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What was daily life like for an average citizen in Nazi Germany?

纳粹德国普通公民的日常生活是怎样的？

Jack Lived in Orlando, FL (2003–2021) Featured on Slate FR Upvoted by Leonardo Perin Vichi, Ph.D Social History & Military Science, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (2018) and Bruna Torman, B.A History, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (2021) upxed 4y

杰克 曾居住在佛罗里达州奥兰多（2003年–2021年） 登上《石板》法国版 获莱昂纳多·佩林·维奇（里约热内卢联邦大学社会史与军事科学博士，2018年毕业）和布鲁娜·托尔曼（南里奥格兰德联邦大学历史学学士，2021年毕业）点赞 4年前更新

Originally Answered: What was everyday life like under Nazi rule?

最初回答的问题：纳粹统治下的日常生活是怎样的？

My grandmother was born in Berlin in 1925. She was 8 when the Nazis gained power, 13 when the Anschluss happened, and 20 at the end of the war. I had some conversations with her about it as I grew up, so I can give you my sense of things based on our talks.
Her family lived in an apartment building. After the Nazis took over a family of Brownshirts moved in downstairs. It was understood that they were there to spy on people. She was not a fan of the Brownshirts in general and that family in particular.

我的祖母1925年出生在柏林。纳粹掌权时她8岁，德奥合并时13岁，战争结束时20岁。我成长过程中曾和她聊过相关话题，所以可以根据我们的谈话给你讲讲我的感受。
她的家人住在一栋公寓楼里。纳粹掌权后，一户冲锋队成员搬到了楼下。大家都清楚，他们住在那里是为了监视居民。她本来就不喜欢冲锋队，尤其反感这户人家。

There was a Jewish family in the apartment building. When the race laws were passed Jews were restricted on what they were allowed to buy, for instance they could only buy horse meat at the market. The families in the apartment building would periodically take turns cooking a stew or something and send it over with the children because kids carrying a pot were less likely to be stopped by the gestapo. Eventually the Jewish family disappeared. My grandmother never found out what became of them.
Everything was extremely clean and there was very little crime. If you were German, it was very safe to be out on the streets.

公寓楼里还有一户犹太家庭。种族法颁布后，犹太人能购买的物品受到限制，比如他们在市场上只能买到马肉。公寓里的住户会定期轮流炖一锅菜之类的食物，让孩子们送过去——因为孩子们提着锅，不太可能被盖世太保拦下。最终，这户犹太家庭失踪了。我的祖母始终不知道他们的下落。
当时所有地方都异常干净，犯罪率也极低。如果你是德国人，在街上行走是非常安全的。

Throughout the 1930s there was a general sense of nationalistic pride in Germany. Things improved economically for most Germans. Hitler would regularly speak on the radio. I got a sense that he was well-liked by average Germans. At the time people felt pride and gave him a lot of credit for pulling Germany out of the economic hardships of the late 1920s.
She remembered being at school when the Nazis came and switched out all of the schoolbooks. They took all of the old books out and replaced them with new books compliant with the party ideology.

整个20世纪30年代，德国弥漫着普遍的民族自豪感。大多数德国人的经济状况有所改善。希特勒会定期通过广播发表演讲。我能感觉到，他很受普通德国民众的喜爱。当时人们心怀自豪，认为德国能摆脱20世纪20年代末的经济困境，希特勒功不可没。
她记得纳粹掌权后，学校里所有的课本都被换掉了。旧课本全被收走，取而代之的是符合纳粹党意识形态的新课本。

My grandmother’s family wasn't well off, but during the war they kept their valuables in a sort of community bunker. It took a direct hit from an allied bomb so they lost everything of sentimental value. For the rest of her life passing on something of value to me and my sister was something she talked about. I think part of this had to do with the poverty she experienced as a child and part of it had to do with all of the family valuables getting blown to bits.

我的祖母家境并不富裕，但战争期间，他们把贵重物品存放在一个社区掩体里。这个掩体遭到了盟军炸弹的直接命中，所以他们失去了所有具有情感价值的东西。在她的余生里，经常念叨着要把有价值的东西传给我和妹妹。我觉得这一方面和她小时候经历的贫困有关，另一方面也和家里所有贵重物品被炸成碎片有关。

Some of the war construction took place in the U-bahn tubes due to allied bombing.
The last 2 years of the war she served in the civil service. She worked in a bunker with 10 foot thick walls and a tunnel to enter and exit. She liked being at work because it was the only time she felt safe during the war. When there was an air raid while she was working, when she left the bunker they would have to crawl past bodies of people who hid in the tunnel and were killed.

由于盟军的轰炸，一些战时工程被转移到了地铁隧道里进行。
战争的最后两年，她在民事部门工作。她的工作地点是一个掩体，墙壁有10英尺厚，进出要通过一条隧道。她喜欢上班，因为这是战争期间她唯一能感到安全的时候。如果工作时遇到空袭，离开掩体时，他们必须爬过那些躲在隧道里却不幸遇难的人的尸体。

After the war everyone was extremely poor and hungry. Roughly half of my grandmother’s classmates had died during the war, either from military service or allied bombing. It was extremely important to end up in a British or American zone as opposed to a Soviet sector. My grandmother lived in an area that became West Berlin, but had some friends and family that got stuck in the Soviet sector that became East Berlin.

战后，所有人都极度贫穷饥饿。我祖母大约一半的同学都在战争中丧生了，有的死于服兵役，有的死于盟军轰炸。最终能身处英美占领区而非苏联占领区，是极其重要的事。我的祖母住在后来成为西柏林的区域，但她有一些亲友被困在了后来成为东柏林的苏联占领区。

My grandmother met my grandfather when he was in Berlin with the Air Force in 1947. We have pictures my grandfather took that show the area near the Siegessäule was just devastated. Every stick that could be burned had been used in the winters to heat homes so people could survive. It was uncommon to find a household with a lot of wood furniture.
My grandparents dated while he was in Berlin and fell in love. She always joked that her mother liked him, because other than being a generally swell guy, he always had chocolate.

1947年，我祖父随空军驻扎柏林时，与我祖母相识。我们保留着祖父当时拍的照片，照片里胜利纪念柱附近的区域一片狼藉。冬天里，所有能烧的木柴都被用来取暖续命，家家户户几乎都没有多少木制家具。
祖父在柏林期间，两人开始约会并坠入爱河。祖母总开玩笑说，她母亲之所以喜欢祖父，除了他本身是个很不错的人之外，还因为他总能拿出巧克力。

He eventually got transferred to Munich, so my Oma ran away to meet him. She didn't have money to buy papers on the black market, but she had this photo; a photographer friend had taken a test shot of my grandmother with his child. She took this picture to the train station and told the conductor that she needed to go to Munich because her daughter was there but she didn't have papers. So the conductor let her on the train. The train ran from West Berlin through East Germany. When they got near the border with West Germany, the train slowed down and all of the illegals hopped off and ran through the fields to cross the border. She said they had to bend down to stay under the crops and the whole time they expected to hear the Stassi yelling halt or shooting. Once they crossed the border they returned to the train line and reboarded. She left one weekend to meet my grandfather in Munich, got married and didn't see Berlin for 15 years.

后来祖父被调往慕尼黑，于是我祖母便偷偷跑去见他。她没钱在黑市上买证件，但手里有一张照片——是一位摄影师朋友拍的试拍图，照片里祖母抱着朋友的孩子。她拿着这张照片去了火车站，跟列车员说自己要去慕尼黑找女儿，却没带证件。列车员最终让她上了车。这趟列车从西柏林出发，要穿过东德。快到西德边境时，火车放慢了速度，所有无证乘车的人都跳下车，穿过田野偷渡边境。祖母说，他们必须弯腰躲在庄稼丛里，全程都在担心会听到史塔西（东德秘密警察）喊停或开枪。越过边境后，他们回到铁轨旁重新上车。那个周末，她动身去慕尼黑见祖父，两人结婚后，整整15年没再回过柏林。

She became an American under the War Bride act and moved to the US speaking almost no English, and that heavily accented. There was some general unpleasantness surrounding being a German in the US in the 1950s.

根据《战争新娘法案》，祖母加入了美国国籍，移居美国时她几乎不会说英语，而且口音很重。20世纪50年代的美国，身为德国人有时会遭遇一些不快。

When they talked on the phone with friends and family in East Berlin, they assumed the East Germans were bugging the line. She didn't see those friends and family again until she went back to Berlin in the mid 60s. These were people that were close as siblings when she was growing up, that she talked with monthly or weekly for the rest of her life, but only saw once in the mid-60s and once in the early 80s.

每次和东柏林的亲友通电话，他们都默认线路被东德当局窃听了。直到60年代中期回到柏林，祖母才再次见到这些亲友。他们曾是她成长过程中情同手足的人，之后的日子里每月或每周都会通话，但一辈子只在60年代中期和80年代初见过两次面。

She was a mess in November 1989 and she cried every year on reunification day, but by that point she wasn't up to making the trip back.

1989年11月（柏林墙倒塌时），祖母情绪崩溃，之后每年德国统一日她都会落泪，但那时她已经身体不佳，再也没能回去过。

From her stories I got a different picture of growing up in Nazi Germany than we normally understand. In movies the cast always breaks down into protagonists and antagonists. Real life is messier, there were party members, zealots, brownshirts, Gestapo, SS, resistance, and everyday Germans. It could be absolutely safe to walk down the street, but saying the wrong thing about the people in power could be dangerous. It was understood that certain groups of people were treated a certain way, but no one was walking around explaining what was being done with these groups of people. It was popularly understood and taught that certain people should be treated that way, but it also violated norms of the social contract.
The scary thing is that most Germans in 1933 weren't that different from most Americans, they just let the monsters take power in a bad time.

从她的故事里，我看到了一个与普遍认知不同的纳粹德国成长图景。电影里总会明确划分主角和反派，但现实生活要复杂得多——有纳粹党员、狂热分子、冲锋队成员、盖世太保、党卫军、抵抗运动者，还有普通的德国民众。街上行走可能绝对安全，但对掌权者说错一句话就可能招致危险。大家都知道某些群体受到了特定对待，却没人会四处宣扬这些群体的遭遇。社会上普遍认同并灌输“某些人就该被这样对待”的观念，但这其实违背了社会契约的准则。
可怕的是，1933年的大多数德国人，和如今的大多数美国人并没有太大不同，他们只是在时局艰难时，让恶魔攫取了权力。

She was always proud to be German, but felt so much shame for the rest of her life about the Nazi period. At the end of her life she talked about it quite a bit. In a way it felt like she wasn't seeking absolution for herself, but for what happened in Germany during her youth. The cost of Nazism was immense. There were 6 fat years as the Nazis ignored the Treaty of Versailles, and then death, famine, and a lifetime of shame and physical separation.
I don't say that to excuse Germans of the time, I say that to warn my countrymen today who seem so excited to cheer for nationalism and nativism without so much as a thought of the consequences.
It's a stain that doesn't wash off.

祖母始终为自己是德国人而自豪，但纳粹时期的历史让她余生都背负着深深的耻辱。晚年时她经常谈起这段往事，感觉她并非在为自己寻求宽恕，而是在为年轻时德国发生的一切寻求救赎。纳粹主义的代价是惨重的：纳粹无视《凡尔赛条约》带来了短暂的六年“繁荣期”，随后便是死亡、饥荒，以及一辈子的耻辱和亲人分离。
我这么说并非为当时的德国人开脱，而是想警告如今我的同胞们——他们对民族主义和本土主义欢呼雀跃，却丝毫没有考虑过其后果。
这是一道永远无法洗刷的污点。

Bobby Wu Knowing a Little About a Lot, going on 5 decades upxed 1y

鲍比·吴 涉猎广泛，已有近50年阅历 1年前更新

The answer depends on whether you’re asking about life in wartime Germany or the period from 1933 to 1939. Initially, in the pre-war period, it began with Gleichschaltung, the massive restructuring of German society along Nazi ideology. This included all aspects of life and started with young children in school being taught to recognize racial differences between ‘Aryans’ and Jews. This indoctrination continued with boys’ mandatory membership in the Hitler Jugend and girls in the BDM. Teenage boys and young men, after completing their high school training, were expected to serve for six months in the Reichsarbeitsdienst, or Reich Labor Service, a paramilitary labour organization tasked with participating in myriad public works projects throughout the Reich, but which also prepared young men for the next stage of their lives, conscxtion into the Wehrmacht.

这个问题的答案取决于你问的是德国战时的生活，还是1933年至1939年的时期。最初在战前，一切始于“一体化”政策——即按照纳粹意识形态对德国社会进行大规模重组。这一政策涵盖生活的方方面面，从学校里的孩童开始，他们被教导要认清“雅利安人”与犹太人之间的种族差异。这种灌输还通过强制要求男孩加入希特勒青年团、女孩加入德国少女联盟延续下去。青少年男性高中毕业后，需在帝国劳工服务局（一个准军事劳工组织）服役六个月，该组织负责参与帝国各地的众多公共工程项目，同时也为年轻人接下来应征加入德国国防军做准备。

In Nazi Germany, even something as seemingly benign and enjoyable as leisure become highly regimented. The Nazi leisure organisation KdF or Strength through Joy, an arm of the German Labor Front(DAF), provided Germans with the opportunity to travel abroad affordably, take pleasure cruises, ski and beach vacations, general interest courses, and provide structured leisure and sporting activities, including singles dances. Through a payroll deduction system, many Germans were able to make a down payment for their first automobile known as the KdF-Wagen, what today we call the Volkswagon Käfer or Beetle, though very few ever took possession of one until well after the war.

在纳粹德国，即便是休闲这种看似无害且令人愉悦的事，也变得高度制度化。纳粹的休闲组织“力量来自欢乐”（KdF）是德国劳工阵线（DAF）的下属机构，它为德国人提供了价格亲民的出国旅行、游轮度假、滑雪和海滨度假机会，还有通识课程以及结构化的休闲和体育活动，包括单身舞会。通过工资扣除制度，许多德国人得以预付首款购买他们的第一辆汽车——“欢乐力量车”，也就是如今我们所说的大众甲壳虫汽车，不过直到战后很久，才有极少数人真正拿到车。

Though the media was now strictly controlled by the state, affordable new state-approved radio sets, known as Volksempfänger, selling for as little as 35RM, brought radio into the homes of millions of Germans who previously could never afford to own one. These sets were purposely designed only to be powerful enough to receive local German stations but nevertheless came with labels reminding Germans that it was forbidden to listen to foreign broadcasts. Foreign newspapers and magazines, now banned, made a temporary reappearance during the two weeks of the 1936 Olympics but were quickly removed after the foreign visitors and athletes had departed. Conversely, all anti-Jewish propaganda and posters in the capital also briefly disappeared during those two weeks, only to reappear in full force once the games were over. In Berlin, regular television broadcasts had already begun in 1935 and public viewing halls(Fernsehstuben) were set up throughout the Reich capital. By the time of the 1936 Olympics(the first ever televised), private sets still numbered less than a thousand, with most belonging to high-level party officials or foreign diplomats. Oddly enough, the regime never seemed to grasp the enormous potential of this new technology, viewing it more as a novelty rather than the powerful propaganda tool it could be. Though mass production of sets and a second transmitter in Hamburg was in the works, both were interrupted by the outbreak of war.

尽管媒体已被国家严格管控，但国家批准生产的廉价新型收音机“人民收音机”仅售35帝国马克，让数百万此前无力购买收音机的德国家庭拥有了这一设备。这种收音机在设计上故意限制了功率，仅能接收德国本土电台，同时还贴有标签提醒德国人，收听外国广播是被禁止的。已遭禁的外国报纸和杂志在1936年奥运会的两周内暂时重现，但在外国访客和运动员离开后便迅速被下架。与之相对，首都所有反犹宣传品和海报在这两周内也暂时消失，奥运会一结束便卷土重来。柏林早在1935年就已开始定期电视转播，并在帝国首都各处设立了公共收视厅。到1936年奥运会（史上首届电视转播的奥运会）时，私人电视机数量仍不足一千台，且大部分归纳粹高层官员或外国外交官所有。奇怪的是，该政权似乎从未意识到这项新技术的巨大潜力，仅将其视为一种新奇事物，而非可用的强大宣传工具。尽管电视机的大规模生产和汉堡的第二个发射台已在筹备中，但两者都因战争爆发而中断。

unxs were abolished along with the right to strike. Under the DAF, labour relations became heavily tilted in favour of management. Though Nazism professed to advocate for the working class, in reality, it was the quiescence of industry to the new Reich that they actually sought, and this silence was purchased at the expense of worker’s rights. Mobility in the workforce became increasingly difficult, with workers essentially becoming locked into their jobs and requiring a release from their employer if they wished to change jobs, particularly if they were skilled workers. All German workers were required to maintain a workbook detailing their skills and past employment history which any prospective new employer would require to see, and it was common for current employers to refuse to release the book to an employee they didn’t want to lose. Those who declined two consecutive offers of employment or quit an existing job without being released risked being labelled as ‘work-shy’, and along with other ‘socially deviant’ individuals such as petty criminals, homosexuals, vagrants and alcoholics, could soon find themselves wearing the black triangle in a concentration camp.

工会被解散，罢工权也被剥夺。在德国劳工阵线的管控下，劳资关系严重向资方倾斜。尽管纳粹主义声称拥护工人阶级，但实际上，他们真正追求的是工业界对新帝国的顺从，而这种顺从是以牺牲工人权利为代价换来的。劳动力流动变得日益困难，工人实际上被束缚在本职工作中，若想换工作（尤其是技术工人），必须获得雇主的许可。所有德国工人都必须持有一本工作手册，详细记录个人技能和过往就业经历，潜在雇主都会要求查看这本手册，而当前雇主拒绝将手册交给他们不愿放走的员工是很常见的事。那些连续两次拒绝就业机会或未经许可擅自离职的人，可能会被贴上“懒汉”的标签，与小偷小摸者、同性恋者、流浪者、酗酒者等其他“社会异类”一样，很快就可能戴着黑色三角形标识被送进集中营。

With unemployment steadily dropping, and consumer goods plentiful and reasonably affordable, many Germans could afford their first homes. Life, in general, was good as long you weren’t a communist, a labour or unx activist, a homosexual, a free thinker or intellectual, a critic of the regime or a Jew. Concentration camps had already appeared by 1933, but at this point were only a part of the German penal system and a form of incarceration and re-education for critics or enemies of the regime. The state control of society also extended to the arts and sciences, and artists, writers, actors, musicians and others who wanted their works to be published or presented publicly were required to be members of Nazi-regulated guilds or Kammern, and swear their allegiance to the Führer, all overseen by Reich Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

随着失业率稳步下降，消费品供应充足且价格适中，许多德国人得以购置自己的第一套住房。总的来说，只要你不是共产主义者、劳工或工会活动家、同性恋者、自由思想家或知识分子、政权批评者或犹太人，生活还算不错。集中营早在1933年就已出现，但当时仅作为德国刑罚体系的一部分，是监禁和再教育政权批评者或敌人的一种形式。国家对社会的控制还延伸到了艺术和科学领域，艺术家、作家、演员、音乐家等想要公开出版作品或展示成果的人，必须加入纳粹监管的同业公会，并宣誓效忠元首，这一切都由帝国宣传部长约瑟夫·戈培尔监督。

After the boycott of Jewish-owned shops in 1933, German Jews of all classes had an increasingly difficult time simply existing in Nazi Germany and faced numerous employment, professional and social restrictions. By 1935, the newly enacted ‘Nuremberg Laws’ forbade Jews from wedding or even having sexual or romantic relationships with ‘Aryan’ Germans. For most Jews, the writing on the wall was plain to see and many had decided to get out of Germany, but finding a country that was willing to accept them was nearly impossible as most of the big immigrant-welcoming countries like Canada and the US placed strict quotas on the number of Jews they would accept, and due to anti-semitism, even these low quotas were rarely ever met. The financial cost of leaving was also extremely high, and the Reich Flight Tax, which had existed before the Nazis came to power, was now re-tweaked, specifically against Jews. In 1934, they were taxed at 20% of their assets, but by 1938 that had jumped to 90%. By the time of the Reichskristallnacht in November 1938, which marked the unofficial beginning of the Holocaust, life for most of Germany’s Jews had already become unbearable, and it would only get much worse.

1933年犹太商店遭抵制后，德国各个阶层的犹太人在纳粹德国的生存变得日益艰难，面临着无数就业、职业和社会限制。到1935年，新颁布的《纽伦堡法案》禁止犹太人与“雅利安人”结婚，甚至禁止发生性关系或恋爱关系。对大多数犹太人来说，不祥之兆显而易见，许多人决定逃离德国，但找到一个愿意接纳他们的国家几乎是不可能的——加拿大、美国等主要移民接纳国对犹太移民数量设定了严格配额，且由于反犹主义，即便是这些低配额也很少能满额。离开的经济成本也极高，纳粹掌权前就已存在的帝国流亡税，如今经过调整后专门针对犹太人。1934年，他们需缴纳资产的20%作为税金，到1938年这一比例飙升至90%。1938年11月的“水晶之夜”标志着大屠杀的非正式开始，而在此之前，德国大多数犹太人的生活就已不堪忍受，且之后只会变得更加糟糕。

Wartime for most Germans, though it started well with victories in Poland in 1939 and Denmark, Norway, France and the low countries in 1940, soon went from bad to worse after Hitler’s terrible decision to invade the Soviet unx in June 1941. Most Germans had a son, brother or father serving in the Wehrmacht or knew of someone who was serving, and they lived in constant fear and anxiety of getting news of their loved ones having fallen in battle. Added to this, by 1942, day and night air raids became a regular and terrifying part of their lives. Under the auspices of the NSV(National Socialist Peoples Welfare Organization), it was common for bombed-out families and individuals to be billeted with strangers, and for several families to share a single flat. The NSV also organized mobile soup kitchens and distribution of food, clothing and household items for those bombed out of their homes. These consisted of both civilian donations as well as belongings confiscated from Jews destined for the death camps. By this time, the centres of most of Germany’s big cities, particularly those in the heavily industrialized Rhineland and Ruhr, were beginning to show the devastating impact of the Allied air war, and transportation and other infrastructure networks were becoming increasingly stressed to the point of failure.

对大多数德国人来说，战争初期还算顺利——1939年攻克波兰，1940年拿下丹麦、挪威、法国及低地国家，但1941年6月希特勒做出入侵苏联的糟糕决定后，局势便急转直下。大多数德国家庭都有儿子、兄弟或父亲在德国国防军服役，或是认识服役的人，他们时刻担忧会收到亲人阵亡的消息，生活在无尽的恐惧与焦虑中。此外，到1942年，日夜不停的空袭已成为他们生活中常态化且令人恐惧的一部分。在国家社会主义人民福利组织（NSV）的统筹下，家园被毁的家庭和个人常被安置在陌生人家里，多个家庭共用一套公寓的情况十分普遍。该组织还为无家可归者设立了流动施粥站，并分发食品、衣物和家居用品，这些物资既有民众捐赠，也包括从即将被送往死亡集中营的犹太人那里没收的财物。此时，德国大多数大城市的市中心，尤其是工业化程度高的莱茵兰和鲁尔地区，已开始显现出盟军空战造成的毁灭性影响，交通及其他基础设施网络的压力日益增大，濒临崩溃。

Wartime rationing made ‘normal’ life only a vague, distant memory, and having valid ration cards was no guarantee that those items would be available in the shops. Rationing of food and clothing was based on an individual’s contribution to the Reich, with heavy labourers in key industries receiving the most, and white-collar or office workers receiving proportionately less. Shortages of food, cooking and heating fuel, and consumer goods became commonplace, resulting in endless queues at shops. Those few German Jews who hadn’t been transported east and remained officially ‘free’, were subjected to severe curfew and near-starvation caloric restrictions. Clustered in registered ‘Jewish Houses’ in key Reich cities, they were issued special ration cards marked with a ‘J’, were only permitted to shop at the end of the day when most items were guaranteed to be sold out and to add insult to injury, faced terrifying Gestapo raids in which the few food supplies they had were often ‘confiscated’(ie: stolen). Most other Germans had to make do with ersatz coffee, meat, fish and flour, and recycle their often threadbare clothing. Many urban Germans resorted to keeping rabbits and growing vegetables on any patch of land they could find to supplement their meagre diets. Blackout restrictions were severely enforced and made nighttime travel hazardous for both pedestrians and road traffic. Despite curbs being painted white and rail carriage and street signs being highlighted in luminescent paint, injuries and fatalities increased. As a result of the blackouts, many cities saw an upswing in petty crime, as well as muggings, break-ins and even murders.

战时配给制让“正常”生活成为模糊而遥远的回忆，即便持有有效的配给券，也无法保证能在商店买到对应物品。食品和衣物的配给依据个人对帝国的贡献分配——关键行业的重体力劳动者获得的配额最多，白领或办公室职员则按比例减少。食品、烹饪及取暖燃料、消费品的短缺成为常态，导致商店前大排长龙。少数未被送往东部、仍保留“自由”身份的德国犹太人，受到严格的宵禁限制，热量摄入被压至近乎饥饿的水平。他们被集中安置在帝国主要城市的注册“犹太人住宅”中，持有标有“J”字样的特殊配给券，仅被允许在当天营业结束时购物——此时大多数商品早已售罄。更雪上加霜的是，他们还面临盖世太保的恐怖突袭，仅有的少量食物常常被“没收”（实则被抢走）。其他大多数德国人只能凑合使用代用咖啡、代用肉、代用鱼和代用面粉，反复穿着破旧的衣物。许多城市居民开始养兔子，并在任何能找到的小块土地上种植蔬菜，以补充微薄的口粮。灯火管制被严格执行，让行人与道路交通在夜间变得极度危险。尽管路缘被漆成白色，火车车厢和街道标志也用荧光漆突出显示，但伤亡人数仍在增加。受灯火管制影响，许多城市的小偷小摸、抢劫、入室盗窃甚至谋杀案件都有所上升。

Germans were expected to sacrifice and endure these hardships as a part of Volksgemeinschaft, or the concept of the ‘community of the people’. Volunteering of time, and donations of cash, clothing and other goods to Reich organizations and charities, such as Winterhilfswerk(a part of the NSV), was expected of all Germans. Hitler Jugend and BDM canvassers, with their characteristic red donation cans, zealously patrolled street corners, rail and U-Bahn stations and even factory and workplace entrances, aggressively pressing the public for donations. Though the charity was notoriously corrupt, it took a brave individual to decline these adolescent extortionists, and failure to donate could lead to your name being placed on a ‘black list’ and potentially result in losing your job.

作为“人民共同体”理念的一部分，德国人被要求牺牲自我、忍受这些苦难。所有德国人都需自愿奉献时间，并向帝国组织及慈善机构（如“冬季救助计划”，隶属于国家社会主义人民福利组织）捐赠现金、衣物和其他物资。希特勒青年团和德国少女联盟的募捐者带着标志性的红色募捐罐，在街角、火车站、地铁站甚至工厂和工作场所门口积极巡逻，强行向公众索要捐赠。尽管该慈善机构腐败成性，但敢于拒绝这些青少年“勒索者”的人寥寥无几——不捐赠可能导致自己被列入“黑名单”，甚至丢掉工作。

By the last years of the war, the concept of Totaler Krieg was introduced. Any talk of defeatism or criticism of the regime or the war was severely punished and overheard off-the-cuff sarcasm or joking could result in a knock on your door from your local Gestapo agent. Though it’s been estimated that as many as 60% of the German wartime population did it, listening to foreign radio broadcasts such as the BBC, referred to as Feindsender(enemy transmitters), if discovered, could lead to incarceration, and in some cases, even death for repeat offenders. Most parents who dared listen to these broadcasts only did so with the volume turned way down and after their children were assuredly sound asleep in their beds, and had to remember to return the tuning dial back afterwards(terrifying accounts exist of indoctrinated children reporting their parent’s radio listening habits to authorities or others innocently mentioning it to classmates or their teachers). Germans spent a large part of their days and nights in cramped, uncomfortable air raid shelters, and most started their day chronically sleep-deprived, stressed out and exhausted. Cities like Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden, their resources already strained to breaking point, became inundated with refugees streaming in from the collapsing eastern territories, making them a focus for the resident’s anger and resentment.

战争后期，“全面战争”理念被提出。任何失败主义言论或对政权、战争的批评都会受到严厉惩罚，随口说出的讽刺或玩笑若被听到，可能会引来当地盖世太保的登门调查。尽管据估计战时多达60%的德国人都曾收听英国广播公司（BBC）等外国广播（被称为“敌人电台”），但一旦被发现，就可能面临监禁，屡犯者甚至可能被处死。大多数敢收听这些广播的父母，都会把音量调到最低，且只在孩子熟睡后收听，事后还必须记得把调谐旋钮调回原位（有令人恐惧的记录显示，被灌输洗脑的孩子会向当局告发父母的收听行为，或无意中向同学、老师提及）。德国人日夜大部分时间都待在拥挤、闷热的防空洞里，大多数人每天醒来都长期睡眠不足、压力重重且疲惫不堪。柏林、莱比锡、德累斯顿等城市的资源本已濒临枯竭，又涌入了大量来自崩溃的东部领土的难民，这些难民成为当地居民愤怒和怨恨的发泄对象。

In the war’s final stages, the civilian population(by this time consisting mostly of women, children and the elderly) were enlisted to dig tank trenches and defensive battlements in many eastern cities and towns declared as Festungen (fortresses). Old men and 14-year-old boys of the Hitler Jugend were conscxted into the civilian militia, known as the Volkssturm, and were assigned to Wehrmacht and Waffen SS units, where they were expected to fight to their death defending their cities and towns from the ever-advancing enemy. For most Germans, this was the darkest and most desperate period of life in Hitler’s Third Reich, and most just wanted their collective nightmare to be over.

战争最后阶段，许多被宣布为“堡垒”的东部城镇，征召平民（此时大多是妇女、儿童和老人）挖掘反坦克壕沟和防御工事。老年男性和14岁的希特勒青年团男孩被征召加入“人民冲锋队”（平民民兵组织），并被分配到德国国防军和武装党卫军部队，他们被要求为保卫城镇与步步紧逼的敌人战斗到死。对大多数德国人来说，这是希特勒第三帝国时期最黑暗、最绝望的日子，大多数人只希望这场集体噩梦能早日结束。

*During nine months, from October 1940 to July 1941, eight women were raped and murdered on a stretch of Berlin’s S-Bahn line. Known as the ‘S-Bahn Murders’, these crimes were committed by a Deutsche Reichsbahn employee by the name of Paul Ogorzow. Ogorzow took advantage of the strict wartime blackout restrictions to commit his crimes. In addition to the eight murders, he admitted to six attempted murders as well as the assault and rape of at least thirty other women, most of which took place at night on the city’s darkened S-Bahn trains and around its stations. Ogorzow was eventually caught, tried, found guilty and guillotined in July 1941.

*1940年10月至1941年7月的九个月里，柏林一段城市快铁（S-Bahn）沿线发生了八起女性被强奸并谋杀的案件。这些案件被称为“城市快铁谋杀案”，凶手是德国帝国铁路公司的一名员工，名叫保罗·奥戈佐夫。他利用战时严格的灯火管制实施犯罪。除了这八起谋杀案，他还承认犯有六起谋杀未遂罪，并袭击、强奸了至少三十名其他女性，这些罪行大多发生在夜间黑暗的城市快铁列车上及车站周边。奥戈佐夫最终被抓获、审判并定罪，于1941年7月被断头台处决。

Tennille Charlton Descended from Nazis. History Teacher. 9y

坦尼勒·查尔顿 纳粹后裔 历史教师 9年前

I think the best way for me personally to answer this is by telling you the things my grand father, who was a young boy and teen during the reign of Nazi Germany. He is still alive today and I had met his mother when I was a little girl and went over to Germany for the first time (my pop had moved to Australia when my dad was a young boy) ... So I will just tell you what he told me about life during with WW2 as a member of the Hitler Youth and with a Nazi father.

对我个人而言，回答这个问题最好的方式，就是讲讲我祖父的经历。纳粹德国统治时期，他还是个少年。如今他依然在世，我小时候第一次去德国时，还见过他的母亲（我祖父在我父亲年幼时就移居澳大利亚了）……所以我就说说他告诉我的，作为希特勒青年团成员、同时父亲是纳粹分子的他，在二战期间的生活。

Okay so basically he said he went to school and got his grades as usual, but there was another reward system at work: if you do well at sports, you’ll move up in the Hitler Youth ranks and everyone wanted to do this. Life was normal and it was almost in a way as if the fighting wasnt going on, you felt protected and safe and that was something they all needed after world war 1.

简单来说，他说自己像往常一样上学、取得成绩，但当时还有另一套奖励机制：如果体育表现出色，就能在希特勒青年团中晋升，每个人都渴望这样做。生活很正常，几乎让人感觉战争并未发生，大家都觉得有安全感、受到保护——这正是一战后所有人都迫切需要的。

He told me that there is not point in denying that himself and many many young Germans he went to school with allowed themselves to get caught up in what they were hearing a hour Hitler. After all, he had been the one to put the large collection boxes around towns, to build the autobahn and help build the economy again.

他告诉我，无可否认的是，他自己以及学校里许许多多德国年轻人，都被听到的关于希特勒的言论所吸引。毕竟，是希特勒在城镇各处设置了大型募捐箱，修建了高速公路，还帮助德国经济重新复苏。

For young Germans, the 1930s were just wonderful. The red flags with swastikas, the zeppelin Hitler sent to fly all over Germany, the Austrians wanting to become part of it—to them it was just like sunlight and peace and eating again. Things were moving up! Of course, Jews were being eliminated from the professions; the Nuremburg Laws of 1935 prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. But until all the Jewish shops were attacked, the violence was off camera. He said he didn't even know what was going on because it wasn't made to seem as bad as it really was.

对德国年轻人来说，20世纪30年代简直太美好了。带有纳粹党徽的红旗、希特勒派往德国各地的齐柏林飞艇、渴望加入德国的奥地利人——对他们而言，这一切就像阳光、和平与温饱的回归。一切都在好转！当然，犹太人正被逐出各个行业，1935年的《纽伦堡法案》禁止犹太人与非犹太人通婚。但在所有犹太商店遭到袭击之前，这些暴力行为都被隐藏在公众视野之外。他说自己当时根本不知道真实情况，因为官方从未让人意识到事情的严重性。

I asked how they isn't know about the concentration camps and he said the word used to describe what was happening to the Jews was “relocation.” Even in their own reports, the SS did not reveal what went on in the camps. When mass extermination started in 1941, the Jews were gone from Germany. Where were they? People simply didn’t ask, because “relocation” had an ominous ring, and they were scared to find out, by now they all knew things were bad, or at least expected it. When the Allies began seriously bombing Germany, Germans forgot about the Jews altogether.

我问他们当时怎么会不知道集中营的事，他说当时用来描述犹太人遭遇的词是“重新安置”。即便在党卫军自己的报告中，也从未透露集中营里的真实情况。1941年大规模灭绝开始后，犹太人从德国消失了。他们去了哪里？人们根本不敢问——因为“重新安置”这个词透着不祥，大家都害怕得知真相，此时他们已经知道情况不妙，至少有所预料。当盟军开始对德国展开猛烈轰炸时，德国人就彻底把犹太人的事抛在了脑后。

My grand dad tells me about him and his mother havinvg to relocate but having nowhere to go. There home was right in the thick of things, it did get damaged from the bombings going on around it and were able to return once the war was over. They didn't stay long, my great grandmother had lost her husband during the war. My pop said he remembered his mother pleading to just leave but he couldn't. He had signed up for this and he genuinely did believe in it all and thought of it as a betrayal that his family didn't support him.

祖父告诉我，他和祖母曾被迫迁移，却无处可去。他们的家正好位于战火最激烈的地方，在周围的轰炸中遭到了破坏，战争结束后他们才得以返回。但他们没待多久，曾祖母在战争中失去了丈夫（我的曾祖父）。祖父说，他记得母亲恳求他一起离开，但他做不到。他已经投身其中，而且真心相信这一切，还认为家人不支持他就是一种背叛。

Because my great grandfather was a Nazi my pop told me about how Hitler never trusted the German people. There was extensive surveillance, down to the city block—a party member watched and reported any deviance. People were executed for making a bad joke about Hitler. So now they had to watch out for the enemies and then for their own people as well. It was around the time that someone else in my family (a cousin of pops I believe who was 15 at the time) joined the group of Hitler Youth that were later made to go in to war. He was presumebly killed an his body never found.

因为曾祖父是纳粹分子，祖父告诉我，希特勒从未信任过德国人民。当时存在广泛的监视，甚至细化到每个街区——会有纳粹党员负责监视，一旦发现任何越轨行为就向上报告。有人因为开了个关于希特勒的恶意玩笑就被处决。所以那时的人们不仅要提防敌人，还要提防自己人。大约就在那个时候，我家另一个人（我想是祖父的表弟，当时15岁）加入了希特勒青年团，后来这些年轻人都被派上了战场。他大概率已经阵亡，尸体至今未能找到。

Despite all of this though he maintains that life AFTER Hitler was killed was the worst imaginable. He said that he had actually feared they (the big wigs as he called them) would just wipe the German people out completely, they didn't of course but they also go treated as sub human. He wouldn't go in to details but he said for the first (and only time) during that period he was made to feel ashamed for being born German. It went on for a long time he said but it slowly went away an things got back to normal.

尽管经历了这一切，但他坚持认为，希特勒死后的生活才是难以想象的糟糕。他说自己当时真的担心那些“大人物”（他是这么称呼的）会把德国人民彻底消灭。当然，他们没有这么做，但德国人民还是被当作下等人对待。他没有细说细节，但表示那段时间里，他第一次（也是唯一一次）为自己是德国人而感到羞耻。这种情况持续了很久，后来才慢慢好转，一切恢复正常。

 Anna Hag Studied at Ryerson University 4y

安娜·哈格 曾就读于瑞尔森大学 4年前

One of the priorities of the NSDAP regime was indoctrinating youth. The Hitler Youth organizations has become a synonym for uncompromising indoctrination designed to produce robotic obedience from the earliest possible age.
The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel) was very popular in female organisation in Nazi Germany and it was a part of the Hitler Youth movement. Joining the BDM was not compulsory, but it was "the right thing to do." If you didn't join, there was something "different" about you.

国家社会主义德国工人党（纳粹党）政权的首要任务之一是向青年灌输思想。希特勒青年团已成为“绝不妥协的思想灌输”的代名词，其目的是从尽可能小的年纪开始，培养青年机械般的服从性。
德国少女联盟（BDM）是纳粹德国极具影响力的女性组织，也是希特勒青年运动的一部分。加入该联盟并非强制要求，但被视为“正确的选择”。如果不加入，你就会被认为“与众不同”（带有异样眼光）。

Speaking of faith-based programs, the Nazis promoted young women in the League of German Girls into something dubbed "Faith and Beauty." This elite group was made up of German types, age 17 to about 28, dressed glamorous and look forward to bearing German children to S.S. leaders. Since most of those SS leaders were already married, bigamy was seen as a eugenic necessity. Girls from Faith and Beauty group were volunteerely served for sexual satisfaction of married SS leaders. Girls did it sincerely with pleasure.

说到基于“信仰”的项目，纳粹将德国少女联盟中的年轻女性提拔为一个名为“信仰与美丽”的团体。这个精英组织由17至28岁左右的“德国血统”女性组成，她们衣着光鲜，致力于为党卫军领袖生育德国后代。由于大多数党卫军领袖已有家室，重婚被视为优生学层面的必要之举。“信仰与美丽”团体的女孩们自愿为已婚党卫军领袖提供性服务，且她们对此心甘情愿、乐在其中。

WW2 KAMPF FÜR DIE SACHE (FIGHT FOR THE CAUSE) POSTER. Nazi Pin-Up girl - "Spintmädchen":

二战时期“为事业而战”海报：纳粹海报女郎——“活力少女”

Sex outside of marriage was openly promoted by controversial League of German Girls (BDM) scandalous Nazi organisation. In 1944, a group of German parents complained to the court that the leaders of the League were openly telling their daughters to have illegitimate children.

备受争议、丑闻缠身的纳粹组织——德国少女联盟，公开推广婚外性行为。1944年，一群德国父母向法院投诉，称该联盟的领导人公然要求他们的女儿生育非婚生子女。

Public opinion attributed a great deal of sexual laxity to the members. The preparation camps for the 'Landdienst' (land service) of girls and boys often lay adjacent to each other. 900 of the girls participating in the 1936 Reichsparteitag in Nürnberg became pregnant. One of these mothers named 13 boys as the possible father.

公众认为该联盟成员存在严重的性放纵问题。男女“土地服务”预备营往往相邻设置。1936年参加纽伦堡帝国党代会的女孩中，有900人怀孕。其中一位母亲列出了13名男孩作为孩子可能的父亲。

BDM HAIRSTYLE AND FASHION
德国少女联盟的发型与时尚

The BDM originated in the late 1920s and at first was called the Sisterhood of the Hitler Youth (Mädchenschaften or Mädchengruppen, aka Schwesternschaften der Hitler-Jugend). This changed to the BDM name when Hitler assumed power in January 1933 and Party organizations became state institutions. Baldur von Schirach, the "Father of the Hitler Youth," took office as 'Reichsjugendführer' on 17 June 1933. He made the BDM the only legal girl's organization permitted in Germany aside from some Catholic organizations. It basically did everything that a girl's organization could do aside from religious teachings.

德国少女联盟起源于20世纪20年代末，最初名为“希特勒青年团姐妹会”。1933年1月希特勒掌权后，政党组织成为国家机构，该联盟更名为德国少女联盟（BDM）。“希特勒青年团之父”巴尔杜尔·冯·席拉赫于1933年6月17日就任“帝国青年领袖”，他使德国少女联盟成为德国境内除部分天主教组织外唯一合法的女性青年组织。除宗教教义外，该联盟几乎涵盖了女性青年组织可开展的所有活动。

The propaganda of the Third Reich worked hard to make the BDM appear attractive, sexy and worth supporting.. BDM promotional hairstyle was long blond braids or ‘Grechen’ hairstyle.

第三帝国的宣传机器竭力将德国少女联盟塑造成有吸引力、性感且值得支持的形象。该联盟的宣传发型为金色长辫或“希腊式”发型。

On BDM advertising photos and posters, girls looks as if they are about to pass out from sheer joy.

在德国少女联盟的宣传照片和海报中，女孩们看起来仿佛因极度喜悦而近乎昏厥。

BDM teenagers with little amount of clothes were Hitler’s favourite:

衣着暴露的德国少女联盟青少年是希特勒的偏爱：

Having the children innocently holding flowers in pastoral settings was a recurring motif in Hitler Youth/BDM propaganda shots

宣传照片中反复出现的主题是：孩子们在田园场景中天真地手持鲜花

BDM girls didn't look particularly nordic since none of NSDAP leaders looked Nordic. They simply had to believe in Hitler. In reality most of Germans and, consequently, most of BDM girls had nothing to do with nordic looking poster girls since 70% of German adults had brown hair. This is how real BDM girls were looking :

德国少女联盟的女孩们并不特别具备北欧人特征，因为纳粹党领导人中没有一人是北欧人长相。她们只需信仰希特勒即可。事实上，大多数德国人与北欧海报女郎的形象毫无关联，德国少女联盟的女孩们也不例外——70%的德国成年人是棕色头发。这才是真实的德国少女联盟女孩的样子：

This is a real Hitler Youth membership card for a member of the Jungmaedel:

这是一张真实的德国少女联盟低龄组（少女队）成员的希特勒青年团会员卡：



These BDM random girls appear to have been off in the woods gathering berries. Having the Fuhrer himself stop by had to be a major shock - the girls look stunned.

这些德国少女联盟的普通女孩们，似乎正在树林里采摘浆果。元首本人突然造访，一定让她们大吃一惊——女孩们满脸错愕。

For promotional shots the girls would have their ties and collars buttoned up, but in casual poses, it was okay to have them opened:

宣传照片中，女孩们会系好领带、扣紧衣领，但在日常休闲场景中，解开衣领和领带是被允许的：

10-year-old girls are admitted in the Jungmaedelbund of the BDM during a celebration in the refectory of the West Prussian town of Marienburg. Induction ceremony in the BDM in Marienburg, 20.04.1937:

1937年4月20日，西普鲁士城镇马林堡的一所餐厅内举行庆祝活动，10岁的女孩们加入德国少女联盟的低龄组（少女队）。这是马林堡德国少女联盟的入队仪式：

There were different sections of the BDM:

Girls between the ages of 10 and 14 years old were members of the Young Girl's League (Jungmädelbund, JM);
Girls between the ages of 14 and 18 were members of the BDM proper;
In 1938, a third section was added, known as Faith and Beauty (Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between 17 and 21.

10至14岁的女孩加入低龄组（少女队，JM）；
14至18岁的女孩加入德国少女联盟核心组；
1938年新增第三个组别“信仰与美丽”（Glaube und Schönheit），为自愿加入制，面向17至21岁的女孩开放。

The "dress" BDM uniform was a full blue skirt, middy blouse and heavy marching shoes. Exercise clothes that had the appearance of uniforms were used for many activities.
The ideal German League of Girls type exemplified early nineteenth-century notions of what constituted the essence of maidenhood. Girls who infringed the code by perming their hair instead of wearing plaits or the 'Grechen' wreath of braids had it ceremoniously shaved off as punishment.

德国少女联盟的“正装”制服包括一条蓝色长裙、一件水手领衬衫和一双厚重的行军鞋。许多活动中会穿着类似制服样式的运动服。
德国少女联盟推崇的理想女性形象，体现了19世纪初对“少女本质”的定义。女孩们若违反仪容规范——不梳辫子或“希腊式”花环辫，反而烫头发——会被举行仪式性剃发作为惩罚。

While braids were popular among younger teenagers, many of the older girls preferred short masculine hairstyle as they grew older.

Leadership positions in the BDM were restricted to unmarried and childless women. This rule was enforced. Trude Mohr, a former postal worker, was appointed as the first BDM-Reichsreferentin, or National Speaker of the BDM. She left the post in 1938 when she had a child.

辫子在低龄青少年中很受欢迎，但许多年长女孩随着年龄增长，更偏爱偏男性化的短发。
德国少女联盟的领导职位仅限未婚无子女的女性担任，这一规则执行严格。前邮政工作人员特鲁德·莫尔被任命为该联盟首位全国发言人，1938年她因生育而离职。

Below are some random photos of BDM girls going about normal tasks. One of the perks of being in the organization was being eligible for vacations on the Baltic, either on cruise ships specially built for that purpose (such as the ill-fated MV Wilhelm Gustloff), or in resorts built along the beaches. Some of those buildings still stand and, long abandoned, are being re-purposed for resorts and the like - which was their original purpose.

以下是一些德国少女联盟女孩从事日常事务的随机照片。加入该组织的福利之一是有资格前往波罗的海度假——要么乘坐专门为此建造的游轮（如命运多舛的“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”），要么入住海滨度假村。其中一些建筑至今仍在，虽长期废弃，但正被重新改造为度假村等用途——这也正是它们最初的设计初衷。

Girls dance on a meadow during a two-week summer camp summer camp of the BDM-Werk Glaube und Schoenheit (BDM-Work, Faith and Beauty Society) in Neuruppin, 18/07/1939 in the Obergau School of the League of German Girls in Karwe in Neuruppin. In the background, another girl is playing on an accordion.

1939年7月18日，在诺伊鲁平的卡尔韦德国少女联盟奥伯高学校，“信仰与美丽”工作组举办的两周夏令营中，女孩们在草地上跳舞。背景中，另一位女孩正在演奏手风琴。

The BDM girls did the usual things that you do in summer camp:
BDM girls were just like girls of any other time. They liked to have fun and so forth together. It was not a grim organization at all aside from its association with the Party.

德国少女联盟的女孩们在夏令营中会做些常见的事：
德国少女联盟的女孩们和其他时代的女孩没什么不同，她们喜欢一起玩乐等等。除了与纳粹党有所关联外，这并非一个压抑的组织。

德国少女联盟的核心活动

BDM ACTIVITIES

One of the important tasks of BDM teens was to hassle pedestrians for money:

德国少女联盟青少年的重要任务之一，是向路人索要钱财：

During the war many patriotic German women, members of NSDAP, went to work in Wehrmacht brothels solely voluntarily and out of patriotic motives. The German unx of Women and the Association of German girls “Faith and Beauty”, supplied ideologically savvy girls to Wehrmacht field brothels. Moreover, prostitution was considered as a honorable job: Nazi prostitutes sincerely believed that they were contributing to the victory of The Third German Reich. German prostitutes received salary, insurances, benefits, vacations, pension, as well as proper medical care, they considered a military personnel.

战争期间，许多爱国的德国女性（纳粹党成员）纯粹出于爱国动机，自愿前往德国国防军妓院工作。德国妇女联合会和“信仰与美丽”德国少女组织，为国防军战地妓院输送思想觉悟高的女孩。此外，卖淫被视为一份光荣的工作：纳粹妓女真诚地相信自己在为第三帝国的胜利做贡献。她们能领取薪水、享受保险、福利、假期和养老金，还能获得正规医疗服务，被视为军人。

During the war when boys were in the Wehrmacht, the BDM girls took over many of male duties. This included helping with the harvest. In 1945 some BDM girls joined the Werwolf underground terrorist group that performed clandestine missions before the end of the war and after. Girls were as fanatical as boys - and the boys in the Hitler Youth SS Division were very fanatical.

战争期间，男孩们参军入伍后，德国少女联盟的女孩们接手了许多原本属于男性的工作，包括协助收割庄稼。1945年，部分女孩加入了“狼人”地下恐怖组织，在战争末期及战后执行秘密任务。女孩们和男孩们一样狂热——而希特勒青年团党卫军部队的男孩们，更是极度狂热。

THE END
完

The BDM terminated with the end of the war. The Allied Control Council officially outlawed it along with all other Party organizations with the Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 2 of 10 October 1945.

随着战争结束，德国少女联盟宣告解散。1945年10月10日，盟国管制委员会通过《第2号管制委员会法令》，正式取缔该联盟及所有其他纳粹党组织。

A Blitzmädel captured by the Allies, wearing the characteristic tag for prisoners. All of her dreams are over.

一名被盟军俘虏的“闪电少女”（德国少女联盟成员的昵称），佩戴着囚犯专属标识。她所有的梦想都已破灭。

CRUISE TRIPS
游轮度假

German Liner Wilhelm Gustloff. It was the first purpose-built cruise liner, designed by the KDF organization for Baltic cruises for German civilians such as the BDM girls, factory works and the like. Going on the Wilhelm Gustloff for a cruise would have been a huge reward for "good" BDM girls. (Augst, July 1940, Federal Archive).

德国“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”邮轮。这是第一艘专门设计建造的邮轮，由“力量来自欢乐”组织打造，供德国平民（如德国少女联盟女孩、工厂工人等）进行波罗的海巡航。能乘坐这艘邮轮度假，是对“表现优秀”的德国少女联盟女孩的重大奖励。（1940年7月，奥古斯特，联邦档案馆）

Going on the Wilhelm Gustloff for a cruise was a huge reward for "good" BDM girls. (Augst, July 1940, Federal Archive).

乘坐“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”邮轮度假，是对“表现优秀”的德国少女联盟女孩的重大奖励。（1940年7月，奥古斯特，联邦档案馆）

VOLKSWAGEN (The People's Car) SCAM
大众汽车（人民的汽车）骗局

In 1938, NSDAP successfully sold to the German public an American dream. Hitler said that every German family should buy an automobile, just as in the United States.

1938年，纳粹党成功向德国民众兜售了一个“美国梦”。希特勒称，每个德国家庭都应该拥有一辆汽车，就像在美国那样。

Actual Volkswagen promotion (1938):

真实的大众汽车宣传（1938年）：

In 1936 Germans had only one car for every 50 persons (compared to one for every 5 in America) and had used bicycles, horses or public transportation. Hitler decreed that a car will be built for a cost of only 900 marks ($396)... The People's Car (Volkswagen) scam-project launched in 1938... The first and only show models that ever built in the Third Reich were exhibited at Munich and the Vienna autumn fair at the height of the Sudeten crisis.

1936年，德国每50人才拥有一辆汽车（而美国每5人就有一辆），民众主要依靠自行车、马匹或公共交通出行。希特勒下令打造一款仅售900马克（约合396美元）的汽车……“人民的汽车”（大众汽车）骗局项目于1938年启动……第三帝国时期打造的首批也是唯一一批展示车型，在苏台德危机最激烈时，于慕尼黑和维也纳秋季博览会上展出。

Hitler at a rally for the Volkswagen car (May 26th 1938):

希特勒在大众汽车集会上（1938年5月26日）：

Although the Volkswagen has been massively advertised for 5 years, it has never been seen on the market. "These cars will be built for the new highways," said the propagandists; "an entire family will be able to ride in one of them at 100 kilometers an hour." The NSDAP leaders even said that the highways were built purposely for Volkswagens. “Volkswagen for each family” was one of the most bizarre scam Hitler ever had because in 1930s in Germany wages were very low, gasoline was very expensive, german workers never dreamed of buying a car, they couldn't afford the maintenance. Germany was not the United states.

尽管大众汽车的大规模宣传持续了5年，却从未在市场上正式发售。宣传人员称：“这些汽车是为新修建的高速公路打造的，一家人可以乘坐它以每小时100公里的速度出行。”纳粹党领导人甚至声称，高速公路就是专门为大众汽车修建的。“家家户户都有大众车”是希特勒策划过的最离奇的骗局之一——因为20世纪30年代的德国，工资水平极低，汽油价格昂贵，德国工人根本不敢奢望买车，连养车费用都负担不起。德国终究不是美国。

The scheme by which workers, under the influence of a massive advertising campaign, parted with a portion of their wages each week to put towards buying a "Strength Through Joy car" turned out to be a means of getting them to finance the German rearmament. In the end, 340,000 people invested more than 110 million Reichsmarks in that Volkswagen scheme. Nobody of them ever got a Volkswagen in return because the Volkswagen factory was converted to war production in September 1939.

在大规模广告宣传的影响下，工人每周从工资中拿出一部分钱，用于购买“力量来自欢乐”汽车的计划，最终沦为纳粹为德国重整军备筹措资金的手段。最终，34万人向该大众汽车计划投入了超过1.1亿帝国马克，但没有人真正拿到汽车——因为1939年9月，大众汽车工厂被转为军工生产。

During the Volkswagen promotional campaign all other pressing problems, whether of domestic or foreign policy, were pushed into the background for a while. The grey German everyday sank beneath notice under the impression of this futuristic dream. Wherever the test models of the new Volkswagen are seen in Germany, crowds gather around them. And as far as the Strength-Through-Joy car is concerned, the German people do believe in Hitler's promises.

在大众汽车的宣传期间，其他所有紧迫的国内外政策问题都暂时被搁置。在这个未来主义梦想的冲击下，德国人灰暗的日常生活变得无人关注。在德国各地，只要出现新款大众汽车的测试车型，就会引来人群围观。而对于“力量来自欢乐”汽车，德国民众确实曾相信希特勒的承诺。

Hitler also built 3-mile-long world's largest tourist resort for workers on a beachfront property on the island of Rügen but had never use it. The Nazis called it Prora:

希特勒还在吕根岛的海滨地带，为工人建造了长达3英里（约4.8公里）的全球最大旅游度假村，却从未投入使用。纳粹将其命名为普拉纳度假村：

结束

What was daily life like for an average citizen in Nazi Germany?

纳粹德国普通公民的日常生活是怎样的？

Jack Lived in Orlando, FL (2003–2021) Featured on Slate FR Upvoted by Leonardo Perin Vichi, Ph.D Social History & Military Science, Federal University of Rio De Janeiro (2018) and Bruna Torman, B.A History, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul (2021) upxed 4y

杰克 曾居住在佛罗里达州奥兰多（2003年–2021年） 登上《石板》法国版 获莱昂纳多·佩林·维奇（里约热内卢联邦大学社会史与军事科学博士，2018年毕业）和布鲁娜·托尔曼（南里奥格兰德联邦大学历史学学士，2021年毕业）点赞 4年前更新

Originally Answered: What was everyday life like under Nazi rule?

最初回答的问题：纳粹统治下的日常生活是怎样的？

My grandmother was born in Berlin in 1925. She was 8 when the Nazis gained power, 13 when the Anschluss happened, and 20 at the end of the war. I had some conversations with her about it as I grew up, so I can give you my sense of things based on our talks.
Her family lived in an apartment building. After the Nazis took over a family of Brownshirts moved in downstairs. It was understood that they were there to spy on people. She was not a fan of the Brownshirts in general and that family in particular.

我的祖母1925年出生在柏林。纳粹掌权时她8岁，德奥合并时13岁，战争结束时20岁。我成长过程中曾和她聊过相关话题，所以可以根据我们的谈话给你讲讲我的感受。
她的家人住在一栋公寓楼里。纳粹掌权后，一户冲锋队成员搬到了楼下。大家都清楚，他们住在那里是为了监视居民。她本来就不喜欢冲锋队，尤其反感这户人家。

There was a Jewish family in the apartment building. When the race laws were passed Jews were restricted on what they were allowed to buy, for instance they could only buy horse meat at the market. The families in the apartment building would periodically take turns cooking a stew or something and send it over with the children because kids carrying a pot were less likely to be stopped by the gestapo. Eventually the Jewish family disappeared. My grandmother never found out what became of them.
Everything was extremely clean and there was very little crime. If you were German, it was very safe to be out on the streets.

公寓楼里还有一户犹太家庭。种族法颁布后，犹太人能购买的物品受到限制，比如他们在市场上只能买到马肉。公寓里的住户会定期轮流炖一锅菜之类的食物，让孩子们送过去——因为孩子们提着锅，不太可能被盖世太保拦下。最终，这户犹太家庭失踪了。我的祖母始终不知道他们的下落。
当时所有地方都异常干净，犯罪率也极低。如果你是德国人，在街上行走是非常安全的。

Throughout the 1930s there was a general sense of nationalistic pride in Germany. Things improved economically for most Germans. Hitler would regularly speak on the radio. I got a sense that he was well-liked by average Germans. At the time people felt pride and gave him a lot of credit for pulling Germany out of the economic hardships of the late 1920s.
She remembered being at school when the Nazis came and switched out all of the schoolbooks. They took all of the old books out and replaced them with new books compliant with the party ideology.

整个20世纪30年代，德国弥漫着普遍的民族自豪感。大多数德国人的经济状况有所改善。希特勒会定期通过广播发表演讲。我能感觉到，他很受普通德国民众的喜爱。当时人们心怀自豪，认为德国能摆脱20世纪20年代末的经济困境，希特勒功不可没。
她记得纳粹掌权后，学校里所有的课本都被换掉了。旧课本全被收走，取而代之的是符合纳粹党意识形态的新课本。

My grandmother’s family wasn't well off, but during the war they kept their valuables in a sort of community bunker. It took a direct hit from an allied bomb so they lost everything of sentimental value. For the rest of her life passing on something of value to me and my sister was something she talked about. I think part of this had to do with the poverty she experienced as a child and part of it had to do with all of the family valuables getting blown to bits.

我的祖母家境并不富裕，但战争期间，他们把贵重物品存放在一个社区掩体里。这个掩体遭到了盟军炸弹的直接命中，所以他们失去了所有具有情感价值的东西。在她的余生里，经常念叨着要把有价值的东西传给我和妹妹。我觉得这一方面和她小时候经历的贫困有关，另一方面也和家里所有贵重物品被炸成碎片有关。

Some of the war construction took place in the U-bahn tubes due to allied bombing.
The last 2 years of the war she served in the civil service. She worked in a bunker with 10 foot thick walls and a tunnel to enter and exit. She liked being at work because it was the only time she felt safe during the war. When there was an air raid while she was working, when she left the bunker they would have to crawl past bodies of people who hid in the tunnel and were killed.

由于盟军的轰炸，一些战时工程被转移到了地铁隧道里进行。
战争的最后两年，她在民事部门工作。她的工作地点是一个掩体，墙壁有10英尺厚，进出要通过一条隧道。她喜欢上班，因为这是战争期间她唯一能感到安全的时候。如果工作时遇到空袭，离开掩体时，他们必须爬过那些躲在隧道里却不幸遇难的人的尸体。

After the war everyone was extremely poor and hungry. Roughly half of my grandmother’s classmates had died during the war, either from military service or allied bombing. It was extremely important to end up in a British or American zone as opposed to a Soviet sector. My grandmother lived in an area that became West Berlin, but had some friends and family that got stuck in the Soviet sector that became East Berlin.

战后，所有人都极度贫穷饥饿。我祖母大约一半的同学都在战争中丧生了，有的死于服兵役，有的死于盟军轰炸。最终能身处英美占领区而非苏联占领区，是极其重要的事。我的祖母住在后来成为西柏林的区域，但她有一些亲友被困在了后来成为东柏林的苏联占领区。

My grandmother met my grandfather when he was in Berlin with the Air Force in 1947. We have pictures my grandfather took that show the area near the Siegessäule was just devastated. Every stick that could be burned had been used in the winters to heat homes so people could survive. It was uncommon to find a household with a lot of wood furniture.
My grandparents dated while he was in Berlin and fell in love. She always joked that her mother liked him, because other than being a generally swell guy, he always had chocolate.

1947年，我祖父随空军驻扎柏林时，与我祖母相识。我们保留着祖父当时拍的照片，照片里胜利纪念柱附近的区域一片狼藉。冬天里，所有能烧的木柴都被用来取暖续命，家家户户几乎都没有多少木制家具。
祖父在柏林期间，两人开始约会并坠入爱河。祖母总开玩笑说，她母亲之所以喜欢祖父，除了他本身是个很不错的人之外，还因为他总能拿出巧克力。

He eventually got transferred to Munich, so my Oma ran away to meet him. She didn't have money to buy papers on the black market, but she had this photo; a photographer friend had taken a test shot of my grandmother with his child. She took this picture to the train station and told the conductor that she needed to go to Munich because her daughter was there but she didn't have papers. So the conductor let her on the train. The train ran from West Berlin through East Germany. When they got near the border with West Germany, the train slowed down and all of the illegals hopped off and ran through the fields to cross the border. She said they had to bend down to stay under the crops and the whole time they expected to hear the Stassi yelling halt or shooting. Once they crossed the border they returned to the train line and reboarded. She left one weekend to meet my grandfather in Munich, got married and didn't see Berlin for 15 years.

后来祖父被调往慕尼黑，于是我祖母便偷偷跑去见他。她没钱在黑市上买证件，但手里有一张照片——是一位摄影师朋友拍的试拍图，照片里祖母抱着朋友的孩子。她拿着这张照片去了火车站，跟列车员说自己要去慕尼黑找女儿，却没带证件。列车员最终让她上了车。这趟列车从西柏林出发，要穿过东德。快到西德边境时，火车放慢了速度，所有无证乘车的人都跳下车，穿过田野偷渡边境。祖母说，他们必须弯腰躲在庄稼丛里，全程都在担心会听到史塔西（东德秘密警察）喊停或开枪。越过边境后，他们回到铁轨旁重新上车。那个周末，她动身去慕尼黑见祖父，两人结婚后，整整15年没再回过柏林。

She became an American under the War Bride act and moved to the US speaking almost no English, and that heavily accented. There was some general unpleasantness surrounding being a German in the US in the 1950s.

根据《战争新娘法案》，祖母加入了美国国籍，移居美国时她几乎不会说英语，而且口音很重。20世纪50年代的美国，身为德国人有时会遭遇一些不快。

When they talked on the phone with friends and family in East Berlin, they assumed the East Germans were bugging the line. She didn't see those friends and family again until she went back to Berlin in the mid 60s. These were people that were close as siblings when she was growing up, that she talked with monthly or weekly for the rest of her life, but only saw once in the mid-60s and once in the early 80s.

每次和东柏林的亲友通电话，他们都默认线路被东德当局窃听了。直到60年代中期回到柏林，祖母才再次见到这些亲友。他们曾是她成长过程中情同手足的人，之后的日子里每月或每周都会通话，但一辈子只在60年代中期和80年代初见过两次面。

She was a mess in November 1989 and she cried every year on reunification day, but by that point she wasn't up to making the trip back.

1989年11月（柏林墙倒塌时），祖母情绪崩溃，之后每年德国统一日她都会落泪，但那时她已经身体不佳，再也没能回去过。

From her stories I got a different picture of growing up in Nazi Germany than we normally understand. In movies the cast always breaks down into protagonists and antagonists. Real life is messier, there were party members, zealots, brownshirts, Gestapo, SS, resistance, and everyday Germans. It could be absolutely safe to walk down the street, but saying the wrong thing about the people in power could be dangerous. It was understood that certain groups of people were treated a certain way, but no one was walking around explaining what was being done with these groups of people. It was popularly understood and taught that certain people should be treated that way, but it also violated norms of the social contract.
The scary thing is that most Germans in 1933 weren't that different from most Americans, they just let the monsters take power in a bad time.

从她的故事里，我看到了一个与普遍认知不同的纳粹德国成长图景。电影里总会明确划分主角和反派，但现实生活要复杂得多——有纳粹党员、狂热分子、冲锋队成员、盖世太保、党卫军、抵抗运动者，还有普通的德国民众。街上行走可能绝对安全，但对掌权者说错一句话就可能招致危险。大家都知道某些群体受到了特定对待，却没人会四处宣扬这些群体的遭遇。社会上普遍认同并灌输“某些人就该被这样对待”的观念，但这其实违背了社会契约的准则。
可怕的是，1933年的大多数德国人，和如今的大多数美国人并没有太大不同，他们只是在时局艰难时，让恶魔攫取了权力。

She was always proud to be German, but felt so much shame for the rest of her life about the Nazi period. At the end of her life she talked about it quite a bit. In a way it felt like she wasn't seeking absolution for herself, but for what happened in Germany during her youth. The cost of Nazism was immense. There were 6 fat years as the Nazis ignored the Treaty of Versailles, and then death, famine, and a lifetime of shame and physical separation.
I don't say that to excuse Germans of the time, I say that to warn my countrymen today who seem so excited to cheer for nationalism and nativism without so much as a thought of the consequences.
It's a stain that doesn't wash off.

祖母始终为自己是德国人而自豪，但纳粹时期的历史让她余生都背负着深深的耻辱。晚年时她经常谈起这段往事，感觉她并非在为自己寻求宽恕，而是在为年轻时德国发生的一切寻求救赎。纳粹主义的代价是惨重的：纳粹无视《凡尔赛条约》带来了短暂的六年“繁荣期”，随后便是死亡、饥荒，以及一辈子的耻辱和亲人分离。
我这么说并非为当时的德国人开脱，而是想警告如今我的同胞们——他们对民族主义和本土主义欢呼雀跃，却丝毫没有考虑过其后果。
这是一道永远无法洗刷的污点。

Bobby Wu Knowing a Little About a Lot, going on 5 decades upxed 1y

鲍比·吴 涉猎广泛，已有近50年阅历 1年前更新

The answer depends on whether you’re asking about life in wartime Germany or the period from 1933 to 1939. Initially, in the pre-war period, it began with Gleichschaltung, the massive restructuring of German society along Nazi ideology. This included all aspects of life and started with young children in school being taught to recognize racial differences between ‘Aryans’ and Jews. This indoctrination continued with boys’ mandatory membership in the Hitler Jugend and girls in the BDM. Teenage boys and young men, after completing their high school training, were expected to serve for six months in the Reichsarbeitsdienst, or Reich Labor Service, a paramilitary labour organization tasked with participating in myriad public works projects throughout the Reich, but which also prepared young men for the next stage of their lives, conscxtion into the Wehrmacht.

这个问题的答案取决于你问的是德国战时的生活，还是1933年至1939年的时期。最初在战前，一切始于“一体化”政策——即按照纳粹意识形态对德国社会进行大规模重组。这一政策涵盖生活的方方面面，从学校里的孩童开始，他们被教导要认清“雅利安人”与犹太人之间的种族差异。这种灌输还通过强制要求男孩加入希特勒青年团、女孩加入德国少女联盟延续下去。青少年男性高中毕业后，需在帝国劳工服务局（一个准军事劳工组织）服役六个月，该组织负责参与帝国各地的众多公共工程项目，同时也为年轻人接下来应征加入德国国防军做准备。

In Nazi Germany, even something as seemingly benign and enjoyable as leisure become highly regimented. The Nazi leisure organisation KdF or Strength through Joy, an arm of the German Labor Front(DAF), provided Germans with the opportunity to travel abroad affordably, take pleasure cruises, ski and beach vacations, general interest courses, and provide structured leisure and sporting activities, including singles dances. Through a payroll deduction system, many Germans were able to make a down payment for their first automobile known as the KdF-Wagen, what today we call the Volkswagon Käfer or Beetle, though very few ever took possession of one until well after the war.

在纳粹德国，即便是休闲这种看似无害且令人愉悦的事，也变得高度制度化。纳粹的休闲组织“力量来自欢乐”（KdF）是德国劳工阵线（DAF）的下属机构，它为德国人提供了价格亲民的出国旅行、游轮度假、滑雪和海滨度假机会，还有通识课程以及结构化的休闲和体育活动，包括单身舞会。通过工资扣除制度，许多德国人得以预付首款购买他们的第一辆汽车——“欢乐力量车”，也就是如今我们所说的大众甲壳虫汽车，不过直到战后很久，才有极少数人真正拿到车。

Though the media was now strictly controlled by the state, affordable new state-approved radio sets, known as Volksempfänger, selling for as little as 35RM, brought radio into the homes of millions of Germans who previously could never afford to own one. These sets were purposely designed only to be powerful enough to receive local German stations but nevertheless came with labels reminding Germans that it was forbidden to listen to foreign broadcasts. Foreign newspapers and magazines, now banned, made a temporary reappearance during the two weeks of the 1936 Olympics but were quickly removed after the foreign visitors and athletes had departed. Conversely, all anti-Jewish propaganda and posters in the capital also briefly disappeared during those two weeks, only to reappear in full force once the games were over. In Berlin, regular television broadcasts had already begun in 1935 and public viewing halls(Fernsehstuben) were set up throughout the Reich capital. By the time of the 1936 Olympics(the first ever televised), private sets still numbered less than a thousand, with most belonging to high-level party officials or foreign diplomats. Oddly enough, the regime never seemed to grasp the enormous potential of this new technology, viewing it more as a novelty rather than the powerful propaganda tool it could be. Though mass production of sets and a second transmitter in Hamburg was in the works, both were interrupted by the outbreak of war.

尽管媒体已被国家严格管控，但国家批准生产的廉价新型收音机“人民收音机”仅售35帝国马克，让数百万此前无力购买收音机的德国家庭拥有了这一设备。这种收音机在设计上故意限制了功率，仅能接收德国本土电台，同时还贴有标签提醒德国人，收听外国广播是被禁止的。已遭禁的外国报纸和杂志在1936年奥运会的两周内暂时重现，但在外国访客和运动员离开后便迅速被下架。与之相对，首都所有反犹宣传品和海报在这两周内也暂时消失，奥运会一结束便卷土重来。柏林早在1935年就已开始定期电视转播，并在帝国首都各处设立了公共收视厅。到1936年奥运会（史上首届电视转播的奥运会）时，私人电视机数量仍不足一千台，且大部分归纳粹高层官员或外国外交官所有。奇怪的是，该政权似乎从未意识到这项新技术的巨大潜力，仅将其视为一种新奇事物，而非可用的强大宣传工具。尽管电视机的大规模生产和汉堡的第二个发射台已在筹备中，但两者都因战争爆发而中断。

unxs were abolished along with the right to strike. Under the DAF, labour relations became heavily tilted in favour of management. Though Nazism professed to advocate for the working class, in reality, it was the quiescence of industry to the new Reich that they actually sought, and this silence was purchased at the expense of worker’s rights. Mobility in the workforce became increasingly difficult, with workers essentially becoming locked into their jobs and requiring a release from their employer if they wished to change jobs, particularly if they were skilled workers. All German workers were required to maintain a workbook detailing their skills and past employment history which any prospective new employer would require to see, and it was common for current employers to refuse to release the book to an employee they didn’t want to lose. Those who declined two consecutive offers of employment or quit an existing job without being released risked being labelled as ‘work-shy’, and along with other ‘socially deviant’ individuals such as petty criminals, homosexuals, vagrants and alcoholics, could soon find themselves wearing the black triangle in a concentration camp.

工会被解散，罢工权也被剥夺。在德国劳工阵线的管控下，劳资关系严重向资方倾斜。尽管纳粹主义声称拥护工人阶级，但实际上，他们真正追求的是工业界对新帝国的顺从，而这种顺从是以牺牲工人权利为代价换来的。劳动力流动变得日益困难，工人实际上被束缚在本职工作中，若想换工作（尤其是技术工人），必须获得雇主的许可。所有德国工人都必须持有一本工作手册，详细记录个人技能和过往就业经历，潜在雇主都会要求查看这本手册，而当前雇主拒绝将手册交给他们不愿放走的员工是很常见的事。那些连续两次拒绝就业机会或未经许可擅自离职的人，可能会被贴上“懒汉”的标签，与小偷小摸者、同性恋者、流浪者、酗酒者等其他“社会异类”一样，很快就可能戴着黑色三角形标识被送进集中营。

With unemployment steadily dropping, and consumer goods plentiful and reasonably affordable, many Germans could afford their first homes. Life, in general, was good as long you weren’t a communist, a labour or unx activist, a homosexual, a free thinker or intellectual, a critic of the regime or a Jew. Concentration camps had already appeared by 1933, but at this point were only a part of the German penal system and a form of incarceration and re-education for critics or enemies of the regime. The state control of society also extended to the arts and sciences, and artists, writers, actors, musicians and others who wanted their works to be published or presented publicly were required to be members of Nazi-regulated guilds or Kammern, and swear their allegiance to the Führer, all overseen by Reich Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels.

随着失业率稳步下降，消费品供应充足且价格适中，许多德国人得以购置自己的第一套住房。总的来说，只要你不是共产主义者、劳工或工会活动家、同性恋者、自由思想家或知识分子、政权批评者或犹太人，生活还算不错。集中营早在1933年就已出现，但当时仅作为德国刑罚体系的一部分，是监禁和再教育政权批评者或敌人的一种形式。国家对社会的控制还延伸到了艺术和科学领域，艺术家、作家、演员、音乐家等想要公开出版作品或展示成果的人，必须加入纳粹监管的同业公会，并宣誓效忠元首，这一切都由帝国宣传部长约瑟夫·戈培尔监督。

After the boycott of Jewish-owned shops in 1933, German Jews of all classes had an increasingly difficult time simply existing in Nazi Germany and faced numerous employment, professional and social restrictions. By 1935, the newly enacted ‘Nuremberg Laws’ forbade Jews from wedding or even having sexual or romantic relationships with ‘Aryan’ Germans. For most Jews, the writing on the wall was plain to see and many had decided to get out of Germany, but finding a country that was willing to accept them was nearly impossible as most of the big immigrant-welcoming countries like Canada and the US placed strict quotas on the number of Jews they would accept, and due to anti-semitism, even these low quotas were rarely ever met. The financial cost of leaving was also extremely high, and the Reich Flight Tax, which had existed before the Nazis came to power, was now re-tweaked, specifically against Jews. In 1934, they were taxed at 20% of their assets, but by 1938 that had jumped to 90%. By the time of the Reichskristallnacht in November 1938, which marked the unofficial beginning of the Holocaust, life for most of Germany’s Jews had already become unbearable, and it would only get much worse.

1933年犹太商店遭抵制后，德国各个阶层的犹太人在纳粹德国的生存变得日益艰难，面临着无数就业、职业和社会限制。到1935年，新颁布的《纽伦堡法案》禁止犹太人与“雅利安人”结婚，甚至禁止发生性关系或恋爱关系。对大多数犹太人来说，不祥之兆显而易见，许多人决定逃离德国，但找到一个愿意接纳他们的国家几乎是不可能的——加拿大、美国等主要移民接纳国对犹太移民数量设定了严格配额，且由于反犹主义，即便是这些低配额也很少能满额。离开的经济成本也极高，纳粹掌权前就已存在的帝国流亡税，如今经过调整后专门针对犹太人。1934年，他们需缴纳资产的20%作为税金，到1938年这一比例飙升至90%。1938年11月的“水晶之夜”标志着大屠杀的非正式开始，而在此之前，德国大多数犹太人的生活就已不堪忍受，且之后只会变得更加糟糕。

Wartime for most Germans, though it started well with victories in Poland in 1939 and Denmark, Norway, France and the low countries in 1940, soon went from bad to worse after Hitler’s terrible decision to invade the Soviet unx in June 1941. Most Germans had a son, brother or father serving in the Wehrmacht or knew of someone who was serving, and they lived in constant fear and anxiety of getting news of their loved ones having fallen in battle. Added to this, by 1942, day and night air raids became a regular and terrifying part of their lives. Under the auspices of the NSV(National Socialist Peoples Welfare Organization), it was common for bombed-out families and individuals to be billeted with strangers, and for several families to share a single flat. The NSV also organized mobile soup kitchens and distribution of food, clothing and household items for those bombed out of their homes. These consisted of both civilian donations as well as belongings confiscated from Jews destined for the death camps. By this time, the centres of most of Germany’s big cities, particularly those in the heavily industrialized Rhineland and Ruhr, were beginning to show the devastating impact of the Allied air war, and transportation and other infrastructure networks were becoming increasingly stressed to the point of failure.

对大多数德国人来说，战争初期还算顺利——1939年攻克波兰，1940年拿下丹麦、挪威、法国及低地国家，但1941年6月希特勒做出入侵苏联的糟糕决定后，局势便急转直下。大多数德国家庭都有儿子、兄弟或父亲在德国国防军服役，或是认识服役的人，他们时刻担忧会收到亲人阵亡的消息，生活在无尽的恐惧与焦虑中。此外，到1942年，日夜不停的空袭已成为他们生活中常态化且令人恐惧的一部分。在国家社会主义人民福利组织（NSV）的统筹下，家园被毁的家庭和个人常被安置在陌生人家里，多个家庭共用一套公寓的情况十分普遍。该组织还为无家可归者设立了流动施粥站，并分发食品、衣物和家居用品，这些物资既有民众捐赠，也包括从即将被送往死亡集中营的犹太人那里没收的财物。此时，德国大多数大城市的市中心，尤其是工业化程度高的莱茵兰和鲁尔地区，已开始显现出盟军空战造成的毁灭性影响，交通及其他基础设施网络的压力日益增大，濒临崩溃。

Wartime rationing made ‘normal’ life only a vague, distant memory, and having valid ration cards was no guarantee that those items would be available in the shops. Rationing of food and clothing was based on an individual’s contribution to the Reich, with heavy labourers in key industries receiving the most, and white-collar or office workers receiving proportionately less. Shortages of food, cooking and heating fuel, and consumer goods became commonplace, resulting in endless queues at shops. Those few German Jews who hadn’t been transported east and remained officially ‘free’, were subjected to severe curfew and near-starvation caloric restrictions. Clustered in registered ‘Jewish Houses’ in key Reich cities, they were issued special ration cards marked with a ‘J’, were only permitted to shop at the end of the day when most items were guaranteed to be sold out and to add insult to injury, faced terrifying Gestapo raids in which the few food supplies they had were often ‘confiscated’(ie: stolen). Most other Germans had to make do with ersatz coffee, meat, fish and flour, and recycle their often threadbare clothing. Many urban Germans resorted to keeping rabbits and growing vegetables on any patch of land they could find to supplement their meagre diets. Blackout restrictions were severely enforced and made nighttime travel hazardous for both pedestrians and road traffic. Despite curbs being painted white and rail carriage and street signs being highlighted in luminescent paint, injuries and fatalities increased. As a result of the blackouts, many cities saw an upswing in petty crime, as well as muggings, break-ins and even murders.

战时配给制让“正常”生活成为模糊而遥远的回忆，即便持有有效的配给券，也无法保证能在商店买到对应物品。食品和衣物的配给依据个人对帝国的贡献分配——关键行业的重体力劳动者获得的配额最多，白领或办公室职员则按比例减少。食品、烹饪及取暖燃料、消费品的短缺成为常态，导致商店前大排长龙。少数未被送往东部、仍保留“自由”身份的德国犹太人，受到严格的宵禁限制，热量摄入被压至近乎饥饿的水平。他们被集中安置在帝国主要城市的注册“犹太人住宅”中，持有标有“J”字样的特殊配给券，仅被允许在当天营业结束时购物——此时大多数商品早已售罄。更雪上加霜的是，他们还面临盖世太保的恐怖突袭，仅有的少量食物常常被“没收”（实则被抢走）。其他大多数德国人只能凑合使用代用咖啡、代用肉、代用鱼和代用面粉，反复穿着破旧的衣物。许多城市居民开始养兔子，并在任何能找到的小块土地上种植蔬菜，以补充微薄的口粮。灯火管制被严格执行，让行人与道路交通在夜间变得极度危险。尽管路缘被漆成白色，火车车厢和街道标志也用荧光漆突出显示，但伤亡人数仍在增加。受灯火管制影响，许多城市的小偷小摸、抢劫、入室盗窃甚至谋杀案件都有所上升。

Germans were expected to sacrifice and endure these hardships as a part of Volksgemeinschaft, or the concept of the ‘community of the people’. Volunteering of time, and donations of cash, clothing and other goods to Reich organizations and charities, such as Winterhilfswerk(a part of the NSV), was expected of all Germans. Hitler Jugend and BDM canvassers, with their characteristic red donation cans, zealously patrolled street corners, rail and U-Bahn stations and even factory and workplace entrances, aggressively pressing the public for donations. Though the charity was notoriously corrupt, it took a brave individual to decline these adolescent extortionists, and failure to donate could lead to your name being placed on a ‘black list’ and potentially result in losing your job.

作为“人民共同体”理念的一部分，德国人被要求牺牲自我、忍受这些苦难。所有德国人都需自愿奉献时间，并向帝国组织及慈善机构（如“冬季救助计划”，隶属于国家社会主义人民福利组织）捐赠现金、衣物和其他物资。希特勒青年团和德国少女联盟的募捐者带着标志性的红色募捐罐，在街角、火车站、地铁站甚至工厂和工作场所门口积极巡逻，强行向公众索要捐赠。尽管该慈善机构腐败成性，但敢于拒绝这些青少年“勒索者”的人寥寥无几——不捐赠可能导致自己被列入“黑名单”，甚至丢掉工作。

By the last years of the war, the concept of Totaler Krieg was introduced. Any talk of defeatism or criticism of the regime or the war was severely punished and overheard off-the-cuff sarcasm or joking could result in a knock on your door from your local Gestapo agent. Though it’s been estimated that as many as 60% of the German wartime population did it, listening to foreign radio broadcasts such as the BBC, referred to as Feindsender(enemy transmitters), if discovered, could lead to incarceration, and in some cases, even death for repeat offenders. Most parents who dared listen to these broadcasts only did so with the volume turned way down and after their children were assuredly sound asleep in their beds, and had to remember to return the tuning dial back afterwards(terrifying accounts exist of indoctrinated children reporting their parent’s radio listening habits to authorities or others innocently mentioning it to classmates or their teachers). Germans spent a large part of their days and nights in cramped, uncomfortable air raid shelters, and most started their day chronically sleep-deprived, stressed out and exhausted. Cities like Berlin, Leipzig and Dresden, their resources already strained to breaking point, became inundated with refugees streaming in from the collapsing eastern territories, making them a focus for the resident’s anger and resentment.

战争后期，“全面战争”理念被提出。任何失败主义言论或对政权、战争的批评都会受到严厉惩罚，随口说出的讽刺或玩笑若被听到，可能会引来当地盖世太保的登门调查。尽管据估计战时多达60%的德国人都曾收听英国广播公司（BBC）等外国广播（被称为“敌人电台”），但一旦被发现，就可能面临监禁，屡犯者甚至可能被处死。大多数敢收听这些广播的父母，都会把音量调到最低，且只在孩子熟睡后收听，事后还必须记得把调谐旋钮调回原位（有令人恐惧的记录显示，被灌输洗脑的孩子会向当局告发父母的收听行为，或无意中向同学、老师提及）。德国人日夜大部分时间都待在拥挤、闷热的防空洞里，大多数人每天醒来都长期睡眠不足、压力重重且疲惫不堪。柏林、莱比锡、德累斯顿等城市的资源本已濒临枯竭，又涌入了大量来自崩溃的东部领土的难民，这些难民成为当地居民愤怒和怨恨的发泄对象。

In the war’s final stages, the civilian population(by this time consisting mostly of women, children and the elderly) were enlisted to dig tank trenches and defensive battlements in many eastern cities and towns declared as Festungen (fortresses). Old men and 14-year-old boys of the Hitler Jugend were conscxted into the civilian militia, known as the Volkssturm, and were assigned to Wehrmacht and Waffen SS units, where they were expected to fight to their death defending their cities and towns from the ever-advancing enemy. For most Germans, this was the darkest and most desperate period of life in Hitler’s Third Reich, and most just wanted their collective nightmare to be over.

战争最后阶段，许多被宣布为“堡垒”的东部城镇，征召平民（此时大多是妇女、儿童和老人）挖掘反坦克壕沟和防御工事。老年男性和14岁的希特勒青年团男孩被征召加入“人民冲锋队”（平民民兵组织），并被分配到德国国防军和武装党卫军部队，他们被要求为保卫城镇与步步紧逼的敌人战斗到死。对大多数德国人来说，这是希特勒第三帝国时期最黑暗、最绝望的日子，大多数人只希望这场集体噩梦能早日结束。

*During nine months, from October 1940 to July 1941, eight women were raped and murdered on a stretch of Berlin’s S-Bahn line. Known as the ‘S-Bahn Murders’, these crimes were committed by a Deutsche Reichsbahn employee by the name of Paul Ogorzow. Ogorzow took advantage of the strict wartime blackout restrictions to commit his crimes. In addition to the eight murders, he admitted to six attempted murders as well as the assault and rape of at least thirty other women, most of which took place at night on the city’s darkened S-Bahn trains and around its stations. Ogorzow was eventually caught, tried, found guilty and guillotined in July 1941.

*1940年10月至1941年7月的九个月里，柏林一段城市快铁（S-Bahn）沿线发生了八起女性被强奸并谋杀的案件。这些案件被称为“城市快铁谋杀案”，凶手是德国帝国铁路公司的一名员工，名叫保罗·奥戈佐夫。他利用战时严格的灯火管制实施犯罪。除了这八起谋杀案，他还承认犯有六起谋杀未遂罪，并袭击、强奸了至少三十名其他女性，这些罪行大多发生在夜间黑暗的城市快铁列车上及车站周边。奥戈佐夫最终被抓获、审判并定罪，于1941年7月被断头台处决。

Tennille Charlton Descended from Nazis. History Teacher. 9y

坦尼勒·查尔顿 纳粹后裔 历史教师 9年前

I think the best way for me personally to answer this is by telling you the things my grand father, who was a young boy and teen during the reign of Nazi Germany. He is still alive today and I had met his mother when I was a little girl and went over to Germany for the first time (my pop had moved to Australia when my dad was a young boy) ... So I will just tell you what he told me about life during with WW2 as a member of the Hitler Youth and with a Nazi father.

对我个人而言，回答这个问题最好的方式，就是讲讲我祖父的经历。纳粹德国统治时期，他还是个少年。如今他依然在世，我小时候第一次去德国时，还见过他的母亲（我祖父在我父亲年幼时就移居澳大利亚了）……所以我就说说他告诉我的，作为希特勒青年团成员、同时父亲是纳粹分子的他，在二战期间的生活。

Okay so basically he said he went to school and got his grades as usual, but there was another reward system at work: if you do well at sports, you’ll move up in the Hitler Youth ranks and everyone wanted to do this. Life was normal and it was almost in a way as if the fighting wasnt going on, you felt protected and safe and that was something they all needed after world war 1.

简单来说，他说自己像往常一样上学、取得成绩，但当时还有另一套奖励机制：如果体育表现出色，就能在希特勒青年团中晋升，每个人都渴望这样做。生活很正常，几乎让人感觉战争并未发生，大家都觉得有安全感、受到保护——这正是一战后所有人都迫切需要的。

He told me that there is not point in denying that himself and many many young Germans he went to school with allowed themselves to get caught up in what they were hearing a hour Hitler. After all, he had been the one to put the large collection boxes around towns, to build the autobahn and help build the economy again.

他告诉我，无可否认的是，他自己以及学校里许许多多德国年轻人，都被听到的关于希特勒的言论所吸引。毕竟，是希特勒在城镇各处设置了大型募捐箱，修建了高速公路，还帮助德国经济重新复苏。

For young Germans, the 1930s were just wonderful. The red flags with swastikas, the zeppelin Hitler sent to fly all over Germany, the Austrians wanting to become part of it—to them it was just like sunlight and peace and eating again. Things were moving up! Of course, Jews were being eliminated from the professions; the Nuremburg Laws of 1935 prohibited intermarriage between Jews and non-Jews. But until all the Jewish shops were attacked, the violence was off camera. He said he didn't even know what was going on because it wasn't made to seem as bad as it really was.

对德国年轻人来说，20世纪30年代简直太美好了。带有纳粹党徽的红旗、希特勒派往德国各地的齐柏林飞艇、渴望加入德国的奥地利人——对他们而言，这一切就像阳光、和平与温饱的回归。一切都在好转！当然，犹太人正被逐出各个行业，1935年的《纽伦堡法案》禁止犹太人与非犹太人通婚。但在所有犹太商店遭到袭击之前，这些暴力行为都被隐藏在公众视野之外。他说自己当时根本不知道真实情况，因为官方从未让人意识到事情的严重性。

I asked how they isn't know about the concentration camps and he said the word used to describe what was happening to the Jews was “relocation.” Even in their own reports, the SS did not reveal what went on in the camps. When mass extermination started in 1941, the Jews were gone from Germany. Where were they? People simply didn’t ask, because “relocation” had an ominous ring, and they were scared to find out, by now they all knew things were bad, or at least expected it. When the Allies began seriously bombing Germany, Germans forgot about the Jews altogether.

我问他们当时怎么会不知道集中营的事，他说当时用来描述犹太人遭遇的词是“重新安置”。即便在党卫军自己的报告中，也从未透露集中营里的真实情况。1941年大规模灭绝开始后，犹太人从德国消失了。他们去了哪里？人们根本不敢问——因为“重新安置”这个词透着不祥，大家都害怕得知真相，此时他们已经知道情况不妙，至少有所预料。当盟军开始对德国展开猛烈轰炸时，德国人就彻底把犹太人的事抛在了脑后。

My grand dad tells me about him and his mother havinvg to relocate but having nowhere to go. There home was right in the thick of things, it did get damaged from the bombings going on around it and were able to return once the war was over. They didn't stay long, my great grandmother had lost her husband during the war. My pop said he remembered his mother pleading to just leave but he couldn't. He had signed up for this and he genuinely did believe in it all and thought of it as a betrayal that his family didn't support him.

祖父告诉我，他和祖母曾被迫迁移，却无处可去。他们的家正好位于战火最激烈的地方，在周围的轰炸中遭到了破坏，战争结束后他们才得以返回。但他们没待多久，曾祖母在战争中失去了丈夫（我的曾祖父）。祖父说，他记得母亲恳求他一起离开，但他做不到。他已经投身其中，而且真心相信这一切，还认为家人不支持他就是一种背叛。

Because my great grandfather was a Nazi my pop told me about how Hitler never trusted the German people. There was extensive surveillance, down to the city block—a party member watched and reported any deviance. People were executed for making a bad joke about Hitler. So now they had to watch out for the enemies and then for their own people as well. It was around the time that someone else in my family (a cousin of pops I believe who was 15 at the time) joined the group of Hitler Youth that were later made to go in to war. He was presumebly killed an his body never found.

因为曾祖父是纳粹分子，祖父告诉我，希特勒从未信任过德国人民。当时存在广泛的监视，甚至细化到每个街区——会有纳粹党员负责监视，一旦发现任何越轨行为就向上报告。有人因为开了个关于希特勒的恶意玩笑就被处决。所以那时的人们不仅要提防敌人，还要提防自己人。大约就在那个时候，我家另一个人（我想是祖父的表弟，当时15岁）加入了希特勒青年团，后来这些年轻人都被派上了战场。他大概率已经阵亡，尸体至今未能找到。

Despite all of this though he maintains that life AFTER Hitler was killed was the worst imaginable. He said that he had actually feared they (the big wigs as he called them) would just wipe the German people out completely, they didn't of course but they also go treated as sub human. He wouldn't go in to details but he said for the first (and only time) during that period he was made to feel ashamed for being born German. It went on for a long time he said but it slowly went away an things got back to normal.

尽管经历了这一切，但他坚持认为，希特勒死后的生活才是难以想象的糟糕。他说自己当时真的担心那些“大人物”（他是这么称呼的）会把德国人民彻底消灭。当然，他们没有这么做，但德国人民还是被当作下等人对待。他没有细说细节，但表示那段时间里，他第一次（也是唯一一次）为自己是德国人而感到羞耻。这种情况持续了很久，后来才慢慢好转，一切恢复正常。

 Anna Hag Studied at Ryerson University 4y

安娜·哈格 曾就读于瑞尔森大学 4年前

One of the priorities of the NSDAP regime was indoctrinating youth. The Hitler Youth organizations has become a synonym for uncompromising indoctrination designed to produce robotic obedience from the earliest possible age.
The League of German Girls (Bund Deutscher Mädel) was very popular in female organisation in Nazi Germany and it was a part of the Hitler Youth movement. Joining the BDM was not compulsory, but it was "the right thing to do." If you didn't join, there was something "different" about you.

国家社会主义德国工人党（纳粹党）政权的首要任务之一是向青年灌输思想。希特勒青年团已成为“绝不妥协的思想灌输”的代名词，其目的是从尽可能小的年纪开始，培养青年机械般的服从性。
德国少女联盟（BDM）是纳粹德国极具影响力的女性组织，也是希特勒青年运动的一部分。加入该联盟并非强制要求，但被视为“正确的选择”。如果不加入，你就会被认为“与众不同”（带有异样眼光）。

Speaking of faith-based programs, the Nazis promoted young women in the League of German Girls into something dubbed "Faith and Beauty." This elite group was made up of German types, age 17 to about 28, dressed glamorous and look forward to bearing German children to S.S. leaders. Since most of those SS leaders were already married, bigamy was seen as a eugenic necessity. Girls from Faith and Beauty group were volunteerely served for sexual satisfaction of married SS leaders. Girls did it sincerely with pleasure.

说到基于“信仰”的项目，纳粹将德国少女联盟中的年轻女性提拔为一个名为“信仰与美丽”的团体。这个精英组织由17至28岁左右的“德国血统”女性组成，她们衣着光鲜，致力于为党卫军领袖生育德国后代。由于大多数党卫军领袖已有家室，重婚被视为优生学层面的必要之举。“信仰与美丽”团体的女孩们自愿为已婚党卫军领袖提供性服务，且她们对此心甘情愿、乐在其中。

WW2 KAMPF FÜR DIE SACHE (FIGHT FOR THE CAUSE) POSTER. Nazi Pin-Up girl - "Spintmädchen":

二战时期“为事业而战”海报：纳粹海报女郎——“活力少女”

Sex outside of marriage was openly promoted by controversial League of German Girls (BDM) scandalous Nazi organisation. In 1944, a group of German parents complained to the court that the leaders of the League were openly telling their daughters to have illegitimate children.

备受争议、丑闻缠身的纳粹组织——德国少女联盟，公开推广婚外性行为。1944年，一群德国父母向法院投诉，称该联盟的领导人公然要求他们的女儿生育非婚生子女。

Public opinion attributed a great deal of sexual laxity to the members. The preparation camps for the 'Landdienst' (land service) of girls and boys often lay adjacent to each other. 900 of the girls participating in the 1936 Reichsparteitag in Nürnberg became pregnant. One of these mothers named 13 boys as the possible father.

公众认为该联盟成员存在严重的性放纵问题。男女“土地服务”预备营往往相邻设置。1936年参加纽伦堡帝国党代会的女孩中，有900人怀孕。其中一位母亲列出了13名男孩作为孩子可能的父亲。

BDM HAIRSTYLE AND FASHION
德国少女联盟的发型与时尚

The BDM originated in the late 1920s and at first was called the Sisterhood of the Hitler Youth (Mädchenschaften or Mädchengruppen, aka Schwesternschaften der Hitler-Jugend). This changed to the BDM name when Hitler assumed power in January 1933 and Party organizations became state institutions. Baldur von Schirach, the "Father of the Hitler Youth," took office as 'Reichsjugendführer' on 17 June 1933. He made the BDM the only legal girl's organization permitted in Germany aside from some Catholic organizations. It basically did everything that a girl's organization could do aside from religious teachings.

德国少女联盟起源于20世纪20年代末，最初名为“希特勒青年团姐妹会”。1933年1月希特勒掌权后，政党组织成为国家机构，该联盟更名为德国少女联盟（BDM）。“希特勒青年团之父”巴尔杜尔·冯·席拉赫于1933年6月17日就任“帝国青年领袖”，他使德国少女联盟成为德国境内除部分天主教组织外唯一合法的女性青年组织。除宗教教义外，该联盟几乎涵盖了女性青年组织可开展的所有活动。

The propaganda of the Third Reich worked hard to make the BDM appear attractive, sexy and worth supporting.. BDM promotional hairstyle was long blond braids or ‘Grechen’ hairstyle.

第三帝国的宣传机器竭力将德国少女联盟塑造成有吸引力、性感且值得支持的形象。该联盟的宣传发型为金色长辫或“希腊式”发型。

On BDM advertising photos and posters, girls looks as if they are about to pass out from sheer joy.

在德国少女联盟的宣传照片和海报中，女孩们看起来仿佛因极度喜悦而近乎昏厥。

BDM teenagers with little amount of clothes were Hitler’s favourite:

衣着暴露的德国少女联盟青少年是希特勒的偏爱：

Having the children innocently holding flowers in pastoral settings was a recurring motif in Hitler Youth/BDM propaganda shots

宣传照片中反复出现的主题是：孩子们在田园场景中天真地手持鲜花

BDM girls didn't look particularly nordic since none of NSDAP leaders looked Nordic. They simply had to believe in Hitler. In reality most of Germans and, consequently, most of BDM girls had nothing to do with nordic looking poster girls since 70% of German adults had brown hair. This is how real BDM girls were looking :

德国少女联盟的女孩们并不特别具备北欧人特征，因为纳粹党领导人中没有一人是北欧人长相。她们只需信仰希特勒即可。事实上，大多数德国人与北欧海报女郎的形象毫无关联，德国少女联盟的女孩们也不例外——70%的德国成年人是棕色头发。这才是真实的德国少女联盟女孩的样子：

This is a real Hitler Youth membership card for a member of the Jungmaedel:

这是一张真实的德国少女联盟低龄组（少女队）成员的希特勒青年团会员卡：



These BDM random girls appear to have been off in the woods gathering berries. Having the Fuhrer himself stop by had to be a major shock - the girls look stunned.

这些德国少女联盟的普通女孩们，似乎正在树林里采摘浆果。元首本人突然造访，一定让她们大吃一惊——女孩们满脸错愕。

For promotional shots the girls would have their ties and collars buttoned up, but in casual poses, it was okay to have them opened:

宣传照片中，女孩们会系好领带、扣紧衣领，但在日常休闲场景中，解开衣领和领带是被允许的：

10-year-old girls are admitted in the Jungmaedelbund of the BDM during a celebration in the refectory of the West Prussian town of Marienburg. Induction ceremony in the BDM in Marienburg, 20.04.1937:

1937年4月20日，西普鲁士城镇马林堡的一所餐厅内举行庆祝活动，10岁的女孩们加入德国少女联盟的低龄组（少女队）。这是马林堡德国少女联盟的入队仪式：

There were different sections of the BDM:

Girls between the ages of 10 and 14 years old were members of the Young Girl's League (Jungmädelbund, JM);
Girls between the ages of 14 and 18 were members of the BDM proper;
In 1938, a third section was added, known as Faith and Beauty (Glaube und Schönheit), which was voluntary and open to girls between 17 and 21.

10至14岁的女孩加入低龄组（少女队，JM）；
14至18岁的女孩加入德国少女联盟核心组；
1938年新增第三个组别“信仰与美丽”（Glaube und Schönheit），为自愿加入制，面向17至21岁的女孩开放。

The "dress" BDM uniform was a full blue skirt, middy blouse and heavy marching shoes. Exercise clothes that had the appearance of uniforms were used for many activities.
The ideal German League of Girls type exemplified early nineteenth-century notions of what constituted the essence of maidenhood. Girls who infringed the code by perming their hair instead of wearing plaits or the 'Grechen' wreath of braids had it ceremoniously shaved off as punishment.

德国少女联盟的“正装”制服包括一条蓝色长裙、一件水手领衬衫和一双厚重的行军鞋。许多活动中会穿着类似制服样式的运动服。
德国少女联盟推崇的理想女性形象，体现了19世纪初对“少女本质”的定义。女孩们若违反仪容规范——不梳辫子或“希腊式”花环辫，反而烫头发——会被举行仪式性剃发作为惩罚。

While braids were popular among younger teenagers, many of the older girls preferred short masculine hairstyle as they grew older.

Leadership positions in the BDM were restricted to unmarried and childless women. This rule was enforced. Trude Mohr, a former postal worker, was appointed as the first BDM-Reichsreferentin, or National Speaker of the BDM. She left the post in 1938 when she had a child.

辫子在低龄青少年中很受欢迎，但许多年长女孩随着年龄增长，更偏爱偏男性化的短发。
德国少女联盟的领导职位仅限未婚无子女的女性担任，这一规则执行严格。前邮政工作人员特鲁德·莫尔被任命为该联盟首位全国发言人，1938年她因生育而离职。

Below are some random photos of BDM girls going about normal tasks. One of the perks of being in the organization was being eligible for vacations on the Baltic, either on cruise ships specially built for that purpose (such as the ill-fated MV Wilhelm Gustloff), or in resorts built along the beaches. Some of those buildings still stand and, long abandoned, are being re-purposed for resorts and the like - which was their original purpose.

以下是一些德国少女联盟女孩从事日常事务的随机照片。加入该组织的福利之一是有资格前往波罗的海度假——要么乘坐专门为此建造的游轮（如命运多舛的“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”），要么入住海滨度假村。其中一些建筑至今仍在，虽长期废弃，但正被重新改造为度假村等用途——这也正是它们最初的设计初衷。

Girls dance on a meadow during a two-week summer camp summer camp of the BDM-Werk Glaube und Schoenheit (BDM-Work, Faith and Beauty Society) in Neuruppin, 18/07/1939 in the Obergau School of the League of German Girls in Karwe in Neuruppin. In the background, another girl is playing on an accordion.

1939年7月18日，在诺伊鲁平的卡尔韦德国少女联盟奥伯高学校，“信仰与美丽”工作组举办的两周夏令营中，女孩们在草地上跳舞。背景中，另一位女孩正在演奏手风琴。

The BDM girls did the usual things that you do in summer camp:
BDM girls were just like girls of any other time. They liked to have fun and so forth together. It was not a grim organization at all aside from its association with the Party.

德国少女联盟的女孩们在夏令营中会做些常见的事：
德国少女联盟的女孩们和其他时代的女孩没什么不同，她们喜欢一起玩乐等等。除了与纳粹党有所关联外，这并非一个压抑的组织。

德国少女联盟的核心活动

BDM ACTIVITIES

One of the important tasks of BDM teens was to hassle pedestrians for money:

德国少女联盟青少年的重要任务之一，是向路人索要钱财：

During the war many patriotic German women, members of NSDAP, went to work in Wehrmacht brothels solely voluntarily and out of patriotic motives. The German unx of Women and the Association of German girls “Faith and Beauty”, supplied ideologically savvy girls to Wehrmacht field brothels. Moreover, prostitution was considered as a honorable job: Nazi prostitutes sincerely believed that they were contributing to the victory of The Third German Reich. German prostitutes received salary, insurances, benefits, vacations, pension, as well as proper medical care, they considered a military personnel.

战争期间，许多爱国的德国女性（纳粹党成员）纯粹出于爱国动机，自愿前往德国国防军妓院工作。德国妇女联合会和“信仰与美丽”德国少女组织，为国防军战地妓院输送思想觉悟高的女孩。此外，卖淫被视为一份光荣的工作：纳粹妓女真诚地相信自己在为第三帝国的胜利做贡献。她们能领取薪水、享受保险、福利、假期和养老金，还能获得正规医疗服务，被视为军人。

During the war when boys were in the Wehrmacht, the BDM girls took over many of male duties. This included helping with the harvest. In 1945 some BDM girls joined the Werwolf underground terrorist group that performed clandestine missions before the end of the war and after. Girls were as fanatical as boys - and the boys in the Hitler Youth SS Division were very fanatical.

战争期间，男孩们参军入伍后，德国少女联盟的女孩们接手了许多原本属于男性的工作，包括协助收割庄稼。1945年，部分女孩加入了“狼人”地下恐怖组织，在战争末期及战后执行秘密任务。女孩们和男孩们一样狂热——而希特勒青年团党卫军部队的男孩们，更是极度狂热。

THE END
完

The BDM terminated with the end of the war. The Allied Control Council officially outlawed it along with all other Party organizations with the Kontrollratsgesetz Nr. 2 of 10 October 1945.

随着战争结束，德国少女联盟宣告解散。1945年10月10日，盟国管制委员会通过《第2号管制委员会法令》，正式取缔该联盟及所有其他纳粹党组织。

A Blitzmädel captured by the Allies, wearing the characteristic tag for prisoners. All of her dreams are over.

一名被盟军俘虏的“闪电少女”（德国少女联盟成员的昵称），佩戴着囚犯专属标识。她所有的梦想都已破灭。

CRUISE TRIPS
游轮度假

German Liner Wilhelm Gustloff. It was the first purpose-built cruise liner, designed by the KDF organization for Baltic cruises for German civilians such as the BDM girls, factory works and the like. Going on the Wilhelm Gustloff for a cruise would have been a huge reward for "good" BDM girls. (Augst, July 1940, Federal Archive).

德国“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”邮轮。这是第一艘专门设计建造的邮轮，由“力量来自欢乐”组织打造，供德国平民（如德国少女联盟女孩、工厂工人等）进行波罗的海巡航。能乘坐这艘邮轮度假，是对“表现优秀”的德国少女联盟女孩的重大奖励。（1940年7月，奥古斯特，联邦档案馆）

Going on the Wilhelm Gustloff for a cruise was a huge reward for "good" BDM girls. (Augst, July 1940, Federal Archive).

乘坐“威廉·古斯特洛夫号”邮轮度假，是对“表现优秀”的德国少女联盟女孩的重大奖励。（1940年7月，奥古斯特，联邦档案馆）

VOLKSWAGEN (The People's Car) SCAM
大众汽车（人民的汽车）骗局

In 1938, NSDAP successfully sold to the German public an American dream. Hitler said that every German family should buy an automobile, just as in the United States.

1938年，纳粹党成功向德国民众兜售了一个“美国梦”。希特勒称，每个德国家庭都应该拥有一辆汽车，就像在美国那样。

Actual Volkswagen promotion (1938):

真实的大众汽车宣传（1938年）：

In 1936 Germans had only one car for every 50 persons (compared to one for every 5 in America) and had used bicycles, horses or public transportation. Hitler decreed that a car will be built for a cost of only 900 marks ($396)... The People's Car (Volkswagen) scam-project launched in 1938... The first and only show models that ever built in the Third Reich were exhibited at Munich and the Vienna autumn fair at the height of the Sudeten crisis.

1936年，德国每50人才拥有一辆汽车（而美国每5人就有一辆），民众主要依靠自行车、马匹或公共交通出行。希特勒下令打造一款仅售900马克（约合396美元）的汽车……“人民的汽车”（大众汽车）骗局项目于1938年启动……第三帝国时期打造的首批也是唯一一批展示车型，在苏台德危机最激烈时，于慕尼黑和维也纳秋季博览会上展出。

Hitler at a rally for the Volkswagen car (May 26th 1938):

希特勒在大众汽车集会上（1938年5月26日）：

Although the Volkswagen has been massively advertised for 5 years, it has never been seen on the market. "These cars will be built for the new highways," said the propagandists; "an entire family will be able to ride in one of them at 100 kilometers an hour." The NSDAP leaders even said that the highways were built purposely for Volkswagens. “Volkswagen for each family” was one of the most bizarre scam Hitler ever had because in 1930s in Germany wages were very low, gasoline was very expensive, german workers never dreamed of buying a car, they couldn't afford the maintenance. Germany was not the United states.

尽管大众汽车的大规模宣传持续了5年，却从未在市场上正式发售。宣传人员称：“这些汽车是为新修建的高速公路打造的，一家人可以乘坐它以每小时100公里的速度出行。”纳粹党领导人甚至声称，高速公路就是专门为大众汽车修建的。“家家户户都有大众车”是希特勒策划过的最离奇的骗局之一——因为20世纪30年代的德国，工资水平极低，汽油价格昂贵，德国工人根本不敢奢望买车，连养车费用都负担不起。德国终究不是美国。

The scheme by which workers, under the influence of a massive advertising campaign, parted with a portion of their wages each week to put towards buying a "Strength Through Joy car" turned out to be a means of getting them to finance the German rearmament. In the end, 340,000 people invested more than 110 million Reichsmarks in that Volkswagen scheme. Nobody of them ever got a Volkswagen in return because the Volkswagen factory was converted to war production in September 1939.

在大规模广告宣传的影响下，工人每周从工资中拿出一部分钱，用于购买“力量来自欢乐”汽车的计划，最终沦为纳粹为德国重整军备筹措资金的手段。最终，34万人向该大众汽车计划投入了超过1.1亿帝国马克，但没有人真正拿到汽车——因为1939年9月，大众汽车工厂被转为军工生产。

During the Volkswagen promotional campaign all other pressing problems, whether of domestic or foreign policy, were pushed into the background for a while. The grey German everyday sank beneath notice under the impression of this futuristic dream. Wherever the test models of the new Volkswagen are seen in Germany, crowds gather around them. And as far as the Strength-Through-Joy car is concerned, the German people do believe in Hitler's promises.

在大众汽车的宣传期间，其他所有紧迫的国内外政策问题都暂时被搁置。在这个未来主义梦想的冲击下，德国人灰暗的日常生活变得无人关注。在德国各地，只要出现新款大众汽车的测试车型，就会引来人群围观。而对于“力量来自欢乐”汽车，德国民众确实曾相信希特勒的承诺。

Hitler also built 3-mile-long world's largest tourist resort for workers on a beachfront property on the island of Rügen but had never use it. The Nazis called it Prora:

希特勒还在吕根岛的海滨地带，为工人建造了长达3英里（约4.8公里）的全球最大旅游度假村，却从未投入使用。纳粹将其命名为普拉纳度假村：

结束