斯堪的纳维亚国家为什么如此富有？
正文翻译
Why are Scandinavian countries so rich?
斯堪的纳维亚国家为什么如此富有？
斯堪的纳维亚国家为什么如此富有？
评论翻译
Dulcet Aurora
甜美的极光
甜美的极光
Because the way you build wealth is to FIRST focus on social cohesion, knowledge gains, and health.
因为积累财富的方式是首先要关注社会凝聚力、知识获取和健康。
因为积累财富的方式是首先要关注社会凝聚力、知识获取和健康。
They have done this and continue to do this. Other countries are focused on profit, even if they erode those very aspects (social, intellectual, natural capital) that allowed them to be productive in the first place.
他们已经这样做了，并且继续这样做。其他国家则专注于利润，即使这些利润侵蚀了最初使他们具有生产力的那些方面（社会、智力、自然资本）。
他们已经这样做了，并且继续这样做。其他国家则专注于利润，即使这些利润侵蚀了最初使他们具有生产力的那些方面（社会、智力、自然资本）。
It's a huge gap.
这是一个巨大的差距。
这是一个巨大的差距。
Bruno Gripp
Incredible that most answers, even by economists and native people, hardly got further than WWII. Well, by WWII, Sweden, Denmark and Norway were already quite rich for any standards, specially when compared to southern Europeans like the PIGS.
令人难以置信的是，大多数答案，甚至包括经济学家和本地人的回答，几乎都没有超越二战。在二战时，瑞典、丹麦和挪威已经非常富裕，特别是与南欧的PIGS国家相比。
Incredible that most answers, even by economists and native people, hardly got further than WWII. Well, by WWII, Sweden, Denmark and Norway were already quite rich for any standards, specially when compared to southern Europeans like the PIGS.
令人难以置信的是，大多数答案，甚至包括经济学家和本地人的回答，几乎都没有超越二战。在二战时，瑞典、丹麦和挪威已经非常富裕，特别是与南欧的PIGS国家相比。
I don't want to give a complete answer, but there are some reasons, some geographical. Several mentioned the rich mineral reserves they have, which is a very good thing, but is also important to mention their proximity to the largest economies of Europe (UK and Germany), which were in the late 1800's the largest in the world. And this geographical closeness I think is the main reason for their success.
我不想给出一个完整的答案，但有一些原因，其中一些是地理方面的。有几个人提到了他们丰富的矿产资源，这是一件非常好的事情，但同样重要的是要提到他们与欧洲最大经济体（英国和德国）的接近，这些经济体在19世纪末是世界上最大的。我认为这种地理上的接近是他们成功的主要原因。
我不想给出一个完整的答案，但有一些原因，其中一些是地理方面的。有几个人提到了他们丰富的矿产资源，这是一件非常好的事情，但同样重要的是要提到他们与欧洲最大经济体（英国和德国）的接近，这些经济体在19世纪末是世界上最大的。我认为这种地理上的接近是他们成功的主要原因。
In fact, Sweden and Denmark tied their economies to their larger partners. The latter became a major producer of agricultural goods and helped to fed the Industrial Revolution in England (where agricultural production plummeted in its first stages); the former was a major source of iron ore to the industrialization of Germany. Therefore, their economies benefited from the huge growth brought by the industrialization of the European behemoths. While larger, imperialistic countries faced enormous challenges during the last 100 years, the Scandinavians skipped these problems and benefited from it.
事实上，瑞典和丹麦将各自的经济与更大的伙伴国绑定。丹麦成为主要的农产品生产国，并帮助推动了英国的工业革命（在工业革命的初期，英国的农业生产急剧下降）；瑞典则是德国工业化进程中的主要铁矿石来源。因此，他们的经济从欧洲巨头的工业化带来的巨大增长中受益。而在过去100年中，较大的帝国主义国家面临着巨大的挑战，斯堪的纳维亚国家则避开了这些问题并从中获益。
事实上，瑞典和丹麦将各自的经济与更大的伙伴国绑定。丹麦成为主要的农产品生产国，并帮助推动了英国的工业革命（在工业革命的初期，英国的农业生产急剧下降）；瑞典则是德国工业化进程中的主要铁矿石来源。因此，他们的经济从欧洲巨头的工业化带来的巨大增长中受益。而在过去100年中，较大的帝国主义国家面临着巨大的挑战，斯堪的纳维亚国家则避开了这些问题并从中获益。
So I disagree the CAUSES for the wealth in the Scandinavian countries are their institutions, the ease of doing business, and all those things, these are rather the CONSEQUENCES of their success (eg. South Korea was far from a democratic heaven, but it nevertheless experienced arguably the most impressive growth in recent history). If you look at the causes, yes natural resources are an important reason, yes they remaining neutral in WWI and Sweden also in WWII is a very important reason, but I think the way they used the growth of Germany and the UK to their own advantage is the main reason for their successes. Religion is a cause? Perhaps in the way it fostered a very early high literacy rate, but as a whole perhaps not so much. While I'm not an expert in Scandinavian Lutheranism, it must be said that the form of Christianity which Max Weber said is most close to the 'Spirit of Capitalism' is not the Lutheran Church, but the Calvinist churches influential in the cradles of modern capitalism: England, USA and the Netherlands.
所以我不同意斯堪的纳维亚国家财富的原因在于他们的制度、商业便利性等因素，这些实际上是他们成功的后果（例如，韩国远非民主天堂，但它却经历了近代历史上最令人印象深刻的增长）。如果你看看原因，自然资源确实是一个重要原因，他们在第一次世界大战中保持中立，瑞典在第二次世界大战中也保持中立，这也是一个非常重要的原因，但我认为他们利用德国和英国的增长为自己谋利的方式是他们成功的主要原因。宗教是一个原因吗？也许在它促进了早期的高识字率方面，但整体而言可能并不那么重要。虽然我不是斯堪的纳维亚路德教的专家，但必须说，马克斯·韦伯所说的最接近“资本主义精神”的基督教形式不是路德教会，而是在现代资本主义发源地：英国、美国和荷兰有影响力的加尔文教会。
所以我不同意斯堪的纳维亚国家财富的原因在于他们的制度、商业便利性等因素，这些实际上是他们成功的后果（例如，韩国远非民主天堂，但它却经历了近代历史上最令人印象深刻的增长）。如果你看看原因，自然资源确实是一个重要原因，他们在第一次世界大战中保持中立，瑞典在第二次世界大战中也保持中立，这也是一个非常重要的原因，但我认为他们利用德国和英国的增长为自己谋利的方式是他们成功的主要原因。宗教是一个原因吗？也许在它促进了早期的高识字率方面，但整体而言可能并不那么重要。虽然我不是斯堪的纳维亚路德教的专家，但必须说，马克斯·韦伯所说的最接近“资本主义精神”的基督教形式不是路德教会，而是在现代资本主义发源地：英国、美国和荷兰有影响力的加尔文教会。
I'm not a specialist in neither Economics or History of Scandinavia. BUt I'd like to add these remarks. They benefited from historical and geographical conditions no other country had (eg. you can't compare Portugal to Denmark, or Greece to Finland).
我不是经济学或斯堪的纳维亚历史的专家。但我想补充这些观点。他们受益于其他任何国家都没有的历史和地理条件（例如，你不能将葡萄牙与丹麦，或希腊与芬兰进行比较）。
我不是经济学或斯堪的纳维亚历史的专家。但我想补充这些观点。他们受益于其他任何国家都没有的历史和地理条件（例如，你不能将葡萄牙与丹麦，或希腊与芬兰进行比较）。
A few reasons:
几个原因：
几个原因：
They were not enslaved during the age of colonialism and did not have their borders randomly redrawn.
他们在殖民时代没有被奴役，也没有被随意重新划定边界。
他们在殖民时代没有被奴役，也没有被随意重新划定边界。
They established democracy, equality for the law and trusted public institutions early on. The benefits of these are cumulative over time.
他们早期建立了民主、法律平等和可信的公共机构。这些好处随着时间的推移是累积的。
他们早期建立了民主、法律平等和可信的公共机构。这些好处随着时间的推移是累积的。
They haven't been at war with each other for about 200 years. Norway and Denmark were occupied by Germany from 1940 to 1945, but for the most part the Nordic countries have enjoyed peace, a strong predictor of prosperity.
他们已经有大约200年没有互相交战了。挪威和丹麦在1940年至1945年间被德国占领，但大多数时候，北欧国家都享有和平，这是繁荣的有力预测因素。
他们已经有大约200年没有互相交战了。挪威和丹麦在1940年至1945年间被德国占领，但大多数时候，北欧国家都享有和平，这是繁荣的有力预测因素。
They haven't been part of the communist experiment.
他们并未参与共产主义的实验。
他们并未参与共产主义的实验。
5) Ethnic homogeneity (in addition to the democratic institutions) promotes trust, which reduces transaction costs.
5) 民族同质性（除了民主制度外）促进了信任，从而降低了交易成本。
5) 民族同质性（除了民主制度外）促进了信任，从而降低了交易成本。
Protestantism encouraged widespread literacy and was less condemning of material wealth than many religions. These attitudes have survived the decline of religion.
新教鼓励广泛的识字率，并且对物质财富的谴责不如许多宗教那样严厉。这些态度在宗教衰落之后仍然存在。
新教鼓励广泛的识字率，并且对物质财富的谴责不如许多宗教那样严厉。这些态度在宗教衰落之后仍然存在。
Norway's abundant energy resources have given it a phenomenal economic growth in this age of rampant energy use. Many Norwegians shop in Sweden and to a lesser degree Denmark, and many workers from other Nordic countries work in Norway when the labor market is weak in their homeland.
挪威丰富的能源资源在这个能源使用猖獗的时代为其带来了惊人的经济增长。许多挪威人在瑞典购物，在较小程度上也在丹麦购物，当其他北欧国家的劳动力市场疲软时，许多来自这些国家的工人在挪威工作。
挪威丰富的能源资源在这个能源使用猖獗的时代为其带来了惊人的经济增长。许多挪威人在瑞典购物，在较小程度上也在丹麦购物，当其他北欧国家的劳动力市场疲软时，许多来自这些国家的工人在挪威工作。
A small population makes it easier to reach agreement on important issues, and political changes take less time. There are a number of small, rich nations outside Scandinavia too.
人口较少使得在重要问题上达成一致变得更容易，政治变革所需的时间也更少。在斯堪的纳维亚之外，也有许多小而富裕的国家。
人口较少使得在重要问题上达成一致变得更容易，政治变革所需的时间也更少。在斯堪的纳维亚之外，也有许多小而富裕的国家。
Taxes
税收
税收
It is not that Scandinavian/Nordic countries are incredibly wealthy in themselves (although natural resources do help). The key factor is that the wealth is pretty evenly distributed. Companies and individuals pay high taxes, around 50 % of their income. Plus VAT, plus several other indirect taxes, on fuel, alcohol, gambling, tobacco and everything else. The taxation level in the nordic countries is probably the highest anywhere in the world.
并不是说斯堪的纳维亚/北欧国家本身非常富有（尽管自然资源确实有所帮助）。关键因素是财富分配相当均匀。公司和个人支付高额税款，大约占其收入的50%。再加上增值税，以及其他几种间接税，如燃料、酒精、赌博、烟草等。北欧国家的税收水平可能是世界上最高的。
并不是说斯堪的纳维亚/北欧国家本身非常富有（尽管自然资源确实有所帮助）。关键因素是财富分配相当均匀。公司和个人支付高额税款，大约占其收入的50%。再加上增值税，以及其他几种间接税，如燃料、酒精、赌博、烟草等。北欧国家的税收水平可能是世界上最高的。
But still - people here (I live in Norway) seems to manage pretty well!
但这里的人们（我住在挪威）似乎过得相当不错！
但这里的人们（我住在挪威）似乎过得相当不错！
The reason is that the taxes are an effective means to distribute wealth. While there a very few super-rich scandinavians (although there are a few!), most of the population is all middle class. And the middle class is thriving.
原因是税收是分配财富的有效手段。虽然斯堪的纳维亚的超级富豪非常少（尽管确实有一些！），但大多数人口都是中产阶级。而且中产阶级正在蓬勃发展。
原因是税收是分配财富的有效手段。虽然斯堪的纳维亚的超级富豪非常少（尽管确实有一些！），但大多数人口都是中产阶级。而且中产阶级正在蓬勃发展。
Tax income goes to public scools, health care and other public works. So everybody can "afford" the same level of health care and education. There's nine months of fully paid maternity leave (and an additional three full months for dads!), plus subsidized day care - so the population growth is stable, "everybody" (in the middle class) works, and stay-at-home moms are very rare. Pretty much everybody gets a good education, because education is, after all, basically free. So it is a good circle, a "spiral of prosperity". For the majority, at least.
税收收入用于公立学校、医疗保健和其他公共工程。因此，每个人都能“负担”相同水平的医疗保健和教育。有九个月的完全带薪产假（父亲还有额外的三个月完全带薪假期！），再加上补贴的日托服务——因此人口增长稳定，“每个人”（在中产阶级中）都工作，全职妈妈非常罕见。几乎每个人都能获得良好的教育，因为教育基本上是免费的。所以这是一个良性循环，一个“繁荣的螺旋”。至少对大多数人来说是这样。
税收收入用于公立学校、医疗保健和其他公共工程。因此，每个人都能“负担”相同水平的医疗保健和教育。有九个月的完全带薪产假（父亲还有额外的三个月完全带薪假期！），再加上补贴的日托服务——因此人口增长稳定，“每个人”（在中产阶级中）都工作，全职妈妈非常罕见。几乎每个人都能获得良好的教育，因为教育基本上是免费的。所以这是一个良性循环，一个“繁荣的螺旋”。至少对大多数人来说是这样。
Good luck trying to replicate this in other countries, though.
不过，祝你好运在其他国家复制这个。
不过，祝你好运在其他国家复制这个。
So the perceived weath is caused by the even distribution of wealth though "democratic taxes", which in turn (in my opinion) is a consequence of the Nordic brand of social democracy.
因此，感知到的财富是通过“民主税收”实现财富的均匀分配所导致的，而这（在我看来）又是北欧社会民主主义品牌的结果。
因此，感知到的财富是通过“民主税收”实现财富的均匀分配所导致的，而这（在我看来）又是北欧社会民主主义品牌的结果。
Why social democracy took such a strong root in the Nordics is a question for another day, but I would assume that the backlash against everything slightly 'right wing' following WW2 is a major factor.
为什么社会民主主义在北欧国家如此根深蒂固是另一个问题，但我认为二战之后对一切稍微‘右翼’事物的强烈反对是一个主要因素。
为什么社会民主主义在北欧国家如此根深蒂固是另一个问题，但我认为二战之后对一切稍微‘右翼’事物的强烈反对是一个主要因素。
Low corruption. If you look at the world corruption index, the Scandinavian countries are among the least corrupt in the world. This means resources are directed to their true purpose instead of corrupt politicians and corporate employees private pockets.
腐败程度低。如果你查看世界腐败指数，斯堪的纳维亚国家是世界上最不腐败的国家之一。这意味着资源被用于其真正的目的，而不是被腐败的政客和企业员工中饱私囊。
腐败程度低。如果你查看世界腐败指数，斯堪的纳维亚国家是世界上最不腐败的国家之一。这意味着资源被用于其真正的目的，而不是被腐败的政客和企业员工中饱私囊。
Least corrupt countries in the world
世界上最清廉的国家
世界上最清廉的国家
Denmark
丹麦
丹麦
Finland & Sweden
芬兰与瑞典
芬兰与瑞典
5. Norway
挪威
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挪威
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How corrupt is your country?
你的国家有多腐败？
你的国家有多腐败？
Gender equality by inclusion of women in the workforce. Other countries loose up to 50% of their skilled work force by not letting women work.
通过让女性加入劳动力队伍实现性别平等。其他国家由于不让女性工作，可能失去高达50%的熟练劳动力。
通过让女性加入劳动力队伍实现性别平等。其他国家由于不让女性工作，可能失去高达50%的熟练劳动力。
Free education for everyone from basic education to higher education.
从基础教育到高等教育的全民免费教育。
从基础教育到高等教育的全民免费教育。
Government subsidized social health care and medicines meaning the work force stays healthy. Otherwise human capital is wasted by being sick and unproductive.
政府补贴的社会医疗和药品意味着劳动力保持健康。否则，人力资本会因生病和低效而被浪费。
政府补贴的社会医疗和药品意味着劳动力保持健康。否则，人力资本会因生病和低效而被浪费。
Then there is some religious background protestant work ethics which some says comes from Cistercian monks. Basically it means being honest, working hard, saving and reinvesting the profits.
然后有一些宗教背景的新教工作伦理，有些人说这来自于西多会修士。基本上，这意味着诚实、努力工作、储蓄和再投资利润。
然后有一些宗教背景的新教工作伦理，有些人说这来自于西多会修士。基本上，这意味着诚实、努力工作、储蓄和再投资利润。
It's easy:
这很简单：
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这很简单：
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The Finns design it;
芬兰人设计它；
芬兰人设计它；
The Swedes manufacture it;
瑞典人制造它；
瑞典人制造它；
The Danes market it; and
丹麦人销售它；
丹麦人销售它；
The Norwegians buy it ;)
挪威人买了它 ;)
挪威人买了它 ;)
No need to read anything else below - this fluff is just here to avoid this answer from getting automatically collapsed by Quora. But while I'm at it, take a moment to look at the collapsed answers once in a while - lots are nice and succinct, and many more are pretty freaking funny.
无需阅读下面的任何内容——这些废话只是为了避免这个答案被Quora自动折叠。但既然我在这里，不妨偶尔看看那些被折叠的答案——很多都很简洁明了，还有很多非常有趣。
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无需阅读下面的任何内容——这些废话只是为了避免这个答案被Quora自动折叠。但既然我在这里，不妨偶尔看看那些被折叠的答案——很多都很简洁明了，还有很多非常有趣。
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I hope the Quora collapse bot is satisfied!
我希望Quora崩溃机器人满意了！
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我希望Quora崩溃机器人满意了！
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Christopher Comella
A big part of your question depends on the definition of "rich" that you'd like to use. The other question is, compared to what or whom? Regardless of the definitions, a good part of any country's relative "richness" or poorness has to do with geography, specifically things like ease of access to trading routes, especially water-based ones, such as the sea (ports) and navigable rivers. That is kind of a root factor. Scandinavian countries have this kind of access. Even if the importance is diminished relative to other things, the results of the value, trading, and people, is a factor in the "richness" we see today.
你问题的一个重要部分取决于你想使用的“富有”的定义。另一个问题是，与什么或谁相比？无论定义如何，任何国家的相对“富有”或贫穷在很大程度上与地理有关，特别是像易于进入贸易路线，尤其是基于水的路线，如海洋（港口）和可航行的河流。这是一个根本因素。斯堪的纳维亚国家有这种条件。即使相对于其他事物的重要性有所减弱，价值、贸易和人民的结果也是我们今天看到的“富有”的一个因素。
A big part of your question depends on the definition of "rich" that you'd like to use. The other question is, compared to what or whom? Regardless of the definitions, a good part of any country's relative "richness" or poorness has to do with geography, specifically things like ease of access to trading routes, especially water-based ones, such as the sea (ports) and navigable rivers. That is kind of a root factor. Scandinavian countries have this kind of access. Even if the importance is diminished relative to other things, the results of the value, trading, and people, is a factor in the "richness" we see today.
你问题的一个重要部分取决于你想使用的“富有”的定义。另一个问题是，与什么或谁相比？无论定义如何，任何国家的相对“富有”或贫穷在很大程度上与地理有关，特别是像易于进入贸易路线，尤其是基于水的路线，如海洋（港口）和可航行的河流。这是一个根本因素。斯堪的纳维亚国家有这种条件。即使相对于其他事物的重要性有所减弱，价值、贸易和人民的结果也是我们今天看到的“富有”的一个因素。
Regarding natural resources, they have some of that, too. Especially Norway and its oil.
关于自然资源，他们也有一些。尤其是挪威和它的石油。
关于自然资源，他们也有一些。尤其是挪威和它的石油。
They also don't spend as much on military. In fact, according to this Wikipedia page List of countries by military expenditures Iceland spends a lower percentage of its GDP on military than any other country listed. Other Scandinavian countries spend little, too. The US, by contract, fancies itself as world police.
他们在军事上的花费也不多。事实上，根据维基百科页面《各国军事开支列表》，冰岛在军事上的GDP占比低于列表中的任何其他国家。其他斯堪的纳维亚国家的军事开支也很少。相比之下，美国自诩为世界警察。
他们在军事上的花费也不多。事实上，根据维基百科页面《各国军事开支列表》，冰岛在军事上的GDP占比低于列表中的任何其他国家。其他斯堪的纳维亚国家的军事开支也很少。相比之下，美国自诩为世界警察。
There is also the matter of crony capitalism, which is destroying the richness of countries such as the USA from the inside out, due to greed and corruption, and the resulting ever-growing inequality in education, income, assets, mobility, crime, punishment, and just about everything.
还有裙带资本主义的问题，由于贪婪和腐败，它正从内部摧毁像美国这样的国家的财富，导致教育、收入、资产、流动性、犯罪、惩罚以及几乎所有方面的不平等日益加剧。
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还有裙带资本主义的问题，由于贪婪和腐败，它正从内部摧毁像美国这样的国家的财富，导致教育、收入、资产、流动性、犯罪、惩罚以及几乎所有方面的不平等日益加剧。
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Scandinavian countries have socialism for the people. The US has socialism for the rich (bailouts for the richest, debt for everyone else).
斯堪的纳维亚国家为人民提供社会主义。美国为富人提供社会主义（为最富有的人提供救助，为其他人提供债务）。
斯堪的纳维亚国家为人民提供社会主义。美国为富人提供社会主义（为最富有的人提供救助，为其他人提供债务）。
James McInnes
If you define 'rich' in terms of per-capita GDP, then the Scandinavian countries are generally on par with the rest of Europe - with the exception of Norway that has a very large amount of oil reserves and a relatively small population.
如果你以人均GDP来定义“富裕”，那么斯堪的纳维亚国家通常与欧洲其他国家相当——除了挪威，它拥有非常大量的石油储备和相对较少的人口。
If you define 'rich' in terms of per-capita GDP, then the Scandinavian countries are generally on par with the rest of Europe - with the exception of Norway that has a very large amount of oil reserves and a relatively small population.
如果你以人均GDP来定义“富裕”，那么斯堪的纳维亚国家通常与欧洲其他国家相当——除了挪威，它拥有非常大量的石油储备和相对较少的人口。
Compared to much of the rest of the world's countries, they are very wealthy, and this is mostly due to high productivity from good education, infrastructure, and industrialization, and low levels of systemic corruption - which is a general trend around the world.
与世界上许多其他国家相比，他们非常富有，这主要归功于良好的教育、基础设施和工业化带来的高生产率，以及低水平的系统性腐败——这是全球的普遍趋势。
与世界上许多其他国家相比，他们非常富有，这主要归功于良好的教育、基础设施和工业化带来的高生产率，以及低水平的系统性腐败——这是全球的普遍趋势。
While the Scandinavian countries are not especially rich, I think it's probably fair to say that they have an exceptionally high standard of living that would certainly give an impression that they are well off. This comes mostly from a low population density, high education, and a lot of investment in social infrastructure (socialized medicine, public education and continuing education, etc.).
虽然斯堪的纳维亚国家并不特别富裕，但我觉得可以说它们的生活水平非常高，这无疑会给人一种它们很富裕的印象。这主要来自于低人口密度、高教育水平以及对社会基础设施的大量投资（社会化医疗、公共教育和继续教育等）。
虽然斯堪的纳维亚国家并不特别富裕，但我觉得可以说它们的生活水平非常高，这无疑会给人一种它们很富裕的印象。这主要来自于低人口密度、高教育水平以及对社会基础设施的大量投资（社会化医疗、公共教育和继续教育等）。
Gwydion Madawc Williams
They rose along with the rest of Western Europe, a single process that was initiated in Italy and parts of what's now Germany.
他们与西欧其他国家一同崛起，这一过程始于意大利和现在的德国部分地区。
They rose along with the rest of Western Europe, a single process that was initiated in Italy and parts of what's now Germany.
他们与西欧其他国家一同崛起，这一过程始于意大利和现在的德国部分地区。
They mostly kept out of war and colonialism. Sweden tried to be a Great Power, but dropped out early. Denmark had some small colonies and some involvement in the slave trade, but not much.
他们大多避开了战争和殖民主义。瑞典曾试图成为大国，但早早退出了。丹麦有一些小殖民地，并参与了奴隶贸易，但程度不深。
他们大多避开了战争和殖民主义。瑞典曾试图成为大国，但早早退出了。丹麦有一些小殖民地，并参与了奴隶贸易，但程度不深。
They were only marginally involved in Europe's two World Wars, major destroyers of wealth.
他们只是略微参与了欧洲的两次世界大战，这两次战争是财富的主要破坏者。
他们只是略微参与了欧洲的两次世界大战，这两次战争是财富的主要破坏者。
They have favoured welfare and kept limits on inequality, which turn out to work well.
他们倾向于福利政策并限制不平等，结果证明效果良好。
他们倾向于福利政策并限制不平等，结果证明效果良好。
Kevin Eames
These countries are less unequal in their distribution of wealth than countries such as the UK and the USA. See the work of Pickett and Wilkinson on this, which has demonstrated (to their initial surprise) that more unequal countries do worse on a whole range of measures such as education, crime, health and social trust. The work of the psychiatrist Oliver James is also interesting in this respect. It's also interesting to compare how Norway and the UK used the money from North Sea Oil. In the UK, it was wasted on tax cuts and on maintaining a high level of unemployment to break trades unx organisation; the Norwegian government seems (as far as I understand) to have invested much of the windfall in a sovereign wealth fund, for the benefit of the whole country.
这些国家在财富分配方面比英国和美国等国家更加平等。请参阅皮克特和威尔金森的研究，他们最初惊讶地发现，不平等程度更高的国家在教育、犯罪、健康和社会信任等一系列指标上表现更差。精神病学家奥利弗·詹姆斯的研究在这方面也很有趣。此外，比较挪威和英国如何使用北海石油的资金也很有趣。在英国，这些资金被浪费在减税和维持高失业率以削弱工会组织上；而据我所知，挪威政府似乎将大部分意外之财投资于主权财富基金，以造福整个国家。
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These countries are less unequal in their distribution of wealth than countries such as the UK and the USA. See the work of Pickett and Wilkinson on this, which has demonstrated (to their initial surprise) that more unequal countries do worse on a whole range of measures such as education, crime, health and social trust. The work of the psychiatrist Oliver James is also interesting in this respect. It's also interesting to compare how Norway and the UK used the money from North Sea Oil. In the UK, it was wasted on tax cuts and on maintaining a high level of unemployment to break trades unx organisation; the Norwegian government seems (as far as I understand) to have invested much of the windfall in a sovereign wealth fund, for the benefit of the whole country.
这些国家在财富分配方面比英国和美国等国家更加平等。请参阅皮克特和威尔金森的研究，他们最初惊讶地发现，不平等程度更高的国家在教育、犯罪、健康和社会信任等一系列指标上表现更差。精神病学家奥利弗·詹姆斯的研究在这方面也很有趣。此外，比较挪威和英国如何使用北海石油的资金也很有趣。在英国，这些资金被浪费在减税和维持高失业率以削弱工会组织上；而据我所知，挪威政府似乎将大部分意外之财投资于主权财富基金，以造福整个国家。
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James Rae Smith
Well why shouldn't the Scandinavian economies be successful?
那么为什么斯堪的纳维亚的经济不应该成功呢？
Well why shouldn't the Scandinavian economies be successful?
那么为什么斯堪的纳维亚的经济不应该成功呢？
I suppose the motive behind this question is that it has become accepted in the US and to a lesser extent here in the UK, that the argument made by conservatives, and constantly reinforced by sensational stories in the right wing press is correct, and that the only way to have a vibrant entrepreneurial and successful economy is though low taxes, and that welfare saps ambition and produces an apathetic lazy dependent population. Social division, and the weak going to the wall are just an unfortunate price we have to pay for the greater happiness and prosperity of the rest of us.
我认为提出这个问题的动机是，在美国以及某种程度上在英国，保守派提出的论点已经被接受，并且被右翼媒体不断强化的耸人听闻的故事所证实，即唯一拥有充满活力和成功经济的方式是通过低税收，而福利则削弱了雄心，产生了一个冷漠、懒惰和依赖的群体。社会分裂和弱者被淘汰只是我们为大多数人更大的幸福和繁荣所必须付出的不幸代价。
我认为提出这个问题的动机是，在美国以及某种程度上在英国，保守派提出的论点已经被接受，并且被右翼媒体不断强化的耸人听闻的故事所证实，即唯一拥有充满活力和成功经济的方式是通过低税收，而福利则削弱了雄心，产生了一个冷漠、懒惰和依赖的群体。社会分裂和弱者被淘汰只是我们为大多数人更大的幸福和繁荣所必须付出的不幸代价。
Happily the success of the Scandinavian economies show this argument up for the nonsense that it is.
令人高兴的是，斯堪的纳维亚经济的成功证明了这一论点是荒谬的。
令人高兴的是，斯堪的纳维亚经济的成功证明了这一论点是荒谬的。
Rune Gregers Meyer
When it comes to Denmark, Investment in human capital plays a major rule. In 1864 Denmark went though a huge Transformation, N.F.S. Grundtvig introduced the folkhigh schools (informal adult College system). Despite teaching ordinary people to read and write, they learned to work together (cooperations) regardless of formal status. This means that Denmark has a very flat organizational structure in most companies and organizational. The flat hierarchy strongly support innovation (great idea that creates value and is implemented) and this is one of the important elements why Denmark is rich. The social welfare also plays an important role.
谈到丹麦，人力资本投资起着主要作用。1864年，丹麦经历了一次巨大的变革，N.F.S. Grundtvig引入了民间高中（非正式的成人大学系统）。尽管教授普通人读写，他们还学会了无论正式身份如何一起工作（合作）。这意味着丹麦在大多数公司和组织中拥有非常扁平的组织结构。这种扁平层级强烈支持创新（创造价值并被实施的伟大想法），这是丹麦富裕的重要原因之一。社会福利也扮演着重要角色。
When it comes to Denmark, Investment in human capital plays a major rule. In 1864 Denmark went though a huge Transformation, N.F.S. Grundtvig introduced the folkhigh schools (informal adult College system). Despite teaching ordinary people to read and write, they learned to work together (cooperations) regardless of formal status. This means that Denmark has a very flat organizational structure in most companies and organizational. The flat hierarchy strongly support innovation (great idea that creates value and is implemented) and this is one of the important elements why Denmark is rich. The social welfare also plays an important role.
谈到丹麦，人力资本投资起着主要作用。1864年，丹麦经历了一次巨大的变革，N.F.S. Grundtvig引入了民间高中（非正式的成人大学系统）。尽管教授普通人读写，他们还学会了无论正式身份如何一起工作（合作）。这意味着丹麦在大多数公司和组织中拥有非常扁平的组织结构。这种扁平层级强烈支持创新（创造价值并被实施的伟大想法），这是丹麦富裕的重要原因之一。社会福利也扮演着重要角色。
Lasse Bøyum
Why not try the simplest? Most often the simple works: Save for a rainy day!
为什么不试试最简单的？通常简单的方法最有效：未雨绸缪！
Why not try the simplest? Most often the simple works: Save for a rainy day!
为什么不试试最简单的？通常简单的方法最有效：未雨绸缪！
Living up in the cold north, it is well known that one has to plan and save to survive. Scandinavia and the Alps have got long, cold winters. For generations the inhabitants have learned how important it is to put aside some in case something happens.
生活在寒冷的北方，众所周知，人们必须计划并储蓄以生存。斯堪的纳维亚和阿尔卑斯地区有着漫长而寒冷的冬季。几代人以来，居民们已经学会了在意外发生时储备一些东西的重要性。
生活在寒冷的北方，众所周知，人们必须计划并储蓄以生存。斯堪的纳维亚和阿尔卑斯地区有着漫长而寒冷的冬季。几代人以来，居民们已经学会了在意外发生时储备一些东西的重要性。
I think even Martin Luther implemented this kind of thinking as a basis for the Reformation.
我认为甚至马丁·路德也以这种思想作为宗教改革的基础。
我认为甚至马丁·路德也以这种思想作为宗教改革的基础。
In Norway the culture is highly influenced by a pietistic movement that started by Layman's preachers around 1800. The most famous of them all is Hans Nielsen Hauge. I don't know to what degree pietistic movements have influenced other countries, but I have read that one of the most important characteristics for understanding Norway is this phenomenon.
在挪威，文化深受1800年左右由平信徒传教士发起的虔诚运动的影响。其中最著名的是汉斯·尼尔森·豪格。我不知道虔诚运动在多大程度上影响了其他国家，但我读到过，理解挪威最重要的特征之一就是这一现象。
在挪威，文化深受1800年左右由平信徒传教士发起的虔诚运动的影响。其中最著名的是汉斯·尼尔森·豪格。我不知道虔诚运动在多大程度上影响了其他国家，但我读到过，理解挪威最重要的特征之一就是这一现象。
Basheir Hashim
Key factors include:
关键因素包括：
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Key factors include:
关键因素包括：
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Homogeneity of their populace, which was extremely conducive to ensuring political stability for centuries and safeguarded those countries against social unrest. One could refer to them collectively as a flourishing progressive culture.
他们人口的同质性，这在几个世纪以来对确保政治稳定极为有利，并保护这些国家免受社会动荡的影响。人们可以统称他们为繁荣的进步文化。
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他们人口的同质性，这在几个世纪以来对确保政治稳定极为有利，并保护这些国家免受社会动荡的影响。人们可以统称他们为繁荣的进步文化。
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Abundance of natural resources. Norway was, until recently, a major oil exporter.
丰富的自然资源。挪威直到最近还是一个主要的石油出口国。
丰富的自然资源。挪威直到最近还是一个主要的石油出口国。
Welfare states ensuring that basic necessities like education and healthcare are available for free.
福利国家确保教育和医疗等基本必需品免费提供。
福利国家确保教育和医疗等基本必需品免费提供。
Being part of the larger European zone, which is a relatively more advanced and richer than other economic blocks.
作为更大的欧洲区域的一部分，该区域相对其他经济区块更为先进和富裕。
作为更大的欧洲区域的一部分，该区域相对其他经济区块更为先进和富裕。
Michael Bach
a large part of Denmark's success is because there has been created a society where trust in the government and financial security is a high priority.
丹麦成功的一个重要原因是建立了一个社会，在这个社会中，对政府的信任和财务安全被高度重视。
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a large part of Denmark's success is because there has been created a society where trust in the government and financial security is a high priority.
丹麦成功的一个重要原因是建立了一个社会，在这个社会中，对政府的信任和财务安全被高度重视。
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Given that education is free, the population is also well-educated, which means that the worst political demagogues have failed to create a foothold. Tea Party movement would never win the same ground in Scandinavia as in U.S.
鉴于教育是免费的，人口也受过良好教育，这意味着最糟糕的政治煽动者未能站稳脚跟。茶党运动在斯堪的纳维亚永远不会像在美国那样赢得同样的支持。
鉴于教育是免费的，人口也受过良好教育，这意味着最糟糕的政治煽动者未能站稳脚跟。茶党运动在斯堪的纳维亚永远不会像在美国那样赢得同样的支持。
In addition, The Nordic countries was among the best to use it-technology in the development of the welfare society. We were some of the first in the world to use CPR-Numbres (Civil Registration System), tax deducted at source, Dankort (danish debit card) , mobile etc.
此外，北欧国家在利用信息技术发展福利社会方面处于领先地位。我们是世界上最早使用公民登记号码（CPR-Numbers）、源头扣税、丹麦借记卡（Dankort）和移动技术等的国家之一。
此外，北欧国家在利用信息技术发展福利社会方面处于领先地位。我们是世界上最早使用公民登记号码（CPR-Numbers）、源头扣税、丹麦借记卡（Dankort）和移动技术等的国家之一。
Scandinavian/Nordic countries climbed the ladder with very different paths. The only thing that is common is the small population & universal education.
斯堪的纳维亚/北欧国家通过截然不同的路径攀升。唯一共同点是小人口和普及教育。
斯堪的纳维亚/北欧国家通过截然不同的路径攀升。唯一共同点是小人口和普及教育。
Like Switzerland, Sweden was able to preserve its neutrality during both the world wars and had a dramatic peace dividend. In the post-war growth, Sweden gained an upper hand with its intact production and labor.
与瑞士一样，瑞典在两次世界大战期间都保持了中立，并获得了显著的和平红利。在战后的增长中，瑞典凭借其完整的生产和劳动力占据了优势。
与瑞士一样，瑞典在两次世界大战期间都保持了中立，并获得了显著的和平红利。在战后的增长中，瑞典凭借其完整的生产和劳动力占据了优势。
From War to the Swedish Model
从战争到瑞典模式
从战争到瑞典模式
Norway
挪威
挪威
Norway is the Saudi Arabia of Europe. Its population that could fit in a New York Borough or a Tokyo suburb, is blessed with an enormous oil reserve. Just like other small oil republics such as Kuwait, Brunei and UAE, Norway is able to provide high welfare levels to its citizens. Mix Hard working population + abundant resources and you get a recipe for high growth.
挪威是欧洲的沙特阿拉伯。其人口可以容纳在纽约的一个区或东京的一个郊区，却拥有巨大的石油储备。就像科威特、文莱和阿联酋等其他小型石油共和国一样，挪威能够为其公民提供高福利水平。勤奋的人口加上丰富的资源，这就是高增长的秘诀。
挪威是欧洲的沙特阿拉伯。其人口可以容纳在纽约的一个区或东京的一个郊区，却拥有巨大的石油储备。就像科威特、文莱和阿联酋等其他小型石油共和国一样，挪威能够为其公民提供高福利水平。勤奋的人口加上丰富的资源，这就是高增长的秘诀。
During the time of great depression it escaped a lot of harm by ditching the gold standard quite soon (Keynes attributes to the long nature of depression in other countries due to the hard money standards). However, its biggest growth phase came post 1970s when oil prices shot substantially.
在大萧条时期，它通过很快放弃金本位制避免了很多损害（凯恩斯认为其他国家由于硬货币标准而导致萧条持续时间较长）。然而，它最大的增长阶段是在20世纪70年代之后，当时油价大幅上涨。
在大萧条时期，它通过很快放弃金本位制避免了很多损害（凯恩斯认为其他国家由于硬货币标准而导致萧条持续时间较长）。然而，它最大的增长阶段是在20世纪70年代之后，当时油价大幅上涨。
The Economic History of Norway
挪威的经济史
挪威的经济史
Finland
芬兰
芬兰
Unlike its other Nordic neighbors, Finland was an economic backwater until a couple of decades ago. Since then its investments in electronics & heavy industries paid off. Nokia, Rovio Mobile (makers of Angry Birds) and KONE elevators call Finland their home.
与其它北欧邻国不同，芬兰直到几十年前还是一个经济落后的地方。自那以后，它在电子和重工业方面的投资取得了回报。诺基亚、Rovio Mobile（《愤怒的小鸟》的制造商）和通力电梯都来自芬兰。
与其它北欧邻国不同，芬兰直到几十年前还是一个经济落后的地方。自那以后，它在电子和重工业方面的投资取得了回报。诺基亚、Rovio Mobile（《愤怒的小鸟》的制造商）和通力电梯都来自芬兰。
Like Israel, Finland has a small and a well-knit population of well educated people. This strength enabled it to grow strong in the service & the information revolution since the 1980s.
与以色列一样，芬兰拥有一个规模虽小但紧密团结且受过良好教育的人口。这一优势使其自20世纪80年代以来在服务和信息革命中得以强大发展。
与以色列一样，芬兰拥有一个规模虽小但紧密团结且受过良好教育的人口。这一优势使其自20世纪80年代以来在服务和信息革命中得以强大发展。
Finland: A Success Story?
芬兰：一个成功的故事？
芬兰：一个成功的故事？
Denmark:
丹麦：
丹麦：
Unlike the other Nordic countries, Denmark has been a rich country for centuries. It was a major colonial power and its proximity to Netherlands & Britain helped the ideas move there quite quickly. Like Sweden, it stayed neutral during the wars and some of the damage was averted. Although it was occupied by Germany in WW-II, there was not too much of the destruction.
与其他北欧国家不同，丹麦几个世纪以来一直是一个富裕的国家。它曾是一个主要的殖民强国，其靠近荷兰和英国的地理位置帮助思想迅速传播到那里。与瑞典一样，它在战争期间保持中立，从而避免了一些破坏。尽管在第二次世界大战期间被德国占领，但并没有遭受太多的破坏。
与其他北欧国家不同，丹麦几个世纪以来一直是一个富裕的国家。它曾是一个主要的殖民强国，其靠近荷兰和英国的地理位置帮助思想迅速传播到那里。与瑞典一样，它在战争期间保持中立，从而避免了一些破坏。尽管在第二次世界大战期间被德国占领，但并没有遭受太多的破坏。
Stephen Kumar
Each of the four Scandinavian countries are different, and I think I'll explain each one separately. It is a common misconception to think that all four countries got wealthy the same way, and that's not true, but what's true is that their current post-wealthy policies are pretty similar.
每个斯堪的纳维亚国家都是不同的，我认为我应该分别解释每个国家。一个常见的误解是认为这四个国家以相同的方式变得富裕，但事实并非如此，然而真实的是，他们当前的富裕后政策非常相似。
Each of the four Scandinavian countries are different, and I think I'll explain each one separately. It is a common misconception to think that all four countries got wealthy the same way, and that's not true, but what's true is that their current post-wealthy policies are pretty similar.
每个斯堪的纳维亚国家都是不同的，我认为我应该分别解释每个国家。一个常见的误解是认为这四个国家以相同的方式变得富裕，但事实并非如此，然而真实的是，他们当前的富裕后政策非常相似。
Norway:
挪威：
挪威：
Norway has "extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, fresh water and hydro-power". Norway was a normal country (as were most Scandinavian countries) until the Philips Petroleum Company discovered oil offshore, and today oil accounts for a quarter of Norway's GDP. It is also to be noted that Norway would have probably been a pretty rich country without oil, noting that the number of workers in industry peaked in 1975, just after the discovery of oil.
挪威拥有“丰富的石油、天然气、矿产、木材、海产品、淡水和水利资源”。在菲利普斯石油公司发现海上石油之前，挪威是一个普通的国家（大多数斯堪的纳维亚国家也是如此），而如今石油占挪威国内生产总值的四分之一。还值得注意的是，即使没有石油，挪威很可能仍然是一个相当富裕的国家，因为工业工人数量在1975年达到顶峰，恰好在石油发现之后。
挪威拥有“丰富的石油、天然气、矿产、木材、海产品、淡水和水利资源”。在菲利普斯石油公司发现海上石油之前，挪威是一个普通的国家（大多数斯堪的纳维亚国家也是如此），而如今石油占挪威国内生产总值的四分之一。还值得注意的是，即使没有石油，挪威很可能仍然是一个相当富裕的国家，因为工业工人数量在1975年达到顶峰，恰好在石油发现之后。
Sweden
瑞典
瑞典
Sweden started developing its industries from an agrarian society and had become an industrialised country by WWII. A communist revolution had been avoided in 1917 and Sweden became a parliamentary democracy. After the war, Sweden took advantage of its prior industrialization and joined the OECD and the Marshall Plan. It attracted big companies and slowly became richer until the sector transferred from secondary industries to tertiary industries. However, Sweden suffered from economic crisis and decline in the late 80s and early 90s. It joined the EU and its economy today has been boosted by migrant workers. Sweden is not successful that much economically, but it has been great at treating its citizens apparently.
瑞典从一个农业社会开始发展其工业，并在二战前成为一个工业化国家。1917年避免了共产主义革命，瑞典成为一个议会民主制国家。战后，瑞典利用其先前的工业化优势，加入了经合组织和马歇尔计划。它吸引了大公司，并逐渐变得更加富有，直到从第二产业转向第三产业。然而，瑞典在80年代末和90年代初遭受了经济危机和衰退。它加入了欧盟，如今其经济因移民工人而得到提振。瑞典在经济上并不那么成功，但在对待其公民方面显然做得很好。
瑞典从一个农业社会开始发展其工业，并在二战前成为一个工业化国家。1917年避免了共产主义革命，瑞典成为一个议会民主制国家。战后，瑞典利用其先前的工业化优势，加入了经合组织和马歇尔计划。它吸引了大公司，并逐渐变得更加富有，直到从第二产业转向第三产业。然而，瑞典在80年代末和90年代初遭受了经济危机和衰退。它加入了欧盟，如今其经济因移民工人而得到提振。瑞典在经济上并不那么成功，但在对待其公民方面显然做得很好。
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