早期人类是如何在没有船的情况下从非洲播散到各大洲的?
正文翻译
How did early humans spread to all continents from Africa without a boat?
早期人类是如何在没有船的情况下从非洲走到各大洲的?
How did early humans spread to all continents from Africa without a boat?
早期人类是如何在没有船的情况下从非洲走到各大洲的?
评论翻译
Profile photo for Joseph Fulginiti
They mainly walked. During the last Ice Age sea levels were considerably lower than they are now exposing land bridges. There were also periods of time that the impassable desserts were more lush.
Now, depending on what you mean by early humans, they also “island hopped”. Taking small rafts or canoes from one island to the next. That’s how the original indigenous peoples reached Australia about 50,000 years ago. It is now believed the South American settlers may have hugged the North American coastline on boats until they reached the southern continent. (Of course they stopped for bathroom breaks.)
他们主要靠走。在上一个冰河时期，海平面比现在露出来的陆桥要低得多。也有段时期，不可逾越的沙漠更广阔。现在取决于你所说的早期人类是什么意思，他们乘小木筏或独木舟从一个岛到下一个岛。这就是5万年前土著居民到达澳大利亚的方法。现在人们相信，南美的定居者可能是乘船沿着北美的海岸线到达南部大陆的。(他当然们也会停下来上个厕所。)
They mainly walked. During the last Ice Age sea levels were considerably lower than they are now exposing land bridges. There were also periods of time that the impassable desserts were more lush.
Now, depending on what you mean by early humans, they also “island hopped”. Taking small rafts or canoes from one island to the next. That’s how the original indigenous peoples reached Australia about 50,000 years ago. It is now believed the South American settlers may have hugged the North American coastline on boats until they reached the southern continent. (Of course they stopped for bathroom breaks.)
他们主要靠走。在上一个冰河时期，海平面比现在露出来的陆桥要低得多。也有段时期，不可逾越的沙漠更广阔。现在取决于你所说的早期人类是什么意思，他们乘小木筏或独木舟从一个岛到下一个岛。这就是5万年前土著居民到达澳大利亚的方法。现在人们相信，南美的定居者可能是乘船沿着北美的海岸线到达南部大陆的。(他当然们也会停下来上个厕所。)
Profile photo for Claire Jordan
The first humans to leave Africa seem to have done so from the Horn of Africa to Yemen. At its narrowest point the Red Sea is iirc nine miles across - close enough that they could see trees and grass on the far side - and there’s an island partway, so they only had to paddle their canoes or rafts a few miles at a time. At a pinch they could even have swum across. It’s also possible to walk from Egypt to Israel overland, provided you have a couple of days’ supply of food and water with you.
That gave humans access to Asia and Europe - from the Middle East, they just had to walk. Humans penetrated as far east as Kamchatka, then crossed to Alaska either by walking across the land bridge which existed at the time, or by canoeing along the edge of it, camping on land at night. From there they could get to anywhere in the mainland Americas by walking.
The only time proper sea-going ships were required was to get from the south of mainland Asia to Indonesia, Australia and various small islands. We must assume that by that point they had developed better canoes and rafts, like the ones used to settle the Pacific islands. But note that humans only made it as far as New Zealand less than a thousand years ago.
第一批离开非洲的人类似乎是从非洲之角（译注:非洲之角又称东北非洲，作为一个半岛，则又称索马里半岛，位于非洲东北部，是东非的一个半岛，在亚丁湾南岸，向东伸入阿拉伯海数百公里）到达也门。红海最窄的地方只有九英里宽，近得可以看到远处对岸的树木和草地，中间还有个岛，所以他们每次只需要划几英里的独木舟或木筏。必要时他们甚至可以游过去。你也可以走陆路从埃及到以色列，只要你带了几天的食物和水。通过中东，人类得以穿越亚欧两州，只是不得不步行。人类向东深入到堪察加半岛，然后通过当时存在的大陆桥穿越到阿拉斯加，或者沿着它的边缘划独木舟，晚上就在陆地上露营。从那里他们可以步行到美洲大陆的任何地方。唯一需要正规海船的是从亚洲大陆南部到印度尼西亚、澳大利亚和各种小岛的时期。我们必须假设，在那时，他们已经发明了更好的独木舟和木筏，就像在太平洋岛屿上定居的那种。但请注意，人类在不到一千年前才到达新西兰。
The first humans to leave Africa seem to have done so from the Horn of Africa to Yemen. At its narrowest point the Red Sea is iirc nine miles across - close enough that they could see trees and grass on the far side - and there’s an island partway, so they only had to paddle their canoes or rafts a few miles at a time. At a pinch they could even have swum across. It’s also possible to walk from Egypt to Israel overland, provided you have a couple of days’ supply of food and water with you.
That gave humans access to Asia and Europe - from the Middle East, they just had to walk. Humans penetrated as far east as Kamchatka, then crossed to Alaska either by walking across the land bridge which existed at the time, or by canoeing along the edge of it, camping on land at night. From there they could get to anywhere in the mainland Americas by walking.
The only time proper sea-going ships were required was to get from the south of mainland Asia to Indonesia, Australia and various small islands. We must assume that by that point they had developed better canoes and rafts, like the ones used to settle the Pacific islands. But note that humans only made it as far as New Zealand less than a thousand years ago.
第一批离开非洲的人类似乎是从非洲之角（译注:非洲之角又称东北非洲，作为一个半岛，则又称索马里半岛，位于非洲东北部，是东非的一个半岛，在亚丁湾南岸，向东伸入阿拉伯海数百公里）到达也门。红海最窄的地方只有九英里宽，近得可以看到远处对岸的树木和草地，中间还有个岛，所以他们每次只需要划几英里的独木舟或木筏。必要时他们甚至可以游过去。你也可以走陆路从埃及到以色列，只要你带了几天的食物和水。通过中东，人类得以穿越亚欧两州，只是不得不步行。人类向东深入到堪察加半岛，然后通过当时存在的大陆桥穿越到阿拉斯加，或者沿着它的边缘划独木舟，晚上就在陆地上露营。从那里他们可以步行到美洲大陆的任何地方。唯一需要正规海船的是从亚洲大陆南部到印度尼西亚、澳大利亚和各种小岛的时期。我们必须假设，在那时，他们已经发明了更好的独木舟和木筏，就像在太平洋岛屿上定居的那种。但请注意，人类在不到一千年前才到达新西兰。
Profile photo for Arni Highfield
You should read the book, or watch the BBC documentary ‘The Incredible Human Journey’ by Dr. Alice Roberts
This describes precisely what you are asking.
你应该读读书，或者看看英国广播公司(BBC)的纪录片《不可思议的人类之旅》，作者是爱丽丝·罗伯茨博士。这正好描述了你想问的。
You should read the book, or watch the BBC documentary ‘The Incredible Human Journey’ by Dr. Alice Roberts
This describes precisely what you are asking.
你应该读读书，或者看看英国广播公司(BBC)的纪录片《不可思议的人类之旅》，作者是爱丽丝·罗伯茨博士。这正好描述了你想问的。
Piet Bakx
We do not know when the first humans left Africa. We have two glaciations in our human past. One from 238k to 126k years ago and one from 110k to 12k years ago. The sea level was more that 100m lower during those glaciations. The interglacial between the first and second glaciation is rather short compared with the length of the glaciations. The tropical regions were very well suited for humans and during the interglacial they could have moved to the north. I have never seen articles about presence of humans in the America’s during the interglacial between 126k and 110k. The Neanderthal humans could have been living and roaming the European fields and forests during the interglaciation. Also the Denisovan humans lived during these millennia in Asia.
我们不知道第一批人类是何时离开非洲的。人类历史上有两次冰期。一个是从23.8万年前到12.6万年前，另一个是从11万年前到1.2万年前。在那些冰河时期，海平面要低100多米。第一次和第二次间冰期之间的间冰期相对较短。热带地区非常适合人类，在间冰期，他们可以向北迁移。我从来没有见过关于在间冰期12.6万年前到11万年前之间的美国有人类存在的文章。尼安德特人可能在间冰期生活在欧洲的田野和森林里。此外，丹尼索瓦人在亚洲生活了数千年。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
We do not know when the first humans left Africa. We have two glaciations in our human past. One from 238k to 126k years ago and one from 110k to 12k years ago. The sea level was more that 100m lower during those glaciations. The interglacial between the first and second glaciation is rather short compared with the length of the glaciations. The tropical regions were very well suited for humans and during the interglacial they could have moved to the north. I have never seen articles about presence of humans in the America’s during the interglacial between 126k and 110k. The Neanderthal humans could have been living and roaming the European fields and forests during the interglaciation. Also the Denisovan humans lived during these millennia in Asia.
我们不知道第一批人类是何时离开非洲的。人类历史上有两次冰期。一个是从23.8万年前到12.6万年前，另一个是从11万年前到1.2万年前。在那些冰河时期，海平面要低100多米。第一次和第二次间冰期之间的间冰期相对较短。热带地区非常适合人类，在间冰期，他们可以向北迁移。我从来没有见过关于在间冰期12.6万年前到11万年前之间的美国有人类存在的文章。尼安德特人可能在间冰期生活在欧洲的田野和森林里。此外，丹尼索瓦人在亚洲生活了数千年。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Kevin De la Bat
You have made an assumption that early humans didn't have boats.
Yes they may not have had complex ships, but are rafts and dugout canoes so hard to make? The only raw materials needed are an axe and trees.
So all that is missing is an idea, would it be so hard to see a tree floating past and think “I could get on that”
The Polynesians explored the entire pacific with basically that tool kit. An idea, trees and stone tools.
The Pesse canoe has been carbon dated to around 8000 BCE.
你假设了早期人类没有船。是的，他们可能没有复杂的船，但木筏和独木舟就那么难做吗?唯一需要的原材料是一把斧头和树木。
所以我们缺少的只是一个概念，看到一棵漂浮的树想着"我能乘那个"，就这么难吗？
波利尼西亚人就是用这种工具探索了整个太平洋。一个想法，树木和石器。经碳测定，云杉独木舟的年代约为公元前8000年。
You have made an assumption that early humans didn't have boats.
Yes they may not have had complex ships, but are rafts and dugout canoes so hard to make? The only raw materials needed are an axe and trees.
So all that is missing is an idea, would it be so hard to see a tree floating past and think “I could get on that”
The Polynesians explored the entire pacific with basically that tool kit. An idea, trees and stone tools.
The Pesse canoe has been carbon dated to around 8000 BCE.
你假设了早期人类没有船。是的，他们可能没有复杂的船，但木筏和独木舟就那么难做吗?唯一需要的原材料是一把斧头和树木。
所以我们缺少的只是一个概念，看到一棵漂浮的树想着"我能乘那个"，就这么难吗？
波利尼西亚人就是用这种工具探索了整个太平洋。一个想法，树木和石器。经碳测定，云杉独木舟的年代约为公元前8000年。
Steve Dutch
They walked from Africa to Asia and thence to Europe. During the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower, they walked to the Americas. Although they could also have used boats, which existed by that time. Boats are also how they got to Australia.
他们从非洲走到亚洲，再从那里走到欧洲。在海平面较低的更新世（译注:更新世是冰川作用活跃的时期，开始于1 806 000年（±5000年）前，结束于11 550年前，是构成地球历史的第四纪冰川的两个世中较长的第一个世，在此期间发生了一系列冰川期和间冰川期气候回旋）时期，他们步行到了美洲。尽管他们也可以使用当时已经存在的船。他们也是通过船只到达澳大利亚的。
They walked from Africa to Asia and thence to Europe. During the Pleistocene, when sea level was lower, they walked to the Americas. Although they could also have used boats, which existed by that time. Boats are also how they got to Australia.
他们从非洲走到亚洲，再从那里走到欧洲。在海平面较低的更新世（译注:更新世是冰川作用活跃的时期，开始于1 806 000年（±5000年）前，结束于11 550年前，是构成地球历史的第四纪冰川的两个世中较长的第一个世，在此期间发生了一系列冰川期和间冰川期气候回旋）时期，他们步行到了美洲。尽管他们也可以使用当时已经存在的船。他们也是通过船只到达澳大利亚的。
Chris Spencer
Africa, Asia and Europe are all part of the same landmass - no boats required.
The Americas are joined, and it is usually thought that humans arrived there during an ice age, when sea levels were much lower, and there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. However, that was well after boats were invented, so they could just as easily have moved along the shore.
Australia has probably never had a land bridge - but the channels would have been quite narrow when sea levels were low, so simple boats and rafts would have been used.
The only continent which is difficult to reach is Antarctica - and we only got there a few centuries ago (not that it is habitable).
非洲、亚洲和欧洲都是同一块陆地的一部分，不需要船。美洲大陆是连在一起的，人们通常认为人类是在冰河时代到达那里的，那时海平面要低得多，而且从亚洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陆桥。然而，那是在船发明之后很久的事了，所以他们可以很容易地沿着海岸移动。澳大利亚可能从来没有大陆桥，但当海平面很低时，水道会很窄，所以人们会使用简单的船和木筏到达。唯一难以到达的大陆是南极洲——我们几个世纪前才到达那里(并不是说那里适合居住)。
Africa, Asia and Europe are all part of the same landmass - no boats required.
The Americas are joined, and it is usually thought that humans arrived there during an ice age, when sea levels were much lower, and there was a land bridge from Asia to Alaska. However, that was well after boats were invented, so they could just as easily have moved along the shore.
Australia has probably never had a land bridge - but the channels would have been quite narrow when sea levels were low, so simple boats and rafts would have been used.
The only continent which is difficult to reach is Antarctica - and we only got there a few centuries ago (not that it is habitable).
非洲、亚洲和欧洲都是同一块陆地的一部分，不需要船。美洲大陆是连在一起的，人们通常认为人类是在冰河时代到达那里的，那时海平面要低得多，而且从亚洲到阿拉斯加有一座大陆桥。然而，那是在船发明之后很久的事了，所以他们可以很容易地沿着海岸移动。澳大利亚可能从来没有大陆桥，但当海平面很低时，水道会很窄，所以人们会使用简单的船和木筏到达。唯一难以到达的大陆是南极洲——我们几个世纪前才到达那里(并不是说那里适合居住)。
Profile photo for Nick Elliott
How did humans spread to different continents before boats?
As boats are thought to date back at least 900,000 years, they didn't.
在有船之前，人类是如何播散到不同的大陆的?船被认为至少有90万年的历史，但实际上并没有。
How did humans spread to different continents before boats?
As boats are thought to date back at least 900,000 years, they didn't.
在有船之前，人类是如何播散到不同的大陆的?船被认为至少有90万年的历史，但实际上并没有。
Logan Bolan
They walked. The Ice Age locked up enough water from the oceans that the area between Asia and modern day Alaska that there was a whole ecosystem called Beringia. During the same time period, humans walked from France to Britain. During other periods of time, the ancestor of Homo floriensis walked out to the island of Flores out in Indonesia. When the sealevel rose, they were cut off from the mainland and evolved their own if stunted hominin species.
他们用走的。冰河时代，在亚洲和现在的阿拉斯加之间从，海洋中锁住了足够的水形成了一个完整的生态系统，叫做白令陆桥。在同一时期，人类从法国步行到了英国。在其他时期，弗洛里人的祖先走到印尼的弗洛里岛。当海平面上升时，它（他？）们与大陆的联系被切断了，并自我进化出了发育不良的古人类物种。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
They walked. The Ice Age locked up enough water from the oceans that the area between Asia and modern day Alaska that there was a whole ecosystem called Beringia. During the same time period, humans walked from France to Britain. During other periods of time, the ancestor of Homo floriensis walked out to the island of Flores out in Indonesia. When the sealevel rose, they were cut off from the mainland and evolved their own if stunted hominin species.
他们用走的。冰河时代，在亚洲和现在的阿拉斯加之间从，海洋中锁住了足够的水形成了一个完整的生态系统，叫做白令陆桥。在同一时期，人类从法国步行到了英国。在其他时期，弗洛里人的祖先走到印尼的弗洛里岛。当海平面上升时，它（他？）们与大陆的联系被切断了，并自我进化出了发育不良的古人类物种。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Tamara Wilhite
Walked, mostly. That’s the likely method the mammoth hunters followed from Asia to North America. Hunters leaving Africa were likely following the animals, too.
走,主要是走。这可能是猛犸象猎人从亚洲到北美所遵循的方法。离开非洲的猎人很可能也在跟踪这些动物。
Walked, mostly. That’s the likely method the mammoth hunters followed from Asia to North America. Hunters leaving Africa were likely following the animals, too.
走,主要是走。这可能是猛犸象猎人从亚洲到北美所遵循的方法。离开非洲的猎人很可能也在跟踪这些动物。
Miguel Corazao
Ummm … I think there is some context behind the question that needs to be shared. But just to share a few thoughts that may answer the question.
Mankind has had boats of various types for an extremely long time. Some people mistakenly believe boats were only invented as part of civilization but this is not the case.
It is important to remember that many continents are connected (Eurasia and Africa, North and South America) and in prehistoric times there were other land connections, especially Eurasia and North America.
The other thing to understand is that skilled sailors can travel far further in primitive boats than you might think. The settlement of the Polynesian islands, for example, was done using very simple boats and navigation technology.
呃...我认为这个问题背后有一些需要分享的背景。但我只想分享一些可能回答这个问题的想法。
有些人错误地认为船只是文明的一部分，但事实并非如此。重要的是要记住，许多大陆是连接在一起的(欧亚大陆和非洲，北美和南美)，在史前时期，还有其他陆地连接，特别是欧亚大陆和北美。另一件需要了解的事情是，熟练的水手可以乘坐原始的船只旅行远比你想象的远。例如，波利尼西亚群岛的居民就使用了非常简单的船只和导航技术。
Ummm … I think there is some context behind the question that needs to be shared. But just to share a few thoughts that may answer the question.
Mankind has had boats of various types for an extremely long time. Some people mistakenly believe boats were only invented as part of civilization but this is not the case.
It is important to remember that many continents are connected (Eurasia and Africa, North and South America) and in prehistoric times there were other land connections, especially Eurasia and North America.
The other thing to understand is that skilled sailors can travel far further in primitive boats than you might think. The settlement of the Polynesian islands, for example, was done using very simple boats and navigation technology.
呃...我认为这个问题背后有一些需要分享的背景。但我只想分享一些可能回答这个问题的想法。
有些人错误地认为船只是文明的一部分，但事实并非如此。重要的是要记住，许多大陆是连接在一起的(欧亚大陆和非洲，北美和南美)，在史前时期，还有其他陆地连接，特别是欧亚大陆和北美。另一件需要了解的事情是，熟练的水手可以乘坐原始的船只旅行远比你想象的远。例如，波利尼西亚群岛的居民就使用了非常简单的船只和导航技术。
Himanshu Jain
I don’t have a real answer to this but interested in this topic so pitching in with some thoughts. If one observes carefully then from Africa to Asia & Europe one could have just walked on land and reached at various places (Now ofcourse there is a strait on Red Sea). Also the distance between Russia (on the Asian side) and Alaska in North America is just 85 km with two islands in between seperated by a distance of just 4 km. Hence even in olden times reaching between these two continents may not have been impossible. From there one can walk to South America (ofcourse again now we have the Panama Canal). This leaves out Australia which is hard for me fathom how early humans may have reached there.
我没有一个真正的答案，但对这个话题很感兴趣，所以贡献一些想法。如果你仔细观察，那么从非洲到亚洲和欧洲，你从陆地上行走，就可以到达不同的地方(当然现在红海上有一个海峡)。
此外，俄罗斯(在亚洲一侧)和北美的阿拉斯加之间的距离只有85公里，中间有两个岛屿，距离仅为4公里。因此，即使在远古时代，这两个大陆之间的联系也不是不可能的。从那里你可以步行到南美洲(当然，现在我们有了巴拿马运河)。这不包括澳大利亚，我很难理解早期人类是如何到达那里的。
I don’t have a real answer to this but interested in this topic so pitching in with some thoughts. If one observes carefully then from Africa to Asia & Europe one could have just walked on land and reached at various places (Now ofcourse there is a strait on Red Sea). Also the distance between Russia (on the Asian side) and Alaska in North America is just 85 km with two islands in between seperated by a distance of just 4 km. Hence even in olden times reaching between these two continents may not have been impossible. From there one can walk to South America (ofcourse again now we have the Panama Canal). This leaves out Australia which is hard for me fathom how early humans may have reached there.
我没有一个真正的答案，但对这个话题很感兴趣，所以贡献一些想法。如果你仔细观察，那么从非洲到亚洲和欧洲，你从陆地上行走，就可以到达不同的地方(当然现在红海上有一个海峡)。
此外，俄罗斯(在亚洲一侧)和北美的阿拉斯加之间的距离只有85公里，中间有两个岛屿，距离仅为4公里。因此，即使在远古时代，这两个大陆之间的联系也不是不可能的。从那里你可以步行到南美洲(当然，现在我们有了巴拿马运河)。这不包括澳大利亚，我很难理解早期人类是如何到达那里的。
Jim Roper
When they needed boats, they had boats. But, they walked from Africa to the Middle East to Asia, Europe, North America and South America (with help from boats at times). They took boats to Madagascar, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific Islands.
当他们需要船的时候，他们有船。但是，他们徒步从非洲到中东，再到亚洲、欧洲、北美和南美(有时需要船只的帮助)。他们乘船前往马达加斯加、澳大利亚、巴布亚新几内亚和其他太平洋岛屿。
When they needed boats, they had boats. But, they walked from Africa to the Middle East to Asia, Europe, North America and South America (with help from boats at times). They took boats to Madagascar, Australia, Papua New Guinea and the rest of the Pacific Islands.
当他们需要船的时候，他们有船。但是，他们徒步从非洲到中东，再到亚洲、欧洲、北美和南美(有时需要船只的帮助)。他们乘船前往马达加斯加、澳大利亚、巴布亚新几内亚和其他太平洋岛屿。
Profile photo for Gloria Cole
Some continents such as the area between Spain and North Africa, or West Africa and the east coast of S. America have at times in the past been accessible on floating debris, or hand constructed rafts. In the Pacific, primitive craft was constructed very early to get from one island to another.
And of course the new world was populated by Siberians walking across the Bering St. land bridge.
一些大陆，如西班牙和北非之间的地区，或西非和南美东海岸，在过去有时可以通过漂浮的残骸或手工制作的木筏到达。在太平洋上，人们很早就制造出了原始的船只，用来从一个岛划到另一个岛。
Some continents such as the area between Spain and North Africa, or West Africa and the east coast of S. America have at times in the past been accessible on floating debris, or hand constructed rafts. In the Pacific, primitive craft was constructed very early to get from one island to another.
And of course the new world was populated by Siberians walking across the Bering St. land bridge.
一些大陆，如西班牙和北非之间的地区，或西非和南美东海岸，在过去有时可以通过漂浮的残骸或手工制作的木筏到达。在太平洋上，人们很早就制造出了原始的船只，用来从一个岛划到另一个岛。
Claire Jordan
How did early humans get to the South American continent from Africa?
We think they went across the narrow gap from the Horn of Africa to the Arab Penninsula (presumably by boat or raft), along the bottom of what is now Yemen, then north to the Turkey/Iran area. From there they split into two groups who headed into Europe and Asia. Some of the ones in Asia headed south to Indonesia and Australasia. Some headed north into Siberia.
Some of the Siberian ones then crossed a land-bridge which then existed between Chukchi and Alaska, either on foot or in small boats along the edge of the ice, in several waves. Once they were in Alaska they just headed south over thousands of years. We know the first wave had reached New Mexico by 22,000 years ago.
早期人类是如何从非洲到达南美大陆的?
我们认为他们从非洲之角穿过狭窄的缺口，到达阿拉伯半岛(可能是坐船或木筏)，沿着现在的也门的底部，然后向北到达土耳其/伊朗地区。从那里他们分成两组，分别前往欧洲和亚洲。亚洲的一支向南前往印度尼西亚和大洋洲，一支向北去了西伯利亚。然后，西伯利亚有几波人通过当时存在于楚科奇和阿拉斯加之间的大陆桥，要么徒步，要么乘小船沿着冰的边缘穿过去。一旦到达阿拉斯加，它们就会向南拓展数千年。我们知道第一波人在两万两千年前到达了新墨西哥。
How did early humans get to the South American continent from Africa?
We think they went across the narrow gap from the Horn of Africa to the Arab Penninsula (presumably by boat or raft), along the bottom of what is now Yemen, then north to the Turkey/Iran area. From there they split into two groups who headed into Europe and Asia. Some of the ones in Asia headed south to Indonesia and Australasia. Some headed north into Siberia.
Some of the Siberian ones then crossed a land-bridge which then existed between Chukchi and Alaska, either on foot or in small boats along the edge of the ice, in several waves. Once they were in Alaska they just headed south over thousands of years. We know the first wave had reached New Mexico by 22,000 years ago.
早期人类是如何从非洲到达南美大陆的?
我们认为他们从非洲之角穿过狭窄的缺口，到达阿拉伯半岛(可能是坐船或木筏)，沿着现在的也门的底部，然后向北到达土耳其/伊朗地区。从那里他们分成两组，分别前往欧洲和亚洲。亚洲的一支向南前往印度尼西亚和大洋洲，一支向北去了西伯利亚。然后，西伯利亚有几波人通过当时存在于楚科奇和阿拉斯加之间的大陆桥，要么徒步，要么乘小船沿着冰的边缘穿过去。一旦到达阿拉斯加，它们就会向南拓展数千年。我们知道第一波人在两万两千年前到达了新墨西哥。
Bill Fischer
The fossil record traces them up the East coast of Africa, across the Suez (there wasn’t a canal yet), through the Sinai, then spreading into Asia, both North and South.
It (the record) then suggests that at least a number of them crossed a land mass (not a land “bridge”) during the Pleistocene glaciation which existed between Siberia and Alaska. This land mass is called “Beringia”.
Then they apparently migrated over generations down the West coast of the Americas until they got to South America.
At least that’s the current theory.
化石记录显示他们沿着非洲东海岸向上，穿过苏伊士运河(当时还没有运河)，穿过西奈半岛，然后向亚洲的南北方向扩散。记录显示，在更新世冰川时期，他们中的一些人穿过了西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的一块陆地(而不是一个陆桥)。这块陆地叫做“白令陆桥”。然后很明显，他们世世代代沿着美洲西海岸迁移，直到到达南美洲。至少目前的理论是这样的。
The fossil record traces them up the East coast of Africa, across the Suez (there wasn’t a canal yet), through the Sinai, then spreading into Asia, both North and South.
It (the record) then suggests that at least a number of them crossed a land mass (not a land “bridge”) during the Pleistocene glaciation which existed between Siberia and Alaska. This land mass is called “Beringia”.
Then they apparently migrated over generations down the West coast of the Americas until they got to South America.
At least that’s the current theory.
化石记录显示他们沿着非洲东海岸向上，穿过苏伊士运河(当时还没有运河)，穿过西奈半岛，然后向亚洲的南北方向扩散。记录显示，在更新世冰川时期，他们中的一些人穿过了西伯利亚和阿拉斯加之间的一块陆地(而不是一个陆桥)。这块陆地叫做“白令陆桥”。然后很明显，他们世世代代沿着美洲西海岸迁移，直到到达南美洲。至少目前的理论是这样的。
Profile photo for Bob Muir
It is thought that humans originated in Africa and about 200 000 years ago moved into Asia and Europe in a series of waves. It is believed that some crossed the Bearing Strait about 50 000 years ago by a land bridge sometime during the last Glacial that no longer exists due to sea level rising. From the north west humans gradually migrated to all parts of the north and south American continents. The dates are vague because actual critical evidence is largely lacking. Recent discoveries point to this sequence of events possibly happening at an earlier time than was currently thought but a consensus opinion on this has yet to be reached.
据说，人类起源于非洲，大约20万年前分几批迁移到亚洲和欧洲。据信，一些人在大约5万年前的最后一次冰川时期通过大陆桥穿越了白令海峡，但由于海平面上升，大陆桥现已不复存在。人类从西北部逐渐迁移到南北美洲大陆的所有地方。时间很模糊，因为关键证据在很大程度上是缺乏的。最近的发现表明，这一系列事件发生的时间可能比目前认为的更早，但对此尚未达成一致意见。
It is thought that humans originated in Africa and about 200 000 years ago moved into Asia and Europe in a series of waves. It is believed that some crossed the Bearing Strait about 50 000 years ago by a land bridge sometime during the last Glacial that no longer exists due to sea level rising. From the north west humans gradually migrated to all parts of the north and south American continents. The dates are vague because actual critical evidence is largely lacking. Recent discoveries point to this sequence of events possibly happening at an earlier time than was currently thought but a consensus opinion on this has yet to be reached.
据说，人类起源于非洲，大约20万年前分几批迁移到亚洲和欧洲。据信，一些人在大约5万年前的最后一次冰川时期通过大陆桥穿越了白令海峡，但由于海平面上升，大陆桥现已不复存在。人类从西北部逐渐迁移到南北美洲大陆的所有地方。时间很模糊，因为关键证据在很大程度上是缺乏的。最近的发现表明，这一系列事件发生的时间可能比目前认为的更早，但对此尚未达成一致意见。
Profile photo for Doug Freyburger
They migrated along the shore in the process that took enough millennia they could adjust their culture to the local circumstances.
Some of the trip they were hunters living on the edge of the polar ice cap. That took small boats made from hides. Colonists would have arrives in the Americas from both directions this way.
Some of the trip took land migration.
他们沿着海岸迁移，在这一过程中，他们花了数千年的时间来调整自己的文化，以适应当地的环境。在一些旅程中，他们是生活在极地冰盖边缘的猎人。他们用的是用兽皮做的小船。殖民者会通过这种方式从两个方向到达美洲。有些是陆地迁移。
They migrated along the shore in the process that took enough millennia they could adjust their culture to the local circumstances.
Some of the trip they were hunters living on the edge of the polar ice cap. That took small boats made from hides. Colonists would have arrives in the Americas from both directions this way.
Some of the trip took land migration.
他们沿着海岸迁移，在这一过程中，他们花了数千年的时间来调整自己的文化，以适应当地的环境。在一些旅程中，他们是生活在极地冰盖边缘的猎人。他们用的是用兽皮做的小船。殖民者会通过这种方式从两个方向到达美洲。有些是陆地迁移。
Profile photo for John Nurse
John Nurse
, Long-time resident of Australia - has also travelled widely.
Answered Feb 23
If the Human species supposedly started in the African continent how did they get all the way to South America and Australia?
They walked.
Humans migrated the top of the Red Sea to South East Asia over a period of around 30,000 years. The distance from a is around 7,500 km. This required a “net migration speed” of only 0.25 km per year!!!
From there to the Bering Strait is around 5,000 km, which they achieved over, let’s say, 50,000 years, an absolutely not earth-shattering 0.1 km per year!!
There is some debate about the timing of migration across the Bering Strait and through the Americas. It may have taken less than 5,000 years to make the 30,000 km trek, making this a (by comparison) blistering pace of 6 km per year. When you consider that this is less than 16 metres per day. Not quite jogging speed.
And the journey from South east Asia to and around the continent of Australia, at around 15,000 km, probably took 15,000 years, an average of 1.0 km per year.
Now of course, it is quite likely that populations stopped and started and moved back and forth over some of those periods. A community might have easily relocated 100 km of more in a single year, and then stayed there for a generation before moving on.
Nevertheless the above analysis showed that the extreme time durations involved mean that simply walking was quite fast enough to have covered the migratory paths which they did.
(PS. And yes they did on occasion have to cross open water, especially between Timor and Australia - but the open sea distances were far less than shown on today’s maps due to lower sea levels during the Ice Ages.)
如果人类起源于非洲大陆，那么他们是如何一路到达南美和澳大利亚的呢?
他们用走的。人类在大约3万年的时间里从红海的顶部迁移到东南亚。这只需要每年0.25公里的“净迁移速度”!!从那里到白令海峡大约有5000公里，他们花了5万年的时间才到达这里，要我们说，每年0.1公里的速度绝对不是一个惊天动地的数字!!关于移民穿越白令海峡和穿越美洲的时间有一些争论。这段3万公里的长途跋涉可能用了不到5000年的时间，(相比之下)这是每年6公里的惊人速度。当你考虑到这是不到16米每天的速度，都不算慢跑的速度。而从东南亚到澳大利亚大陆以及环绕澳大利亚大陆的旅程，大约1.5万公里，大概花了1.5万年，平均每年1.0公里。当然，很有可能在某些时期，人们停止迁移也会来回移动。一个社区可能很容易在一年内搬迁100多公里，然后在那里待上一代人再搬迁。尽管如此，上述分析表明，所涉及的极端持续时间意味着，仅仅是步行就足够快，足以覆盖他们的迁移路径。
(PS.是的，他们有时不得不穿越开阔的水域，特别是帝汶和澳大利亚之间——但是开阔的海域距离远比今天的地图上显示的要小得多，因为冰河时期的海平面较低。)
John Nurse
, Long-time resident of Australia - has also travelled widely.
Answered Feb 23
If the Human species supposedly started in the African continent how did they get all the way to South America and Australia?
They walked.
Humans migrated the top of the Red Sea to South East Asia over a period of around 30,000 years. The distance from a is around 7,500 km. This required a “net migration speed” of only 0.25 km per year!!!
From there to the Bering Strait is around 5,000 km, which they achieved over, let’s say, 50,000 years, an absolutely not earth-shattering 0.1 km per year!!
There is some debate about the timing of migration across the Bering Strait and through the Americas. It may have taken less than 5,000 years to make the 30,000 km trek, making this a (by comparison) blistering pace of 6 km per year. When you consider that this is less than 16 metres per day. Not quite jogging speed.
And the journey from South east Asia to and around the continent of Australia, at around 15,000 km, probably took 15,000 years, an average of 1.0 km per year.
Now of course, it is quite likely that populations stopped and started and moved back and forth over some of those periods. A community might have easily relocated 100 km of more in a single year, and then stayed there for a generation before moving on.
Nevertheless the above analysis showed that the extreme time durations involved mean that simply walking was quite fast enough to have covered the migratory paths which they did.
(PS. And yes they did on occasion have to cross open water, especially between Timor and Australia - but the open sea distances were far less than shown on today’s maps due to lower sea levels during the Ice Ages.)
如果人类起源于非洲大陆，那么他们是如何一路到达南美和澳大利亚的呢?
他们用走的。人类在大约3万年的时间里从红海的顶部迁移到东南亚。这只需要每年0.25公里的“净迁移速度”!!从那里到白令海峡大约有5000公里，他们花了5万年的时间才到达这里，要我们说，每年0.1公里的速度绝对不是一个惊天动地的数字!!关于移民穿越白令海峡和穿越美洲的时间有一些争论。这段3万公里的长途跋涉可能用了不到5000年的时间，(相比之下)这是每年6公里的惊人速度。当你考虑到这是不到16米每天的速度，都不算慢跑的速度。而从东南亚到澳大利亚大陆以及环绕澳大利亚大陆的旅程，大约1.5万公里，大概花了1.5万年，平均每年1.0公里。当然，很有可能在某些时期，人们停止迁移也会来回移动。一个社区可能很容易在一年内搬迁100多公里，然后在那里待上一代人再搬迁。尽管如此，上述分析表明，所涉及的极端持续时间意味着，仅仅是步行就足够快，足以覆盖他们的迁移路径。
(PS.是的，他们有时不得不穿越开阔的水域，特别是帝汶和澳大利亚之间——但是开阔的海域距离远比今天的地图上显示的要小得多，因为冰河时期的海平面较低。)
Adam Wu
Mostly, they walked. Along with a little bit of rafting, and perhaps canoeing.
When humans made it to Australia, sea levels were much lower than they are today. The island landmasses between Asia and Australia were thus all much bigger, and the gaps of waters between them much narrower.
There was still one relatively largish gap they had to cross, and chances are good that there were a lot of casualties accrued in the various attempts over the years, but given enough time and enough tries, eventually some groups were good enough and lucky enough to make it over.
Likewise, thanks to the lowering of sea levels and the increase in the polar ice sheets during the ice age, there was a land bridge between Asia and North America during the time when humans made it to the New World. A coastal route was also viable for peoples who possessed rudimentary watercraft, where they could sort of hop from site to site along the coasts, with each water trip being short, staying close to shore, in shallow, calm seas, all the way down to the Southern tip of South America, over many generations.
大部分情况下，他们用走的。有时是木筏，也许还有独木舟。当人类到达澳大利亚时，海平面比现在低得多。因此，亚洲和澳大利亚之间的陆地岛群都要大得多，而它们之间的水域间隙也要窄得多。他们仍然需要跨越一个相对较大的鸿沟，很有可能在多年的各种尝试中，已经积累了大量的伤亡，但只要有足够的时间和足够的尝试，最终一些团队足够优秀，足够幸运，就能成功。同样，由于冰期期间海平面的下降和极地冰盖的增加，在人类到达新大陆的时候，亚洲和北美之间有一座大陆桥。沿海航线对于拥有简陋船只的人来说也是可行的，它们可以沿着海岸从一个地点划到另一个地点，在靠近海岸的浅海中，在平静的海面上，一直到南美洲的南端，历经了许多代人。
Mostly, they walked. Along with a little bit of rafting, and perhaps canoeing.
When humans made it to Australia, sea levels were much lower than they are today. The island landmasses between Asia and Australia were thus all much bigger, and the gaps of waters between them much narrower.
There was still one relatively largish gap they had to cross, and chances are good that there were a lot of casualties accrued in the various attempts over the years, but given enough time and enough tries, eventually some groups were good enough and lucky enough to make it over.
Likewise, thanks to the lowering of sea levels and the increase in the polar ice sheets during the ice age, there was a land bridge between Asia and North America during the time when humans made it to the New World. A coastal route was also viable for peoples who possessed rudimentary watercraft, where they could sort of hop from site to site along the coasts, with each water trip being short, staying close to shore, in shallow, calm seas, all the way down to the Southern tip of South America, over many generations.
大部分情况下，他们用走的。有时是木筏，也许还有独木舟。当人类到达澳大利亚时，海平面比现在低得多。因此，亚洲和澳大利亚之间的陆地岛群都要大得多，而它们之间的水域间隙也要窄得多。他们仍然需要跨越一个相对较大的鸿沟，很有可能在多年的各种尝试中，已经积累了大量的伤亡，但只要有足够的时间和足够的尝试，最终一些团队足够优秀，足够幸运，就能成功。同样，由于冰期期间海平面的下降和极地冰盖的增加，在人类到达新大陆的时候，亚洲和北美之间有一座大陆桥。沿海航线对于拥有简陋船只的人来说也是可行的，它们可以沿着海岸从一个地点划到另一个地点，在靠近海岸的浅海中，在平静的海面上，一直到南美洲的南端，历经了许多代人。
Walter Smyth
Humans also evolved in East Asia from the African Homo erectus. They walked from East Asia into Siberia, interbred with the people in Siberia, then walked all the way down to South America. Modern Native Americans are a mix of East Asians and Siberians who carry Ancient Northern Eurasian DNA.
Humans got into Australia through island hopping. Earlier humans in East, South East Asia were archaic Homo sapiens. They migrated into Australia over 120 000 years ago. About 70 000 there was a migration of humans into Australia, The earlier humans interbred with the later arrivals giving rise to the modern
在东亚，人类也是由非洲直立人进化而来的。他们从东亚走到西伯利亚，与西伯利亚人杂交，然后一路走到南美洲。现代美洲原住民是东亚人和西伯利亚人的混合体，他们携带着古代北欧亚的DNA。人类通过岛屿跳跃进入澳大利亚。在东亚和东南亚的早期人类是远古的智人。他们在12万年前移居澳大利亚。大约7万年前，有移民迁移到澳大利亚，早期的人与后来的人杂交，产生了现代的土著居民。
Humans also evolved in East Asia from the African Homo erectus. They walked from East Asia into Siberia, interbred with the people in Siberia, then walked all the way down to South America. Modern Native Americans are a mix of East Asians and Siberians who carry Ancient Northern Eurasian DNA.
Humans got into Australia through island hopping. Earlier humans in East, South East Asia were archaic Homo sapiens. They migrated into Australia over 120 000 years ago. About 70 000 there was a migration of humans into Australia, The earlier humans interbred with the later arrivals giving rise to the modern
在东亚，人类也是由非洲直立人进化而来的。他们从东亚走到西伯利亚，与西伯利亚人杂交，然后一路走到南美洲。现代美洲原住民是东亚人和西伯利亚人的混合体，他们携带着古代北欧亚的DNA。人类通过岛屿跳跃进入澳大利亚。在东亚和东南亚的早期人类是远古的智人。他们在12万年前移居澳大利亚。大约7万年前，有移民迁移到澳大利亚，早期的人与后来的人杂交，产生了现代的土著居民。
Noel Ellis
Any serious anthropologist can tell you that humans originated in Africa so I am not sure why you prefix this with “supposedly'’.
As to how they reached Australia, they had to cross the sea between Borneo and Sulawesi. This was probably over 60,000 years ago, some say more than 70,000 years ago.
As for South America, they made their way from North America. Human settlement in the Americas used to be dated to less than 20,000 years ago via the Bering strait during the Ice Age when sea levels were lower, due to all the water locked up as ice.
However this has been challenged by recent discoveries, suggesting that they made their way along the coast much earlier.
任何严肃的人类学家都会告诉你，人类起源于非洲，所以我不确定你为什么要在这个前缀上加上“据说”。至于他们如何到达澳大利亚，他们必须穿过婆罗洲和苏拉威西之间的海洋。这可能是在6万多年前，也有人说是7万多年前。至于南美，他们是从北美迁徙过来的。人类在美洲的定居可以追溯到不到20,000年前的冰河时期，当时由于所有的水都凝聚成冰，海平面较低。然而，最近的发现对这一观点提出了挑战，说是在更早的时候他们就沿着海岸前进了。
Any serious anthropologist can tell you that humans originated in Africa so I am not sure why you prefix this with “supposedly'’.
As to how they reached Australia, they had to cross the sea between Borneo and Sulawesi. This was probably over 60,000 years ago, some say more than 70,000 years ago.
As for South America, they made their way from North America. Human settlement in the Americas used to be dated to less than 20,000 years ago via the Bering strait during the Ice Age when sea levels were lower, due to all the water locked up as ice.
However this has been challenged by recent discoveries, suggesting that they made their way along the coast much earlier.
任何严肃的人类学家都会告诉你，人类起源于非洲，所以我不确定你为什么要在这个前缀上加上“据说”。至于他们如何到达澳大利亚，他们必须穿过婆罗洲和苏拉威西之间的海洋。这可能是在6万多年前，也有人说是7万多年前。至于南美，他们是从北美迁徙过来的。人类在美洲的定居可以追溯到不到20,000年前的冰河时期，当时由于所有的水都凝聚成冰，海平面较低。然而，最近的发现对这一观点提出了挑战，说是在更早的时候他们就沿着海岸前进了。
Profile photo for Gys Gijsbers
All animals, incuding large apes, split when the continents split and developed seperately (as per Darwin’s theories), until the populations started meeting again and inter-married much much later in our evolution.
Just because the oldest fossils were found in Africa does not prove we all originate from Africa. There might be older unfound fossils elsewhere that have not been found. The whole debate is academic today in a mixed race globalist economy.
根据达尔文的理论，所有动物，包括大型猿类，都会在大陆分裂时分离，并各自发展，直到在我们进化的更晚一些时候，这些种群才开始再次相遇和通婚。
仅仅因为在非洲发现了最古老的化石，并不能证明我们都起源于非洲。也许在其他地方还没有发现更古老的化石。在一个种族混合的全球经济中，今天的整个辩论都是学术性的。
All animals, incuding large apes, split when the continents split and developed seperately (as per Darwin’s theories), until the populations started meeting again and inter-married much much later in our evolution.
Just because the oldest fossils were found in Africa does not prove we all originate from Africa. There might be older unfound fossils elsewhere that have not been found. The whole debate is academic today in a mixed race globalist economy.
根据达尔文的理论，所有动物，包括大型猿类，都会在大陆分裂时分离，并各自发展，直到在我们进化的更晚一些时候，这些种群才开始再次相遇和通婚。
仅仅因为在非洲发现了最古老的化石，并不能证明我们都起源于非洲。也许在其他地方还没有发现更古老的化石。在一个种族混合的全球经济中，今天的整个辩论都是学术性的。
Tom Müller
How does one explain civilization in South America if we all supposedly came from the continent of Africa?
You would first have to accept that literally everything changes, nothing is stable, nothing is constant, except the fact that change is inevitable.
This applies not only to Humans or their ancestors, but also to the Continents and the Climate.
The last Ice Age happened 115.000 - 11.000 years ago, meaning for most of Human Existance, our species have lived through an Ice Age :
If you looked at the top-right and top-left corner of this image, you should see the an ice sheet that connects the Eurasian Continent with North America, today this area is known as Bering-Strait.
Our Human ancestors used the frozen Artic Ocean to their advantage to migrate into North America some 20.000 - 30.000 years ago.
Those human migrants were of course, not civilized, they traveled further south and settled eventually in Mesoamerica and the western part of South America. After a few thousand years of settlements, they eventually developed Civilizations, like the Maya, Mexica, Toltec, Olmec, Inca and various other Andean Civilizations.
Though the actual process of Civilization is a bit different than human migration, as you might expect. North American “natives”, for the most part, remained nomads or tribal societies, never bothering to create Civilizations. However, as you should know already, everything changes, you either create Civilizations yourself or Civilization comes to you.
如果我们都来自非洲大陆,如何解释南美洲的文明?
首先，你必须接受一切都在变化，除了变化是不可避免的这个事实外，没有什么是稳定的，没有什么是不变的。这不仅适用于人类或他们的祖先，也适用于大陆和气候。
最后一个冰河时代发生在115000 - 11000年前，这意味着对于人类的存在来说，我们的物种已经经历了一个冰河时代:
如果你看这张照片的右上角和左上角，你会看到连接欧亚大陆和北美的冰盖，今天这个地区被称为白令海峡。大约2万到3万年前，我们的人类祖先利用冰冻的北冰洋为他们的优势迁移到北美。
这些人类移民当然不是文明的，他们向南迁徙，最终在中美洲和南美洲西部定居。
经过几千年的定居，他们最终发展出了玛雅文明、墨西卡文明、托尔特克文明、奥尔梅克文明、印加文明和其他各种安第斯文明。尽管正如你所预料的那样，文明的实际过程与人类的迁移有点不同。北美的“土著”在很大程度上仍然是游牧民族或部落社会，从不费心去创造文明。然而，正如你已经知道的，一切都在变化，你要么自己创造文明，要么文明向你走来。
How does one explain civilization in South America if we all supposedly came from the continent of Africa?
You would first have to accept that literally everything changes, nothing is stable, nothing is constant, except the fact that change is inevitable.
This applies not only to Humans or their ancestors, but also to the Continents and the Climate.
The last Ice Age happened 115.000 - 11.000 years ago, meaning for most of Human Existance, our species have lived through an Ice Age :
If you looked at the top-right and top-left corner of this image, you should see the an ice sheet that connects the Eurasian Continent with North America, today this area is known as Bering-Strait.
Our Human ancestors used the frozen Artic Ocean to their advantage to migrate into North America some 20.000 - 30.000 years ago.
Those human migrants were of course, not civilized, they traveled further south and settled eventually in Mesoamerica and the western part of South America. After a few thousand years of settlements, they eventually developed Civilizations, like the Maya, Mexica, Toltec, Olmec, Inca and various other Andean Civilizations.
Though the actual process of Civilization is a bit different than human migration, as you might expect. North American “natives”, for the most part, remained nomads or tribal societies, never bothering to create Civilizations. However, as you should know already, everything changes, you either create Civilizations yourself or Civilization comes to you.
如果我们都来自非洲大陆,如何解释南美洲的文明?
首先，你必须接受一切都在变化，除了变化是不可避免的这个事实外，没有什么是稳定的，没有什么是不变的。这不仅适用于人类或他们的祖先，也适用于大陆和气候。
最后一个冰河时代发生在115000 - 11000年前，这意味着对于人类的存在来说，我们的物种已经经历了一个冰河时代:
如果你看这张照片的右上角和左上角，你会看到连接欧亚大陆和北美的冰盖，今天这个地区被称为白令海峡。大约2万到3万年前，我们的人类祖先利用冰冻的北冰洋为他们的优势迁移到北美。
这些人类移民当然不是文明的，他们向南迁徙，最终在中美洲和南美洲西部定居。
经过几千年的定居，他们最终发展出了玛雅文明、墨西卡文明、托尔特克文明、奥尔梅克文明、印加文明和其他各种安第斯文明。尽管正如你所预料的那样，文明的实际过程与人类的迁移有点不同。北美的“土著”在很大程度上仍然是游牧民族或部落社会，从不费心去创造文明。然而，正如你已经知道的，一切都在变化，你要么自己创造文明，要么文明向你走来。
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