谁发现了美洲？
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World History
The Americas were discovered at least 33,000 years ago according to recent evidence when an unknown band of humans either walked on or paddled next to Beringia into North America (the land bridge that connects Asia and North America when the earth is in an ice age.)
These humans and subsequent immigrants spread through the Americas.
The first confirmed Europeans to the Americas was a ship of Norsemen captained by Bjarni Herjólfsson who spotted North America when he was blown off course on his way to Greenland to settle on his fathers land in 986 CE.
He told the story to Leif Eriksson who bought a ship from Bjarni. Leif spent a year exploring the new lands in 1000CE.
In 1010 CE around 200 Norse settlers under Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson attempted to settle Vinland but were driven off by hostile Beothuk peoples.
根据最近的证据，至少在33,000年前，一群未知的人类通过白令海峡（连接亚洲和北美的陆地桥，当地球处于冰河期）步行或划船到达北美，发现了美洲大陆。这些人类和后来的移民在美洲扩散开来。 确认的第一个到达美洲的欧洲人是一艘由比亚尔尼·赫约尔夫松 (Bjarni Herjólfsson) 领航的挪威人，他在986年从挪威前往格陵兰寻找父亲的土地时，因偏离路线而发现了北美。他将这个故事告诉了莱弗·埃克里松 (Leif Eriksson)，后者从比亚尔尼手中购买了一艘船。莱夫在1000年花了一年时间探索这片新领土。 在1010年，由托尔芬·卡尔瑟夫尼·索尔达松 (Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson) 领导的大约200名挪威定居者尝试在文兰
定居，但被敌对的贝特胡克族人驱逐。
The Americas were discovered at least 33,000 years ago according to recent evidence when an unknown band of humans either walked on or paddled next to Beringia into North America (the land bridge that connects Asia and North America when the earth is in an ice age.)
These humans and subsequent immigrants spread through the Americas.
The first confirmed Europeans to the Americas was a ship of Norsemen captained by Bjarni Herjólfsson who spotted North America when he was blown off course on his way to Greenland to settle on his fathers land in 986 CE.
He told the story to Leif Eriksson who bought a ship from Bjarni. Leif spent a year exploring the new lands in 1000CE.
In 1010 CE around 200 Norse settlers under Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson attempted to settle Vinland but were driven off by hostile Beothuk peoples.
根据最近的证据，至少在33,000年前，一群未知的人类通过白令海峡（连接亚洲和北美的陆地桥，当地球处于冰河期）步行或划船到达北美，发现了美洲大陆。这些人类和后来的移民在美洲扩散开来。 确认的第一个到达美洲的欧洲人是一艘由比亚尔尼·赫约尔夫松 (Bjarni Herjólfsson) 领航的挪威人，他在986年从挪威前往格陵兰寻找父亲的土地时，因偏离路线而发现了北美。他将这个故事告诉了莱弗·埃克里松 (Leif Eriksson)，后者从比亚尔尼手中购买了一艘船。莱夫在1000年花了一年时间探索这片新领土。 在1010年，由托尔芬·卡尔瑟夫尼·索尔达松 (Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson) 领导的大约200名挪威定居者尝试在文兰
定居，但被敌对的贝特胡克族人驱逐。
Ernest W. Adams
Hmm. Is this a trick question? The first non-native Americans to discover the New World were the first human beings to migrate to the new continent, apparently over Bering Straits from Asia. There is considerable debate about exactly how long ago this happened, with American, and European archaeologists disagreeing on the ages of the oldest discovered remains. The first generation of the migrants' children born in the New World would be "native" Americans, but the ones who actually made the trek were presumably Siberians.
However, if you mean the first European to discover the New World, credit for that is traditionally given to Leif Erikson, an Icelandic explorer who reached the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada around 1000 AD. Leif's father founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland.
嗯。这是个陷阱问题吗？发现新大陆的第一批非美洲原住民是迁徙到新大陆的第一批人类，据说是从亚洲的白令海峡移民而来。关于这个时间点，美国和欧洲的考古学家对发现的最古老遗骸的年代存在相当大的争议。第一代在新大陆出生的移民子女会被视为“土著”美国人，但实际上进行这次旅程的人们可能是西伯利亚人。 然而，如果你是指第一个发现新大陆的欧洲人，则传统上将此归功于冰岛探险家莱弗·埃克里松，他在公元1000年左右到达了现代加拿大纽芬兰岛的北端。莱弗·埃克里松的父亲创立了格陵兰第一个挪威人定居点。
Hmm. Is this a trick question? The first non-native Americans to discover the New World were the first human beings to migrate to the new continent, apparently over Bering Straits from Asia. There is considerable debate about exactly how long ago this happened, with American, and European archaeologists disagreeing on the ages of the oldest discovered remains. The first generation of the migrants' children born in the New World would be "native" Americans, but the ones who actually made the trek were presumably Siberians.
However, if you mean the first European to discover the New World, credit for that is traditionally given to Leif Erikson, an Icelandic explorer who reached the northern tip of Newfoundland in modern-day Canada around 1000 AD. Leif's father founded the first Norse settlement in Greenland.
嗯。这是个陷阱问题吗？发现新大陆的第一批非美洲原住民是迁徙到新大陆的第一批人类，据说是从亚洲的白令海峡移民而来。关于这个时间点，美国和欧洲的考古学家对发现的最古老遗骸的年代存在相当大的争议。第一代在新大陆出生的移民子女会被视为“土著”美国人，但实际上进行这次旅程的人们可能是西伯利亚人。 然而，如果你是指第一个发现新大陆的欧洲人，则传统上将此归功于冰岛探险家莱弗·埃克里松，他在公元1000年左右到达了现代加拿大纽芬兰岛的北端。莱弗·埃克里松的父亲创立了格陵兰第一个挪威人定居点。
Hannah Hustad
The Natives; Hunters brought their families along as they followed their food source. Some say across the Bering Strait, (But some researchers have argued that Alaskan glaciers would have blocked entry into North America.) Two points where North America and Russia sorta meet. These hunters traveled through Alaska, through Canada, and eventually making their way to America. A very bountiful new land at the time. After them, they say viking sailors discovered the shores of America and Canada next. Many of them losing their lives in battles with the Natives. So they retreated and built their colonies on Greenland and Iceland instead. Then, far after the vikings, Christopher Columbus discovered the shores of America. Columbus called the Natives he met, 'Indians', because he was sure that he had reached the Indies. This initial encounter opened up the 'New World' to European Colonisation, which would come to have a devastating impact on Indigenous populations.
Hopes this answers your question. :) I’m no expert, and everybody has their own opinions of who really discovered America, but if I missed anything, please let me know! ^,^
原住民；猎人们带着家人跟随他们的食物来源。有些人说是通过白令海峡（但一些研究人员认为阿拉斯加的冰川将会阻止进入北美洲）。在两个北美洲和俄罗斯交汇的地方，这些猎人穿过了阿拉斯加，穿过了加拿大，最终到达了美洲。当时，这是一个非常丰富的新土地。在他们之后，有人说维京水手发现了美洲和加拿大的海岸。其中许多人在与原住民的战斗中失去了生命。所以他们撤退，改在格陵兰和冰岛建立了殖民地。然后，远在维京人之后，克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现了美洲的海岸。哥伦布称他所遇到的原住民为“印第安人”，因为他确信自己已经到达了印度。这次最初的接触使欧洲殖民者打开了“新世界”的大门，而这对原住民人口的影响将会是毁灭性的。 希望这回答了你的问题。:）我不是专家，每个人都有自己的观点，关于谁真正发现了美洲，但如果我漏掉了什么，请告诉我！^，^
The Natives; Hunters brought their families along as they followed their food source. Some say across the Bering Strait, (But some researchers have argued that Alaskan glaciers would have blocked entry into North America.) Two points where North America and Russia sorta meet. These hunters traveled through Alaska, through Canada, and eventually making their way to America. A very bountiful new land at the time. After them, they say viking sailors discovered the shores of America and Canada next. Many of them losing their lives in battles with the Natives. So they retreated and built their colonies on Greenland and Iceland instead. Then, far after the vikings, Christopher Columbus discovered the shores of America. Columbus called the Natives he met, 'Indians', because he was sure that he had reached the Indies. This initial encounter opened up the 'New World' to European Colonisation, which would come to have a devastating impact on Indigenous populations.
Hopes this answers your question. :) I’m no expert, and everybody has their own opinions of who really discovered America, but if I missed anything, please let me know! ^,^
原住民；猎人们带着家人跟随他们的食物来源。有些人说是通过白令海峡（但一些研究人员认为阿拉斯加的冰川将会阻止进入北美洲）。在两个北美洲和俄罗斯交汇的地方，这些猎人穿过了阿拉斯加，穿过了加拿大，最终到达了美洲。当时，这是一个非常丰富的新土地。在他们之后，有人说维京水手发现了美洲和加拿大的海岸。其中许多人在与原住民的战斗中失去了生命。所以他们撤退，改在格陵兰和冰岛建立了殖民地。然后，远在维京人之后，克里斯托弗·哥伦布发现了美洲的海岸。哥伦布称他所遇到的原住民为“印第安人”，因为他确信自己已经到达了印度。这次最初的接触使欧洲殖民者打开了“新世界”的大门，而这对原住民人口的影响将会是毁灭性的。 希望这回答了你的问题。:）我不是专家，每个人都有自己的观点，关于谁真正发现了美洲，但如果我漏掉了什么，请告诉我！^，^
Hebûn
The discovery of America is a complex historical event that involves different cultures and perspectives. The commonly accepted narrative is that Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, is credited with "discovering" America in 1492, when he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and landed in the Caribbean islands, which he believed to be the East Indies.
However, it is important to note that there were already millions of people living in the Americas for thousands of years before Columbus arrived. Indigenous peoples had developed rich and diverse cultures, languages, and civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca empires. Therefore, the idea of "discovery" implies a Eurocentric perspective that erases the histories and experiences of indigenous peoples.
In recent years, there have been efforts to refrx the narrative of American history to acknowledge and center the experiences and contributions of indigenous peoples, including the recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Day as a counter-celebration to Columbus Day.
美洲的发现是一个涉及不同文化和观点的复杂历史事件。通常被接受的说法是，意大利探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1492年横跨大西洋抵达加勒比海岛屿时，“发现”了美洲，并认为这里是东印度。 然而，需要注意的是，在哥伦布到来之前，已经有数百万人在美洲生活了数千年。土著民族发展出了丰富多样的文化、语言和文明，包括玛雅、阿兹特克和印加帝国。因此，“发现”的概念意味着一种欧洲中心主义的视角，抹杀了土著民族的历史和经验。 近年来，有人努力重塑美国历史的叙述，以承认和关注土著民族的经验和贡献，包括把印第安人民日作为哥伦布日的反庆祝活动。
The discovery of America is a complex historical event that involves different cultures and perspectives. The commonly accepted narrative is that Christopher Columbus, an Italian explorer, is credited with "discovering" America in 1492, when he sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and landed in the Caribbean islands, which he believed to be the East Indies.
However, it is important to note that there were already millions of people living in the Americas for thousands of years before Columbus arrived. Indigenous peoples had developed rich and diverse cultures, languages, and civilizations, including the Maya, Aztec, and Inca empires. Therefore, the idea of "discovery" implies a Eurocentric perspective that erases the histories and experiences of indigenous peoples.
In recent years, there have been efforts to refrx the narrative of American history to acknowledge and center the experiences and contributions of indigenous peoples, including the recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Day as a counter-celebration to Columbus Day.
美洲的发现是一个涉及不同文化和观点的复杂历史事件。通常被接受的说法是，意大利探险家克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1492年横跨大西洋抵达加勒比海岛屿时，“发现”了美洲，并认为这里是东印度。 然而，需要注意的是，在哥伦布到来之前，已经有数百万人在美洲生活了数千年。土著民族发展出了丰富多样的文化、语言和文明，包括玛雅、阿兹特克和印加帝国。因此，“发现”的概念意味着一种欧洲中心主义的视角，抹杀了土著民族的历史和经验。 近年来，有人努力重塑美国历史的叙述，以承认和关注土著民族的经验和贡献，包括把印第安人民日作为哥伦布日的反庆祝活动。
J. Vance Tyree
If you’re asking about the first European to “discover” America, then you’re looking at Leif Eriksson (and that’s problematic). At least, that’s what we can prove. The reality is, no one can “discover” a land or continent—people were always there first.
Traditionally, when someone asks who discovered America, they are asking about the first European who discovered the land and documented. Leif Eriksson, born in Iceland and settled in Greenland, supposedly led an expedition to find and settle a land west of Greenland. He ended up at Newfoundland. He would be the first truly known European to discover America. However, his information hinged on a man named Bjarni, who saw the land when meaning to reach Greenland, but who was too much a coward to explore. So maybe Bjarni discovered America?
If you’re not hinging you question on a peoples (Europeans, in this case), then the answer is much simpler. NO ONE discovered America, because humans have been living on the continent for 12,000 years.
如果你在问第一个“发现”美洲的欧洲人是谁，那么你可能会得到莱夫·埃里克松（Leif Eriksson）的答案（这也有问题）。至少，这是我们可以证明的。现实是，没有人可以“发现”一片土地或大陆——人们总是先在那里。 传统上，当有人问谁发现了美洲时，他们是在问第一个欧洲人发现并记录这片土地的人。莱夫·埃里克松出生于冰岛，定居于格陵兰，据说领导了一次寻找和定居格陵兰以西土地的探险。他最终到达了纽芬兰。他将是第一个真正意义上发现美洲的欧洲人。然而，他的信息取决于一个名叫比亚尼（Bjarni）的人，他在前往格陵兰时看到了这片土地，但太懦弱而不敢探索。那么也许比亚尼发现了美洲如果你的问题不是基于某个人群（在这种情况下是欧洲人），那么答案就简单得多了。没有人发现美洲，因为人类已经在这片大陆上生活了12,000年。
If you’re asking about the first European to “discover” America, then you’re looking at Leif Eriksson (and that’s problematic). At least, that’s what we can prove. The reality is, no one can “discover” a land or continent—people were always there first.
Traditionally, when someone asks who discovered America, they are asking about the first European who discovered the land and documented. Leif Eriksson, born in Iceland and settled in Greenland, supposedly led an expedition to find and settle a land west of Greenland. He ended up at Newfoundland. He would be the first truly known European to discover America. However, his information hinged on a man named Bjarni, who saw the land when meaning to reach Greenland, but who was too much a coward to explore. So maybe Bjarni discovered America?
If you’re not hinging you question on a peoples (Europeans, in this case), then the answer is much simpler. NO ONE discovered America, because humans have been living on the continent for 12,000 years.
如果你在问第一个“发现”美洲的欧洲人是谁，那么你可能会得到莱夫·埃里克松（Leif Eriksson）的答案（这也有问题）。至少，这是我们可以证明的。现实是，没有人可以“发现”一片土地或大陆——人们总是先在那里。 传统上，当有人问谁发现了美洲时，他们是在问第一个欧洲人发现并记录这片土地的人。莱夫·埃里克松出生于冰岛，定居于格陵兰，据说领导了一次寻找和定居格陵兰以西土地的探险。他最终到达了纽芬兰。他将是第一个真正意义上发现美洲的欧洲人。然而，他的信息取决于一个名叫比亚尼（Bjarni）的人，他在前往格陵兰时看到了这片土地，但太懦弱而不敢探索。那么也许比亚尼发现了美洲如果你的问题不是基于某个人群（在这种情况下是欧洲人），那么答案就简单得多了。没有人发现美洲，因为人类已经在这片大陆上生活了12,000年。
Of Concern To Americans
The first human beings who landed in America when there was the land bridge from Asia to America at the berring sea are the people who discovered America. The Vikings came later so we can say they discovered America. Precisely how do discover allowed where people are living there? What sense does that make? Christopher Columbus was the first European in modern times to see America. That does not mean it is covered it.
历史上第一个登陆北美洲的人是利用白令海峡的陆地桥梁从亚洲迁徙至此的古代人类，随后是维京人，可以说他们也发现了北美洲。然而，什么意义上才算“发现”呢？如果一个地方早已有人居住，那么他们的存在会使发现者的发现无足轻重吗？而哥伦布只是近代欧洲人中第一个看见美洲的人，这并不代表他才是发现者。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The first human beings who landed in America when there was the land bridge from Asia to America at the berring sea are the people who discovered America. The Vikings came later so we can say they discovered America. Precisely how do discover allowed where people are living there? What sense does that make? Christopher Columbus was the first European in modern times to see America. That does not mean it is covered it.
历史上第一个登陆北美洲的人是利用白令海峡的陆地桥梁从亚洲迁徙至此的古代人类，随后是维京人，可以说他们也发现了北美洲。然而，什么意义上才算“发现”呢？如果一个地方早已有人居住，那么他们的存在会使发现者的发现无足轻重吗？而哥伦布只是近代欧洲人中第一个看见美洲的人，这并不代表他才是发现者。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Bob Jarrell
The first humans to come to the Americas were most like;y paleo-indians crossing over Beringia at least 16000 years ago. Since then various groups may have visited the Americas and some such as the Norse even established short lived settlements. Fishermen from Cornwall and Basque regions are known to have fished the Grand Banks and quite possibly landed in Newfoundland. There are some indications that Chinese and Polynesians visited the west coast of the Americas.
最早来到美洲的人类可能是至少16000年前经过白令海峡的古人类。自那时以来，各种人群可能会到访美洲，一些人甚至建立了短暂的定居点，如北欧人。来自康沃尔和巴斯克地区的渔民知道在大西洋大洋洲钓鱼，并有可能登陆在纽芬兰岛。有一些迹象表明，中国人和波利尼西亚人曾经访问过美洲西海岸。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The first humans to come to the Americas were most like;y paleo-indians crossing over Beringia at least 16000 years ago. Since then various groups may have visited the Americas and some such as the Norse even established short lived settlements. Fishermen from Cornwall and Basque regions are known to have fished the Grand Banks and quite possibly landed in Newfoundland. There are some indications that Chinese and Polynesians visited the west coast of the Americas.
最早来到美洲的人类可能是至少16000年前经过白令海峡的古人类。自那时以来，各种人群可能会到访美洲，一些人甚至建立了短暂的定居点，如北欧人。来自康沃尔和巴斯克地区的渔民知道在大西洋大洋洲钓鱼，并有可能登陆在纽芬兰岛。有一些迹象表明，中国人和波利尼西亚人曾经访问过美洲西海岸。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Andrew Boyd
Some Stone-Age Siberians, about 13,000 years ago, by way of a land bridge over what is now the Bering Strait. That, at least, is the prevailing theory. Some more recent research suggests a timeline of some few thousand years earlier, with arrival by boat.
Then Europeans first visited, traditionally, with St. Brendan the Navigator around 550 CE - though there is no archeological evidence for this, and no settlement was made in any case. (It is also possible he found instead some islands in the Atlantic like Azores or Canary Islands that, while still impressive for the time, were not as far as the Americas.)
The first European settlements in the Americas come with Norse Vikings in Greenland and Newfoundland around 980-1000 CE.
大约在13,000年前，一些史前的西伯利亚人通过现在的白令海峡陆地桥来到了美洲。这是目前流行的理论。一些最近的研究表明，他们可能早几千年就通过船只到达了美洲。
传统上，欧洲人的第一次访问是在公元550年左右，由导航家圣布兰登（St. Brendan）率领。尽管没有考古证据支持这一说法，并且也没有建立定居点。 （他也有可能找到了大西洋中的一些岛屿，比如亚速尔群岛或加那利群岛，虽然对当时来说仍然很不错，但并没有到达美洲那么远。）
欧洲在美洲的第一个定居点出现在980-1000年，由挪威维京人在格陵兰和纽芬兰建立。
Some Stone-Age Siberians, about 13,000 years ago, by way of a land bridge over what is now the Bering Strait. That, at least, is the prevailing theory. Some more recent research suggests a timeline of some few thousand years earlier, with arrival by boat.
Then Europeans first visited, traditionally, with St. Brendan the Navigator around 550 CE - though there is no archeological evidence for this, and no settlement was made in any case. (It is also possible he found instead some islands in the Atlantic like Azores or Canary Islands that, while still impressive for the time, were not as far as the Americas.)
The first European settlements in the Americas come with Norse Vikings in Greenland and Newfoundland around 980-1000 CE.
大约在13,000年前，一些史前的西伯利亚人通过现在的白令海峡陆地桥来到了美洲。这是目前流行的理论。一些最近的研究表明，他们可能早几千年就通过船只到达了美洲。
传统上，欧洲人的第一次访问是在公元550年左右，由导航家圣布兰登（St. Brendan）率领。尽管没有考古证据支持这一说法，并且也没有建立定居点。 （他也有可能找到了大西洋中的一些岛屿，比如亚速尔群岛或加那利群岛，虽然对当时来说仍然很不错，但并没有到达美洲那么远。）
欧洲在美洲的第一个定居点出现在980-1000年，由挪威维京人在格陵兰和纽芬兰建立。
Matt Riggsby
This ends up being a question less of “who did it” and more of “what does it mean to discover something?”
The very first people known to have encountered the New World migrated here from East Asia at least 15,000 years ago. It’s possible that some people may have been here earlier, though the evidence for that is poor. It’s also possible somewhere along the line that people from Oceania came here separately, probably finding the New World without having been previously aware of it.
Much more recently, Vikings stumbled on the New World by explorers running into Newfoundland. This created no particular excitement; all they knew about was some not terribly productive territory far west of where they’d come from, and they abandoned their colony after a few years, so it was soon forgotten about. There’s speculation that Basque and/or English fishermen sailed as far west as the Grand Banks and duplicated the Vikings’ feat by inadvertently stumbling over Newfoundland where they may have set up camps to salt and dry their catch, but if so, they kept it a secret. And finally Columbus ran into the islands of the Caribbean and, on a later voyage, South and Central America.
So the question is: what did all those people after the first inhabitants of the Americas do, exactly. What word can we apply to it? In all cases, they found something which they didn’t know before, nor did anybody in the societies from which they came. In most fields, we accept the idea of multiple discoveries, like Leibnitz and Newton independently figuring out calculus or Wallace and Darwin independently figuring out evolution. In the strictest, “who did it first” sense, the New World was discovered by people migrating out of East Asia. But there’s also a sense in which all of them discovered the New World. So the answer to the question, as with so many fraught questions, really lies in defining terms.
这个问题不是“谁做到了”，而是“发现某物意味着什么？”已知最早遇到新世界的人从至少15,年前开始从东亚迁徙到里。虽然有可能有些人比这更早到达，但证据很不充分。还有可能在某个时候，大洋洲的人单独来到这里，可能在没有先前意识到的情况下发现了新世界。
更近期，维京人偶然发现了新世界，探险家们在纽芬兰发现了这里。这并没有引起特别的兴奋；他们所知道的只是一些不是特别富饶的领土，远在他们来自的地方以西，他们在几年后放弃了殖民地，所以很快就被遗忘了。有人猜测，巴斯克人和/或英国渔民曾经向西航行到达了大岛和纽芬兰，重复了维京人的壮举，无意中发现了纽芬兰，他们可能设立了营地来腌制和晾干他们的捕获物，但如果是这样，他们保守了这个秘密。最后，哥伦布在加勒比海的岛屿上，以及后来的一次航行中，到达了南美和中美洲。
因此，问题是：所有在美洲第一批居民之后到达的人到底做了什么。我们可以用什么词来描述他们的行为？在所有情况下，他们发现了一些以前不知道的东西，他们来自的社会中也没有人知道。在大多数领，我们接受多重发现的概念，例如莱布尼茨和牛顿独立发现微积分，华莱士和达尔文独立发现进化。从最严格的“谁做到了第一个”的意义上讲，新世界是由从东亚迁徙出去的人发现的。但也有一种意义上，所有人都发现了新世界。因此，对于这个问题的答案，就像许多棘手的问题一样，真正的答案在于定义术语。
This ends up being a question less of “who did it” and more of “what does it mean to discover something?”
The very first people known to have encountered the New World migrated here from East Asia at least 15,000 years ago. It’s possible that some people may have been here earlier, though the evidence for that is poor. It’s also possible somewhere along the line that people from Oceania came here separately, probably finding the New World without having been previously aware of it.
Much more recently, Vikings stumbled on the New World by explorers running into Newfoundland. This created no particular excitement; all they knew about was some not terribly productive territory far west of where they’d come from, and they abandoned their colony after a few years, so it was soon forgotten about. There’s speculation that Basque and/or English fishermen sailed as far west as the Grand Banks and duplicated the Vikings’ feat by inadvertently stumbling over Newfoundland where they may have set up camps to salt and dry their catch, but if so, they kept it a secret. And finally Columbus ran into the islands of the Caribbean and, on a later voyage, South and Central America.
So the question is: what did all those people after the first inhabitants of the Americas do, exactly. What word can we apply to it? In all cases, they found something which they didn’t know before, nor did anybody in the societies from which they came. In most fields, we accept the idea of multiple discoveries, like Leibnitz and Newton independently figuring out calculus or Wallace and Darwin independently figuring out evolution. In the strictest, “who did it first” sense, the New World was discovered by people migrating out of East Asia. But there’s also a sense in which all of them discovered the New World. So the answer to the question, as with so many fraught questions, really lies in defining terms.
这个问题不是“谁做到了”，而是“发现某物意味着什么？”已知最早遇到新世界的人从至少15,年前开始从东亚迁徙到里。虽然有可能有些人比这更早到达，但证据很不充分。还有可能在某个时候，大洋洲的人单独来到这里，可能在没有先前意识到的情况下发现了新世界。
更近期，维京人偶然发现了新世界，探险家们在纽芬兰发现了这里。这并没有引起特别的兴奋；他们所知道的只是一些不是特别富饶的领土，远在他们来自的地方以西，他们在几年后放弃了殖民地，所以很快就被遗忘了。有人猜测，巴斯克人和/或英国渔民曾经向西航行到达了大岛和纽芬兰，重复了维京人的壮举，无意中发现了纽芬兰，他们可能设立了营地来腌制和晾干他们的捕获物，但如果是这样，他们保守了这个秘密。最后，哥伦布在加勒比海的岛屿上，以及后来的一次航行中，到达了南美和中美洲。
因此，问题是：所有在美洲第一批居民之后到达的人到底做了什么。我们可以用什么词来描述他们的行为？在所有情况下，他们发现了一些以前不知道的东西，他们来自的社会中也没有人知道。在大多数领，我们接受多重发现的概念，例如莱布尼茨和牛顿独立发现微积分，华莱士和达尔文独立发现进化。从最严格的“谁做到了第一个”的意义上讲，新世界是由从东亚迁徙出去的人发现的。但也有一种意义上，所有人都发现了新世界。因此，对于这个问题的答案，就像许多棘手的问题一样，真正的答案在于定义术语。
Mary Lawlor
The United States of America (as a name) was coined by Stephen Moylan, who had immigrated to the British Colonies from Portugal in 1768. He used the name in a 1776 letter to George Washington asking for official backing to travel to Spain to seek assistance for the Colonies in their attempt to secede from Britain. John Dickinson used the term several months later when writing the Articles of Confederation, and nearly simultaneously by Thomas Jefferson when writing the draft for the Declaration of Independence. When the thirteen colonies secured independence from Britain, the name was made official.
That is a simple version of the start of the USA. Interestingly, communities and even cities in the new USA did not necessarily recognize the legitimacy of the new political entity. For example, in my home state of South Carolina, one of the cities that refused to officially renounce unx with Britain did not do so until the 1980s! There are always interesting, sometimes strange, side stories to what seem like simple historical facts.
美利坚合众国（作为名称）是由斯蒂芬·莫伊兰在1776年写给乔治·华盛顿的一封信中创造的。莫伊兰于1768年从葡萄牙移民到英国殖民地。他在信中要求得到华盛顿官方支持前往西班牙，以寻求他们脱离英国的努力的支援。约翰·迪金森几个月后在写《邦联条例》时也使用了这个名字，同时托马斯·杰斐逊在起草《独立宣言》的时候也几乎同时使用了这个名字。当13个殖民地从英国获得独立时，这个名称被正式确定。 这只是美国诞生的简单版。有趣的是，新美国的社区甚至城市并不一定承认新政治实体的合法性。例如，在我的家乡南卡罗来纳州，其中一个拒绝正式宣布与英国联盟关系断绝的城市直到1980年代才这样做！那些看似简单的历史事实背后总会有一些有趣的、有时怪异的旁支故事。
The United States of America (as a name) was coined by Stephen Moylan, who had immigrated to the British Colonies from Portugal in 1768. He used the name in a 1776 letter to George Washington asking for official backing to travel to Spain to seek assistance for the Colonies in their attempt to secede from Britain. John Dickinson used the term several months later when writing the Articles of Confederation, and nearly simultaneously by Thomas Jefferson when writing the draft for the Declaration of Independence. When the thirteen colonies secured independence from Britain, the name was made official.
That is a simple version of the start of the USA. Interestingly, communities and even cities in the new USA did not necessarily recognize the legitimacy of the new political entity. For example, in my home state of South Carolina, one of the cities that refused to officially renounce unx with Britain did not do so until the 1980s! There are always interesting, sometimes strange, side stories to what seem like simple historical facts.
美利坚合众国（作为名称）是由斯蒂芬·莫伊兰在1776年写给乔治·华盛顿的一封信中创造的。莫伊兰于1768年从葡萄牙移民到英国殖民地。他在信中要求得到华盛顿官方支持前往西班牙，以寻求他们脱离英国的努力的支援。约翰·迪金森几个月后在写《邦联条例》时也使用了这个名字，同时托马斯·杰斐逊在起草《独立宣言》的时候也几乎同时使用了这个名字。当13个殖民地从英国获得独立时，这个名称被正式确定。 这只是美国诞生的简单版。有趣的是，新美国的社区甚至城市并不一定承认新政治实体的合法性。例如，在我的家乡南卡罗来纳州，其中一个拒绝正式宣布与英国联盟关系断绝的城市直到1980年代才这样做！那些看似简单的历史事实背后总会有一些有趣的、有时怪异的旁支故事。
Clark Hinckley
The answer to this question depends on what you mean by "discovered." The English word "discover" is derived from the Latin, "discooperire," a combination of "dis" and "cooperire," to cover, essentially meaning to uncover. The primary meaning given in Merriam Webster is "to make known."
I suspect the question being asked is really, "Who made the existence of the American continents and their associated islands known to Europeans?" The answer to that question is Christopher Columbus. Although others from Europe (and perhaps China) may have reached what we now call the Americas prior to Columbus, they did not make their "discovery" known to the rest of the world, and as a result their voyages had little impact on history. Columbus's voyage to the Americas in 1492 was the first fully documented European encounter with the Americas. The report of his voyage was printed within weeks of his return in 1493, went through three printings in Rome before the end of the year, and editions were printed in Paris, Basle, and Antwerp during 1494.
As the Italian historian Paolo Taviani noted, "Only with Columbus's undertaking did Europe, Islam, Indian, China, and Japan learn of the existence of a New World. And that changed the course of human history profoundly." (Taviani, Columbus, p. 262).
回答这个问题取决于你对“发现”的理解。英语单词“discover”源自拉丁语“discooperire”，是“dis”和“cooperire”的组合，后者的意思是覆盖，从根本上讲意味着揭示。韦氏词典所给的主要意义是“使人知道”。
我猜这个问题实际上想问的是：“是谁向欧洲人介绍了美洲大陆及其相关岛屿的存在？”这个问题的答案是克里斯托弗·哥伦布。尽管其他来自欧洲（也许还有中国）的人可能在哥伦布之前到达过现在所称的美洲大陆，但他们没有向世界其他地方宣告他们的“发现”，因此他们的航行对历史没有什么影响。哥伦布1492年抵达美洲的航行是欧洲人与美洲大陆的第一次完全记录的相遇。他的旅行报告在他返回后几周内被印刷出来，在当年的罗马已经有了三个版本，并在1494年在巴黎、巴塞尔和安特卫普印刷了版本。
正如意大利历史学家保罗·塔维亚尼所指出的：“只有在哥伦布的行动中，欧洲、伊斯兰、印度、中国和日本才了解到新世界的存在。这深刻地改变了人类历史的进程。”（塔维亚尼，《哥伦布》，第262页）。
The answer to this question depends on what you mean by "discovered." The English word "discover" is derived from the Latin, "discooperire," a combination of "dis" and "cooperire," to cover, essentially meaning to uncover. The primary meaning given in Merriam Webster is "to make known."
I suspect the question being asked is really, "Who made the existence of the American continents and their associated islands known to Europeans?" The answer to that question is Christopher Columbus. Although others from Europe (and perhaps China) may have reached what we now call the Americas prior to Columbus, they did not make their "discovery" known to the rest of the world, and as a result their voyages had little impact on history. Columbus's voyage to the Americas in 1492 was the first fully documented European encounter with the Americas. The report of his voyage was printed within weeks of his return in 1493, went through three printings in Rome before the end of the year, and editions were printed in Paris, Basle, and Antwerp during 1494.
As the Italian historian Paolo Taviani noted, "Only with Columbus's undertaking did Europe, Islam, Indian, China, and Japan learn of the existence of a New World. And that changed the course of human history profoundly." (Taviani, Columbus, p. 262).
回答这个问题取决于你对“发现”的理解。英语单词“discover”源自拉丁语“discooperire”，是“dis”和“cooperire”的组合，后者的意思是覆盖，从根本上讲意味着揭示。韦氏词典所给的主要意义是“使人知道”。
我猜这个问题实际上想问的是：“是谁向欧洲人介绍了美洲大陆及其相关岛屿的存在？”这个问题的答案是克里斯托弗·哥伦布。尽管其他来自欧洲（也许还有中国）的人可能在哥伦布之前到达过现在所称的美洲大陆，但他们没有向世界其他地方宣告他们的“发现”，因此他们的航行对历史没有什么影响。哥伦布1492年抵达美洲的航行是欧洲人与美洲大陆的第一次完全记录的相遇。他的旅行报告在他返回后几周内被印刷出来，在当年的罗马已经有了三个版本，并在1494年在巴黎、巴塞尔和安特卫普印刷了版本。
正如意大利历史学家保罗·塔维亚尼所指出的：“只有在哥伦布的行动中，欧洲、伊斯兰、印度、中国和日本才了解到新世界的存在。这深刻地改变了人类历史的进程。”（塔维亚尼，《哥伦布》，第262页）。
Waiting for Athena
Christopher Columbus did indeed discover America. But he was far from the first to do so.
The Americas had been getting “discovered” over and over again for centuries. We know for sure that the Vikings and Chinese were here. There have been African artifacts found in South America that indicate some unknown African nation made it here. In all likelihood the Phoenicians and Polynesians also discovered the Americas. And of course the ancient Siberians repeatedly discovered Alaska over the course of tens of thousands of years.
So no one really knows who came first. Maybe the Clovis Culture; maybe someone else.
But Christopher Columbus did “discover” the Americas, and his discovery was different than the rest because it initiated a migration that changed the world. It was to the great benefit of European nations at a great cost to American nations, yes; but no one can deny that it changed the world, and it was the only “discovery” that did so.
克里斯托弗·哥伦布确实发现了美洲。但他远非第一个这样做的人。
几个世纪以来，美洲一直在被不断地“发现”。我们可以确定的是，维京人和中国人曾到过这里。在南美洲发现了一些非洲手工艺品，表明某个未知的非洲国家也到过这里。很可能还有腓尼基人和波利尼西亚人也发现了美洲。当然，数万年来，古老的西伯利亚人也一再地发现了阿拉斯加。
所以，谁先到达美洲并不为人所知。也许是克洛维斯文化，也可能是其他人。
但克里斯托弗·哥伦布确实“发现”了美洲，他的发现与其他人不同之处在于，它引发了一次改变世界的移民潮。虽然这对欧洲国家来说意义重大，但代价却是对美洲国家的巨大损失；但没有人能否认这次发现改变了世界，并且这是唯一一次这样的“发现”。
Christopher Columbus did indeed discover America. But he was far from the first to do so.
The Americas had been getting “discovered” over and over again for centuries. We know for sure that the Vikings and Chinese were here. There have been African artifacts found in South America that indicate some unknown African nation made it here. In all likelihood the Phoenicians and Polynesians also discovered the Americas. And of course the ancient Siberians repeatedly discovered Alaska over the course of tens of thousands of years.
So no one really knows who came first. Maybe the Clovis Culture; maybe someone else.
But Christopher Columbus did “discover” the Americas, and his discovery was different than the rest because it initiated a migration that changed the world. It was to the great benefit of European nations at a great cost to American nations, yes; but no one can deny that it changed the world, and it was the only “discovery” that did so.
克里斯托弗·哥伦布确实发现了美洲。但他远非第一个这样做的人。
几个世纪以来，美洲一直在被不断地“发现”。我们可以确定的是，维京人和中国人曾到过这里。在南美洲发现了一些非洲手工艺品，表明某个未知的非洲国家也到过这里。很可能还有腓尼基人和波利尼西亚人也发现了美洲。当然，数万年来，古老的西伯利亚人也一再地发现了阿拉斯加。
所以，谁先到达美洲并不为人所知。也许是克洛维斯文化，也可能是其他人。
但克里斯托弗·哥伦布确实“发现”了美洲，他的发现与其他人不同之处在于，它引发了一次改变世界的移民潮。虽然这对欧洲国家来说意义重大，但代价却是对美洲国家的巨大损失；但没有人能否认这次发现改变了世界，并且这是唯一一次这样的“发现”。
Ittisoonthorn Jungsakulrujirek
At first it was thought that Christopher Columbus was the first to land in America, but that is incorrect. So, was it the Vikings? Yes, it is possible that it was the Vikings/Norse, but the word “discover” has a broad meaning. Do you mean European discovery? If you do, then yes, the Vikings. But if you don’t, then the Native Americans did. There used to be a land bridge across the Bering Strait, where Alaska and Kamkatcha are separated. This probably allowed prehistoric peoples to cross into America. These peoples were probably Siberians. After the last ice age and the sea level rose, the land bridge was sunk, and the people were kind of trapped there. So there you have it, the Native Americans discovered America. To take this even further, suppose the Native Americans don’t count as discovering America, then the Polynesians most likely did. The Polynesians were master navigators and sailed across the Pacific and inhabited nearly a thousand islands. They even got to Hawaii. As we know, Hawaii is relatively close to the US coast. Thus, it is plausible that they would have sailed further, eventually reaching America. And who knows, perhaps Genghis Khan sent an expedition to explore the Pacific (but probably not). Columbus definitely was not the first person to reach America, that is for sure.
“Discover” has a broad meaning. Humans have settled in America since the prehistoric times, and as we can see, the Native Americans are proof of this. My personal belief is that humanity started in Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, the Cradle of Civilization, the Dawn of Humanity. From then on, humans scattered over the face of the Earth. As Alfred Wegener’s theory states, Pangea existed. Humans would have spread out all over, and then, over time, the continents separated, separating some regions from others. In truth, we all came from the same place, it is just that the different regions we live, with the different weather conditions and climate, cause us to look different. People who live in cold places would have a layer of hair to keep them warm. At first, we all had similar physical features, but over time, as we lived in different places, it changed. Anyway, I was trying to say that there is really no “discovery” of any pieces of land beside the poles or hazardous, uninhabitable places. People already scattered over the face of the Earth, and since then, there were the discoveries.
最初人们认为哥伦布是第一个到达美洲的人，但这是错误的。那么，是维京人吗？是的，这是有可能的，但“发现”这个词有很广泛的含义。你是指欧洲人的发现吗？如果是的话，那就是维京人了。但如果不是的话，那就是美洲原住民了。挪威半岛上的萨满教崇拜者、海盗和商人都曾经航行到过北美洲，但他们并没有留下来。以前在白令海峡有一座陆桥，那里现在是阿拉斯加和堪察加之间的距离。这可能使史前人类进入了美洲。这些人可能是西伯利亚人。在最后一次冰河时期和海平面上升后，陆桥被淹没，人们被困在那里。所以说，美洲原住民才是真正的发现者。更进一步地说，假设美洲原住民不算作发现美洲的人，那么最有可能的是波利尼西亚人。波利尼西亚人是精通航海的人，并横渡太平洋，居住在近千个岛屿上。他们甚至到过夏威夷。我们知道，夏威夷相对靠近美国海岸。因此，他们有可能航行更远，最终到达美洲。谁知道呢，也许成吉思汗派出了一支探险队去探索太平洋（但很可能没有）。哥伦布肯定不是第一个到达美洲的人，这是确定的。
“发现”有广泛的含义。自史前时代以来，人类就在美洲定居，正如我们看到的，美洲原住民就是证明。我个人的看法是，人类起源于美索不达米亚，肥沃的新月地带，文明的摇篮，人类的黎明。从那时起，人类分散到整个地球。正如阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳的理论所述，曾经存在终极盘古大陆。人类将会遍布全球，然后随着时间的推移，大陆分离，某些区域与其他区域分离。实际上，我们都来自同一个地方，只是生活在不同的区域，具有不同的天气条件和气候，所以看起来不同。生活在寒冷地区的人会长出一层毛发保暖。起初，我们所有人的身体特征都很相似，但随着时间的推移，由于生活在不同的地方，它发生了变化。总之，我想说的是，在极地或危险的不宜居住的地方除外，其实没有任何土地的“发现”。人们已经分散到整个地球上，从那时起就不断有了各种发现。
At first it was thought that Christopher Columbus was the first to land in America, but that is incorrect. So, was it the Vikings? Yes, it is possible that it was the Vikings/Norse, but the word “discover” has a broad meaning. Do you mean European discovery? If you do, then yes, the Vikings. But if you don’t, then the Native Americans did. There used to be a land bridge across the Bering Strait, where Alaska and Kamkatcha are separated. This probably allowed prehistoric peoples to cross into America. These peoples were probably Siberians. After the last ice age and the sea level rose, the land bridge was sunk, and the people were kind of trapped there. So there you have it, the Native Americans discovered America. To take this even further, suppose the Native Americans don’t count as discovering America, then the Polynesians most likely did. The Polynesians were master navigators and sailed across the Pacific and inhabited nearly a thousand islands. They even got to Hawaii. As we know, Hawaii is relatively close to the US coast. Thus, it is plausible that they would have sailed further, eventually reaching America. And who knows, perhaps Genghis Khan sent an expedition to explore the Pacific (but probably not). Columbus definitely was not the first person to reach America, that is for sure.
“Discover” has a broad meaning. Humans have settled in America since the prehistoric times, and as we can see, the Native Americans are proof of this. My personal belief is that humanity started in Mesopotamia, the Fertile Crescent, the Cradle of Civilization, the Dawn of Humanity. From then on, humans scattered over the face of the Earth. As Alfred Wegener’s theory states, Pangea existed. Humans would have spread out all over, and then, over time, the continents separated, separating some regions from others. In truth, we all came from the same place, it is just that the different regions we live, with the different weather conditions and climate, cause us to look different. People who live in cold places would have a layer of hair to keep them warm. At first, we all had similar physical features, but over time, as we lived in different places, it changed. Anyway, I was trying to say that there is really no “discovery” of any pieces of land beside the poles or hazardous, uninhabitable places. People already scattered over the face of the Earth, and since then, there were the discoveries.
最初人们认为哥伦布是第一个到达美洲的人，但这是错误的。那么，是维京人吗？是的，这是有可能的，但“发现”这个词有很广泛的含义。你是指欧洲人的发现吗？如果是的话，那就是维京人了。但如果不是的话，那就是美洲原住民了。挪威半岛上的萨满教崇拜者、海盗和商人都曾经航行到过北美洲，但他们并没有留下来。以前在白令海峡有一座陆桥，那里现在是阿拉斯加和堪察加之间的距离。这可能使史前人类进入了美洲。这些人可能是西伯利亚人。在最后一次冰河时期和海平面上升后，陆桥被淹没，人们被困在那里。所以说，美洲原住民才是真正的发现者。更进一步地说，假设美洲原住民不算作发现美洲的人，那么最有可能的是波利尼西亚人。波利尼西亚人是精通航海的人，并横渡太平洋，居住在近千个岛屿上。他们甚至到过夏威夷。我们知道，夏威夷相对靠近美国海岸。因此，他们有可能航行更远，最终到达美洲。谁知道呢，也许成吉思汗派出了一支探险队去探索太平洋（但很可能没有）。哥伦布肯定不是第一个到达美洲的人，这是确定的。
“发现”有广泛的含义。自史前时代以来，人类就在美洲定居，正如我们看到的，美洲原住民就是证明。我个人的看法是，人类起源于美索不达米亚，肥沃的新月地带，文明的摇篮，人类的黎明。从那时起，人类分散到整个地球。正如阿尔弗雷德·韦格纳的理论所述，曾经存在终极盘古大陆。人类将会遍布全球，然后随着时间的推移，大陆分离，某些区域与其他区域分离。实际上，我们都来自同一个地方，只是生活在不同的区域，具有不同的天气条件和气候，所以看起来不同。生活在寒冷地区的人会长出一层毛发保暖。起初，我们所有人的身体特征都很相似，但随着时间的推移，由于生活在不同的地方，它发生了变化。总之，我想说的是，在极地或危险的不宜居住的地方除外，其实没有任何土地的“发现”。人们已经分散到整个地球上，从那时起就不断有了各种发现。
Jeff Painter
Lots of people discovered America. There have been millions of immigrants and visitors. Each made a personal discovery.
The first came on a “land bridge” from Siberia to Alaska during the last ice age. More came on boats later on. Thus we have First Nations people, known by various other terms such as Indians and Eskimos.
The most important later discovery is that os Christopher Columbus in 1492. The other famous discovery is that of Norse sailors around 1000; the first landfall was led by Leif Eriksson. Others followed each of them.
Probably a few European fishermen visited parts of North America earlier in the 1400s than Columbus. There was almost surely an occasional ship fro east Asia which got blown off course to destruction on the shores of Alaska.
Occasionally you see speculation about other round-trip discoveries before Columbus, from Asia, Europe, or Africa. None of them is likely to have any foundation in fact.
有很多人发现了美洲，已经有数百万的移民和游客。每个人都有自己的个人发现。 最早的人是在最后一次冰河时期时从西伯利亚通过“陆桥”来到阿拉斯加的。后来又有更多人乘船来到这里。因此我们有了第一民族，也被称为印第安人和爱斯基摩人等。 最重要的后来的发现是克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1492年的发现。另一个著名的发现是1000年左右的北欧航海家；第一次登陆由莱夫·埃里克松领导，其他人也跟随他们一起来到这里。 很可能在哥伦布之前的1400年代，一些欧洲渔民曾经访问过北美的某些地区。也几乎可以确定东亚偶尔会有一艘战舰被风吹偏离了传统的航线，并在阿拉斯加海岸线上毁灭。 偶尔会看到一些关于在哥伦布之前从亚洲、欧洲或非洲进行的其他往返发现的猜测。然而，它们中没有任何一个具有真实基础的可能性。
Lots of people discovered America. There have been millions of immigrants and visitors. Each made a personal discovery.
The first came on a “land bridge” from Siberia to Alaska during the last ice age. More came on boats later on. Thus we have First Nations people, known by various other terms such as Indians and Eskimos.
The most important later discovery is that os Christopher Columbus in 1492. The other famous discovery is that of Norse sailors around 1000; the first landfall was led by Leif Eriksson. Others followed each of them.
Probably a few European fishermen visited parts of North America earlier in the 1400s than Columbus. There was almost surely an occasional ship fro east Asia which got blown off course to destruction on the shores of Alaska.
Occasionally you see speculation about other round-trip discoveries before Columbus, from Asia, Europe, or Africa. None of them is likely to have any foundation in fact.
有很多人发现了美洲，已经有数百万的移民和游客。每个人都有自己的个人发现。 最早的人是在最后一次冰河时期时从西伯利亚通过“陆桥”来到阿拉斯加的。后来又有更多人乘船来到这里。因此我们有了第一民族，也被称为印第安人和爱斯基摩人等。 最重要的后来的发现是克里斯托弗·哥伦布于1492年的发现。另一个著名的发现是1000年左右的北欧航海家；第一次登陆由莱夫·埃里克松领导，其他人也跟随他们一起来到这里。 很可能在哥伦布之前的1400年代，一些欧洲渔民曾经访问过北美的某些地区。也几乎可以确定东亚偶尔会有一艘战舰被风吹偏离了传统的航线，并在阿拉斯加海岸线上毁灭。 偶尔会看到一些关于在哥伦布之前从亚洲、欧洲或非洲进行的其他往返发现的猜测。然而，它们中没有任何一个具有真实基础的可能性。
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