认识纳赛尔：对抗英国、挑战以色列，被卡扎菲和数百万阿拉伯人奉若神明的上校
正文翻译
Meet the colonel who defied Britain, challenged Israel, and became a godlike hero to Gaddafi and millions of Arabs
认识纳赛尔：对抗英国、挑战以色列，被卡扎菲和数百万阿拉伯人奉若神明的上校
For millions, Nasser remains a symbol of pan-Arabism and the unfulfilled dream of unity
对数百万人而言，纳赛尔仍是泛阿拉伯主义与未竟统一梦的象征
On September 28, 1970, the Middle East was shaken by the sudden death of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who passed away at the age of 52. The news came just hours after the conclusion of an Arab League Summit, following which Nasser personally escorted Kuwaiti Emir Sabah III home. The man whom millions regarded as their leader and protector died as a result of a sudden heart attack.
1970 年 9 月 28 日，埃及总统加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔突发心脏病逝世，年仅 52 岁，整个中东为之震动。这一消息传出时，阿拉伯国家联盟峰会刚刚结束数小时，纳赛尔还亲自将科威特埃米尔萨巴赫三世送回家中。这位被数百万人视为领袖与保护者的伟人，生命就这样戛然而止。
An estimated five million people came to Nasser’s funeral in Cairo. Every Arab head of state came to pay their last respects, except for King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, whose relations with Nasser had deteriorated over the Yemeni war. King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat wept at the funeral, while Muammar Gaddafi, who idolized Nasser, fainted twice. In Beirut, mournful demonstrations erupted into riots, resulting in 14 fatalities. Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, tens of thousands of Palestinians marched, chanting, “Nasser will never die!”
约五百万人涌入开罗参加纳赛尔的葬礼。除因也门战争与纳赛尔关系恶化的沙特国王费萨尔外，所有阿拉伯国家元首都前来致哀。约旦国王侯赛因和巴勒斯坦领袖亚西尔·阿拉法特在葬礼上失声痛哭，而崇拜纳赛尔的穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲两次昏厥。贝鲁特的悼念示威演变成骚乱，造成 14 人死亡。与此同时，耶路撒冷数万名巴勒斯坦人高呼"纳赛尔永垂不朽"游行示威。
That day, from Algiers to Aden the streets resonated with a single question, “Why did you leave us, Gamal?” For millions of Arabs, his death symbolized not just the loss of a man, but the shattering of a dream – a dream of unity, independence, and the revival of a civilization he embodied.
那一天，从阿尔及尔到亚丁，街头巷尾回荡着同一个问题："你为何离我们而去，贾迈勒？"对数百万阿拉伯人而言，他的逝世不仅意味着一个人的逝去，更象征着一个梦想的破碎——那个关于团结、独立与他所代表的文明复兴的梦想。
Military man: The path to leadership
军人本色：通往权力之路
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918, in Alexandria to a modest family; his father worked as a postal clerk. Due to his father’s profession the family often relocated, so young Gamal attended schools in various cities in Egypt.
1918 年 1 月 15 日，贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔出生于亚历山大城一个普通家庭，父亲是邮局职员。由于父亲职业的特性，全家经常搬迁，因此年幼的贾迈勒曾在埃及多个城市求学。
Nasser began to display political and organizational skills in his early teens by participating in demonstrations against British intervention in Egyptian affairs. He even led one such protest where he engaged in a scuffle with the police, sustaining a minor head injury that earned him media attention.
纳赛尔在少年时期就展现出政治与组织才能，积极参与反对英国干涉埃及内政的示威活动。他甚至在一次抗议中带头与警察发生冲突，头部受轻伤的事件还登上了报纸。
At the same time, Nasser was captivated by books on Islam and biographies of great historical leaders. He was particularly drawn to the ideas of Egyptian nationalists, including politician Mustafa Kamel and poet Ahmed Shawqi.
与此同时，纳赛尔沉醉于伊斯兰典籍和历史伟人传记的阅读。他尤其着迷于埃及民族主义者的思想，包括政治家穆斯塔法·卡迈勒和诗人艾哈迈德·邵基的作品。
Later, he credited his revolutionary zeal to the writer Tawfiq al-Hakim, who, in one of his novels, emphasized the need for a strong leader to realize the aspirations and hopes of the Egyptian people.
后来他将自己的革命热忱归功于作家陶菲格·哈基姆——这位作家在其小说中深刻指出，埃及人民需要一位强有力的领导者来实现他们的理想与希望。
When Nasser entered the Military Academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, who would become his steadfast allies. Both would later rise to high positions in the government: Amer became Egypt’s vice president in 1958, while Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after his death.
进入军事学院后，纳赛尔结识了阿卜杜勒·哈基姆·阿梅尔和安瓦尔·萨达特，这两位后来成为他最坚定的盟友。他们日后都身居高位：阿梅尔于 1958 年出任埃及副总统，而萨达特则在纳赛尔去世后继任总统之位。
In 1942, as a lieutenant in the infantry, Nasser was admitted to the General Staff Academy, where he began to actively recruit like-minded nationalists committed to overthrowing the pro-British King Farouk I.
1942 年，纳赛尔作为步兵中尉被总参谋部学院录取，开始积极招揽志同道合、致力于推翻亲英派法鲁克一世国王的民族主义者。
Nasser acquired combat experience during the Arab-Israeli war in the late 1940s, serving with the Sixth Infantry Battalion. Later, he taught at the military college of the General Staff and secretly held the meetings of his opposition group, the Free Officers movement.
纳赛尔在 1940 年代末期的阿以战争中积累了作战经验，当时他在第六步兵营服役。后来，他在总参谋部的军事学院任教，并秘密主持反对派组织"自由军官运动"的会议。
From a monarchy to a republic
从君主制到共和制
The Free Officers gained significant popularity among both the military and the general populace when they welcomed the respected general and Arab-Israeli war hero Mohamed Naguib into their ranks in 1949. The tension in the country was palpable, as British dominance and high unemployment weighed heavily on the people.
自由军官组织在 1949 年欢迎受人尊敬的将军暨阿以战争英雄穆罕默德·纳吉布加入他们的行列后，在军队和普通民众中获得了极高的声望。当时国家局势紧张，英国的主导地位和高失业率沉重地压在人民心头。
On July 23, 1952, troops loyal to the Free Officers seized key government buildings across the nation, forcing King Farouk I to abdicate and flee the country. The military coup – which was practically bloodless and didn’t grow into a large-scale conflict – entered Egyptian history as the July Revolution. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib (who later became the first president of Egypt) became the country’s supreme authority. The fall of the monarchy marked the establishment of a republic.
1952 年 7 月 23 日，效忠于自由军官组织的部队占领了全国各关键政府机构，迫使法鲁克一世国王退位流亡。这场几乎没有流血冲突、也未演变成大规模对抗的军事政变，作为"七月革命"载入埃及史册。由纳吉布（后成为埃及首任总统）领导的革命指导委员会成为国家最高权力机构。君主制的垮台标志着共和国的建立。
How the British rule ended
英国统治如何终结
Nasser remained in the shadows but was in fact the country’s leader and main decision-maker. He held the rank of colonel until his death.
纳赛尔虽身处幕后，但实际上是国家的领导者和主要决策者。他终生保持着上校军衔直至去世。
Nasser successfully advanced his anti-British policy: in 1954, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement was signed in Cairo, mandating the withdrawal of British troops from all of Egypt, including the Suez Canal zone. This landmark event brought an end to British military presence in the country that had lasted since 1882.
纳赛尔成功推进了他的反英政策：1954 年，英埃双方在开罗签署协议，规定英军从埃及全境（包括苏伊士运河区）撤军。这一里程碑事件终结了自 1882 年以来英国在该国的军事存在。
The controversial land reform implemented by Nasser in 1952 was largely welcomed by the Egyptian public for an obvious reason: aimed at addressing wealth inequality, it sought to redistribute land from large landowners to farmers, capping individual land holdings at 84 hectares.
纳赛尔 1952 年推行的争议性土地改革受到了埃及民众的广泛欢迎，原因显而易见：这项旨在解决财富不平等的政策，试图将大地主的土地重新分配给农民，并将个人土地持有量上限设定为 84 公顷。
During this period, divisions surfaced among the revolutionaries and as Nasser solidified his power, he increasingly cracked down on his opponents. President Mohamed Naguib, who distanced himself from the land reform and aligned more closely with the old political forces, was soon ousted and placed under house arrest.
在此期间，革命阵营内部出现分歧，随着纳赛尔巩固权力，他加大了对反对派的打压力度。穆罕默德·纳吉布总统因疏离土地改革并更倾向于旧政治势力，不久便被罢免并遭软禁。
Not everyone viewed Nasser’s policies as a beacon of hope for the future. In 1954, he survived an assassination attempt in Alexandria by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, which triggered a widespread purge. Thousands of the organization’s supporters were arrested, including the movement’s leader, Sayyid Qutb, who was later sentenced to death.
并非所有人都将纳赛尔的政策视为未来希望的灯塔。1954 年，他在亚历山大港躲过穆斯林兄弟会成员的暗杀企图，此事引发大规模清洗行动。该组织数千名支持者被捕，包括运动领袖赛义德·库特布——他后来被判处死刑。
Nasser headed the Revolutionary Command Council and banned public organizations and political parties. Egyptians saw him as a strong leader capable of restoring the nation and reclaiming its former glory. In 1956, following a nationwide referendum, he was elected president.
纳赛尔领导革命指导委员会，并取缔了公共组织和政党。埃及民众视他为能够复兴国家、重拾昔日荣光的强势领袖。1956 年经全民公投后，他当选总统。
The Suez crisis: A shift toward the USSR
苏伊士危机：向苏联的靠拢
On July 26, 1956, a pivotal event changed the country’s course: during a rally in Alexandria, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal, which had been operated by a British-French company, citing the need to finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This move was a direct response to the United States and Great Britain, who had refused to finance the dam’s construction, ultimately prompting Nasser to seek closer ties with the USSR, which stepped in to support the massive project.
1956 年 7 月 26 日，一个关键事件改变了国家命运：在亚历山大港的集会上，纳赛尔宣布将由英法公司运营的苏伊士运河收归国有，并指出此举旨在为阿斯旺高坝建设筹措资金。这一行动直指美英两国——它们此前拒绝为水坝工程提供资金，最终促使纳赛尔寻求与苏联建立更紧密关系，后者随后介入支持了这一庞大工程。
Interestingly, just a few years earlier, amid the Cold War, the US had attempted to draw post-revolutionary Egypt into an anti-Soviet bloc. In 1953, during a meeting with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who urged Egypt to join a coalition against the USSR, Nasser declined, stating, “The Soviet unx has never occupied our territory... but the British have been here for 70 years.”
耐人寻味的是，就在几年前冷战期间，美国曾试图将革命后的埃及拉入反苏阵营。1953 年，纳赛尔在与美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯会面时，对方极力敦促埃及加入反苏同盟，却遭到拒绝："苏联从未占领过我们的领土……而英国人却在这里盘踞了 70 年。"
He also said, “We’re a sentimental people. We like a few kind words better than millions of dollars given in a humiliating way.”
他还说道："我们是个重情义的民族。比起带着羞辱施舍的百万美元，我们更珍视几句暖心的话语。"
Even before announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal, Egypt had signed an agreement with the USSR and Czechoslovakia (which was part of the Eastern Bloc) for the supply of military equipment. While the Soviet unx supplied most of the weapons, Czechoslovakia’s involvement was necessary to deflect accusations of disturbing the balance of power in the Middle East.
在宣布苏伊士运河国有化之前，埃及就已与苏联及捷克斯洛伐克（当时属东方阵营）签署了军事装备供应协议。苏联提供了大部分武器，而捷克斯洛伐克的参与则是为了规避"破坏中东力量平衡"的指控。
The nationalization of the Suez Canal, which symbolized Egypt’s liberation from colonial rule, provoked an armed conflict and a major international scandal. France, Britain, and Israel (which had concluded an agreement with the European powers) initiated a military campaign known as the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt.
象征埃及摆脱殖民统治的苏伊士运河国有化行动，引发了一场武装冲突与重大国际丑闻。法国、英国及以色列（此前已与欧洲列强达成协议）联合发动了针对埃及的军事行动，史称"三国侵略"。
How Nasser and Khrushchev repelled the invaders
纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫如何击退侵略者
In November 1956, Anglo-French forces landed near Port Said and within two days gained control of the city and part of the Suez Canal, while Israel took Sharm El Sheikh in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Almost all of Sinai fell under the control of the invaders and Egyptian troops suffered significant losses, with approximately 2,000 killed and 5,000 captured.
1956 年 11 月，英法联军在塞得港附近登陆，两天内就控制了该城及部分苏伊士运河区域，而以色列则占领了西奈半岛南部的沙姆沙伊赫。西奈半岛几乎全境沦陷，埃及军队伤亡惨重——约 2000 人阵亡，5000 人被俘。
Then, Britain, France, and Israel launched air raids on Egyptian airfields in the Suez Canal zone. Nasser gave orders to evacuate Sinai and block the Suez Canal by sinking dozens of ships at its entrance. Rejecting a ceasefire proposal, the president assumed the role of commander-in-chief. To resist the aggressors, he distributed about 400,000 rifles to volunteers, forming hundreds of militia units.
随后，英法以三国对苏伊士运河区的埃及机场发动空袭。纳赛尔下令撤出西奈半岛，并通过在运河入口凿沉数十艘船只实施封锁。这位总统拒绝停火提议，亲自担任武装部队总司令，向志愿者分发约 40 万支步枪，组建了数百支民兵部队以抗击侵略者。
The invasion of Egypt by the UK, France, and Israel was condemned by the international community. For once, the US and the USSR stood united, supporting a UN resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egyptian territory. The Soviet unx took a particularly strong stance on the issue.
英法以三国对埃及的入侵遭到国际社会谴责。美苏两国罕见立场一致，共同支持联合国要求外国军队撤出埃及领土的决议。苏联在此问题上态度尤为强硬。
With his characteristic bravado, Nikita Khrushchev threatened decisive measures, including the potential use of thermonuclear strikes against the invading countries. These threats proved effective: by late December, British and French forces were compelled to leave Egypt, followed by Israel in 1957, which released all prisoners of war.
赫鲁晓夫以标志性的虚张声势发出威胁，表示将采取决定性措施，包括可能对入侵国实施热核打击。这些恫吓立竿见影：截至 1956 年 12 月下旬，英法部队被迫撤离埃及；1957 年，以色列也最终撤军，并释放了全部战俘。
The Aswan High Dam, a “pyramid for the living”
阿斯旺高坝——这座"生者的金字塔"
Nasser continued to foster close ties with the USSR. Over 14 years, military aid from the Soviet unx totaled nearly $3 billion, and during the Six-Day War in 1967, Moscow unconditionally sided with Egypt. Domestically, Nasser focused on developing socialism, sharply criticizing the policies of capitalist nations in the Middle East.
纳赛尔继续与苏联保持紧密关系。14 年间，苏联提供的军事援助总额近 30 亿美元，且在 1967 年"六日战争"期间，莫斯科无条件站在埃及一边。在国内政策上，纳赛尔致力于发展社会主义，尖锐批判中东地区资本主义国家的政策。
The Aswan High Dam – called the ‘pride of Egypt’ – was also constructed with the assistance of Soviet specialists. Unfortunately, Nasser didn’t live to see the project completed – he passed away several months before the dam became operational.
阿斯旺高坝——被誉为"埃及的骄傲"——也是在苏联专家的协助下建成的。遗憾的是，纳赛尔未能亲眼见证工程竣工，他在大坝投入运营前几个月便与世长辞。
In 1958, the USSR and Egypt signed an agreement granting Cairo a loan of 113 million Egyptian pounds (approximately $400 million), along with technical assistance and resources. Egypt repaid this loan several years after construction ended (though part of the debt was waived), by means of revenue from the Suez Canal.
1958 年，苏联与埃及签署协议，向开罗提供 1.13 亿埃及镑（约合 4 亿美元）贷款，并提供技术援助与资源支持。埃及在工程结束数年后（虽然部分债务被免除）通过苏伊士运河的收益偿还了这笔贷款。
In 1960, Nasser ceremoniously launched the construction by detonating ten tons of dynamite to break through an earthen barrier. The dam’s construction was labor-intensive and took 11 years to complete. Four years later, Nasser and Khrushchev celebrated the filling of the reservoir together. The dam employed 36,000 Egyptian workers and more than 2,000 Soviet specialists.
1960 年，纳赛尔庄严启动大坝建设，通过引爆十吨炸药突破土堤屏障。大坝建设采用密集劳动力，耗时 11 年才完工。四年后，纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫共同庆祝水库蓄水。该工程雇佣了 36,000 名埃及工人和 2,000 多名苏联专家。
Today, the dam can hold over 160 billion cubic meters of water annually in Lake Nasser, and the turbines generate about 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity—roughly half of the country’s energy supply. “In antiquity, we built pyramids for the dead. Now we will build new pyramids for the living,”Nasser famously said about the dam.
如今，大坝每年能在纳赛尔湖蓄积超过 1600 亿立方米的水量，涡轮机发电量约达 100 亿千瓦时——约占全国能源供应的一半。关于这座大坝，纳赛尔曾有名言："古时我们为死者建造金字塔，如今我们将为生者建造新的金字塔。"
The Steel Factory in Helwan was also constructed with Soviet support. By the early 1970s, 33 major industrial enterprises in Egypt had been launched with Soviet involvement, all of which continue to play a crucial role in the country’s economy.
赫勒万钢铁厂也是在苏联援助下建成的。到 20 世纪 70 年代初，埃及已有 33 家大型工业企业在苏联参与下投产，这些企业至今仍在埃及经济中发挥着关键作用。
In 1958, Nasser visited the USSR; and Khrushchev, during his trip to Egypt in May 1964, awarded Nasser the title of Hero of the Soviet unx and presented him with the Order of Lenin – the highest honor in the country at the time.
1958 年，纳赛尔访问苏联；赫鲁晓夫则在 1964 年 5 月访问埃及期间，授予纳赛尔"苏联英雄"称号，并颁发了当时国家最高荣誉——列宁勋章。
Pan-Arabism that did not last long
昙花一现的泛阿拉伯主义
After the victory in the Suez Crisis, Nasser’s stature soared to unprecedented heights. Not just in Egypt but throughout the Arab world, he became known as a leader capable of uniting Arabs and pursuing an independent policy free from Western influence.
苏伊士危机胜利后，纳赛尔的威望达到了前所未有的高度。不仅在埃及，整个阿拉伯世界都将他视为能够团结阿拉伯人、推行独立于西方影响政策的领袖。
Upon returning from a trip to Syria, Nasser reflected: “England and France invaded this region under the guise of the Crusades, which were expressions of British-French imperialism... It’s no coincidence that General Allenby, who commanded the British forces, proclaimed upon arriving in Jerusalem, ‘The wars of the Crusades are now complete’. And it’s not a coincidence that on visiting Saladin’s tomb in Damascus, General Gouraud declared, ‘Saladin, we’re back!’”
从叙利亚访问归来后，纳赛尔反思道："英国和法国以十字军东征为幌子入侵这片土地，这实质上是英法帝国主义的体现......英军统帅艾伦比将军抵达耶路撒冷时宣称'十字军战争现已完成'绝非偶然。同样不是巧合的是，古罗将军在大马士革参观萨拉丁陵墓时宣告：'萨拉丁，我们回来了！'"
In 1958, the Syrian government proposed a unx with Egypt. Nasser agreed, provided Egypt would maintain political dominance in the arrangement, and he was elected president of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Other Arab nations were invited to join, including Yemen, which seized this opportunity.
1958 年，叙利亚政府提议与埃及合并。纳赛尔以埃及在联盟中保持政治主导权为前提表示同意，并当选为阿拉伯联合共和国总统。其他阿拉伯国家也被邀请加入，包括也门在内的国家抓住了这一机遇。
This allowed Nasser to become a real leader of the pan-Arab movement. He launched a sweeping campaign to nationalize banks and private enterprises, disbanded Syrian political parties, and initiated agricultural reforms in Syria.
这让纳赛尔成为了泛阿拉伯运动的真正领袖。他发起了一场全面的国有化运动，将银行和私营企业收归国有，解散了叙利亚的政党，并在叙利亚推行农业改革。
The history of the UAR was short-lived, however; after a coup in Syria in 1961, the country withdrew from the UAR due to tensions over Egypt’s claims to a leading role. Subsequent attempts to form a unified Arab state failed.
然而，阿拉伯联合共和国的历史十分短暂；1961 年叙利亚发生政变后，由于对埃及谋求主导地位的不满，该国退出了阿联。之后建立统一阿拉伯国家的尝试也均告失败。
Egypt also lost the Six-Day War against Israel in 1967, which was initiated by a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) and was aimed at dismantling the Jewish state. Nasser, still hopeful for pan-Arab unity, played a pivotal role in this conflict. Just before the war, he forged a military alliance with Syria and began repositioning troops along the Israeli border, demanding the immediate withdrawal of UN peacekeepers (who had been monitoring the ceasefire after the Suez Crisis) from the Sinai Peninsula.
埃及还在 1967 年对以色列的六日战争中失利，这场战争由阿拉伯国家联盟（主要是埃及、叙利亚和约旦）发动，旨在瓦解犹太国家。仍对泛阿拉伯统一抱有希望的纳赛尔在此次冲突中扮演了关键角色。战前，他与叙利亚缔结军事同盟，开始在以色列边境重新部署部队，并要求联合国维和部队（苏伊士运河危机后一直监督停火）立即撤离西奈半岛。
The Six-Day War dealt Egypt a severe blow – it lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, and its air force became incapacitated. In an emotional response to the defeat, Nasser announced his resignation on June 9, but mass demonstrations in his support led him to remain in power.
六日战争给埃及带来了沉重打击——它失去了西奈半岛和加沙地带，空军也陷入瘫痪。面对战败的打击，纳赛尔在 6 月 9 日情绪化地宣布辞职，但大规模示威支持使他继续执政。
A lasting legacy
不朽遗产
In the 20th century, Nasser became a key figure both for Egypt and the broader Arab world. Under his leadership, Egypt finally got rid of British influence and attained a prominent position on the regional stage. Also, at this time Egyptians gained access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.
二十世纪，纳赛尔成为埃及乃至整个阿拉伯世界的关键人物。在他的领导下，埃及最终摆脱了英国的影响，并在地区舞台上获得了突出地位。同时，埃及人民在此期间获得了教育、医疗和其他基本服务。
For millions of Arabs, Nasser symbolizes the unfulfilled dream of unity. Yet for historians, he is also a vivid example of how a charismatic leader’s ambitions can collide with the limits of reality.
对数百万阿拉伯人而言，纳赛尔象征着尚未实现的统一梦想。而对历史学家来说，他也生动展现了魅力领袖的雄心如何与现实局限相碰撞。
Nasser was a complex character: commanding respect as a strong leader embodying Arab hopes for unity, he also demonstrated authoritarian tendencies, and ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. A hero of the anti-colonial struggle, he was also a leader whose system crumbled in 1967 following the defeat in the war with Israel.
纳赛尔是个复杂的人物：作为体现阿拉伯统一希望的强势领袖，他赢得了尊重，但也展现出独裁倾向，残酷镇压任何反对声音。这位反殖民斗争的英雄，同时也是 1967 年与以色列战争失败后其政权体系崩塌的统治者。
Nevertheless, Nasser continues to be a symbol of Arab nationalism and unity. His foreign policy gave rise to a new ideology – “Nasserism” – which blends Arab nationalism with socialist principles, providing an alternative to both Western capitalism and Soviet Communism.
尽管如此，纳赛尔至今仍是阿拉伯民族主义与团结的象征。他的外交政策催生了一种新意识形态——"纳赛尔主义"，将阿拉伯民族主义与社会主义原则相融合，为既反对西方资本主义又拒斥苏联共产主义的人们提供了第三条道路。
Tamara Ryzhenkova
By Tamara Ryzhenkova, senior lecturer at the Department of History of the Middle East, St. Petersburg State University, expert for the Telegram channel JAMAL
作者：塔玛拉·雷任科娃（圣彼得堡国立大学中东历史系高级讲师，Telegram 频道 JAMAL 专家）
Meet the colonel who defied Britain, challenged Israel, and became a godlike hero to Gaddafi and millions of Arabs
认识纳赛尔：对抗英国、挑战以色列，被卡扎菲和数百万阿拉伯人奉若神明的上校
For millions, Nasser remains a symbol of pan-Arabism and the unfulfilled dream of unity
对数百万人而言，纳赛尔仍是泛阿拉伯主义与未竟统一梦的象征
On September 28, 1970, the Middle East was shaken by the sudden death of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who passed away at the age of 52. The news came just hours after the conclusion of an Arab League Summit, following which Nasser personally escorted Kuwaiti Emir Sabah III home. The man whom millions regarded as their leader and protector died as a result of a sudden heart attack.
1970 年 9 月 28 日，埃及总统加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔突发心脏病逝世，年仅 52 岁，整个中东为之震动。这一消息传出时，阿拉伯国家联盟峰会刚刚结束数小时，纳赛尔还亲自将科威特埃米尔萨巴赫三世送回家中。这位被数百万人视为领袖与保护者的伟人，生命就这样戛然而止。
An estimated five million people came to Nasser’s funeral in Cairo. Every Arab head of state came to pay their last respects, except for King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, whose relations with Nasser had deteriorated over the Yemeni war. King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat wept at the funeral, while Muammar Gaddafi, who idolized Nasser, fainted twice. In Beirut, mournful demonstrations erupted into riots, resulting in 14 fatalities. Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, tens of thousands of Palestinians marched, chanting, “Nasser will never die!”
约五百万人涌入开罗参加纳赛尔的葬礼。除因也门战争与纳赛尔关系恶化的沙特国王费萨尔外，所有阿拉伯国家元首都前来致哀。约旦国王侯赛因和巴勒斯坦领袖亚西尔·阿拉法特在葬礼上失声痛哭，而崇拜纳赛尔的穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲两次昏厥。贝鲁特的悼念示威演变成骚乱，造成 14 人死亡。与此同时，耶路撒冷数万名巴勒斯坦人高呼"纳赛尔永垂不朽"游行示威。
That day, from Algiers to Aden the streets resonated with a single question, “Why did you leave us, Gamal?” For millions of Arabs, his death symbolized not just the loss of a man, but the shattering of a dream – a dream of unity, independence, and the revival of a civilization he embodied.
那一天，从阿尔及尔到亚丁，街头巷尾回荡着同一个问题："你为何离我们而去，贾迈勒？"对数百万阿拉伯人而言，他的逝世不仅意味着一个人的逝去，更象征着一个梦想的破碎——那个关于团结、独立与他所代表的文明复兴的梦想。
Military man: The path to leadership
军人本色：通往权力之路
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918, in Alexandria to a modest family; his father worked as a postal clerk. Due to his father’s profession the family often relocated, so young Gamal attended schools in various cities in Egypt.
1918 年 1 月 15 日，贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔出生于亚历山大城一个普通家庭，父亲是邮局职员。由于父亲职业的特性，全家经常搬迁，因此年幼的贾迈勒曾在埃及多个城市求学。
Nasser began to display political and organizational skills in his early teens by participating in demonstrations against British intervention in Egyptian affairs. He even led one such protest where he engaged in a scuffle with the police, sustaining a minor head injury that earned him media attention.
纳赛尔在少年时期就展现出政治与组织才能，积极参与反对英国干涉埃及内政的示威活动。他甚至在一次抗议中带头与警察发生冲突，头部受轻伤的事件还登上了报纸。
At the same time, Nasser was captivated by books on Islam and biographies of great historical leaders. He was particularly drawn to the ideas of Egyptian nationalists, including politician Mustafa Kamel and poet Ahmed Shawqi.
与此同时，纳赛尔沉醉于伊斯兰典籍和历史伟人传记的阅读。他尤其着迷于埃及民族主义者的思想，包括政治家穆斯塔法·卡迈勒和诗人艾哈迈德·邵基的作品。
Later, he credited his revolutionary zeal to the writer Tawfiq al-Hakim, who, in one of his novels, emphasized the need for a strong leader to realize the aspirations and hopes of the Egyptian people.
后来他将自己的革命热忱归功于作家陶菲格·哈基姆——这位作家在其小说中深刻指出，埃及人民需要一位强有力的领导者来实现他们的理想与希望。
When Nasser entered the Military Academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, who would become his steadfast allies. Both would later rise to high positions in the government: Amer became Egypt’s vice president in 1958, while Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after his death.
进入军事学院后，纳赛尔结识了阿卜杜勒·哈基姆·阿梅尔和安瓦尔·萨达特，这两位后来成为他最坚定的盟友。他们日后都身居高位：阿梅尔于 1958 年出任埃及副总统，而萨达特则在纳赛尔去世后继任总统之位。
In 1942, as a lieutenant in the infantry, Nasser was admitted to the General Staff Academy, where he began to actively recruit like-minded nationalists committed to overthrowing the pro-British King Farouk I.
1942 年，纳赛尔作为步兵中尉被总参谋部学院录取，开始积极招揽志同道合、致力于推翻亲英派法鲁克一世国王的民族主义者。
Nasser acquired combat experience during the Arab-Israeli war in the late 1940s, serving with the Sixth Infantry Battalion. Later, he taught at the military college of the General Staff and secretly held the meetings of his opposition group, the Free Officers movement.
纳赛尔在 1940 年代末期的阿以战争中积累了作战经验，当时他在第六步兵营服役。后来，他在总参谋部的军事学院任教，并秘密主持反对派组织"自由军官运动"的会议。
From a monarchy to a republic
从君主制到共和制
The Free Officers gained significant popularity among both the military and the general populace when they welcomed the respected general and Arab-Israeli war hero Mohamed Naguib into their ranks in 1949. The tension in the country was palpable, as British dominance and high unemployment weighed heavily on the people.
自由军官组织在 1949 年欢迎受人尊敬的将军暨阿以战争英雄穆罕默德·纳吉布加入他们的行列后，在军队和普通民众中获得了极高的声望。当时国家局势紧张，英国的主导地位和高失业率沉重地压在人民心头。
On July 23, 1952, troops loyal to the Free Officers seized key government buildings across the nation, forcing King Farouk I to abdicate and flee the country. The military coup – which was practically bloodless and didn’t grow into a large-scale conflict – entered Egyptian history as the July Revolution. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib (who later became the first president of Egypt) became the country’s supreme authority. The fall of the monarchy marked the establishment of a republic.
1952 年 7 月 23 日，效忠于自由军官组织的部队占领了全国各关键政府机构，迫使法鲁克一世国王退位流亡。这场几乎没有流血冲突、也未演变成大规模对抗的军事政变，作为"七月革命"载入埃及史册。由纳吉布（后成为埃及首任总统）领导的革命指导委员会成为国家最高权力机构。君主制的垮台标志着共和国的建立。
How the British rule ended
英国统治如何终结
Nasser remained in the shadows but was in fact the country’s leader and main decision-maker. He held the rank of colonel until his death.
纳赛尔虽身处幕后，但实际上是国家的领导者和主要决策者。他终生保持着上校军衔直至去世。
Nasser successfully advanced his anti-British policy: in 1954, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement was signed in Cairo, mandating the withdrawal of British troops from all of Egypt, including the Suez Canal zone. This landmark event brought an end to British military presence in the country that had lasted since 1882.
纳赛尔成功推进了他的反英政策：1954 年，英埃双方在开罗签署协议，规定英军从埃及全境（包括苏伊士运河区）撤军。这一里程碑事件终结了自 1882 年以来英国在该国的军事存在。
The controversial land reform implemented by Nasser in 1952 was largely welcomed by the Egyptian public for an obvious reason: aimed at addressing wealth inequality, it sought to redistribute land from large landowners to farmers, capping individual land holdings at 84 hectares.
纳赛尔 1952 年推行的争议性土地改革受到了埃及民众的广泛欢迎，原因显而易见：这项旨在解决财富不平等的政策，试图将大地主的土地重新分配给农民，并将个人土地持有量上限设定为 84 公顷。
During this period, divisions surfaced among the revolutionaries and as Nasser solidified his power, he increasingly cracked down on his opponents. President Mohamed Naguib, who distanced himself from the land reform and aligned more closely with the old political forces, was soon ousted and placed under house arrest.
在此期间，革命阵营内部出现分歧，随着纳赛尔巩固权力，他加大了对反对派的打压力度。穆罕默德·纳吉布总统因疏离土地改革并更倾向于旧政治势力，不久便被罢免并遭软禁。
Not everyone viewed Nasser’s policies as a beacon of hope for the future. In 1954, he survived an assassination attempt in Alexandria by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, which triggered a widespread purge. Thousands of the organization’s supporters were arrested, including the movement’s leader, Sayyid Qutb, who was later sentenced to death.
并非所有人都将纳赛尔的政策视为未来希望的灯塔。1954 年，他在亚历山大港躲过穆斯林兄弟会成员的暗杀企图，此事引发大规模清洗行动。该组织数千名支持者被捕，包括运动领袖赛义德·库特布——他后来被判处死刑。
Nasser headed the Revolutionary Command Council and banned public organizations and political parties. Egyptians saw him as a strong leader capable of restoring the nation and reclaiming its former glory. In 1956, following a nationwide referendum, he was elected president.
纳赛尔领导革命指导委员会，并取缔了公共组织和政党。埃及民众视他为能够复兴国家、重拾昔日荣光的强势领袖。1956 年经全民公投后，他当选总统。
The Suez crisis: A shift toward the USSR
苏伊士危机：向苏联的靠拢
On July 26, 1956, a pivotal event changed the country’s course: during a rally in Alexandria, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal, which had been operated by a British-French company, citing the need to finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This move was a direct response to the United States and Great Britain, who had refused to finance the dam’s construction, ultimately prompting Nasser to seek closer ties with the USSR, which stepped in to support the massive project.
1956 年 7 月 26 日，一个关键事件改变了国家命运：在亚历山大港的集会上，纳赛尔宣布将由英法公司运营的苏伊士运河收归国有，并指出此举旨在为阿斯旺高坝建设筹措资金。这一行动直指美英两国——它们此前拒绝为水坝工程提供资金，最终促使纳赛尔寻求与苏联建立更紧密关系，后者随后介入支持了这一庞大工程。
Interestingly, just a few years earlier, amid the Cold War, the US had attempted to draw post-revolutionary Egypt into an anti-Soviet bloc. In 1953, during a meeting with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who urged Egypt to join a coalition against the USSR, Nasser declined, stating, “The Soviet unx has never occupied our territory... but the British have been here for 70 years.”
耐人寻味的是，就在几年前冷战期间，美国曾试图将革命后的埃及拉入反苏阵营。1953 年，纳赛尔在与美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯会面时，对方极力敦促埃及加入反苏同盟，却遭到拒绝："苏联从未占领过我们的领土……而英国人却在这里盘踞了 70 年。"
He also said, “We’re a sentimental people. We like a few kind words better than millions of dollars given in a humiliating way.”
他还说道："我们是个重情义的民族。比起带着羞辱施舍的百万美元，我们更珍视几句暖心的话语。"
Even before announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal, Egypt had signed an agreement with the USSR and Czechoslovakia (which was part of the Eastern Bloc) for the supply of military equipment. While the Soviet unx supplied most of the weapons, Czechoslovakia’s involvement was necessary to deflect accusations of disturbing the balance of power in the Middle East.
在宣布苏伊士运河国有化之前，埃及就已与苏联及捷克斯洛伐克（当时属东方阵营）签署了军事装备供应协议。苏联提供了大部分武器，而捷克斯洛伐克的参与则是为了规避"破坏中东力量平衡"的指控。
The nationalization of the Suez Canal, which symbolized Egypt’s liberation from colonial rule, provoked an armed conflict and a major international scandal. France, Britain, and Israel (which had concluded an agreement with the European powers) initiated a military campaign known as the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt.
象征埃及摆脱殖民统治的苏伊士运河国有化行动，引发了一场武装冲突与重大国际丑闻。法国、英国及以色列（此前已与欧洲列强达成协议）联合发动了针对埃及的军事行动，史称"三国侵略"。
How Nasser and Khrushchev repelled the invaders
纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫如何击退侵略者
In November 1956, Anglo-French forces landed near Port Said and within two days gained control of the city and part of the Suez Canal, while Israel took Sharm El Sheikh in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Almost all of Sinai fell under the control of the invaders and Egyptian troops suffered significant losses, with approximately 2,000 killed and 5,000 captured.
1956 年 11 月，英法联军在塞得港附近登陆，两天内就控制了该城及部分苏伊士运河区域，而以色列则占领了西奈半岛南部的沙姆沙伊赫。西奈半岛几乎全境沦陷，埃及军队伤亡惨重——约 2000 人阵亡，5000 人被俘。
Then, Britain, France, and Israel launched air raids on Egyptian airfields in the Suez Canal zone. Nasser gave orders to evacuate Sinai and block the Suez Canal by sinking dozens of ships at its entrance. Rejecting a ceasefire proposal, the president assumed the role of commander-in-chief. To resist the aggressors, he distributed about 400,000 rifles to volunteers, forming hundreds of militia units.
随后，英法以三国对苏伊士运河区的埃及机场发动空袭。纳赛尔下令撤出西奈半岛，并通过在运河入口凿沉数十艘船只实施封锁。这位总统拒绝停火提议，亲自担任武装部队总司令，向志愿者分发约 40 万支步枪，组建了数百支民兵部队以抗击侵略者。
The invasion of Egypt by the UK, France, and Israel was condemned by the international community. For once, the US and the USSR stood united, supporting a UN resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egyptian territory. The Soviet unx took a particularly strong stance on the issue.
英法以三国对埃及的入侵遭到国际社会谴责。美苏两国罕见立场一致，共同支持联合国要求外国军队撤出埃及领土的决议。苏联在此问题上态度尤为强硬。
With his characteristic bravado, Nikita Khrushchev threatened decisive measures, including the potential use of thermonuclear strikes against the invading countries. These threats proved effective: by late December, British and French forces were compelled to leave Egypt, followed by Israel in 1957, which released all prisoners of war.
赫鲁晓夫以标志性的虚张声势发出威胁，表示将采取决定性措施，包括可能对入侵国实施热核打击。这些恫吓立竿见影：截至 1956 年 12 月下旬，英法部队被迫撤离埃及；1957 年，以色列也最终撤军，并释放了全部战俘。
The Aswan High Dam, a “pyramid for the living”
阿斯旺高坝——这座"生者的金字塔"
Nasser continued to foster close ties with the USSR. Over 14 years, military aid from the Soviet unx totaled nearly $3 billion, and during the Six-Day War in 1967, Moscow unconditionally sided with Egypt. Domestically, Nasser focused on developing socialism, sharply criticizing the policies of capitalist nations in the Middle East.
纳赛尔继续与苏联保持紧密关系。14 年间，苏联提供的军事援助总额近 30 亿美元，且在 1967 年"六日战争"期间，莫斯科无条件站在埃及一边。在国内政策上，纳赛尔致力于发展社会主义，尖锐批判中东地区资本主义国家的政策。
The Aswan High Dam – called the ‘pride of Egypt’ – was also constructed with the assistance of Soviet specialists. Unfortunately, Nasser didn’t live to see the project completed – he passed away several months before the dam became operational.
阿斯旺高坝——被誉为"埃及的骄傲"——也是在苏联专家的协助下建成的。遗憾的是，纳赛尔未能亲眼见证工程竣工，他在大坝投入运营前几个月便与世长辞。
In 1958, the USSR and Egypt signed an agreement granting Cairo a loan of 113 million Egyptian pounds (approximately $400 million), along with technical assistance and resources. Egypt repaid this loan several years after construction ended (though part of the debt was waived), by means of revenue from the Suez Canal.
1958 年，苏联与埃及签署协议，向开罗提供 1.13 亿埃及镑（约合 4 亿美元）贷款，并提供技术援助与资源支持。埃及在工程结束数年后（虽然部分债务被免除）通过苏伊士运河的收益偿还了这笔贷款。
In 1960, Nasser ceremoniously launched the construction by detonating ten tons of dynamite to break through an earthen barrier. The dam’s construction was labor-intensive and took 11 years to complete. Four years later, Nasser and Khrushchev celebrated the filling of the reservoir together. The dam employed 36,000 Egyptian workers and more than 2,000 Soviet specialists.
1960 年，纳赛尔庄严启动大坝建设，通过引爆十吨炸药突破土堤屏障。大坝建设采用密集劳动力，耗时 11 年才完工。四年后，纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫共同庆祝水库蓄水。该工程雇佣了 36,000 名埃及工人和 2,000 多名苏联专家。
Today, the dam can hold over 160 billion cubic meters of water annually in Lake Nasser, and the turbines generate about 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity—roughly half of the country’s energy supply. “In antiquity, we built pyramids for the dead. Now we will build new pyramids for the living,”Nasser famously said about the dam.
如今，大坝每年能在纳赛尔湖蓄积超过 1600 亿立方米的水量，涡轮机发电量约达 100 亿千瓦时——约占全国能源供应的一半。关于这座大坝，纳赛尔曾有名言："古时我们为死者建造金字塔，如今我们将为生者建造新的金字塔。"
The Steel Factory in Helwan was also constructed with Soviet support. By the early 1970s, 33 major industrial enterprises in Egypt had been launched with Soviet involvement, all of which continue to play a crucial role in the country’s economy.
赫勒万钢铁厂也是在苏联援助下建成的。到 20 世纪 70 年代初，埃及已有 33 家大型工业企业在苏联参与下投产，这些企业至今仍在埃及经济中发挥着关键作用。
In 1958, Nasser visited the USSR; and Khrushchev, during his trip to Egypt in May 1964, awarded Nasser the title of Hero of the Soviet unx and presented him with the Order of Lenin – the highest honor in the country at the time.
1958 年，纳赛尔访问苏联；赫鲁晓夫则在 1964 年 5 月访问埃及期间，授予纳赛尔"苏联英雄"称号，并颁发了当时国家最高荣誉——列宁勋章。
Pan-Arabism that did not last long
昙花一现的泛阿拉伯主义
After the victory in the Suez Crisis, Nasser’s stature soared to unprecedented heights. Not just in Egypt but throughout the Arab world, he became known as a leader capable of uniting Arabs and pursuing an independent policy free from Western influence.
苏伊士危机胜利后，纳赛尔的威望达到了前所未有的高度。不仅在埃及，整个阿拉伯世界都将他视为能够团结阿拉伯人、推行独立于西方影响政策的领袖。
Upon returning from a trip to Syria, Nasser reflected: “England and France invaded this region under the guise of the Crusades, which were expressions of British-French imperialism... It’s no coincidence that General Allenby, who commanded the British forces, proclaimed upon arriving in Jerusalem, ‘The wars of the Crusades are now complete’. And it’s not a coincidence that on visiting Saladin’s tomb in Damascus, General Gouraud declared, ‘Saladin, we’re back!’”
从叙利亚访问归来后，纳赛尔反思道："英国和法国以十字军东征为幌子入侵这片土地，这实质上是英法帝国主义的体现......英军统帅艾伦比将军抵达耶路撒冷时宣称'十字军战争现已完成'绝非偶然。同样不是巧合的是，古罗将军在大马士革参观萨拉丁陵墓时宣告：'萨拉丁，我们回来了！'"
In 1958, the Syrian government proposed a unx with Egypt. Nasser agreed, provided Egypt would maintain political dominance in the arrangement, and he was elected president of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Other Arab nations were invited to join, including Yemen, which seized this opportunity.
1958 年，叙利亚政府提议与埃及合并。纳赛尔以埃及在联盟中保持政治主导权为前提表示同意，并当选为阿拉伯联合共和国总统。其他阿拉伯国家也被邀请加入，包括也门在内的国家抓住了这一机遇。
This allowed Nasser to become a real leader of the pan-Arab movement. He launched a sweeping campaign to nationalize banks and private enterprises, disbanded Syrian political parties, and initiated agricultural reforms in Syria.
这让纳赛尔成为了泛阿拉伯运动的真正领袖。他发起了一场全面的国有化运动，将银行和私营企业收归国有，解散了叙利亚的政党，并在叙利亚推行农业改革。
The history of the UAR was short-lived, however; after a coup in Syria in 1961, the country withdrew from the UAR due to tensions over Egypt’s claims to a leading role. Subsequent attempts to form a unified Arab state failed.
然而，阿拉伯联合共和国的历史十分短暂；1961 年叙利亚发生政变后，由于对埃及谋求主导地位的不满，该国退出了阿联。之后建立统一阿拉伯国家的尝试也均告失败。
Egypt also lost the Six-Day War against Israel in 1967, which was initiated by a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) and was aimed at dismantling the Jewish state. Nasser, still hopeful for pan-Arab unity, played a pivotal role in this conflict. Just before the war, he forged a military alliance with Syria and began repositioning troops along the Israeli border, demanding the immediate withdrawal of UN peacekeepers (who had been monitoring the ceasefire after the Suez Crisis) from the Sinai Peninsula.
埃及还在 1967 年对以色列的六日战争中失利，这场战争由阿拉伯国家联盟（主要是埃及、叙利亚和约旦）发动，旨在瓦解犹太国家。仍对泛阿拉伯统一抱有希望的纳赛尔在此次冲突中扮演了关键角色。战前，他与叙利亚缔结军事同盟，开始在以色列边境重新部署部队，并要求联合国维和部队（苏伊士运河危机后一直监督停火）立即撤离西奈半岛。
The Six-Day War dealt Egypt a severe blow – it lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, and its air force became incapacitated. In an emotional response to the defeat, Nasser announced his resignation on June 9, but mass demonstrations in his support led him to remain in power.
六日战争给埃及带来了沉重打击——它失去了西奈半岛和加沙地带，空军也陷入瘫痪。面对战败的打击，纳赛尔在 6 月 9 日情绪化地宣布辞职，但大规模示威支持使他继续执政。
A lasting legacy
不朽遗产
In the 20th century, Nasser became a key figure both for Egypt and the broader Arab world. Under his leadership, Egypt finally got rid of British influence and attained a prominent position on the regional stage. Also, at this time Egyptians gained access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.
二十世纪，纳赛尔成为埃及乃至整个阿拉伯世界的关键人物。在他的领导下，埃及最终摆脱了英国的影响，并在地区舞台上获得了突出地位。同时，埃及人民在此期间获得了教育、医疗和其他基本服务。
For millions of Arabs, Nasser symbolizes the unfulfilled dream of unity. Yet for historians, he is also a vivid example of how a charismatic leader’s ambitions can collide with the limits of reality.
对数百万阿拉伯人而言，纳赛尔象征着尚未实现的统一梦想。而对历史学家来说，他也生动展现了魅力领袖的雄心如何与现实局限相碰撞。
Nasser was a complex character: commanding respect as a strong leader embodying Arab hopes for unity, he also demonstrated authoritarian tendencies, and ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. A hero of the anti-colonial struggle, he was also a leader whose system crumbled in 1967 following the defeat in the war with Israel.
纳赛尔是个复杂的人物：作为体现阿拉伯统一希望的强势领袖，他赢得了尊重，但也展现出独裁倾向，残酷镇压任何反对声音。这位反殖民斗争的英雄，同时也是 1967 年与以色列战争失败后其政权体系崩塌的统治者。
Nevertheless, Nasser continues to be a symbol of Arab nationalism and unity. His foreign policy gave rise to a new ideology – “Nasserism” – which blends Arab nationalism with socialist principles, providing an alternative to both Western capitalism and Soviet Communism.
尽管如此，纳赛尔至今仍是阿拉伯民族主义与团结的象征。他的外交政策催生了一种新意识形态——"纳赛尔主义"，将阿拉伯民族主义与社会主义原则相融合，为既反对西方资本主义又拒斥苏联共产主义的人们提供了第三条道路。
Tamara Ryzhenkova
By Tamara Ryzhenkova, senior lecturer at the Department of History of the Middle East, St. Petersburg State University, expert for the Telegram channel JAMAL
作者：塔玛拉·雷任科娃（圣彼得堡国立大学中东历史系高级讲师，Telegram 频道 JAMAL 专家）
评论翻译
Meet the colonel who defied Britain, challenged Israel, and became a godlike hero to Gaddafi and millions of Arabs
认识纳赛尔：对抗英国、挑战以色列，被卡扎菲和数百万阿拉伯人奉若神明的上校
For millions, Nasser remains a symbol of pan-Arabism and the unfulfilled dream of unity
对数百万人而言，纳赛尔仍是泛阿拉伯主义与未竟统一梦的象征
On September 28, 1970, the Middle East was shaken by the sudden death of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who passed away at the age of 52. The news came just hours after the conclusion of an Arab League Summit, following which Nasser personally escorted Kuwaiti Emir Sabah III home. The man whom millions regarded as their leader and protector died as a result of a sudden heart attack.
1970 年 9 月 28 日，埃及总统加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔突发心脏病逝世，年仅 52 岁，整个中东为之震动。这一消息传出时，阿拉伯国家联盟峰会刚刚结束数小时，纳赛尔还亲自将科威特埃米尔萨巴赫三世送回家中。这位被数百万人视为领袖与保护者的伟人，生命就这样戛然而止。
An estimated five million people came to Nasser’s funeral in Cairo. Every Arab head of state came to pay their last respects, except for King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, whose relations with Nasser had deteriorated over the Yemeni war. King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat wept at the funeral, while Muammar Gaddafi, who idolized Nasser, fainted twice. In Beirut, mournful demonstrations erupted into riots, resulting in 14 fatalities. Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, tens of thousands of Palestinians marched, chanting, “Nasser will never die!”
约五百万人涌入开罗参加纳赛尔的葬礼。除因也门战争与纳赛尔关系恶化的沙特国王费萨尔外，所有阿拉伯国家元首都前来致哀。约旦国王侯赛因和巴勒斯坦领袖亚西尔·阿拉法特在葬礼上失声痛哭，而崇拜纳赛尔的穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲两次昏厥。贝鲁特的悼念示威演变成骚乱，造成 14 人死亡。与此同时，耶路撒冷数万名巴勒斯坦人高呼"纳赛尔永垂不朽"游行示威。
That day, from Algiers to Aden the streets resonated with a single question, “Why did you leave us, Gamal?” For millions of Arabs, his death symbolized not just the loss of a man, but the shattering of a dream – a dream of unity, independence, and the revival of a civilization he embodied.
那一天，从阿尔及尔到亚丁，街头巷尾回荡着同一个问题："你为何离我们而去，贾迈勒？"对数百万阿拉伯人而言，他的逝世不仅意味着一个人的逝去，更象征着一个梦想的破碎——那个关于团结、独立与他所代表的文明复兴的梦想。
Military man: The path to leadership
军人本色：通往权力之路
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918, in Alexandria to a modest family; his father worked as a postal clerk. Due to his father’s profession the family often relocated, so young Gamal attended schools in various cities in Egypt.
1918 年 1 月 15 日，贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔出生于亚历山大城一个普通家庭，父亲是邮局职员。由于父亲职业的特性，全家经常搬迁，因此年幼的贾迈勒曾在埃及多个城市求学。
Nasser began to display political and organizational skills in his early teens by participating in demonstrations against British intervention in Egyptian affairs. He even led one such protest where he engaged in a scuffle with the police, sustaining a minor head injury that earned him media attention.
纳赛尔在少年时期就展现出政治与组织才能，积极参与反对英国干涉埃及内政的示威活动。他甚至在一次抗议中带头与警察发生冲突，头部受轻伤的事件还登上了报纸。
At the same time, Nasser was captivated by books on Islam and biographies of great historical leaders. He was particularly drawn to the ideas of Egyptian nationalists, including politician Mustafa Kamel and poet Ahmed Shawqi.
与此同时，纳赛尔沉醉于伊斯兰典籍和历史伟人传记的阅读。他尤其着迷于埃及民族主义者的思想，包括政治家穆斯塔法·卡迈勒和诗人艾哈迈德·邵基的作品。
Later, he credited his revolutionary zeal to the writer Tawfiq al-Hakim, who, in one of his novels, emphasized the need for a strong leader to realize the aspirations and hopes of the Egyptian people.
后来他将自己的革命热忱归功于作家陶菲格·哈基姆——这位作家在其小说中深刻指出，埃及人民需要一位强有力的领导者来实现他们的理想与希望。
When Nasser entered the Military Academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, who would become his steadfast allies. Both would later rise to high positions in the government: Amer became Egypt’s vice president in 1958, while Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after his death.
进入军事学院后，纳赛尔结识了阿卜杜勒·哈基姆·阿梅尔和安瓦尔·萨达特，这两位后来成为他最坚定的盟友。他们日后都身居高位：阿梅尔于 1958 年出任埃及副总统，而萨达特则在纳赛尔去世后继任总统之位。
In 1942, as a lieutenant in the infantry, Nasser was admitted to the General Staff Academy, where he began to actively recruit like-minded nationalists committed to overthrowing the pro-British King Farouk I.
1942 年，纳赛尔作为步兵中尉被总参谋部学院录取，开始积极招揽志同道合、致力于推翻亲英派法鲁克一世国王的民族主义者。
Nasser acquired combat experience during the Arab-Israeli war in the late 1940s, serving with the Sixth Infantry Battalion. Later, he taught at the military college of the General Staff and secretly held the meetings of his opposition group, the Free Officers movement.
纳赛尔在 1940 年代末期的阿以战争中积累了作战经验，当时他在第六步兵营服役。后来，他在总参谋部的军事学院任教，并秘密主持反对派组织"自由军官运动"的会议。
From a monarchy to a republic
从君主制到共和制
The Free Officers gained significant popularity among both the military and the general populace when they welcomed the respected general and Arab-Israeli war hero Mohamed Naguib into their ranks in 1949. The tension in the country was palpable, as British dominance and high unemployment weighed heavily on the people.
自由军官组织在 1949 年欢迎受人尊敬的将军暨阿以战争英雄穆罕默德·纳吉布加入他们的行列后，在军队和普通民众中获得了极高的声望。当时国家局势紧张，英国的主导地位和高失业率沉重地压在人民心头。
On July 23, 1952, troops loyal to the Free Officers seized key government buildings across the nation, forcing King Farouk I to abdicate and flee the country. The military coup – which was practically bloodless and didn’t grow into a large-scale conflict – entered Egyptian history as the July Revolution. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib (who later became the first president of Egypt) became the country’s supreme authority. The fall of the monarchy marked the establishment of a republic.
1952 年 7 月 23 日，效忠于自由军官组织的部队占领了全国各关键政府机构，迫使法鲁克一世国王退位流亡。这场几乎没有流血冲突、也未演变成大规模对抗的军事政变，作为"七月革命"载入埃及史册。由纳吉布（后成为埃及首任总统）领导的革命指导委员会成为国家最高权力机构。君主制的垮台标志着共和国的建立。
How the British rule ended
英国统治如何终结
Nasser remained in the shadows but was in fact the country’s leader and main decision-maker. He held the rank of colonel until his death.
纳赛尔虽身处幕后，但实际上是国家的领导者和主要决策者。他终生保持着上校军衔直至去世。
Nasser successfully advanced his anti-British policy: in 1954, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement was signed in Cairo, mandating the withdrawal of British troops from all of Egypt, including the Suez Canal zone. This landmark event brought an end to British military presence in the country that had lasted since 1882.
纳赛尔成功推进了他的反英政策：1954 年，英埃双方在开罗签署协议，规定英军从埃及全境（包括苏伊士运河区）撤军。这一里程碑事件终结了自 1882 年以来英国在该国的军事存在。
The controversial land reform implemented by Nasser in 1952 was largely welcomed by the Egyptian public for an obvious reason: aimed at addressing wealth inequality, it sought to redistribute land from large landowners to farmers, capping individual land holdings at 84 hectares.
纳赛尔 1952 年推行的争议性土地改革受到了埃及民众的广泛欢迎，原因显而易见：这项旨在解决财富不平等的政策，试图将大地主的土地重新分配给农民，并将个人土地持有量上限设定为 84 公顷。
During this period, divisions surfaced among the revolutionaries and as Nasser solidified his power, he increasingly cracked down on his opponents. President Mohamed Naguib, who distanced himself from the land reform and aligned more closely with the old political forces, was soon ousted and placed under house arrest.
在此期间，革命阵营内部出现分歧，随着纳赛尔巩固权力，他加大了对反对派的打压力度。穆罕默德·纳吉布总统因疏离土地改革并更倾向于旧政治势力，不久便被罢免并遭软禁。
Not everyone viewed Nasser’s policies as a beacon of hope for the future. In 1954, he survived an assassination attempt in Alexandria by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, which triggered a widespread purge. Thousands of the organization’s supporters were arrested, including the movement’s leader, Sayyid Qutb, who was later sentenced to death.
并非所有人都将纳赛尔的政策视为未来希望的灯塔。1954 年，他在亚历山大港躲过穆斯林兄弟会成员的暗杀企图，此事引发大规模清洗行动。该组织数千名支持者被捕，包括运动领袖赛义德·库特布——他后来被判处死刑。
Nasser headed the Revolutionary Command Council and banned public organizations and political parties. Egyptians saw him as a strong leader capable of restoring the nation and reclaiming its former glory. In 1956, following a nationwide referendum, he was elected president.
纳赛尔领导革命指导委员会，并取缔了公共组织和政党。埃及民众视他为能够复兴国家、重拾昔日荣光的强势领袖。1956 年经全民公投后，他当选总统。
The Suez crisis: A shift toward the USSR
苏伊士危机：向苏联的靠拢
On July 26, 1956, a pivotal event changed the country’s course: during a rally in Alexandria, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal, which had been operated by a British-French company, citing the need to finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This move was a direct response to the United States and Great Britain, who had refused to finance the dam’s construction, ultimately prompting Nasser to seek closer ties with the USSR, which stepped in to support the massive project.
1956 年 7 月 26 日，一个关键事件改变了国家命运：在亚历山大港的集会上，纳赛尔宣布将由英法公司运营的苏伊士运河收归国有，并指出此举旨在为阿斯旺高坝建设筹措资金。这一行动直指美英两国——它们此前拒绝为水坝工程提供资金，最终促使纳赛尔寻求与苏联建立更紧密关系，后者随后介入支持了这一庞大工程。
Interestingly, just a few years earlier, amid the Cold War, the US had attempted to draw post-revolutionary Egypt into an anti-Soviet bloc. In 1953, during a meeting with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who urged Egypt to join a coalition against the USSR, Nasser declined, stating, “The Soviet unx has never occupied our territory... but the British have been here for 70 years.”
耐人寻味的是，就在几年前冷战期间，美国曾试图将革命后的埃及拉入反苏阵营。1953 年，纳赛尔在与美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯会面时，对方极力敦促埃及加入反苏同盟，却遭到拒绝："苏联从未占领过我们的领土……而英国人却在这里盘踞了 70 年。"
He also said, “We’re a sentimental people. We like a few kind words better than millions of dollars given in a humiliating way.”
他还说道："我们是个重情义的民族。比起带着羞辱施舍的百万美元，我们更珍视几句暖心的话语。"
Even before announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal, Egypt had signed an agreement with the USSR and Czechoslovakia (which was part of the Eastern Bloc) for the supply of military equipment. While the Soviet unx supplied most of the weapons, Czechoslovakia’s involvement was necessary to deflect accusations of disturbing the balance of power in the Middle East.
在宣布苏伊士运河国有化之前，埃及就已与苏联及捷克斯洛伐克（当时属东方阵营）签署了军事装备供应协议。苏联提供了大部分武器，而捷克斯洛伐克的参与则是为了规避"破坏中东力量平衡"的指控。
The nationalization of the Suez Canal, which symbolized Egypt’s liberation from colonial rule, provoked an armed conflict and a major international scandal. France, Britain, and Israel (which had concluded an agreement with the European powers) initiated a military campaign known as the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt.
象征埃及摆脱殖民统治的苏伊士运河国有化行动，引发了一场武装冲突与重大国际丑闻。法国、英国及以色列（此前已与欧洲列强达成协议）联合发动了针对埃及的军事行动，史称"三国侵略"。
How Nasser and Khrushchev repelled the invaders
纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫如何击退侵略者
In November 1956, Anglo-French forces landed near Port Said and within two days gained control of the city and part of the Suez Canal, while Israel took Sharm El Sheikh in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Almost all of Sinai fell under the control of the invaders and Egyptian troops suffered significant losses, with approximately 2,000 killed and 5,000 captured.
1956 年 11 月，英法联军在塞得港附近登陆，两天内就控制了该城及部分苏伊士运河区域，而以色列则占领了西奈半岛南部的沙姆沙伊赫。西奈半岛几乎全境沦陷，埃及军队伤亡惨重——约 2000 人阵亡，5000 人被俘。
Then, Britain, France, and Israel launched air raids on Egyptian airfields in the Suez Canal zone. Nasser gave orders to evacuate Sinai and block the Suez Canal by sinking dozens of ships at its entrance. Rejecting a ceasefire proposal, the president assumed the role of commander-in-chief. To resist the aggressors, he distributed about 400,000 rifles to volunteers, forming hundreds of militia units.
随后，英法以三国对苏伊士运河区的埃及机场发动空袭。纳赛尔下令撤出西奈半岛，并通过在运河入口凿沉数十艘船只实施封锁。这位总统拒绝停火提议，亲自担任武装部队总司令，向志愿者分发约 40 万支步枪，组建了数百支民兵部队以抗击侵略者。
The invasion of Egypt by the UK, France, and Israel was condemned by the international community. For once, the US and the USSR stood united, supporting a UN resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egyptian territory. The Soviet unx took a particularly strong stance on the issue.
英法以三国对埃及的入侵遭到国际社会谴责。美苏两国罕见立场一致，共同支持联合国要求外国军队撤出埃及领土的决议。苏联在此问题上态度尤为强硬。
With his characteristic bravado, Nikita Khrushchev threatened decisive measures, including the potential use of thermonuclear strikes against the invading countries. These threats proved effective: by late December, British and French forces were compelled to leave Egypt, followed by Israel in 1957, which released all prisoners of war.
赫鲁晓夫以标志性的虚张声势发出威胁，表示将采取决定性措施，包括可能对入侵国实施热核打击。这些恫吓立竿见影：截至 1956 年 12 月下旬，英法部队被迫撤离埃及；1957 年，以色列也最终撤军，并释放了全部战俘。
The Aswan High Dam, a “pyramid for the living”
阿斯旺高坝——这座"生者的金字塔"
Nasser continued to foster close ties with the USSR. Over 14 years, military aid from the Soviet unx totaled nearly $3 billion, and during the Six-Day War in 1967, Moscow unconditionally sided with Egypt. Domestically, Nasser focused on developing socialism, sharply criticizing the policies of capitalist nations in the Middle East.
纳赛尔继续与苏联保持紧密关系。14 年间，苏联提供的军事援助总额近 30 亿美元，且在 1967 年"六日战争"期间，莫斯科无条件站在埃及一边。在国内政策上，纳赛尔致力于发展社会主义，尖锐批判中东地区资本主义国家的政策。
The Aswan High Dam – called the ‘pride of Egypt’ – was also constructed with the assistance of Soviet specialists. Unfortunately, Nasser didn’t live to see the project completed – he passed away several months before the dam became operational.
阿斯旺高坝——被誉为"埃及的骄傲"——也是在苏联专家的协助下建成的。遗憾的是，纳赛尔未能亲眼见证工程竣工，他在大坝投入运营前几个月便与世长辞。
In 1958, the USSR and Egypt signed an agreement granting Cairo a loan of 113 million Egyptian pounds (approximately $400 million), along with technical assistance and resources. Egypt repaid this loan several years after construction ended (though part of the debt was waived), by means of revenue from the Suez Canal.
1958 年，苏联与埃及签署协议，向开罗提供 1.13 亿埃及镑（约合 4 亿美元）贷款，并提供技术援助与资源支持。埃及在工程结束数年后（虽然部分债务被免除）通过苏伊士运河的收益偿还了这笔贷款。
In 1960, Nasser ceremoniously launched the construction by detonating ten tons of dynamite to break through an earthen barrier. The dam’s construction was labor-intensive and took 11 years to complete. Four years later, Nasser and Khrushchev celebrated the filling of the reservoir together. The dam employed 36,000 Egyptian workers and more than 2,000 Soviet specialists.
1960 年，纳赛尔庄严启动大坝建设，通过引爆十吨炸药突破土堤屏障。大坝建设采用密集劳动力，耗时 11 年才完工。四年后，纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫共同庆祝水库蓄水。该工程雇佣了 36,000 名埃及工人和 2,000 多名苏联专家。
Today, the dam can hold over 160 billion cubic meters of water annually in Lake Nasser, and the turbines generate about 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity—roughly half of the country’s energy supply. “In antiquity, we built pyramids for the dead. Now we will build new pyramids for the living,”Nasser famously said about the dam.
如今，大坝每年能在纳赛尔湖蓄积超过 1600 亿立方米的水量，涡轮机发电量约达 100 亿千瓦时——约占全国能源供应的一半。关于这座大坝，纳赛尔曾有名言："古时我们为死者建造金字塔，如今我们将为生者建造新的金字塔。"
The Steel Factory in Helwan was also constructed with Soviet support. By the early 1970s, 33 major industrial enterprises in Egypt had been launched with Soviet involvement, all of which continue to play a crucial role in the country’s economy.
赫勒万钢铁厂也是在苏联援助下建成的。到 20 世纪 70 年代初，埃及已有 33 家大型工业企业在苏联参与下投产，这些企业至今仍在埃及经济中发挥着关键作用。
In 1958, Nasser visited the USSR; and Khrushchev, during his trip to Egypt in May 1964, awarded Nasser the title of Hero of the Soviet unx and presented him with the Order of Lenin – the highest honor in the country at the time.
1958 年，纳赛尔访问苏联；赫鲁晓夫则在 1964 年 5 月访问埃及期间，授予纳赛尔"苏联英雄"称号，并颁发了当时国家最高荣誉——列宁勋章。
Pan-Arabism that did not last long
昙花一现的泛阿拉伯主义
After the victory in the Suez Crisis, Nasser’s stature soared to unprecedented heights. Not just in Egypt but throughout the Arab world, he became known as a leader capable of uniting Arabs and pursuing an independent policy free from Western influence.
苏伊士危机胜利后，纳赛尔的威望达到了前所未有的高度。不仅在埃及，整个阿拉伯世界都将他视为能够团结阿拉伯人、推行独立于西方影响政策的领袖。
Upon returning from a trip to Syria, Nasser reflected: “England and France invaded this region under the guise of the Crusades, which were expressions of British-French imperialism... It’s no coincidence that General Allenby, who commanded the British forces, proclaimed upon arriving in Jerusalem, ‘The wars of the Crusades are now complete’. And it’s not a coincidence that on visiting Saladin’s tomb in Damascus, General Gouraud declared, ‘Saladin, we’re back!’”
从叙利亚访问归来后，纳赛尔反思道："英国和法国以十字军东征为幌子入侵这片土地，这实质上是英法帝国主义的体现......英军统帅艾伦比将军抵达耶路撒冷时宣称'十字军战争现已完成'绝非偶然。同样不是巧合的是，古罗将军在大马士革参观萨拉丁陵墓时宣告：'萨拉丁，我们回来了！'"
In 1958, the Syrian government proposed a unx with Egypt. Nasser agreed, provided Egypt would maintain political dominance in the arrangement, and he was elected president of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Other Arab nations were invited to join, including Yemen, which seized this opportunity.
1958 年，叙利亚政府提议与埃及合并。纳赛尔以埃及在联盟中保持政治主导权为前提表示同意，并当选为阿拉伯联合共和国总统。其他阿拉伯国家也被邀请加入，包括也门在内的国家抓住了这一机遇。
This allowed Nasser to become a real leader of the pan-Arab movement. He launched a sweeping campaign to nationalize banks and private enterprises, disbanded Syrian political parties, and initiated agricultural reforms in Syria.
这让纳赛尔成为了泛阿拉伯运动的真正领袖。他发起了一场全面的国有化运动，将银行和私营企业收归国有，解散了叙利亚的政党，并在叙利亚推行农业改革。
The history of the UAR was short-lived, however; after a coup in Syria in 1961, the country withdrew from the UAR due to tensions over Egypt’s claims to a leading role. Subsequent attempts to form a unified Arab state failed.
然而，阿拉伯联合共和国的历史十分短暂；1961 年叙利亚发生政变后，由于对埃及谋求主导地位的不满，该国退出了阿联。之后建立统一阿拉伯国家的尝试也均告失败。
Egypt also lost the Six-Day War against Israel in 1967, which was initiated by a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) and was aimed at dismantling the Jewish state. Nasser, still hopeful for pan-Arab unity, played a pivotal role in this conflict. Just before the war, he forged a military alliance with Syria and began repositioning troops along the Israeli border, demanding the immediate withdrawal of UN peacekeepers (who had been monitoring the ceasefire after the Suez Crisis) from the Sinai Peninsula.
埃及还在 1967 年对以色列的六日战争中失利，这场战争由阿拉伯国家联盟（主要是埃及、叙利亚和约旦）发动，旨在瓦解犹太国家。仍对泛阿拉伯统一抱有希望的纳赛尔在此次冲突中扮演了关键角色。战前，他与叙利亚缔结军事同盟，开始在以色列边境重新部署部队，并要求联合国维和部队（苏伊士运河危机后一直监督停火）立即撤离西奈半岛。
The Six-Day War dealt Egypt a severe blow – it lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, and its air force became incapacitated. In an emotional response to the defeat, Nasser announced his resignation on June 9, but mass demonstrations in his support led him to remain in power.
六日战争给埃及带来了沉重打击——它失去了西奈半岛和加沙地带，空军也陷入瘫痪。面对战败的打击，纳赛尔在 6 月 9 日情绪化地宣布辞职，但大规模示威支持使他继续执政。
A lasting legacy
不朽遗产
In the 20th century, Nasser became a key figure both for Egypt and the broader Arab world. Under his leadership, Egypt finally got rid of British influence and attained a prominent position on the regional stage. Also, at this time Egyptians gained access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.
二十世纪，纳赛尔成为埃及乃至整个阿拉伯世界的关键人物。在他的领导下，埃及最终摆脱了英国的影响，并在地区舞台上获得了突出地位。同时，埃及人民在此期间获得了教育、医疗和其他基本服务。
For millions of Arabs, Nasser symbolizes the unfulfilled dream of unity. Yet for historians, he is also a vivid example of how a charismatic leader’s ambitions can collide with the limits of reality.
对数百万阿拉伯人而言，纳赛尔象征着尚未实现的统一梦想。而对历史学家来说，他也生动展现了魅力领袖的雄心如何与现实局限相碰撞。
Nasser was a complex character: commanding respect as a strong leader embodying Arab hopes for unity, he also demonstrated authoritarian tendencies, and ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. A hero of the anti-colonial struggle, he was also a leader whose system crumbled in 1967 following the defeat in the war with Israel.
纳赛尔是个复杂的人物：作为体现阿拉伯统一希望的强势领袖，他赢得了尊重，但也展现出独裁倾向，残酷镇压任何反对声音。这位反殖民斗争的英雄，同时也是 1967 年与以色列战争失败后其政权体系崩塌的统治者。
Nevertheless, Nasser continues to be a symbol of Arab nationalism and unity. His foreign policy gave rise to a new ideology – “Nasserism” – which blends Arab nationalism with socialist principles, providing an alternative to both Western capitalism and Soviet Communism.
尽管如此，纳赛尔至今仍是阿拉伯民族主义与团结的象征。他的外交政策催生了一种新意识形态——"纳赛尔主义"，将阿拉伯民族主义与社会主义原则相融合，为既反对西方资本主义又拒斥苏联共产主义的人们提供了第三条道路。
Tamara Ryzhenkova
By Tamara Ryzhenkova, senior lecturer at the Department of History of the Middle East, St. Petersburg State University, expert for the Telegram channel JAMAL
作者：塔玛拉·雷任科娃（圣彼得堡国立大学中东历史系高级讲师，Telegram 频道 JAMAL 专家）
Meet the colonel who defied Britain, challenged Israel, and became a godlike hero to Gaddafi and millions of Arabs
认识纳赛尔：对抗英国、挑战以色列，被卡扎菲和数百万阿拉伯人奉若神明的上校
For millions, Nasser remains a symbol of pan-Arabism and the unfulfilled dream of unity
对数百万人而言，纳赛尔仍是泛阿拉伯主义与未竟统一梦的象征
On September 28, 1970, the Middle East was shaken by the sudden death of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, who passed away at the age of 52. The news came just hours after the conclusion of an Arab League Summit, following which Nasser personally escorted Kuwaiti Emir Sabah III home. The man whom millions regarded as their leader and protector died as a result of a sudden heart attack.
1970 年 9 月 28 日，埃及总统加麦尔·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔突发心脏病逝世，年仅 52 岁，整个中东为之震动。这一消息传出时，阿拉伯国家联盟峰会刚刚结束数小时，纳赛尔还亲自将科威特埃米尔萨巴赫三世送回家中。这位被数百万人视为领袖与保护者的伟人，生命就这样戛然而止。
An estimated five million people came to Nasser’s funeral in Cairo. Every Arab head of state came to pay their last respects, except for King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, whose relations with Nasser had deteriorated over the Yemeni war. King Hussein of Jordan and Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat wept at the funeral, while Muammar Gaddafi, who idolized Nasser, fainted twice. In Beirut, mournful demonstrations erupted into riots, resulting in 14 fatalities. Meanwhile, in Jerusalem, tens of thousands of Palestinians marched, chanting, “Nasser will never die!”
约五百万人涌入开罗参加纳赛尔的葬礼。除因也门战争与纳赛尔关系恶化的沙特国王费萨尔外，所有阿拉伯国家元首都前来致哀。约旦国王侯赛因和巴勒斯坦领袖亚西尔·阿拉法特在葬礼上失声痛哭，而崇拜纳赛尔的穆阿迈尔·卡扎菲两次昏厥。贝鲁特的悼念示威演变成骚乱，造成 14 人死亡。与此同时，耶路撒冷数万名巴勒斯坦人高呼"纳赛尔永垂不朽"游行示威。
That day, from Algiers to Aden the streets resonated with a single question, “Why did you leave us, Gamal?” For millions of Arabs, his death symbolized not just the loss of a man, but the shattering of a dream – a dream of unity, independence, and the revival of a civilization he embodied.
那一天，从阿尔及尔到亚丁，街头巷尾回荡着同一个问题："你为何离我们而去，贾迈勒？"对数百万阿拉伯人而言，他的逝世不仅意味着一个人的逝去，更象征着一个梦想的破碎——那个关于团结、独立与他所代表的文明复兴的梦想。
Military man: The path to leadership
军人本色：通往权力之路
Gamal Abdel Nasser was born on January 15, 1918, in Alexandria to a modest family; his father worked as a postal clerk. Due to his father’s profession the family often relocated, so young Gamal attended schools in various cities in Egypt.
1918 年 1 月 15 日，贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔出生于亚历山大城一个普通家庭，父亲是邮局职员。由于父亲职业的特性，全家经常搬迁，因此年幼的贾迈勒曾在埃及多个城市求学。
Nasser began to display political and organizational skills in his early teens by participating in demonstrations against British intervention in Egyptian affairs. He even led one such protest where he engaged in a scuffle with the police, sustaining a minor head injury that earned him media attention.
纳赛尔在少年时期就展现出政治与组织才能，积极参与反对英国干涉埃及内政的示威活动。他甚至在一次抗议中带头与警察发生冲突，头部受轻伤的事件还登上了报纸。
At the same time, Nasser was captivated by books on Islam and biographies of great historical leaders. He was particularly drawn to the ideas of Egyptian nationalists, including politician Mustafa Kamel and poet Ahmed Shawqi.
与此同时，纳赛尔沉醉于伊斯兰典籍和历史伟人传记的阅读。他尤其着迷于埃及民族主义者的思想，包括政治家穆斯塔法·卡迈勒和诗人艾哈迈德·邵基的作品。
Later, he credited his revolutionary zeal to the writer Tawfiq al-Hakim, who, in one of his novels, emphasized the need for a strong leader to realize the aspirations and hopes of the Egyptian people.
后来他将自己的革命热忱归功于作家陶菲格·哈基姆——这位作家在其小说中深刻指出，埃及人民需要一位强有力的领导者来实现他们的理想与希望。
When Nasser entered the Military Academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, who would become his steadfast allies. Both would later rise to high positions in the government: Amer became Egypt’s vice president in 1958, while Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after his death.
进入军事学院后，纳赛尔结识了阿卜杜勒·哈基姆·阿梅尔和安瓦尔·萨达特，这两位后来成为他最坚定的盟友。他们日后都身居高位：阿梅尔于 1958 年出任埃及副总统，而萨达特则在纳赛尔去世后继任总统之位。
In 1942, as a lieutenant in the infantry, Nasser was admitted to the General Staff Academy, where he began to actively recruit like-minded nationalists committed to overthrowing the pro-British King Farouk I.
1942 年，纳赛尔作为步兵中尉被总参谋部学院录取，开始积极招揽志同道合、致力于推翻亲英派法鲁克一世国王的民族主义者。
Nasser acquired combat experience during the Arab-Israeli war in the late 1940s, serving with the Sixth Infantry Battalion. Later, he taught at the military college of the General Staff and secretly held the meetings of his opposition group, the Free Officers movement.
纳赛尔在 1940 年代末期的阿以战争中积累了作战经验，当时他在第六步兵营服役。后来，他在总参谋部的军事学院任教，并秘密主持反对派组织"自由军官运动"的会议。
From a monarchy to a republic
从君主制到共和制
The Free Officers gained significant popularity among both the military and the general populace when they welcomed the respected general and Arab-Israeli war hero Mohamed Naguib into their ranks in 1949. The tension in the country was palpable, as British dominance and high unemployment weighed heavily on the people.
自由军官组织在 1949 年欢迎受人尊敬的将军暨阿以战争英雄穆罕默德·纳吉布加入他们的行列后，在军队和普通民众中获得了极高的声望。当时国家局势紧张，英国的主导地位和高失业率沉重地压在人民心头。
On July 23, 1952, troops loyal to the Free Officers seized key government buildings across the nation, forcing King Farouk I to abdicate and flee the country. The military coup – which was practically bloodless and didn’t grow into a large-scale conflict – entered Egyptian history as the July Revolution. The Revolutionary Command Council, led by Naguib (who later became the first president of Egypt) became the country’s supreme authority. The fall of the monarchy marked the establishment of a republic.
1952 年 7 月 23 日，效忠于自由军官组织的部队占领了全国各关键政府机构，迫使法鲁克一世国王退位流亡。这场几乎没有流血冲突、也未演变成大规模对抗的军事政变，作为"七月革命"载入埃及史册。由纳吉布（后成为埃及首任总统）领导的革命指导委员会成为国家最高权力机构。君主制的垮台标志着共和国的建立。
How the British rule ended
英国统治如何终结
Nasser remained in the shadows but was in fact the country’s leader and main decision-maker. He held the rank of colonel until his death.
纳赛尔虽身处幕后，但实际上是国家的领导者和主要决策者。他终生保持着上校军衔直至去世。
Nasser successfully advanced his anti-British policy: in 1954, an Anglo-Egyptian agreement was signed in Cairo, mandating the withdrawal of British troops from all of Egypt, including the Suez Canal zone. This landmark event brought an end to British military presence in the country that had lasted since 1882.
纳赛尔成功推进了他的反英政策：1954 年，英埃双方在开罗签署协议，规定英军从埃及全境（包括苏伊士运河区）撤军。这一里程碑事件终结了自 1882 年以来英国在该国的军事存在。
The controversial land reform implemented by Nasser in 1952 was largely welcomed by the Egyptian public for an obvious reason: aimed at addressing wealth inequality, it sought to redistribute land from large landowners to farmers, capping individual land holdings at 84 hectares.
纳赛尔 1952 年推行的争议性土地改革受到了埃及民众的广泛欢迎，原因显而易见：这项旨在解决财富不平等的政策，试图将大地主的土地重新分配给农民，并将个人土地持有量上限设定为 84 公顷。
During this period, divisions surfaced among the revolutionaries and as Nasser solidified his power, he increasingly cracked down on his opponents. President Mohamed Naguib, who distanced himself from the land reform and aligned more closely with the old political forces, was soon ousted and placed under house arrest.
在此期间，革命阵营内部出现分歧，随着纳赛尔巩固权力，他加大了对反对派的打压力度。穆罕默德·纳吉布总统因疏离土地改革并更倾向于旧政治势力，不久便被罢免并遭软禁。
Not everyone viewed Nasser’s policies as a beacon of hope for the future. In 1954, he survived an assassination attempt in Alexandria by a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, which triggered a widespread purge. Thousands of the organization’s supporters were arrested, including the movement’s leader, Sayyid Qutb, who was later sentenced to death.
并非所有人都将纳赛尔的政策视为未来希望的灯塔。1954 年，他在亚历山大港躲过穆斯林兄弟会成员的暗杀企图，此事引发大规模清洗行动。该组织数千名支持者被捕，包括运动领袖赛义德·库特布——他后来被判处死刑。
Nasser headed the Revolutionary Command Council and banned public organizations and political parties. Egyptians saw him as a strong leader capable of restoring the nation and reclaiming its former glory. In 1956, following a nationwide referendum, he was elected president.
纳赛尔领导革命指导委员会，并取缔了公共组织和政党。埃及民众视他为能够复兴国家、重拾昔日荣光的强势领袖。1956 年经全民公投后，他当选总统。
The Suez crisis: A shift toward the USSR
苏伊士危机：向苏联的靠拢
On July 26, 1956, a pivotal event changed the country’s course: during a rally in Alexandria, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal, which had been operated by a British-French company, citing the need to finance the construction of the Aswan High Dam. This move was a direct response to the United States and Great Britain, who had refused to finance the dam’s construction, ultimately prompting Nasser to seek closer ties with the USSR, which stepped in to support the massive project.
1956 年 7 月 26 日，一个关键事件改变了国家命运：在亚历山大港的集会上，纳赛尔宣布将由英法公司运营的苏伊士运河收归国有，并指出此举旨在为阿斯旺高坝建设筹措资金。这一行动直指美英两国——它们此前拒绝为水坝工程提供资金，最终促使纳赛尔寻求与苏联建立更紧密关系，后者随后介入支持了这一庞大工程。
Interestingly, just a few years earlier, amid the Cold War, the US had attempted to draw post-revolutionary Egypt into an anti-Soviet bloc. In 1953, during a meeting with US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, who urged Egypt to join a coalition against the USSR, Nasser declined, stating, “The Soviet unx has never occupied our territory... but the British have been here for 70 years.”
耐人寻味的是，就在几年前冷战期间，美国曾试图将革命后的埃及拉入反苏阵营。1953 年，纳赛尔在与美国国务卿约翰·福斯特·杜勒斯会面时，对方极力敦促埃及加入反苏同盟，却遭到拒绝："苏联从未占领过我们的领土……而英国人却在这里盘踞了 70 年。"
He also said, “We’re a sentimental people. We like a few kind words better than millions of dollars given in a humiliating way.”
他还说道："我们是个重情义的民族。比起带着羞辱施舍的百万美元，我们更珍视几句暖心的话语。"
Even before announcing the nationalization of the Suez Canal, Egypt had signed an agreement with the USSR and Czechoslovakia (which was part of the Eastern Bloc) for the supply of military equipment. While the Soviet unx supplied most of the weapons, Czechoslovakia’s involvement was necessary to deflect accusations of disturbing the balance of power in the Middle East.
在宣布苏伊士运河国有化之前，埃及就已与苏联及捷克斯洛伐克（当时属东方阵营）签署了军事装备供应协议。苏联提供了大部分武器，而捷克斯洛伐克的参与则是为了规避"破坏中东力量平衡"的指控。
The nationalization of the Suez Canal, which symbolized Egypt’s liberation from colonial rule, provoked an armed conflict and a major international scandal. France, Britain, and Israel (which had concluded an agreement with the European powers) initiated a military campaign known as the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt.
象征埃及摆脱殖民统治的苏伊士运河国有化行动，引发了一场武装冲突与重大国际丑闻。法国、英国及以色列（此前已与欧洲列强达成协议）联合发动了针对埃及的军事行动，史称"三国侵略"。
How Nasser and Khrushchev repelled the invaders
纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫如何击退侵略者
In November 1956, Anglo-French forces landed near Port Said and within two days gained control of the city and part of the Suez Canal, while Israel took Sharm El Sheikh in the southern Sinai Peninsula. Almost all of Sinai fell under the control of the invaders and Egyptian troops suffered significant losses, with approximately 2,000 killed and 5,000 captured.
1956 年 11 月，英法联军在塞得港附近登陆，两天内就控制了该城及部分苏伊士运河区域，而以色列则占领了西奈半岛南部的沙姆沙伊赫。西奈半岛几乎全境沦陷，埃及军队伤亡惨重——约 2000 人阵亡，5000 人被俘。
Then, Britain, France, and Israel launched air raids on Egyptian airfields in the Suez Canal zone. Nasser gave orders to evacuate Sinai and block the Suez Canal by sinking dozens of ships at its entrance. Rejecting a ceasefire proposal, the president assumed the role of commander-in-chief. To resist the aggressors, he distributed about 400,000 rifles to volunteers, forming hundreds of militia units.
随后，英法以三国对苏伊士运河区的埃及机场发动空袭。纳赛尔下令撤出西奈半岛，并通过在运河入口凿沉数十艘船只实施封锁。这位总统拒绝停火提议，亲自担任武装部队总司令，向志愿者分发约 40 万支步枪，组建了数百支民兵部队以抗击侵略者。
The invasion of Egypt by the UK, France, and Israel was condemned by the international community. For once, the US and the USSR stood united, supporting a UN resolution calling for the withdrawal of foreign troops from Egyptian territory. The Soviet unx took a particularly strong stance on the issue.
英法以三国对埃及的入侵遭到国际社会谴责。美苏两国罕见立场一致，共同支持联合国要求外国军队撤出埃及领土的决议。苏联在此问题上态度尤为强硬。
With his characteristic bravado, Nikita Khrushchev threatened decisive measures, including the potential use of thermonuclear strikes against the invading countries. These threats proved effective: by late December, British and French forces were compelled to leave Egypt, followed by Israel in 1957, which released all prisoners of war.
赫鲁晓夫以标志性的虚张声势发出威胁，表示将采取决定性措施，包括可能对入侵国实施热核打击。这些恫吓立竿见影：截至 1956 年 12 月下旬，英法部队被迫撤离埃及；1957 年，以色列也最终撤军，并释放了全部战俘。
The Aswan High Dam, a “pyramid for the living”
阿斯旺高坝——这座"生者的金字塔"
Nasser continued to foster close ties with the USSR. Over 14 years, military aid from the Soviet unx totaled nearly $3 billion, and during the Six-Day War in 1967, Moscow unconditionally sided with Egypt. Domestically, Nasser focused on developing socialism, sharply criticizing the policies of capitalist nations in the Middle East.
纳赛尔继续与苏联保持紧密关系。14 年间，苏联提供的军事援助总额近 30 亿美元，且在 1967 年"六日战争"期间，莫斯科无条件站在埃及一边。在国内政策上，纳赛尔致力于发展社会主义，尖锐批判中东地区资本主义国家的政策。
The Aswan High Dam – called the ‘pride of Egypt’ – was also constructed with the assistance of Soviet specialists. Unfortunately, Nasser didn’t live to see the project completed – he passed away several months before the dam became operational.
阿斯旺高坝——被誉为"埃及的骄傲"——也是在苏联专家的协助下建成的。遗憾的是，纳赛尔未能亲眼见证工程竣工，他在大坝投入运营前几个月便与世长辞。
In 1958, the USSR and Egypt signed an agreement granting Cairo a loan of 113 million Egyptian pounds (approximately $400 million), along with technical assistance and resources. Egypt repaid this loan several years after construction ended (though part of the debt was waived), by means of revenue from the Suez Canal.
1958 年，苏联与埃及签署协议，向开罗提供 1.13 亿埃及镑（约合 4 亿美元）贷款，并提供技术援助与资源支持。埃及在工程结束数年后（虽然部分债务被免除）通过苏伊士运河的收益偿还了这笔贷款。
In 1960, Nasser ceremoniously launched the construction by detonating ten tons of dynamite to break through an earthen barrier. The dam’s construction was labor-intensive and took 11 years to complete. Four years later, Nasser and Khrushchev celebrated the filling of the reservoir together. The dam employed 36,000 Egyptian workers and more than 2,000 Soviet specialists.
1960 年，纳赛尔庄严启动大坝建设，通过引爆十吨炸药突破土堤屏障。大坝建设采用密集劳动力，耗时 11 年才完工。四年后，纳赛尔与赫鲁晓夫共同庆祝水库蓄水。该工程雇佣了 36,000 名埃及工人和 2,000 多名苏联专家。
Today, the dam can hold over 160 billion cubic meters of water annually in Lake Nasser, and the turbines generate about 10 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity—roughly half of the country’s energy supply. “In antiquity, we built pyramids for the dead. Now we will build new pyramids for the living,”Nasser famously said about the dam.
如今，大坝每年能在纳赛尔湖蓄积超过 1600 亿立方米的水量，涡轮机发电量约达 100 亿千瓦时——约占全国能源供应的一半。关于这座大坝，纳赛尔曾有名言："古时我们为死者建造金字塔，如今我们将为生者建造新的金字塔。"
The Steel Factory in Helwan was also constructed with Soviet support. By the early 1970s, 33 major industrial enterprises in Egypt had been launched with Soviet involvement, all of which continue to play a crucial role in the country’s economy.
赫勒万钢铁厂也是在苏联援助下建成的。到 20 世纪 70 年代初，埃及已有 33 家大型工业企业在苏联参与下投产，这些企业至今仍在埃及经济中发挥着关键作用。
In 1958, Nasser visited the USSR; and Khrushchev, during his trip to Egypt in May 1964, awarded Nasser the title of Hero of the Soviet unx and presented him with the Order of Lenin – the highest honor in the country at the time.
1958 年，纳赛尔访问苏联；赫鲁晓夫则在 1964 年 5 月访问埃及期间，授予纳赛尔"苏联英雄"称号，并颁发了当时国家最高荣誉——列宁勋章。
Pan-Arabism that did not last long
昙花一现的泛阿拉伯主义
After the victory in the Suez Crisis, Nasser’s stature soared to unprecedented heights. Not just in Egypt but throughout the Arab world, he became known as a leader capable of uniting Arabs and pursuing an independent policy free from Western influence.
苏伊士危机胜利后，纳赛尔的威望达到了前所未有的高度。不仅在埃及，整个阿拉伯世界都将他视为能够团结阿拉伯人、推行独立于西方影响政策的领袖。
Upon returning from a trip to Syria, Nasser reflected: “England and France invaded this region under the guise of the Crusades, which were expressions of British-French imperialism... It’s no coincidence that General Allenby, who commanded the British forces, proclaimed upon arriving in Jerusalem, ‘The wars of the Crusades are now complete’. And it’s not a coincidence that on visiting Saladin’s tomb in Damascus, General Gouraud declared, ‘Saladin, we’re back!’”
从叙利亚访问归来后，纳赛尔反思道："英国和法国以十字军东征为幌子入侵这片土地，这实质上是英法帝国主义的体现......英军统帅艾伦比将军抵达耶路撒冷时宣称'十字军战争现已完成'绝非偶然。同样不是巧合的是，古罗将军在大马士革参观萨拉丁陵墓时宣告：'萨拉丁，我们回来了！'"
In 1958, the Syrian government proposed a unx with Egypt. Nasser agreed, provided Egypt would maintain political dominance in the arrangement, and he was elected president of the United Arab Republic (UAR). Other Arab nations were invited to join, including Yemen, which seized this opportunity.
1958 年，叙利亚政府提议与埃及合并。纳赛尔以埃及在联盟中保持政治主导权为前提表示同意，并当选为阿拉伯联合共和国总统。其他阿拉伯国家也被邀请加入，包括也门在内的国家抓住了这一机遇。
This allowed Nasser to become a real leader of the pan-Arab movement. He launched a sweeping campaign to nationalize banks and private enterprises, disbanded Syrian political parties, and initiated agricultural reforms in Syria.
这让纳赛尔成为了泛阿拉伯运动的真正领袖。他发起了一场全面的国有化运动，将银行和私营企业收归国有，解散了叙利亚的政党，并在叙利亚推行农业改革。
The history of the UAR was short-lived, however; after a coup in Syria in 1961, the country withdrew from the UAR due to tensions over Egypt’s claims to a leading role. Subsequent attempts to form a unified Arab state failed.
然而，阿拉伯联合共和国的历史十分短暂；1961 年叙利亚发生政变后，由于对埃及谋求主导地位的不满，该国退出了阿联。之后建立统一阿拉伯国家的尝试也均告失败。
Egypt also lost the Six-Day War against Israel in 1967, which was initiated by a coalition of Arab states (primarily Egypt, Syria, and Jordan) and was aimed at dismantling the Jewish state. Nasser, still hopeful for pan-Arab unity, played a pivotal role in this conflict. Just before the war, he forged a military alliance with Syria and began repositioning troops along the Israeli border, demanding the immediate withdrawal of UN peacekeepers (who had been monitoring the ceasefire after the Suez Crisis) from the Sinai Peninsula.
埃及还在 1967 年对以色列的六日战争中失利，这场战争由阿拉伯国家联盟（主要是埃及、叙利亚和约旦）发动，旨在瓦解犹太国家。仍对泛阿拉伯统一抱有希望的纳赛尔在此次冲突中扮演了关键角色。战前，他与叙利亚缔结军事同盟，开始在以色列边境重新部署部队，并要求联合国维和部队（苏伊士运河危机后一直监督停火）立即撤离西奈半岛。
The Six-Day War dealt Egypt a severe blow – it lost the Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip, and its air force became incapacitated. In an emotional response to the defeat, Nasser announced his resignation on June 9, but mass demonstrations in his support led him to remain in power.
六日战争给埃及带来了沉重打击——它失去了西奈半岛和加沙地带，空军也陷入瘫痪。面对战败的打击，纳赛尔在 6 月 9 日情绪化地宣布辞职，但大规模示威支持使他继续执政。
A lasting legacy
不朽遗产
In the 20th century, Nasser became a key figure both for Egypt and the broader Arab world. Under his leadership, Egypt finally got rid of British influence and attained a prominent position on the regional stage. Also, at this time Egyptians gained access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.
二十世纪，纳赛尔成为埃及乃至整个阿拉伯世界的关键人物。在他的领导下，埃及最终摆脱了英国的影响，并在地区舞台上获得了突出地位。同时，埃及人民在此期间获得了教育、医疗和其他基本服务。
For millions of Arabs, Nasser symbolizes the unfulfilled dream of unity. Yet for historians, he is also a vivid example of how a charismatic leader’s ambitions can collide with the limits of reality.
对数百万阿拉伯人而言，纳赛尔象征着尚未实现的统一梦想。而对历史学家来说，他也生动展现了魅力领袖的雄心如何与现实局限相碰撞。
Nasser was a complex character: commanding respect as a strong leader embodying Arab hopes for unity, he also demonstrated authoritarian tendencies, and ruthlessly suppressed any opposition. A hero of the anti-colonial struggle, he was also a leader whose system crumbled in 1967 following the defeat in the war with Israel.
纳赛尔是个复杂的人物：作为体现阿拉伯统一希望的强势领袖，他赢得了尊重，但也展现出独裁倾向，残酷镇压任何反对声音。这位反殖民斗争的英雄，同时也是 1967 年与以色列战争失败后其政权体系崩塌的统治者。
Nevertheless, Nasser continues to be a symbol of Arab nationalism and unity. His foreign policy gave rise to a new ideology – “Nasserism” – which blends Arab nationalism with socialist principles, providing an alternative to both Western capitalism and Soviet Communism.
尽管如此，纳赛尔至今仍是阿拉伯民族主义与团结的象征。他的外交政策催生了一种新意识形态——"纳赛尔主义"，将阿拉伯民族主义与社会主义原则相融合，为既反对西方资本主义又拒斥苏联共产主义的人们提供了第三条道路。
Tamara Ryzhenkova
By Tamara Ryzhenkova, senior lecturer at the Department of History of the Middle East, St. Petersburg State University, expert for the Telegram channel JAMAL
作者：塔玛拉·雷任科娃（圣彼得堡国立大学中东历史系高级讲师，Telegram 频道 JAMAL 专家）
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