岛战役之后，日本实际上已经战败，只是他们又经历了数年的接连失败，才最终接受这一事实。事实上，即便意识到自己已输掉战争，日本也并未立即投降，部分原因是其意识形态作祟，还有一个更现实的原因是：他们试图拖延，以期达成一份能让他们至少保留部分既得利益的条约。
Roosevelt was having none of that. They either surrendered unconditionally meaning the US would set the whatever terms it liked giving Japan no say in whether they kept the emperor or not or face the possibility of complete destruction. This was a hard one to swallow and they weren’t going to until the Emperor, so horrified after the bombs destroyed two important cities, realizing Japan might be turned into a cinder, insisted they accept Allied terms. It is possible the entry of the Soviet unx into the war played a part in the decision but the Emperor in his announcement to his people credits the bomb for his decision.
但罗斯福对此绝不接受。日本要么无条件投降（这意味着美国将制定所有条款，日本无权决定是否保留天皇），要么面临彻底毁灭的可能。这一条件对日本而言难以接受，他们原本不愿屈服，直到两颗原子弹摧毁了两座重要城市后，天皇深感震惊，意识到日本可能会被夷为焦土，才坚持要求接受同盟国的条款。苏联参战或许对这一决定也起到了一定作用，但天皇在对国民的公告中表示，是原子弹促使他做出了这一决定。
Gheorge Rider
Retired Academic Clinical Dept. Administrator & FacultyAuthor has 9K answers and 14M answer views7y
格奥尔基·里德 前学术临床部门行政人员及教职人员（已退休） 著有9K个回答，获得1400万次回答浏览量 7年前
The obxtive of the Pearl Harbor raid was to disable the US Pacific Fleet, primarily its battle line and especially its aircraft carriers. To accomplish this, the Imperial Japanese Navy assembled a fast, mobile force of 6 heavy aircraft carriers known as the Kido Butai. It also included 2 fast battle cruisers of the Kongo class and 3 fast heavy cruisers for protection.
日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是摧毁美国太平洋舰队的作战能力，尤其是其主力战舰，特别是航空母舰。为实现这一目标，日本帝国海军组建了一支由6艘重型航空母舰组成的快速机动部队，即“机动部队”。该部队还配备了2艘“金刚”级快速战列巡洋舰和3艘快速重型巡洋舰作为护航力量。
In late 1941, the military and strategic obxtive of Japan was to seize the resources of the Dutch East Indies, primarily for oil. While Japan had already based forces in Vichy French Indo-China, it would still need the Imperial Japanese Navy to support its invasion of the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. After the Pearl Harbor raid, the Kido Butai was to return to Japan, refit and head South in mid-January 1942.
1941年末，日本的军事和战略目标是夺取荷属东印度群岛的资源，其中最主要的是石油。尽管日本当时已在维希法国控制的印度支那部署了军队，但仍需要日本帝国海军支持其对菲律宾、婆罗洲、马来亚、新加坡、新几内亚和荷属东印度群岛的入侵行动。按照计划，在袭击珍珠港后，机动部队将返回日本进行整修，并于1942年1月中旬南下（参与上述入侵行动）。
To raid the West Coast of the United States, the Imperial Japanese Navy would have needed a fleet logistics train to replenish the aircraft carriers and refuel all of the warships in the Kido Butai. It did not have such resources. And such a raid would be a risky waste of men and ships against a prepared enemy.
若要袭击美国西海岸，日本帝国海军需要一支舰队后勤补给队伍，为机动部队的航空母舰补充物资，并为所有战舰加油，但日本当时并不具备这样的资源。而且，对已有防备的敌人发动此类袭击，不仅风险极高，还会造成人员和舰船的无谓损耗。
The only military actions taken by the Japanese along the West Coast of the United States were shelling of coastal targets and sinking several merchant ships by submarines.
日本在美国西海岸采取的唯一军事行动，就是通过潜艇炮击沿岸目标以及击沉数艘商船。
Former Retired at Automotive Industry (2001–2024)Author has 186 answers and 737K answer views6y
马克 前汽车行业从业者（2001-2024年任职，已退休）
The Japanese never intended to invade the continental United States. There is enduring myth that I've addressed before that fear of “a rifle behind every blade of grass” convinced the Imperial High Command of the futility of an invasion. Unless you are knowingly leading an army of rabble, no military in the world is going to forgo an invasion based on the possibility of armed civilians fighting back. That’s what rear guard fighting units are designed to combat. Furthermore, the Japanese deigned to view the American military as equal to theirs. They would hardly view the populace are more competent.
日本从未有过入侵美国大陆的意图。长期以来存在一种传言，我此前也曾提及，即日本帝国最高指挥部因担心“每一片草叶后都有一支步枪”，而认定入侵是徒劳之举。但事实上，除非是明知所率领的军队是乌合之众，否则世界上没有任何一支军队会仅仅因为担心平民武装反抗，就放弃入侵行动——后卫作战部队的设计用途本就是应对这类情况。此外，日本连美国军队都不屑于视为与自己实力相当的对手，更不可能认为美国平民比其军队更有战斗力。
The reason Japan didn’t invade the West Coast of the US is that it wasn’t necessary for their overall strategy to succeed. I won’t belabor Japan’s obxtives but in a nutshell, the Japanese had decided to seize vital natural resources in the Dutch East Indies and elsewhere. In order to secure that territory and the shipping lanes back to the Home Islands, the Japanese also had to neutralize the Philippines which was ostensibly American territory. An attack on American territory without accounting for the large American naval presence at Hawai'i would have been foolish which, in turn, led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
日本没有入侵美国西海岸，原因在于这对于其整体战略的成功而言并非必要之举。我不想过多赘述日本的目标，但简而言之，日本当时已决定夺取荷属东印度群岛及其他地区的重要自然资源。为了确保这些领土以及返回日本本土的航线安全，日本还必须摧毁菲律宾的军事力量（菲律宾表面上是美国领土）。若不考虑美国在夏威夷部署的庞大海军力量，就对美国领土发动袭击，无疑是愚蠢之举，这也正是日本袭击珍珠港的原因所在。
The Japanese had considered occupying Hawai'i in conjunction with the bombing but that would have tied up troops needed elsewhere. Furthermore, Imperial Command expected the Americans to acquiesce to Japanese territorial gains and negotiate an acceptable peace. Tokyo only began to realize that they may have misjudged American resolve when Lt. Col. Doolittle led his famous raid over the city. Japan then scrambled to advance their imperial “picket lines.” This led to the Battle of Midway which turned the tide of the war and ended any possibility of an invasion of Hawai’i and/or the American West Coast.
日本曾考虑在轰炸珍珠港的同时占领夏威夷，但这样做会牵制原本需要派往其他地区的兵力。此外，日本帝国指挥部还预期美国会默许其获取的领土利益，并通过谈判达成一份双方都能接受的和平协议。直到杜立特中校率领部队对东京发动著名的空袭后，日本东京才开始意识到，他们可能误判了美国的决心。随后，日本仓促推进其帝国“前哨防线”，这一行动引发了中途岛战役。该战役扭转了战局，也彻底断绝了日本入侵夏威夷乃至美国西海岸的任何可能性。
But ultimately, Japan lacked the means to carry out an amphibious invasion of the United States. Even if that logistical constraint could have been overcome, then the underlying obstacle of “where” remains. The West Coast is vast. Where would an invasion take place? Do you want to slug your way through Washington State and take out the Naval Shipyards in Bremerton and the Boeing plants? Or would you rather attack Los Angeles with their own shipyards and airplane factories. Perhaps Oregon is a softer target until the massive counterattack drives your troops back into the sea. There was no logical reason for Japan to invade the West Coast and plenty of great ones not to even make the attempt.
但归根结底，日本缺乏对美国发动两栖入侵的能力。即便能够克服后勤方面的限制，“在哪里入侵”这一根本难题依然存在。美国西海岸地域辽阔，入侵行动该在何处展开呢？是艰难穿越华盛顿州，摧毁布雷默顿的海军造船厂和波音工厂？还是进攻洛杉矶，那里同样有造船厂和飞机制造厂？或许俄勒冈州看似是更易攻击的目标，但一旦美国发动大规模反击，日军仍会被赶回大海。日本没有任何合理的理由入侵美国西海岸，反而有无数充分的理由连尝试都不必进行。
Charles Neilsen
Vietnam VeteranAuthor has 11.2K answers and 52.6M answer views4y
查尔斯·尼尔森 越南战争老兵
While they could (and did) send the occasional submarine to shell the west coast, it would have been impossible for Japan to supply an invasion of the west coast. We attacked the Home Islands by island-hopping our way there. Building our logistic network as we went. California doesn’t have such a chain of handy islands. S1 wins battles, S4 wins wars.
尽管日本能够（而且确实）偶尔派遣潜艇炮击美国西海岸，但要为入侵西海岸的行动提供补给，对日本而言是绝无可能的。我们（美国）当时是通过“跳岛战术”逐步逼近日本本土，并在推进过程中建立起自己的后勤网络。而加利福尼亚附近并没有这样一连串便于作为前进基地的岛屿。要知道，战术（S1）决定战役胜负，后勤（S4）决定战争成败。
Randall Burns
Graduate Certificate in Software Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University (Graduated 2006)Author has 12.5K answers and 9.8M answer views8y
兰德尔·伯恩斯 卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究生证书（2006年毕业）
The Panama Canal was a more urgently strategic target. They didn’t really start preparations in that direction until 1942 well after Pearl Harbor.
巴拿马运河才是更紧迫的战略目标。日本直到1942年，也就是珍珠港事件过去很久之后，才真正开始朝着袭击巴拿马运河的方向做准备。
Japanese Plan to Attack Panama Canal
日本袭击巴拿马运河的计划
Japan had limited resources and their planning simply wasn’t very good.
日本的资源有限，而且其作战计划制定得相当糟糕。
I think in general, bringing the US into WW II was a bad idea.
总的来说，我认为将美国拖入二战是一个糟糕的决策。
If war was inevitable, I think they should have attacked Hawaii(with fuel dumps), the Panama Canal and the major west coast ship yards all at the same time. That would have bought them considerable more time to consolidate their position in Asia.
如果战争已不可避免，我认为日本本应同时袭击夏威夷（包括那里的燃料库）、巴拿马运河以及美国西海岸的主要造船厂。这样一来，他们就能获得更多时间来巩固在亚洲的地位。
However, with a better plan, I think the US could have been kept out of the war a long time. I think that rather than attempting to colonize Asia like they did, Japan should have funded and equipped anti-colonial armies in the Dutch, French and British occupied areas(Hong Kong and singapore would have needed to be seized along with Brunei and possibly Malaysia). China could have been induced to become very, very cooperative. There were German advisors there already.
然而，如果日本制定了更完善的计划，或许能在很长一段时间内阻止美国参战。我认为，日本不应像当初那样试图对亚洲进行殖民统治，而应向荷兰、法国和英国占领地区（香港（特区）、新加坡，以及文莱和可能的马来西亚都需要被攻占）的反殖民军队提供资金和装备支持。此外，日本本可以促使中国变得非常合作——当时中国境内已有德国顾问。
The German invasion of Russia was also a mistake. Italy had quite a bit of oil in Libya. Germany could have installed a rather cooperative government in Kuwait and Iraq. Iran was deeply concerned about Russia. If the US was kept out of the war and Britain’s major oil supply was cut off, that phase of WW II could have been won and an invasion of the USSR jointly by Japan and Germany conducted after careful development of an arms industry and advanced weapons.
德国入侵苏联同样是一个错误。意大利当时在利比亚拥有相当数量的石油资源，德国本可以在科威特和伊拉克建立一个相对合作的政府，而伊朗也对苏联深感担忧。如果能将美国排除在战争之外，并切断英国的主要石油供应，二战的这一阶段（轴心国）或许就能取得胜利，之后日本和德国在大力发展军火工业、研发先进武器后，还能联合入侵苏联。
Kelly La Rue
Have visited all four corners of America and lived in threeAuthor has 19K answers and 57.5M answer views4y
凯利·拉鲁 曾游历美国四方，在三个地区居住过
The Japanese leadership never intended to defeat, much less occupy the United States. They knew that was impossible. We didn’t know their long term plans did not include occupying us so many Americans were in a panic fearing an invasion of the West Coast. This fear is the reason we rounded up and imprisoned Japanese civilians.
日本领导层从未打算击败美国，更不用说占领美国了——他们清楚这是不可能的。但我们（美国民众）当时并不知道日本的长期计划中并不包括占领美国，因此许多美国人陷入恐慌，担心日本会入侵西海岸。正是这种恐慌情绪，导致我们将日本裔平民集中关押起来。
Our reaction was the opposite of what an arrogant leadership anticipated. They did, like a number of other countries since, vastly underestimate our backbone, fighting spirit, and determination. They were contemptuous of our “softness”. We were not soft, just different, and nicer. If you don’t understand what I mean by nicer then that’s another question.
我们的反应与日本傲慢领导层的预期截然相反。和后来许多国家一样，日本严重低估了我们的骨气、战斗精神和决心，还鄙视我们所谓的“软弱”。但我们并不软弱，只是文化不同，而且更友善罢了。如果你不明白我说的“更友善”是什么意思，那就是另一个问题了。
Like Hitler the Japanese leadership thought Americans were soft even though we had subdued an alien continent with our bare hands, an axe, and a shotgun and then walked alongside our covered wagons 2000 miles across a continent in order to settle the West. Yamamoto had lived and studied in America so knew better but no one listened. The previously undefeated Japan’s military was gung ho to do their thing. Although they had a first class navy their badly led, poorly equipped army was third rate and their industrial base was weak. The army performed okay against Chinese farmers but was outmatched by our disciplined, trained, well-equipped Marines.
和希特勒一样，日本领导层认为美国人软弱，但他们忘了，我们曾仅凭双手、斧头和猎枪征服了一片陌生的大陆，还曾推着大篷车，徒步穿越2000英里的大陆去开拓西部。山本五十六曾在美国生活和学习，他更了解美国的实力，但没人听从他的意见。此前未尝败绩的日本军队一心想要按自己的意愿行事。尽管日本拥有一流的海军，但他们的陆军指挥混乱、装备落后，仅处于三流水平，而且日本的工业基础也十分薄弱。日本陆军对付中国农民或许还能勉强应对，但面对我们纪律严明、训练有素且装备精良的海军陆战队，就完全不是对手了。
Their strategy was to cow the United States long enough to complete their ambitions in Asia which were threefold:
日本的战略是通过威慑美国，争取足够时间来实现其在亚洲的野心，这些野心主要包括三个方面：
One: Conquer China and the other Southeast Asian countries down to and eventually to include Australia and the Midway Islands.
第一：征服中国及其他东南亚国家，范围向南延伸，最终将澳大利亚和中途岛也纳入其势力范围。
Two: Turn the Pacific into a Japanese lake. To this end they even invaded and held part of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands.
第二：将太平洋变成“日本湖”。为此，日本甚至入侵并占领了阿拉斯加阿留申群岛的部分地区。
Three: Hand the US and her Allies a fait accompli. Once done they thought we would accept that they were the de facto ruler of all the territories they held.
第三：让美国及其同盟国接受既成事实。日本认为，一旦实现上述目标，美国及其同盟国就会承认日本是其所占领所有领土的实际统治者。
The plan was ambitious but not impossible. But for some critical mistakes during the Pearl Harbor attack they might have succeeded. These mistakes were also threefold:
这个计划虽然野心勃勃，但并非完全不可能实现。然而，由于在袭击珍珠港时犯下了几个关键性错误，日本最终未能成功。这些错误同样有三个方面：
One: They didn’t get the carriers. These same carriers ended up tearing the heart out of their offensive naval arm and killing any chance of keeping their gains.
第一：日本没有摧毁美国的航空母舰。而正是这些航空母舰，后来重创了日本的进攻性海军力量，使其失去了保住既得利益的任何可能。
Two: They didn’t make a third raid to take out the maintenance arms and fuel storage thus allowing us to keep our fleet operating in the Pacific.
第二：日本没有发动第三次袭击来摧毁美国的维修设施和燃料储备，这使得我们的舰队能够继续在太平洋地区作战。
Three: Again they underestimated our martial spirit and what we were capable of once they pissed us off.
第三：日本再次低估了我们的尚武精神，以及他们激怒我们后我们所能爆发出的力量。
Why did Japan attack the United States? This is a more complicated question. Japan knew the United States was economically and military powerful, but it was not afraid of any American attack on its islands. Japan did worry however, that the Americans might help the Chinese resist the Japanese invasion of their country. When President Roosevelt stopped U.S. shipments of steel and oil the Japan, he was doing exactly this: the Japanese are dependent on other countries for raw materials, for they have almost none on their own islands. Without imports of steel and oil, the Japanese military could not fight for long. Without oil, the navy would not be able to move after it had exhausted its six-month reserve. Roosevelt hoped that this economic pressure would force Japan to end its military expansion in East Asia.
日本为何要袭击美国？这是一个更为复杂的问题。日本知道美国在经济和军事上都实力雄厚，但并不担心美国会袭击其本土岛屿。不过，日本确实担心美国会帮助中国抵抗日本的侵略。罗斯福总统停止向日本运送钢铁和石油，正是为了达到这一目的：日本本土几乎没有原材料，高度依赖其他国家进口。如果无法进口钢铁和石油，日本军队就无法长期作战；一旦耗尽六个月的石油储备，日本海军将无法行动。罗斯福希望通过这种经济压力，迫使日本停止在东亚的军事扩张。
The Japanese military saw another solution to the problem: if it could quickly conquer the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia and gain complete control of the oil, rubber, and other raw materials it needed, then it could defend its interests in China and IndoChina against those Europeans who were now busy fighting a major war in Europe against the Germans and Italians. The only force that could stop the Japanese was the American Pacific fleet — which was conveniently gathered close to Japan at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. Knowing that many Americans did not want to fight a war against Japan, the military thought that if it suddenly destroyed the U.S. fleet, America would simply give up and allow Japan to consolidate its grasp on East Asia.
日本军方则看到了另一种解决办法：如果能迅速征服英国和荷兰在东南亚的殖民地，全面控制所需的石油、橡胶及其他原材料，就能保护其在中国和印度支那的利益，免受那些正忙于在欧洲与德国、意大利作战的欧洲国家的干预。而当时唯一能阻止日本的力量，就是美国太平洋舰队——该舰队恰好集中在靠近日本的夏威夷珍珠港。日本军方知道许多美国人不愿与日本开战，因此认为，如果能突然摧毁美国舰队，美国就会放弃抵抗，任由日本巩固其在东亚的控制权。
Japan was not militarily or economically powerful enough to fight a long war against the United States, and the Japanese military knew this. Its attack on Pearl Harbor was a tremendous gamble — and though the short-run gamble was successful, the long-run gamble was lost because the Japanese were wrong about the American reaction. Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia
日本的军事和经济实力都不足以支撑其与美国打一场长期战争，日本军方对此也心知肚明。袭击珍珠港是一场巨大的赌博——尽管短期内这场赌博取得了成功，但从长远来看，日本还是输了，因为他们错误地判断了美国的反应。（这便是）日本的权力争夺与二战中的亚洲战场。
After the Battle of Midway the Japanese were defeated. It just took them a few years of further defeats to accept this. Actually even after they realized they had lost the war they didn’t surrender, partly because of their ideology but also for a more practical reason. They were holding out of a treaty that allowed them to keep at least some of their gains.
中途岛战役之后，日本实际上已经战败，只是他们又经历了数年的接连失败，才最终接受这一事实。事实上，即便意识到自己已输掉战争，日本也并未立即投降，部分原因是其意识形态作祟，还有一个更现实的原因是：他们试图拖延，以期达成一份能让他们至少保留部分既得利益的条约。
Roosevelt was having none of that. They either surrendered unconditionally meaning the US would set the whatever terms it liked giving Japan no say in whether they kept the emperor or not or face the possibility of complete destruction. This was a hard one to swallow and they weren’t going to until the Emperor, so horrified after the bombs destroyed two important cities, realizing Japan might be turned into a cinder, insisted they accept Allied terms. It is possible the entry of the Soviet unx into the war played a part in the decision but the Emperor in his announcement to his people credits the bomb for his decision.
但罗斯福对此绝不接受。日本要么无条件投降（这意味着美国将制定所有条款，日本无权决定是否保留天皇），要么面临彻底毁灭的可能。这一条件对日本而言难以接受，他们原本不愿屈服，直到两颗原子弹摧毁了两座重要城市后，天皇深感震惊，意识到日本可能会被夷为焦土，才坚持要求接受同盟国的条款。苏联参战或许对这一决定也起到了一定作用，但天皇在对国民的公告中表示，是原子弹促使他做出了这一决定。
Gheorge Rider
Retired Academic Clinical Dept. Administrator & FacultyAuthor has 9K answers and 14M answer views7y
格奥尔基·里德 前学术临床部门行政人员及教职人员（已退休） 著有9K个回答，获得1400万次回答浏览量 7年前
The obxtive of the Pearl Harbor raid was to disable the US Pacific Fleet, primarily its battle line and especially its aircraft carriers. To accomplish this, the Imperial Japanese Navy assembled a fast, mobile force of 6 heavy aircraft carriers known as the Kido Butai. It also included 2 fast battle cruisers of the Kongo class and 3 fast heavy cruisers for protection.
日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是摧毁美国太平洋舰队的作战能力，尤其是其主力战舰，特别是航空母舰。为实现这一目标，日本帝国海军组建了一支由6艘重型航空母舰组成的快速机动部队，即“机动部队”。该部队还配备了2艘“金刚”级快速战列巡洋舰和3艘快速重型巡洋舰作为护航力量。
In late 1941, the military and strategic obxtive of Japan was to seize the resources of the Dutch East Indies, primarily for oil. While Japan had already based forces in Vichy French Indo-China, it would still need the Imperial Japanese Navy to support its invasion of the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. After the Pearl Harbor raid, the Kido Butai was to return to Japan, refit and head South in mid-January 1942.
1941年末，日本的军事和战略目标是夺取荷属东印度群岛的资源，其中最主要的是石油。尽管日本当时已在维希法国控制的印度支那部署了军队，但仍需要日本帝国海军支持其对菲律宾、婆罗洲、马来亚、新加坡、新几内亚和荷属东印度群岛的入侵行动。按照计划，在袭击珍珠港后，机动部队将返回日本进行整修，并于1942年1月中旬南下（参与上述入侵行动）。
To raid the West Coast of the United States, the Imperial Japanese Navy would have needed a fleet logistics train to replenish the aircraft carriers and refuel all of the warships in the Kido Butai. It did not have such resources. And such a raid would be a risky waste of men and ships against a prepared enemy.
若要袭击美国西海岸，日本帝国海军需要一支舰队后勤补给队伍，为机动部队的航空母舰补充物资，并为所有战舰加油，但日本当时并不具备这样的资源。而且，对已有防备的敌人发动此类袭击，不仅风险极高，还会造成人员和舰船的无谓损耗。
The only military actions taken by the Japanese along the West Coast of the United States were shelling of coastal targets and sinking several merchant ships by submarines.
日本在美国西海岸采取的唯一军事行动，就是通过潜艇炮击沿岸目标以及击沉数艘商船。
评论翻译
Mark
Former Retired at Automotive Industry (2001–2024)Author has 186 answers and 737K answer views6y
马克 前汽车行业从业者（2001-2024年任职，已退休）
The Japanese never intended to invade the continental United States. There is enduring myth that I've addressed before that fear of “a rifle behind every blade of grass” convinced the Imperial High Command of the futility of an invasion. Unless you are knowingly leading an army of rabble, no military in the world is going to forgo an invasion based on the possibility of armed civilians fighting back. That’s what rear guard fighting units are designed to combat. Furthermore, the Japanese deigned to view the American military as equal to theirs. They would hardly view the populace are more competent.
日本从未有过入侵美国大陆的意图。长期以来存在一种传言，我此前也曾提及，即日本帝国最高指挥部因担心“每一片草叶后都有一支步枪”，而认定入侵是徒劳之举。但事实上，除非是明知所率领的军队是乌合之众，否则世界上没有任何一支军队会仅仅因为担心平民武装反抗，就放弃入侵行动——后卫作战部队的设计用途本就是应对这类情况。此外，日本连美国军队都不屑于视为与自己实力相当的对手，更不可能认为美国平民比其军队更有战斗力。
The reason Japan didn’t invade the West Coast of the US is that it wasn’t necessary for their overall strategy to succeed. I won’t belabor Japan’s obxtives but in a nutshell, the Japanese had decided to seize vital natural resources in the Dutch East Indies and elsewhere. In order to secure that territory and the shipping lanes back to the Home Islands, the Japanese also had to neutralize the Philippines which was ostensibly American territory. An attack on American territory without accounting for the large American naval presence at Hawai'i would have been foolish which, in turn, led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
日本没有入侵美国西海岸，原因在于这对于其整体战略的成功而言并非必要之举。我不想过多赘述日本的目标，但简而言之，日本当时已决定夺取荷属东印度群岛及其他地区的重要自然资源。为了确保这些领土以及返回日本本土的航线安全，日本还必须摧毁菲律宾的军事力量（菲律宾表面上是美国领土）。若不考虑美国在夏威夷部署的庞大海军力量，就对美国领土发动袭击，无疑是愚蠢之举，这也正是日本袭击珍珠港的原因所在。
The Japanese had considered occupying Hawai'i in conjunction with the bombing but that would have tied up troops needed elsewhere. Furthermore, Imperial Command expected the Americans to acquiesce to Japanese territorial gains and negotiate an acceptable peace. Tokyo only began to realize that they may have misjudged American resolve when Lt. Col. Doolittle led his famous raid over the city. Japan then scrambled to advance their imperial “picket lines.” This led to the Battle of Midway which turned the tide of the war and ended any possibility of an invasion of Hawai’i and/or the American West Coast.
日本曾考虑在轰炸珍珠港的同时占领夏威夷，但这样做会牵制原本需要派往其他地区的兵力。此外，日本帝国指挥部还预期美国会默许其获取的领土利益，并通过谈判达成一份双方都能接受的和平协议。直到杜立特中校率领部队对东京发动著名的空袭后，日本东京才开始意识到，他们可能误判了美国的决心。随后，日本仓促推进其帝国“前哨防线”，这一行动引发了中途岛战役。该战役扭转了战局，也彻底断绝了日本入侵夏威夷乃至美国西海岸的任何可能性。
But ultimately, Japan lacked the means to carry out an amphibious invasion of the United States. Even if that logistical constraint could have been overcome, then the underlying obstacle of “where” remains. The West Coast is vast. Where would an invasion take place? Do you want to slug your way through Washington State and take out the Naval Shipyards in Bremerton and the Boeing plants? Or would you rather attack Los Angeles with their own shipyards and airplane factories. Perhaps Oregon is a softer target until the massive counterattack drives your troops back into the sea. There was no logical reason for Japan to invade the West Coast and plenty of great ones not to even make the attempt.
但归根结底，日本缺乏对美国发动两栖入侵的能力。即便能够克服后勤方面的限制，“在哪里入侵”这一根本难题依然存在。美国西海岸地域辽阔，入侵行动该在何处展开呢？是艰难穿越华盛顿州，摧毁布雷默顿的海军造船厂和波音工厂？还是进攻洛杉矶，那里同样有造船厂和飞机制造厂？或许俄勒冈州看似是更易攻击的目标，但一旦美国发动大规模反击，日军仍会被赶回大海。日本没有任何合理的理由入侵美国西海岸，反而有无数充分的理由连尝试都不必进行。
Charles Neilsen
Vietnam VeteranAuthor has 11.2K answers and 52.6M answer views4y
查尔斯·尼尔森 越南战争老兵
While they could (and did) send the occasional submarine to shell the west coast, it would have been impossible for Japan to supply an invasion of the west coast. We attacked the Home Islands by island-hopping our way there. Building our logistic network as we went. California doesn’t have such a chain of handy islands. S1 wins battles, S4 wins wars.
尽管日本能够（而且确实）偶尔派遣潜艇炮击美国西海岸，但要为入侵西海岸的行动提供补给，对日本而言是绝无可能的。我们（美国）当时是通过“跳岛战术”逐步逼近日本本土，并在推进过程中建立起自己的后勤网络。而加利福尼亚附近并没有这样一连串便于作为前进基地的岛屿。要知道，战术（S1）决定战役胜负，后勤（S4）决定战争成败。
Randall Burns
Graduate Certificate in Software Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University (Graduated 2006)Author has 12.5K answers and 9.8M answer views8y
兰德尔·伯恩斯 卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究生证书（2006年毕业）
The Panama Canal was a more urgently strategic target. They didn’t really start preparations in that direction until 1942 well after Pearl Harbor.
巴拿马运河才是更紧迫的战略目标。日本直到1942年，也就是珍珠港事件过去很久之后，才真正开始朝着袭击巴拿马运河的方向做准备。
Japanese Plan to Attack Panama Canal
日本袭击巴拿马运河的计划
Japan had limited resources and their planning simply wasn’t very good.
日本的资源有限，而且其作战计划制定得相当糟糕。
I think in general, bringing the US into WW II was a bad idea.
总的来说，我认为将美国拖入二战是一个糟糕的决策。
If war was inevitable, I think they should have attacked Hawaii(with fuel dumps), the Panama Canal and the major west coast ship yards all at the same time. That would have bought them considerable more time to consolidate their position in Asia.
如果战争已不可避免，我认为日本本应同时袭击夏威夷（包括那里的燃料库）、巴拿马运河以及美国西海岸的主要造船厂。这样一来，他们就能获得更多时间来巩固在亚洲的地位。
However, with a better plan, I think the US could have been kept out of the war a long time. I think that rather than attempting to colonize Asia like they did, Japan should have funded and equipped anti-colonial armies in the Dutch, French and British occupied areas(Hong Kong and singapore would have needed to be seized along with Brunei and possibly Malaysia). China could have been induced to become very, very cooperative. There were German advisors there already.
然而，如果日本制定了更完善的计划，或许能在很长一段时间内阻止美国参战。我认为，日本不应像当初那样试图对亚洲进行殖民统治，而应向荷兰、法国和英国占领地区（香港（特区）、新加坡，以及文莱和可能的马来西亚都需要被攻占）的反殖民军队提供资金和装备支持。此外，日本本可以促使中国变得非常合作——当时中国境内已有德国顾问。
The German invasion of Russia was also a mistake. Italy had quite a bit of oil in Libya. Germany could have installed a rather cooperative government in Kuwait and Iraq. Iran was deeply concerned about Russia. If the US was kept out of the war and Britain’s major oil supply was cut off, that phase of WW II could have been won and an invasion of the USSR jointly by Japan and Germany conducted after careful development of an arms industry and advanced weapons.
德国入侵苏联同样是一个错误。意大利当时在利比亚拥有相当数量的石油资源，德国本可以在科威特和伊拉克建立一个相对合作的政府，而伊朗也对苏联深感担忧。如果能将美国排除在战争之外，并切断英国的主要石油供应，二战的这一阶段（轴心国）或许就能取得胜利，之后日本和德国在大力发展军火工业、研发先进武器后，还能联合入侵苏联。
Kelly La Rue
Have visited all four corners of America and lived in threeAuthor has 19K answers and 57.5M answer views4y
凯利·拉鲁 曾游历美国四方，在三个地区居住过
The Japanese leadership never intended to defeat, much less occupy the United States. They knew that was impossible. We didn’t know their long term plans did not include occupying us so many Americans were in a panic fearing an invasion of the West Coast. This fear is the reason we rounded up and imprisoned Japanese civilians.
日本领导层从未打算击败美国，更不用说占领美国了——他们清楚这是不可能的。但我们（美国民众）当时并不知道日本的长期计划中并不包括占领美国，因此许多美国人陷入恐慌，担心日本会入侵西海岸。正是这种恐慌情绪，导致我们将日本裔平民集中关押起来。
Our reaction was the opposite of what an arrogant leadership anticipated. They did, like a number of other countries since, vastly underestimate our backbone, fighting spirit, and determination. They were contemptuous of our “softness”. We were not soft, just different, and nicer. If you don’t understand what I mean by nicer then that’s another question.
我们的反应与日本傲慢领导层的预期截然相反。和后来许多国家一样，日本严重低估了我们的骨气、战斗精神和决心，还鄙视我们所谓的“软弱”。但我们并不软弱，只是文化不同，而且更友善罢了。如果你不明白我说的“更友善”是什么意思，那就是另一个问题了。
Like Hitler the Japanese leadership thought Americans were soft even though we had subdued an alien continent with our bare hands, an axe, and a shotgun and then walked alongside our covered wagons 2000 miles across a continent in order to settle the West. Yamamoto had lived and studied in America so knew better but no one listened. The previously undefeated Japan’s military was gung ho to do their thing. Although they had a first class navy their badly led, poorly equipped army was third rate and their industrial base was weak. The army performed okay against Chinese farmers but was outmatched by our disciplined, trained, well-equipped Marines.
和希特勒一样，日本领导层认为美国人软弱，但他们忘了，我们曾仅凭双手、斧头和猎枪征服了一片陌生的大陆，还曾推着大篷车，徒步穿越2000英里的大陆去开拓西部。山本五十六曾在美国生活和学习，他更了解美国的实力，但没人听从他的意见。此前未尝败绩的日本军队一心想要按自己的意愿行事。尽管日本拥有一流的海军，但他们的陆军指挥混乱、装备落后，仅处于三流水平，而且日本的工业基础也十分薄弱。日本陆军对付中国农民或许还能勉强应对，但面对我们纪律严明、训练有素且装备精良的海军陆战队，就完全不是对手了。
Their strategy was to cow the United States long enough to complete their ambitions in Asia which were threefold:
日本的战略是通过威慑美国，争取足够时间来实现其在亚洲的野心，这些野心主要包括三个方面：
One: Conquer China and the other Southeast Asian countries down to and eventually to include Australia and the Midway Islands.
第一：征服中国及其他东南亚国家，范围向南延伸，最终将澳大利亚和中途岛也纳入其势力范围。
Two: Turn the Pacific into a Japanese lake. To this end they even invaded and held part of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands.
第二：将太平洋变成“日本湖”。为此，日本甚至入侵并占领了阿拉斯加阿留申群岛的部分地区。
Three: Hand the US and her Allies a fait accompli. Once done they thought we would accept that they were the de facto ruler of all the territories they held.
第三：让美国及其同盟国接受既成事实。日本认为，一旦实现上述目标，美国及其同盟国就会承认日本是其所占领所有领土的实际统治者。
The plan was ambitious but not impossible. But for some critical mistakes during the Pearl Harbor attack they might have succeeded. These mistakes were also threefold:
这个计划虽然野心勃勃，但并非完全不可能实现。然而，由于在袭击珍珠港时犯下了几个关键性错误，日本最终未能成功。这些错误同样有三个方面：
One: They didn’t get the carriers. These same carriers ended up tearing the heart out of their offensive naval arm and killing any chance of keeping their gains.
第一：日本没有摧毁美国的航空母舰。而正是这些航空母舰，后来重创了日本的进攻性海军力量，使其失去了保住既得利益的任何可能。
Two: They didn’t make a third raid to take out the maintenance arms and fuel storage thus allowing us to keep our fleet operating in the Pacific.
第二：日本没有发动第三次袭击来摧毁美国的维修设施和燃料储备，这使得我们的舰队能够继续在太平洋地区作战。
Three: Again they underestimated our martial spirit and what we were capable of once they pissed us off.
第三：日本再次低估了我们的尚武精神，以及他们激怒我们后我们所能爆发出的力量。
Why did Japan attack the United States? This is a more complicated question. Japan knew the United States was economically and military powerful, but it was not afraid of any American attack on its islands. Japan did worry however, that the Americans might help the Chinese resist the Japanese invasion of their country. When President Roosevelt stopped U.S. shipments of steel and oil the Japan, he was doing exactly this: the Japanese are dependent on other countries for raw materials, for they have almost none on their own islands. Without imports of steel and oil, the Japanese military could not fight for long. Without oil, the navy would not be able to move after it had exhausted its six-month reserve. Roosevelt hoped that this economic pressure would force Japan to end its military expansion in East Asia.
日本为何要袭击美国？这是一个更为复杂的问题。日本知道美国在经济和军事上都实力雄厚，但并不担心美国会袭击其本土岛屿。不过，日本确实担心美国会帮助中国抵抗日本的侵略。罗斯福总统停止向日本运送钢铁和石油，正是为了达到这一目的：日本本土几乎没有原材料，高度依赖其他国家进口。如果无法进口钢铁和石油，日本军队就无法长期作战；一旦耗尽六个月的石油储备，日本海军将无法行动。罗斯福希望通过这种经济压力，迫使日本停止在东亚的军事扩张。
The Japanese military saw another solution to the problem: if it could quickly conquer the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia and gain complete control of the oil, rubber, and other raw materials it needed, then it could defend its interests in China and IndoChina against those Europeans who were now busy fighting a major war in Europe against the Germans and Italians. The only force that could stop the Japanese was the American Pacific fleet — which was conveniently gathered close to Japan at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. Knowing that many Americans did not want to fight a war against Japan, the military thought that if it suddenly destroyed the U.S. fleet, America would simply give up and allow Japan to consolidate its grasp on East Asia.
日本军方则看到了另一种解决办法：如果能迅速征服英国和荷兰在东南亚的殖民地，全面控制所需的石油、橡胶及其他原材料，就能保护其在中国和印度支那的利益，免受那些正忙于在欧洲与德国、意大利作战的欧洲国家的干预。而当时唯一能阻止日本的力量，就是美国太平洋舰队——该舰队恰好集中在靠近日本的夏威夷珍珠港。日本军方知道许多美国人不愿与日本开战，因此认为，如果能突然摧毁美国舰队，美国就会放弃抵抗，任由日本巩固其在东亚的控制权。
Japan was not militarily or economically powerful enough to fight a long war against the United States, and the Japanese military knew this. Its attack on Pearl Harbor was a tremendous gamble — and though the short-run gamble was successful, the long-run gamble was lost because the Japanese were wrong about the American reaction. Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia
日本的军事和经济实力都不足以支撑其与美国打一场长期战争，日本军方对此也心知肚明。袭击珍珠港是一场巨大的赌博——尽管短期内这场赌博取得了成功，但从长远来看，日本还是输了，因为他们错误地判断了美国的反应。（这便是）日本的权力争夺与二战中的亚洲战场。
After the Battle of Midway the Japanese were defeated. It just took them a few years of further defeats to accept this. Actually even after they realized they had lost the war they didn’t surrender, partly because of their ideology but also for a more practical reason. They were holding out of a treaty that allowed them to keep at least some of their gains.
中途岛战役之后，日本实际上已经战败，只是他们又经历了数年的接连失败，才最终接受这一事实。事实上，即便意识到自己已输掉战争，日本也并未立即投降，部分原因是其意识形态作祟，还有一个更现实的原因是：他们试图拖延，以期达成一份能让他们至少保留部分既得利益的条约。
Roosevelt was having none of that. They either surrendered unconditionally meaning the US would set the whatever terms it liked giving Japan no say in whether they kept the emperor or not or face the possibility of complete destruction. This was a hard one to swallow and they weren’t going to until the Emperor, so horrified after the bombs destroyed two important cities, realizing Japan might be turned into a cinder, insisted they accept Allied terms. It is possible the entry of the Soviet unx into the war played a part in the decision but the Emperor in his announcement to his people credits the bomb for his decision.
但罗斯福对此绝不接受。日本要么无条件投降（这意味着美国将制定所有条款，日本无权决定是否保留天皇），要么面临彻底毁灭的可能。这一条件对日本而言难以接受，他们原本不愿屈服，直到两颗原子弹摧毁了两座重要城市后，天皇深感震惊，意识到日本可能会被夷为焦土，才坚持要求接受同盟国的条款。苏联参战或许对这一决定也起到了一定作用，但天皇在对国民的公告中表示，是原子弹促使他做出了这一决定。
Gheorge Rider
Retired Academic Clinical Dept. Administrator & FacultyAuthor has 9K answers and 14M answer views7y
格奥尔基·里德 前学术临床部门行政人员及教职人员（已退休） 著有9K个回答，获得1400万次回答浏览量 7年前
The obxtive of the Pearl Harbor raid was to disable the US Pacific Fleet, primarily its battle line and especially its aircraft carriers. To accomplish this, the Imperial Japanese Navy assembled a fast, mobile force of 6 heavy aircraft carriers known as the Kido Butai. It also included 2 fast battle cruisers of the Kongo class and 3 fast heavy cruisers for protection.
日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是摧毁美国太平洋舰队的作战能力，尤其是其主力战舰，特别是航空母舰。为实现这一目标，日本帝国海军组建了一支由6艘重型航空母舰组成的快速机动部队，即“机动部队”。该部队还配备了2艘“金刚”级快速战列巡洋舰和3艘快速重型巡洋舰作为护航力量。
In late 1941, the military and strategic obxtive of Japan was to seize the resources of the Dutch East Indies, primarily for oil. While Japan had already based forces in Vichy French Indo-China, it would still need the Imperial Japanese Navy to support its invasion of the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. After the Pearl Harbor raid, the Kido Butai was to return to Japan, refit and head South in mid-January 1942.
1941年末，日本的军事和战略目标是夺取荷属东印度群岛的资源，其中最主要的是石油。尽管日本当时已在维希法国控制的印度支那部署了军队，但仍需要日本帝国海军支持其对菲律宾、婆罗洲、马来亚、新加坡、新几内亚和荷属东印度群岛的入侵行动。按照计划，在袭击珍珠港后，机动部队将返回日本进行整修，并于1942年1月中旬南下（参与上述入侵行动）。
To raid the West Coast of the United States, the Imperial Japanese Navy would have needed a fleet logistics train to replenish the aircraft carriers and refuel all of the warships in the Kido Butai. It did not have such resources. And such a raid would be a risky waste of men and ships against a prepared enemy.
若要袭击美国西海岸，日本帝国海军需要一支舰队后勤补给队伍，为机动部队的航空母舰补充物资，并为所有战舰加油，但日本当时并不具备这样的资源。而且，对已有防备的敌人发动此类袭击，不仅风险极高，还会造成人员和舰船的无谓损耗。
The only military actions taken by the Japanese along the West Coast of the United States were shelling of coastal targets and sinking several merchant ships by submarines.
日本在美国西海岸采取的唯一军事行动，就是通过潜艇炮击沿岸目标以及击沉数艘商船。
Former Retired at Automotive Industry (2001–2024)Author has 186 answers and 737K answer views6y
马克 前汽车行业从业者（2001-2024年任职，已退休）
The Japanese never intended to invade the continental United States. There is enduring myth that I've addressed before that fear of “a rifle behind every blade of grass” convinced the Imperial High Command of the futility of an invasion. Unless you are knowingly leading an army of rabble, no military in the world is going to forgo an invasion based on the possibility of armed civilians fighting back. That’s what rear guard fighting units are designed to combat. Furthermore, the Japanese deigned to view the American military as equal to theirs. They would hardly view the populace are more competent.
日本从未有过入侵美国大陆的意图。长期以来存在一种传言，我此前也曾提及，即日本帝国最高指挥部因担心“每一片草叶后都有一支步枪”，而认定入侵是徒劳之举。但事实上，除非是明知所率领的军队是乌合之众，否则世界上没有任何一支军队会仅仅因为担心平民武装反抗，就放弃入侵行动——后卫作战部队的设计用途本就是应对这类情况。此外，日本连美国军队都不屑于视为与自己实力相当的对手，更不可能认为美国平民比其军队更有战斗力。
The reason Japan didn’t invade the West Coast of the US is that it wasn’t necessary for their overall strategy to succeed. I won’t belabor Japan’s obxtives but in a nutshell, the Japanese had decided to seize vital natural resources in the Dutch East Indies and elsewhere. In order to secure that territory and the shipping lanes back to the Home Islands, the Japanese also had to neutralize the Philippines which was ostensibly American territory. An attack on American territory without accounting for the large American naval presence at Hawai'i would have been foolish which, in turn, led to the attack on Pearl Harbor.
日本没有入侵美国西海岸，原因在于这对于其整体战略的成功而言并非必要之举。我不想过多赘述日本的目标，但简而言之，日本当时已决定夺取荷属东印度群岛及其他地区的重要自然资源。为了确保这些领土以及返回日本本土的航线安全，日本还必须摧毁菲律宾的军事力量（菲律宾表面上是美国领土）。若不考虑美国在夏威夷部署的庞大海军力量，就对美国领土发动袭击，无疑是愚蠢之举，这也正是日本袭击珍珠港的原因所在。
The Japanese had considered occupying Hawai'i in conjunction with the bombing but that would have tied up troops needed elsewhere. Furthermore, Imperial Command expected the Americans to acquiesce to Japanese territorial gains and negotiate an acceptable peace. Tokyo only began to realize that they may have misjudged American resolve when Lt. Col. Doolittle led his famous raid over the city. Japan then scrambled to advance their imperial “picket lines.” This led to the Battle of Midway which turned the tide of the war and ended any possibility of an invasion of Hawai’i and/or the American West Coast.
日本曾考虑在轰炸珍珠港的同时占领夏威夷，但这样做会牵制原本需要派往其他地区的兵力。此外，日本帝国指挥部还预期美国会默许其获取的领土利益，并通过谈判达成一份双方都能接受的和平协议。直到杜立特中校率领部队对东京发动著名的空袭后，日本东京才开始意识到，他们可能误判了美国的决心。随后，日本仓促推进其帝国“前哨防线”，这一行动引发了中途岛战役。该战役扭转了战局，也彻底断绝了日本入侵夏威夷乃至美国西海岸的任何可能性。
But ultimately, Japan lacked the means to carry out an amphibious invasion of the United States. Even if that logistical constraint could have been overcome, then the underlying obstacle of “where” remains. The West Coast is vast. Where would an invasion take place? Do you want to slug your way through Washington State and take out the Naval Shipyards in Bremerton and the Boeing plants? Or would you rather attack Los Angeles with their own shipyards and airplane factories. Perhaps Oregon is a softer target until the massive counterattack drives your troops back into the sea. There was no logical reason for Japan to invade the West Coast and plenty of great ones not to even make the attempt.
但归根结底，日本缺乏对美国发动两栖入侵的能力。即便能够克服后勤方面的限制，“在哪里入侵”这一根本难题依然存在。美国西海岸地域辽阔，入侵行动该在何处展开呢？是艰难穿越华盛顿州，摧毁布雷默顿的海军造船厂和波音工厂？还是进攻洛杉矶，那里同样有造船厂和飞机制造厂？或许俄勒冈州看似是更易攻击的目标，但一旦美国发动大规模反击，日军仍会被赶回大海。日本没有任何合理的理由入侵美国西海岸，反而有无数充分的理由连尝试都不必进行。
Charles Neilsen
Vietnam VeteranAuthor has 11.2K answers and 52.6M answer views4y
查尔斯·尼尔森 越南战争老兵
While they could (and did) send the occasional submarine to shell the west coast, it would have been impossible for Japan to supply an invasion of the west coast. We attacked the Home Islands by island-hopping our way there. Building our logistic network as we went. California doesn’t have such a chain of handy islands. S1 wins battles, S4 wins wars.
尽管日本能够（而且确实）偶尔派遣潜艇炮击美国西海岸，但要为入侵西海岸的行动提供补给，对日本而言是绝无可能的。我们（美国）当时是通过“跳岛战术”逐步逼近日本本土，并在推进过程中建立起自己的后勤网络。而加利福尼亚附近并没有这样一连串便于作为前进基地的岛屿。要知道，战术（S1）决定战役胜负，后勤（S4）决定战争成败。
Randall Burns
Graduate Certificate in Software Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University (Graduated 2006)Author has 12.5K answers and 9.8M answer views8y
兰德尔·伯恩斯 卡内基梅隆大学软件工程研究生证书（2006年毕业）
The Panama Canal was a more urgently strategic target. They didn’t really start preparations in that direction until 1942 well after Pearl Harbor.
巴拿马运河才是更紧迫的战略目标。日本直到1942年，也就是珍珠港事件过去很久之后，才真正开始朝着袭击巴拿马运河的方向做准备。
Japanese Plan to Attack Panama Canal
日本袭击巴拿马运河的计划
Japan had limited resources and their planning simply wasn’t very good.
日本的资源有限，而且其作战计划制定得相当糟糕。
I think in general, bringing the US into WW II was a bad idea.
总的来说，我认为将美国拖入二战是一个糟糕的决策。
If war was inevitable, I think they should have attacked Hawaii(with fuel dumps), the Panama Canal and the major west coast ship yards all at the same time. That would have bought them considerable more time to consolidate their position in Asia.
如果战争已不可避免，我认为日本本应同时袭击夏威夷（包括那里的燃料库）、巴拿马运河以及美国西海岸的主要造船厂。这样一来，他们就能获得更多时间来巩固在亚洲的地位。
However, with a better plan, I think the US could have been kept out of the war a long time. I think that rather than attempting to colonize Asia like they did, Japan should have funded and equipped anti-colonial armies in the Dutch, French and British occupied areas(Hong Kong and singapore would have needed to be seized along with Brunei and possibly Malaysia). China could have been induced to become very, very cooperative. There were German advisors there already.
然而，如果日本制定了更完善的计划，或许能在很长一段时间内阻止美国参战。我认为，日本不应像当初那样试图对亚洲进行殖民统治，而应向荷兰、法国和英国占领地区（香港（特区）、新加坡，以及文莱和可能的马来西亚都需要被攻占）的反殖民军队提供资金和装备支持。此外，日本本可以促使中国变得非常合作——当时中国境内已有德国顾问。
The German invasion of Russia was also a mistake. Italy had quite a bit of oil in Libya. Germany could have installed a rather cooperative government in Kuwait and Iraq. Iran was deeply concerned about Russia. If the US was kept out of the war and Britain’s major oil supply was cut off, that phase of WW II could have been won and an invasion of the USSR jointly by Japan and Germany conducted after careful development of an arms industry and advanced weapons.
德国入侵苏联同样是一个错误。意大利当时在利比亚拥有相当数量的石油资源，德国本可以在科威特和伊拉克建立一个相对合作的政府，而伊朗也对苏联深感担忧。如果能将美国排除在战争之外，并切断英国的主要石油供应，二战的这一阶段（轴心国）或许就能取得胜利，之后日本和德国在大力发展军火工业、研发先进武器后，还能联合入侵苏联。
Kelly La Rue
Have visited all four corners of America and lived in threeAuthor has 19K answers and 57.5M answer views4y
凯利·拉鲁 曾游历美国四方，在三个地区居住过
The Japanese leadership never intended to defeat, much less occupy the United States. They knew that was impossible. We didn’t know their long term plans did not include occupying us so many Americans were in a panic fearing an invasion of the West Coast. This fear is the reason we rounded up and imprisoned Japanese civilians.
日本领导层从未打算击败美国，更不用说占领美国了——他们清楚这是不可能的。但我们（美国民众）当时并不知道日本的长期计划中并不包括占领美国，因此许多美国人陷入恐慌，担心日本会入侵西海岸。正是这种恐慌情绪，导致我们将日本裔平民集中关押起来。
Our reaction was the opposite of what an arrogant leadership anticipated. They did, like a number of other countries since, vastly underestimate our backbone, fighting spirit, and determination. They were contemptuous of our “softness”. We were not soft, just different, and nicer. If you don’t understand what I mean by nicer then that’s another question.
我们的反应与日本傲慢领导层的预期截然相反。和后来许多国家一样，日本严重低估了我们的骨气、战斗精神和决心，还鄙视我们所谓的“软弱”。但我们并不软弱，只是文化不同，而且更友善罢了。如果你不明白我说的“更友善”是什么意思，那就是另一个问题了。
Like Hitler the Japanese leadership thought Americans were soft even though we had subdued an alien continent with our bare hands, an axe, and a shotgun and then walked alongside our covered wagons 2000 miles across a continent in order to settle the West. Yamamoto had lived and studied in America so knew better but no one listened. The previously undefeated Japan’s military was gung ho to do their thing. Although they had a first class navy their badly led, poorly equipped army was third rate and their industrial base was weak. The army performed okay against Chinese farmers but was outmatched by our disciplined, trained, well-equipped Marines.
和希特勒一样，日本领导层认为美国人软弱，但他们忘了，我们曾仅凭双手、斧头和猎枪征服了一片陌生的大陆，还曾推着大篷车，徒步穿越2000英里的大陆去开拓西部。山本五十六曾在美国生活和学习，他更了解美国的实力，但没人听从他的意见。此前未尝败绩的日本军队一心想要按自己的意愿行事。尽管日本拥有一流的海军，但他们的陆军指挥混乱、装备落后，仅处于三流水平，而且日本的工业基础也十分薄弱。日本陆军对付中国农民或许还能勉强应对，但面对我们纪律严明、训练有素且装备精良的海军陆战队，就完全不是对手了。
Their strategy was to cow the United States long enough to complete their ambitions in Asia which were threefold:
日本的战略是通过威慑美国，争取足够时间来实现其在亚洲的野心，这些野心主要包括三个方面：
One: Conquer China and the other Southeast Asian countries down to and eventually to include Australia and the Midway Islands.
第一：征服中国及其他东南亚国家，范围向南延伸，最终将澳大利亚和中途岛也纳入其势力范围。
Two: Turn the Pacific into a Japanese lake. To this end they even invaded and held part of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands.
第二：将太平洋变成“日本湖”。为此，日本甚至入侵并占领了阿拉斯加阿留申群岛的部分地区。
Three: Hand the US and her Allies a fait accompli. Once done they thought we would accept that they were the de facto ruler of all the territories they held.
第三：让美国及其同盟国接受既成事实。日本认为，一旦实现上述目标，美国及其同盟国就会承认日本是其所占领所有领土的实际统治者。
The plan was ambitious but not impossible. But for some critical mistakes during the Pearl Harbor attack they might have succeeded. These mistakes were also threefold:
这个计划虽然野心勃勃，但并非完全不可能实现。然而，由于在袭击珍珠港时犯下了几个关键性错误，日本最终未能成功。这些错误同样有三个方面：
One: They didn’t get the carriers. These same carriers ended up tearing the heart out of their offensive naval arm and killing any chance of keeping their gains.
第一：日本没有摧毁美国的航空母舰。而正是这些航空母舰，后来重创了日本的进攻性海军力量，使其失去了保住既得利益的任何可能。
Two: They didn’t make a third raid to take out the maintenance arms and fuel storage thus allowing us to keep our fleet operating in the Pacific.
第二：日本没有发动第三次袭击来摧毁美国的维修设施和燃料储备，这使得我们的舰队能够继续在太平洋地区作战。
Three: Again they underestimated our martial spirit and what we were capable of once they pissed us off.
第三：日本再次低估了我们的尚武精神，以及他们激怒我们后我们所能爆发出的力量。
Why did Japan attack the United States? This is a more complicated question. Japan knew the United States was economically and military powerful, but it was not afraid of any American attack on its islands. Japan did worry however, that the Americans might help the Chinese resist the Japanese invasion of their country. When President Roosevelt stopped U.S. shipments of steel and oil the Japan, he was doing exactly this: the Japanese are dependent on other countries for raw materials, for they have almost none on their own islands. Without imports of steel and oil, the Japanese military could not fight for long. Without oil, the navy would not be able to move after it had exhausted its six-month reserve. Roosevelt hoped that this economic pressure would force Japan to end its military expansion in East Asia.
日本为何要袭击美国？这是一个更为复杂的问题。日本知道美国在经济和军事上都实力雄厚，但并不担心美国会袭击其本土岛屿。不过，日本确实担心美国会帮助中国抵抗日本的侵略。罗斯福总统停止向日本运送钢铁和石油，正是为了达到这一目的：日本本土几乎没有原材料，高度依赖其他国家进口。如果无法进口钢铁和石油，日本军队就无法长期作战；一旦耗尽六个月的石油储备，日本海军将无法行动。罗斯福希望通过这种经济压力，迫使日本停止在东亚的军事扩张。
The Japanese military saw another solution to the problem: if it could quickly conquer the British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia and gain complete control of the oil, rubber, and other raw materials it needed, then it could defend its interests in China and IndoChina against those Europeans who were now busy fighting a major war in Europe against the Germans and Italians. The only force that could stop the Japanese was the American Pacific fleet — which was conveniently gathered close to Japan at Pearl Harbor, in Hawaii. Knowing that many Americans did not want to fight a war against Japan, the military thought that if it suddenly destroyed the U.S. fleet, America would simply give up and allow Japan to consolidate its grasp on East Asia.
日本军方则看到了另一种解决办法：如果能迅速征服英国和荷兰在东南亚的殖民地，全面控制所需的石油、橡胶及其他原材料，就能保护其在中国和印度支那的利益，免受那些正忙于在欧洲与德国、意大利作战的欧洲国家的干预。而当时唯一能阻止日本的力量，就是美国太平洋舰队——该舰队恰好集中在靠近日本的夏威夷珍珠港。日本军方知道许多美国人不愿与日本开战，因此认为，如果能突然摧毁美国舰队，美国就会放弃抵抗，任由日本巩固其在东亚的控制权。
Japan was not militarily or economically powerful enough to fight a long war against the United States, and the Japanese military knew this. Its attack on Pearl Harbor was a tremendous gamble — and though the short-run gamble was successful, the long-run gamble was lost because the Japanese were wrong about the American reaction. Japan's Quest for Power and World War II in Asia
日本的军事和经济实力都不足以支撑其与美国打一场长期战争，日本军方对此也心知肚明。袭击珍珠港是一场巨大的赌博——尽管短期内这场赌博取得了成功，但从长远来看，日本还是输了，因为他们错误地判断了美国的反应。（这便是）日本的权力争夺与二战中的亚洲战场。
After the Battle of Midway the Japanese were defeated. It just took them a few years of further defeats to accept this. Actually even after they realized they had lost the war they didn’t surrender, partly because of their ideology but also for a more practical reason. They were holding out of a treaty that allowed them to keep at least some of their gains.
中途岛战役之后，日本实际上已经战败，只是他们又经历了数年的接连失败，才最终接受这一事实。事实上，即便意识到自己已输掉战争，日本也并未立即投降，部分原因是其意识形态作祟，还有一个更现实的原因是：他们试图拖延，以期达成一份能让他们至少保留部分既得利益的条约。
Roosevelt was having none of that. They either surrendered unconditionally meaning the US would set the whatever terms it liked giving Japan no say in whether they kept the emperor or not or face the possibility of complete destruction. This was a hard one to swallow and they weren’t going to until the Emperor, so horrified after the bombs destroyed two important cities, realizing Japan might be turned into a cinder, insisted they accept Allied terms. It is possible the entry of the Soviet unx into the war played a part in the decision but the Emperor in his announcement to his people credits the bomb for his decision.
但罗斯福对此绝不接受。日本要么无条件投降（这意味着美国将制定所有条款，日本无权决定是否保留天皇），要么面临彻底毁灭的可能。这一条件对日本而言难以接受，他们原本不愿屈服，直到两颗原子弹摧毁了两座重要城市后，天皇深感震惊，意识到日本可能会被夷为焦土，才坚持要求接受同盟国的条款。苏联参战或许对这一决定也起到了一定作用，但天皇在对国民的公告中表示，是原子弹促使他做出了这一决定。
Gheorge Rider
Retired Academic Clinical Dept. Administrator & FacultyAuthor has 9K answers and 14M answer views7y
格奥尔基·里德 前学术临床部门行政人员及教职人员（已退休） 著有9K个回答，获得1400万次回答浏览量 7年前
The obxtive of the Pearl Harbor raid was to disable the US Pacific Fleet, primarily its battle line and especially its aircraft carriers. To accomplish this, the Imperial Japanese Navy assembled a fast, mobile force of 6 heavy aircraft carriers known as the Kido Butai. It also included 2 fast battle cruisers of the Kongo class and 3 fast heavy cruisers for protection.
日本袭击珍珠港的目的，是摧毁美国太平洋舰队的作战能力，尤其是其主力战舰，特别是航空母舰。为实现这一目标，日本帝国海军组建了一支由6艘重型航空母舰组成的快速机动部队，即“机动部队”。该部队还配备了2艘“金刚”级快速战列巡洋舰和3艘快速重型巡洋舰作为护航力量。
In late 1941, the military and strategic obxtive of Japan was to seize the resources of the Dutch East Indies, primarily for oil. While Japan had already based forces in Vichy French Indo-China, it would still need the Imperial Japanese Navy to support its invasion of the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore, New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies. After the Pearl Harbor raid, the Kido Butai was to return to Japan, refit and head South in mid-January 1942.
1941年末，日本的军事和战略目标是夺取荷属东印度群岛的资源，其中最主要的是石油。尽管日本当时已在维希法国控制的印度支那部署了军队，但仍需要日本帝国海军支持其对菲律宾、婆罗洲、马来亚、新加坡、新几内亚和荷属东印度群岛的入侵行动。按照计划，在袭击珍珠港后，机动部队将返回日本进行整修，并于1942年1月中旬南下（参与上述入侵行动）。
To raid the West Coast of the United States, the Imperial Japanese Navy would have needed a fleet logistics train to replenish the aircraft carriers and refuel all of the warships in the Kido Butai. It did not have such resources. And such a raid would be a risky waste of men and ships against a prepared enemy.
若要袭击美国西海岸，日本帝国海军需要一支舰队后勤补给队伍，为机动部队的航空母舰补充物资，并为所有战舰加油，但日本当时并不具备这样的资源。而且，对已有防备的敌人发动此类袭击，不仅风险极高，还会造成人员和舰船的无谓损耗。
The only military actions taken by the Japanese along the West Coast of the United States were shelling of coastal targets and sinking several merchant ships by submarines.
日本在美国西海岸采取的唯一军事行动，就是通过潜艇炮击沿岸目标以及击沉数艘商船。
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