美知乎提问：为什么中国制造飞机喷气发动机如此困难？
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Rodra Hascaryo Follow
It’s actually so hard for EVERYONE to build jet engines.
实际上，对所有国家来说，制造喷气发动机都非常困难。
One thing people rarely appreciate is that jet engine development can cost as much as developing an airplane. I think there are more countries capable of making airplanes than there are countries capable of making jet engines of any kind (turbofan, turboshaft, turboprop included). You have countries like Japan or South Korea that are capable of making modern airplanes but have no truly domestic jet engine manufacturer. Many opt to buy foreign engines instead and they all tend to come down to a handful of names like Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney, GE, and Safran (and if there are other names, they tend to collaborate with one of those big ones)
人们很少意识到的一点是，喷气发动机的研发成本可能与研发一架飞机相当。我认为，能够制造飞机的国家比能够制造任何类型喷气发动机（包括涡扇、涡轴、涡桨）的国家要多。像日本或韩国这样的国家能够制造现代飞机，却没有真正本土的喷气发动机制造商。许多国家选择购买外国发动机，而这些发动机往往来自少数几家制造商，如罗尔斯·罗伊斯、普惠、通用电气和赛峰集团（如果有其他制造商，它们也倾向于与这些大公司合作）
Part of it is the demanding material science behind the engine. For example, the turbine blades must be able to withstand temperature over one thousand degrees (doesn’t matter which scale) while also keeping its shape intact throughout the operation. This makes them a product of both metallurgy and precision engineering.
And keep in mind that you don’t just make one or a handful of these; you have to have hundreds or thousands of them. You need serious equipment and lots of engineers to get an engine factory running.
This is also why you rarely hear jet engine startups. You can have a bunch of engineers create some new airplane or even spacecraft company with their own novel concept every other month, but engines? Almost never.
部分原因在于发动机背后苛刻的材料科学。例如，涡轮叶片必须能够承受超过一千度的高温（无论使用哪种温标），同时在整个运行过程中保持其形状不变。这使得它们成为冶金学和精密工程的共同产物。
请记住，你不仅仅是要制造一两台这样的发动机；你需要生产数百甚至数千台。要让一家发动机工厂运转起来，需要精良的设备和大量工程师。
这也是为什么你很少听说有喷气发动机初创公司。每隔一个月，你都能看到一群工程师凭借自己的新颖理念创立新的飞机甚至航天器公司，但发动机公司？几乎从未有过。
As for China, they learned to build engines the same way they learned to build airplanes: Copy the Soviets. That gave their engineering establishment some experience in manufacturing before they got into designing one. They knew the Soviet engines work, so it was a matter of building it. But because of the factors I mentioned earlier, progress was slow, especially back when China was industrializing. Other jet engine manufacturers were fortunate enough that when they were developing it, they already had a mature domestic industry and their countries were at the forefront of science and tech. China had to play catch up with one hand figuratively tied and there’s probably no better way than learning by copying if they want to get their jet engine industry on par with the West within a reasonable number of years.
至于中国，他们学习制造发动机的方式与学习制造飞机的方式相同：模仿苏联。这使得他们的工程体系在开始设计之前就获得了一些制造经验。他们知道苏联的发动机是可行的，因此关键在于如何制造出来。但由于我之前提到的因素，进展缓慢，尤其是在中国工业化初期。其他喷气发动机制造商幸运的是，在他们开发时，已经拥有成熟的国内产业，并且他们的国家处于科技前沿。中国不得不在一只手被地束缚的情况下追赶，如果要在合理年限内使其喷气发动机产业与西方持平，可能没有比通过模仿学习更好的方法了。
Now, they’re reaping the benefits of what they began many decades ago.
如今，他们正在收获几十年前开始努力的成果。
Scott Carter · Mar 10
You have countries like Japan or South Korea that are capable of making modern airplanes but have no truly domestic jet engine manufacturer.
By “making” I think you mean designing as well as manufacturing.
Also Brazil, Sweden, Turkey, India. (although the latter two with the KAAN and Tejas respectively still need to prove themselves)
“像日本或韩国这样的国家能够制造现代飞机，却没有真正本土的喷气发动机制造商。”
我认为你所说的"制造"既包括设计也包括生产。
还有巴西、瑞典、土耳其、印度。（尽管后两者仍需分别通过“可汗”和 “光辉” 项目证明自身实力）
David Reid· Mar 10
It’s more accurate to state “large jet engines”.
更准确的说法是“大型喷气发动机”。
Scott Carter · Mar 10
Probably true; if we want to include relatively small, say smaller than 100kN/20k lbf, (but still human sized so at least 5 kN/1k lbf, something like a Williams FJ33, and human rated) jet engines at least Canada has full indigenous design capability AFAIK. Maybe India and/or Turkey too.
可能确实如此；如果我们想纳入相对较小的喷气发动机，比如小于 10万牛/2万磅力（但仍为人体尺寸，因此至少为 5 千牛/1 千磅力，类似于威廉姆斯 FJ33，且适合人类使用），据我所知，至少加拿大拥有完全的本土设计能力。印度和土耳其可能也具备这种能力。
Larry Wigoder· Mar 10
Actually up to and inc second world war Britain was the aircraft king. Think spitfire with that monster Merlin engine. Concorde 70’s. But recent gains such as Airbus now with domestic power plants And Rolls Royce always been in the Jet race . Now set a high bar with the Trent engine. Apparently it’s better at everything. Were always the quieter option. Pratt and Whitney don’t no how competitive they are now. Most powerful in 747 days but noisy polluting not fuel efficient weren’t suitable for the Dreamliner.
实际上，直至第二次世界大战期间，英国一直是航空领域的王者。想想那搭载强大梅林引擎的喷火战斗机，以及 70 年代的协和式客机。但近期的成就，如空中客车公司如今已拥有国产动力装置，而罗尔斯·罗伊斯始终在喷气发动机竞赛中占有一席之地。如今，凭借特伦特发动机设定了高标准，显然它在各方面都更胜一筹，一直是更安静的选择。至于普惠公司，现在其竞争力如何尚不清楚。在波音 747 时代它最为强大，但噪音大、污染重、燃油效率低，不适合梦想中的客机。
Peter NL Hsieh· Mar 10
China learned the hard way that one cannot just copy but have all the Aero-Engines industrial (eg Metallurgy included) & technical chains established with quality research scientists, engineers & technicians. When China begun to built the WS-10, the first Turbofan Jet Engine in 1983, China started from the very basic by building their own industrial & technical chains and all these took two generations of Chinese scientists, engineers & technicians for around 35 years to succeed totally. Now, China is producing WS-10, WS-15, WS-19, WS-20 & CJ1000 Turbofan Jet Engines. Today, China is absolutely an independent producer of complete Turbofan Jet Engines with China’s own complete aero-engines industrial & technical chains.
中国从艰难的经历中认识到，仅靠模仿是不够的，必须建立起完整的航空发动机工业（包括冶金等）和技术链条，并拥有高质量的研究科学家、工程师和技术人员。当中国于 1983 年开始研制第一台涡扇喷气发动机 WS-10 时，中国从最基础的工作做起，逐步建立起自己的工业和技术链条。
这一切花费了中国两代科学家、工程师和技术人员大约 35 年的时间，才最终取得成功。如今，中国正在生产 WS-10、WS-15、WS-19、WS-20 和 CJ1000 涡扇喷气发动机。今天，中国凭借自身完整的航空发动机工业和技术链条，已成为完全独立的涡扇喷气发动机制造国。
Dean Pannell · Mar 10
China is also the world’s largest annual applicant for and recipiant of patents, approaching as many as the rest of the world combined. The US is second, but far behind.
中国也是世界上每年专利申请和授予数量最多的国家，接近世界其他国家的总和。美国位居第二，但远远落后。
Peter Aspinall
Stealing and copying without depth.
窃取与模仿，缺乏深度。
Gordon Livingstone · Mar 10
That is too simple. Assuming that the competition isn’t capable of development and innovation is a very dangerous habit.
Plenty of evidence that China can and does do its own innovation. It obviously helps that if they can reverse engineer existing products.
这种看法过于简单。假设竞争对手不具备开发与创新能力，是一种极其危险的思维定式。
大量证据表明，中国不仅有能力，而且确实在进行自主创新。当然，如果能对现有产品进行逆向工程，显然也会对自己有所帮助。
Dean Pannell· Mar 10
China applies for and receives more patents than any country in the world. They’re not too far from the number for the rest of the world combined and re far ahead of the US these days.
All those years of sending their best students to the world’s best universities had helped to build a system of domestic universities and engineering capabilities far beyond what you seem to think.
“中国申请并获得的专利数量超过世界上任何国家。其数量已接近世界其他国家的总和，并且近年来远超美国。”
多年来，中国将最优秀的学生送往世界顶尖大学深造，这极大地促进了其国内大学体系及工程能力的建设，其水平远超你想象。
Larry Wigoder · Mar 10
No expert but there are jet startups. Don’t know the tech term on the jet engine used but it’s very much a light version offering. Single jet engine one pilot 480km Honda jet. Comes to mind. Only cost couple million dollars and for owner could be feasible to acquire personal pilots licence know need for expensive pilot Lower operating and fuel costs. Know idea the range but the writer is better informed then me. Serious tech on these planes if emergency uses Garmin nav if activated to land at nearest airport remotely. In serious emergencies would after remotely opening a window corridor for itself auto deploy a parachute for the entire aircraft and passengers although I think only 2 or 3 passengers to lot land safely and live another day. A Chinese maker holds the title as the best selling private jet in the US. Is affordable for millionaires as opposed to billionaires to me that’s groundbreaking start up stuff.
我虽并非专家，但确实有喷气式飞机初创企业。不清楚所用喷气发动机的技术术语，但这显然是一款轻量级产品。单引擎、单飞行员、航程 480 公里的本田喷气机浮现在脑海中。仅需数百万美元，对拥有者而言，考取私人飞行员执照或许可行——要知道，无需昂贵的专业飞行员，运营和燃料成本也更低。虽然不清楚具体航程，
但作者显然比我更了解内情。这些飞机配备了尖端技术：紧急情况下若启动 Garmin 导航系统，可远程引导至最近机场降落；若遇重大险情，在远程开辟空中走廊后，整架飞机（包括乘客）会自动展开降落伞——虽然我认为最多只能搭载 2-3 名乘客，但足以安全着陆、保全性命。有家中国制造商在美国保持着最畅销私人飞机的纪录。对百万富翁（而非亿万富翁）而言，这种可负担性堪称突破性的初创成果。
Joseph Wang Follow
Materials.
The turbine blades in a modern jet are a single metal crystal. Even if you have a jet and can take it apart that tells you nothing about how to cast the turbine blades, and you can have a turbine blade that looks fine but self destructs after 200 hours.
If you have a rocket motor you only need it to run for a few minutes. With jet engines you need the thing to run for thousands of hours.
材料。现代喷气发动机的涡轮叶片是单晶金属。即使你有一台发动机并能拆解它，这也不能告诉你如何铸造涡轮叶片，而且涡轮叶片可能看起来完好，却在运行 200 小时后自行损毁。
火箭发动机只需要运行几分钟。而喷气发动机需要运行数千小时。
One thing is that there are things that you can make work by trial and error. You build a bad smartphone, watch it crater, build another one. Jet aircraft is something that trial and error works badly because when a jet engine fails it tends to be bad.
有一点是，有些东西可以通过反复试错来使其运作。你造出一款糟糕的智能手机，看着它失败，再制造另一款。喷气式飞机则不同，试错法在这里效果不佳，因为当喷气发动机发生故障时，后果往往很严重。
Bill Chen Follow
China has been building jet engines for decades. But just like many other categories, China built low and medium spec stuff, but they are so big and efficient the sector is dominated by them today.
China only completed its basic electric and highway grids in the 2000s. They had bigger fish to fry building up the basics to scale with economic growth instead of chasing the high end. That era of making up ground is over. The Chinese are transitioning to compete up the ladder, and their progress is astonishing, because of one reason.
中国制造喷气发动机已有数十年历史。但正如许多其他领域一样，中国过去主要生产中低端产品，然而凭借其庞大的规模和高效的生产能力，如今已在该领域占据主导地位。
中国直到 21 世纪初才完成基础电网和高速公路网的建设。当时他们更需要优先解决与经济增长相匹配的基础设施问题，而非追逐高端技术。那个填补空白的时代已经结束。中国人正转向向产业链高端攀升，其进展速度令人惊叹，这背后有一个关键原因。
An abundance of talent.
Every year, hundreds of thousands Chinese students go to the first world and 85 percent of them bring newfound skills and exposure back to the Chinese economy. They know how high the competitive bar is, but more importantly, the missing pieces China has to assemble to get there.
人才储备充足。
每年，数十万中国学生前往发达国家，其中 85%的人将新掌握的技能和开阔的视野带回中国经济。他们深知竞争门槛之高，但更重要的是，他们清楚中国需要整合哪些缺失的环节才能达到目标。
These talents, both overseas and local, are not only increased in number due to the education revolution and growing prosperity, but they are being set free to focus on harder problems innovating up the tech ladder.
The advantage they have is the wind behind their backs, with government policy, deep pockets both private and public, and an eager first world hungry for the huge Chinese market.
这些人才，无论是海外归国还是本土培养，不仅因教育革命和中国日益繁荣而数量大增，而且他们正被解放出来，专注于攻克更艰难的问题，推动技术阶梯向上创新。
他们拥有的优势是顺风而行，有政府政策的支持，公私部门的雄厚资金，以及渴望进入庞大中国市场的发达国家。
China has already arrived at the cutting edge for smaller jet engines. These are entering series production. The only remaining frontier is the airliner engine. But that will change this decade. China already has most of the parts, and because it is considered a national project, the various pieces can be shared for cross pollination.
In other words, jet engines are not impossibly hard problems for a big country working together. China didn't make it a priority until recently.
中国已经在小型喷气发动机领域达到前沿水平，这些发动机正在进入批量生产。唯一剩下的前沿领域是客机发动机。但这将在本十年内改变。中国已经掌握了大部分零部件，并且由于这被视为国家项目，各个部分可以共享以促进交叉融合。
换句话说，对于一个大国而言，喷气发动机并非无法攻克的难题。中国直到最近才将其列为优先发展事项。
Felix Su
Because it takes time for material science research. If you look at the papers China has published in this area, they’ve been focused on the super metal for building turbine blades.
Now that the 30 years of research has paid off, China has built the WS-10 and WS-15 engines which are comparable to the best the US has to offer.
China has also built the CJ-1000 high-bypass turbofan engine.
They are starting to mass produce them.
So it’s hard because you need to do a lot of basic research but China has caught up.
因为材料科学研究需要时间。如果你查看中国在这一领域发表的论文，就会发现它们主要集中在制造涡轮叶片所需的超级金属上。
经过 30 年的研究终于取得成果，中国已研发出 WS-10 和 WS-15 发动机，其性能可与美国最先进的型号相媲美。
中国还成功研制了 CJ-1000 大涵道比涡扇发动机。
这些发动机已开始进入批量生产阶段。研发过程之所以艰难，是因为需要大量基础研究积累，但中国现已迎头赶上。
Robin Lim
China is perfecting “ walk, before U run” !!!
Just like it’s predecessors.. Japan, Sth Korea…initially produced not so good products, but, a few decades later,
now produce nail biting ,cutting edge products.. !!!
Just give it a few more years, and LOOK OUT…Revolutionary products.. all MIC !!!
中国正在践行“先学走，再学跑”的理念！！！
正如其前辈日本、韩国一样……最初生产的产品并不出色，但几十年后，
如今已能制造出令人屏息、尖端前沿的产品！！！
只需再给几年时间，敬请期待…革命性的产品将全部由中国制造！！！
Sam S
They can't reverse engineer everything , at least not yet …
Not a priority ? The Chinese have been feverishly using every method at their disposal, including those highly unethical, in their failed efforts to develop fighter engines. Don't think for a second that this has not been a national priority for quite some time .
他们无法对所有东西进行逆向工程，至少目前还不行……
不是优先事项？中国人一直在狂热地利用他们所能使用的每一种方法，包括那些极不道德的手段，却始终未能成功研制出战斗机发动机。别以为这在一段时间内不是国家的优先事项。
Vishnu Ravi Follow
China's quest to build aircraft jet engines has been met with formidable challenges, impeding its progress on multiple fronts. One significant hurdle lies in the realm of manufacturing expertise and tacit knowledge. Although China has made commendable strides, it still lacks the necessary mastery to construct cutting-edge turbofan engines, hampering its ambitions.
Another constraint that hampers China's appropriation strategy is the bottleneck technologies. Insufficient testing data and a dearth of industrial ecology restrict the nation's maneuverability in this critical arena. These limitations further exacerbate the difficulties faced in establishing a self-reliant engine industry.
中国在研发飞机喷气发动机的道路上遭遇了重重挑战，多个方面进展受阻。一个显著的障碍在于制造技术和隐性知识的积累。尽管中国已取得令人瞩目的进步，但在构建尖端涡轮风扇发动机方面仍缺乏必要的精湛技艺，这制约了其雄心壮志。
制约中国技术引进策略的另一项因素是瓶颈技术。测试数据不足和产业生态匮乏限制了国家在这一关键领域的操作空间。这些限制进一步加剧了建立自主发动机产业所面临的困难。
Materials and machining pose yet another stumbling block for China. Crafting jet engine components that can withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, and high-speed rotation demands a meticulous approach. Regrettably, China has struggled to acquire the required expertise in materials and machining, hindering the development of reliable engines.
Foreign dependencies have historically posed challenges for China in its pursuit of engine autonomy. The reliance on the United Kingdom and the former Soviet unx for jet engines has proved to be a burden, impeding progress in key capabilities. China's journey towards reducing these foreign dependencies has been an arduous one.
材料和加工技术是中国面临的又一障碍。制造能够承受极端温度、压力和高速旋转的喷气发动机部件需要极其精细的工艺。遗憾的是，中国在获取所需材料和加工技术方面始终面临困难，这阻碍了可靠发动机的研发进程。
长期以来，对外依赖一直是中国实现发动机自主道路上的挑战。对英国和前苏联喷气发动机的依赖已成为负担，阻碍了关键能力的发展。中国在减少这些外部依赖的道路上走得异常艰辛。
The difficulty of designing efficient jet engines stands as a formidable obstacle. The intricate nature of such designs requires exceptional skill and expertise, an area where China currently falls short. Building upon its capabilities in this realm is essential for achieving breakthroughs in jet engine production.
Despite devoted decades of research and development, China's endeavors to create a trustworthy, high-performance jet engine have fallen short. While commendable progress has been made in localizing engine production, China's heavy reliance on Russian turbofan engines remains a prominent aspect, highlighting the need for further advancements in this domain.
设计高效喷气发动机的难度构成了一个巨大的障碍。这类设计的复杂性需要非凡的技能和专业知识，而中国目前在这方面仍显不足。提升在这一领域的能力，对于实现喷气发动机生产的突破至关重要。
尽管投入了数十年的研发努力，中国在制造可靠、高性能喷气发动机方面的尝试仍未达到预期。虽然在发动机生产的本土化方面取得了值得称赞的进展，但中国对俄罗斯涡扇发动机的严重依赖依然是一个显著特点，这凸显了在该领域进一步取得进步的必要性。
AAK
I think China has done amazing job in producing engines for fighter aircrafts in a relatively short time. Still there is no comparison with Western engines, but given same time that West has taken to reach this stage, China is likely do better in a shorter time.
As far as commercial engines are concerned, neither Boeing nor Airbus produce their own engine. These are produced by companies like CFM.
But why are we discussing so much of China. Why are people so interested in hilighting what China has been able to or not able to do so far? Why are they feeling so insecure?
我认为中国在相对较短的时间内生产战斗机发动机方面做得非常出色。虽然与西方发动机相比仍有差距，但考虑到西方达到这一阶段所花费的时间，中国很可能在更短的时间内做得更好。
就商用发动机而言，波音和空客都不生产自己的发动机。这些发动机由 CFM 等公司生产。
但我们为何如此关注中国？为何人们如此热衷于强调中国迄今为止的成就与不足？他们为何如此缺乏安全感？
Marcelo Pacheco Follow
Its not enough to build aircraft jet engines.
Russia does it/did it, but at least throughout the cold war their turbofans were far less efficient than American/European ones.
Building a state of the art turbofan is very hard. Even building a turbo fan on par with 1990s turbofans is hard enough.
The combustion chamber is on fire, very hot fire. The hotter the combustion the more efficient the engine is.
制造飞机喷气发动机还不够。
俄罗斯确实做到了/曾经做到过，但至少在整个冷战期间，他们的涡扇发动机效率远低于美国/欧洲产品。
制造最先进的涡扇发动机非常困难。即便是制造与上世纪 90 年代涡扇发动机水平相当的产品，也足够具有挑战性。
燃烧室燃烧产生的火焰温度极高。燃烧温度越高，发动机效率就越高。
So the chamber must be designed such that combustion is concentrated far enough away from the chamber skin (huge CFD R&D challenge).
The high pressure turbo blades (the first moving parts that get the hot air) must withstand ultra hot temps, need the most advanced materials designed to take high temperature continuously.
The low pressure compressor (aka the big fan in front of the engine) is another huge engineering marvel. You must be able to throw a large frozen bird at the blades without destroying the engine. Testing feeds a torrential rain into the engine, and combustion/power generation can’t stop.
因此，燃烧室的设计必须确保燃烧集中在远离燃烧室壁面的位置（这是一个巨大的计算流体动力学研发挑战）。
高压涡轮叶片（最先接触热空气的转动部件）必须承受超高温，需要采用最先进的材料设计以持续耐受高温。
低压压气机（即发动机前方的大型风扇）是另一项巨大的工程奇迹。必须确保在叶片遭受大型结冰鸟类撞击时发动机不会损毁。测试中需向发动机注入暴雨般的水流，而燃烧/发电过程不能中断。
Meanwhile, the whole thing can’t be heavy. It must be as light as possible.
So the real question is how hard it is to make turbofan engines.
与此同时，整个装置必须严格控制重量，需尽可能实现轻量化。
因此真正的问题在于：制造涡扇发动机究竟有多困难？
Then realize that China isn’t a high tech country (yet). Making efficient turbofan engines will be the hallmark that China might actually have achieved high innovation status and is becoming a high tech country. China’s culture is centered on cloning others technology (when someone copies your work, its seen as a compliment in China, a ripoff in other countries). But the complexity not only in aircraft jet engines but many other aerospace technologies is too hard to just copy it. You need all of the basic materials and manufacturing know how to produce the end product. It’s far from enough to just disassemble an engine to know how to build one. Its not by chance that SpaceX decided not to go for any patents. China would adopt them and not pay a penny in royalties.
那么要认识到中国（目前）还不是一个高科技国家。制造高效涡轮风扇发动机将是中国可能真正达到高创新水平并成为高科技国家的标志。中国的文化以克隆他人技术为中心（当有人抄袭你的作品时，在中国被视为一种恭维，而在其他国家则被视为剽窃）。但飞机喷气发动机以及许多其他航空航天技术的复杂性太高，难以仅仅通过复制来掌握。你需要掌握所有基础材料和制造技术才能生产出最终产品。仅仅拆解一台发动机来了解如何制造是远远不够的。SpaceX 决定不申请任何专利并非偶然。中国会采用这些技术，却一分钱版税都不付。
Kai Tang Follow
oChina has built jet engines that allow the J-20 to supercruise at mach 1.2. The question should be “Why do people confuse not being able to make an engine and not being able to make the best engine in the world? “
Not being able to match the best engine and not being able to make the best of fighters aren’t the same thing. Can the F-35 supercruise? Watch videos on youtube, F-35 requires afterburner to vertical climb. J-20 has 2x150kn engine, that is 300 kn total. Yes, TWO engines makes up for the lag in engine tech. Two engines spool up faster. US engines are better, but the F-35 has ONE engine therefore overweight. J-20 can do vertical climb without afterburner, which means it's thrust to weight ratio is greater than 1. You can make a brick fly and have it be agile if you have enough thrust.
中国已经制造出能让歼-20 以 1.2 马赫速度进行超音速巡航的喷气发动机。问题应该是“为什么人们会把无法制造发动机与无法制造世界上最好的发动机混为一谈？”
无法匹配最佳发动机与无法制造最佳战机并非同一回事。F-35 能实现超音速巡航吗？看看 YouTube 上的视频吧，F-35 需要开启加力燃烧器才能垂直爬升。歼-20 配备两台 150 千牛发动机，总推力达 300 千牛。是的，双发动机设计弥补了发动机技术的滞后。双发动机加速更快。美国发动机性能更优，但 F-35 仅配备单发导致机体过重。歼-20 无需加力即可垂直爬升，这意味着其推重比大于 1。只要有足够推力，即便砖块也能飞得灵活敏捷。
Most people don’t think and equate making a weaker engine means it is weaker in total. Future warfare is see first, kill first. PL-15 is 400km, PL-10E is 5th gen missile that shoots over the shoulder. No dogfight needed. No dogfights happens when you are hundreds of km away. Would people stop living in Top Gun movies? It is 2018, not the 80′s. Pilots avoid dogfighting. If you are configured to bomb China, for example, you are carrying heavy bomb load, would you want to fight a Chinese jet configured for air superiority coming at you with a light load? Of course not. Pilots avoid dogfighting nowadays.
多数人缺乏思考，误以为发动机性能较弱就意味着战机整体战力薄弱。未来战争讲究先发现、先摧毁。霹雳-15 射程达 400 公里，霹雳-10E 是能越肩发射的第五代导弹。近距格斗已成过去式——当敌我相距数百公里时，哪还需要空中缠斗？人们该从《壮志凌云》的电影幻梦中醒来了，现在是 2018 年而非八十年代。现代飞行员都会主动规避格斗战。试想：如果你驾驶着满载炸弹准备袭击中国的战机，会愿意与轻装上阵、专为夺取制空权而来的中国战机交战吗？当然不会。当今飞行员早已将避免缠斗奉为圭臬。
Pilots will be thinking, “Oh oh, me heavy, him light, with longer range AA weapons …ok…me leave..no dogfighting with someone lighter than me..bye bye”.
J-20 has the biggest nose, radar on the battlefield, and the longest range weapons. Delta canard makes it the king of high alpha and transonic agility.
Why are missiles long and not fat and short? Because longer body has less transonic drag. This is why supersonic jets are long like the concord, SR-71, Tu-160. Those of you who has no knowledge, please stop judging aerodynamics by looks.
飞行员会想："哦哦，我重，他轻，还带着更远的空对空武器…好吧…我撤了…不跟比我轻的家伙缠斗…拜拜。"
歼-20 拥有战场上最大的机头、最强的雷达和最远射程的武器。三角鸭翼布局使其成为高攻角与跨音速机动领域的王者。
为什么导弹设计得细长而非粗短？因为更长弹体在跨音速阶段阻力更小。这就是为什么超音速飞机都像协和式、SR-71、图-160 那样修长。缺乏专业知识者，请勿以外观评判空气动力学。
Big jets beat small jets because big jets give more power to the radar, see further, carry longer range weapons. This is why big F-14s, F-15s are air superiority fighters, and smaller F-18s are not.
大型战机碾压小型战机，因为大型战机能为雷达提供更强功率、看得更远、携带更长射程武器。这正是 F-14、F-15 等大型战机成为空优战斗机，而较小型的 F-18 却非如此的根本原因。
Why isn’t this more widely acknowledged ? Because the US needs to sell watered down jets like the F-16 to its proxies, and to save money. If money is no issue, it would be all F-15s. Why make a small jet and make conformal fuel tanks? Bored? Because who ever sells you jets want you to be easily defeated if you betray them, want you to have no range to disturb balance. The F-35 is designed for US proxy boutique air forces around the world like the F-16. China has its ownJ-35 , watered down for export purposes, too. And yes, China makes its engines.
为何这一点未被更广泛地承认？因为美国需要向盟友出售性能缩水的战机如 F-16，同时节省开支。若资金充足，本应全部列装 F-15。为何要制造小型战机并加装保形油箱？是闲得慌吗？因为军售方希望：若你背叛，能轻易将你击败；让你航程不足，无法扰乱平衡。F-35 与 F-16 一样，专为美国遍布全球的盟友精品空军设计。中国也有自研的 歼35，同样为出口而降低配置。是的，中国能自主制造发动机。
So please, the US knows the J-20 outrange it, outsticks it. It has 2 engines overpowering it.
So please, don’t just look at an engine. Please learn how 5th gen fight works. Dogfighting are last ditch effort, when you can’t run. No strategist in the world today plans for its pilots to risk their lives in a dogfight. War and video games are not the same.
Just because China makes a weaker engines doesn’t mean it can’t build engines. China builds other engines for trainers, transport jets, civilian jets, cargo jets, and engines for warships..etc.
Look at all the answers here. All emotional thinkers with no facts matching reality.
所以请明白：美国清楚歼20 的航程更远、滞空时间更长。双发动机配置赋予其压倒性优势。
因此请不要只盯着发动机。请了解五代机的作战逻辑。狗斗是逃无可逃时的最后手段，当今没有战略家会让飞行员冒生命风险进行缠斗。战争绝非电子游戏。
中国能制造稍弱的发动机，不等于没有造发动机的能力。中国为教练机、运输机、民用客机、货运飞机乃至军舰等各类装备都配套研制了发动机。
看看这里的回答。全是情绪化的思考者，没有事实与现实相符。
X. Y. Loh Follow
That depends what kind of engine you want to build. Military aircraft engines or civilian airliner engines.
Engines for military aircraft can get away with high cost and low durability, in pursuit of maximum performance. An engine that provides awesome performance but gets burnt out after each flight may be acceptable for an air force. Throw in enough resource, most countries including China should be able to do it. The Russians are pretty good at it too.
这取决于你想制造哪种发动机——军用飞机发动机还是民用客机发动机。
军用飞机的发动机可以接受高成本、低耐用性，以追求极致性能。那种性能极其出色、但每次飞行后就会烧毁的发动机，对空军来说或许是可以接受的。只要投入足够的资源，包括中国在内的大多数国家应该都能做到。俄罗斯在这方面也相当擅长。
Engines for civilian airliner engines come with an additional challenge of economics. It can’t be too expensive to run or build. Airlines don’t want an engine that needs to be replaced after a small number of flights. Replacing engines takes time, and time is big money for airlines. Airlines also don’t want engines that needs 10 hours of maintenance for 1 hour of flight. Fuel efficiency as well needs to be part of the equation. A military aircraft has the option of in flight refueling and can get away with poor fuel efficiency. Airlines do not have this option, hence good fuel efficiency is required.
民用客机发动机还面临额外的经济性挑战。其运行或制造成本不能过高。航空公司不希望发动机在少量飞行后就需要更换。更换发动机耗时耗力，而对航空公司来说时间就是金钱。航空公司同样不希望发动机每飞行 1 小时就需要 10 小时的维护。燃油效率也是必须考虑的因素。军用飞机可以选择空中加油，因此燃油效率低一些也无妨。但航空公司没有这个选择，因此必须保证良好的燃油效率。
Such challenging requirements are difficult to meet effectively. The amount of optimization efforts is immense. Hence, it is no surprise that engines for civilian airliners are dominated by the big 3 engine makers, PW, GE and RR. They have been designing and building engines since WW2. They had the many years of incremental improvements to build the products they have today.
China has been putting in great effort to catch up on civilian aircraft jet engines. It is unreasonable to expect China to achieve the same level of performance as their western counterparts right now. The western engine makers have ~70 years head start in jet engine development. However, given time, China can catch up if they put in the effort.
如此苛刻的要求很难有效满足。优化工作极其繁重。因此，民用客机发动机市场被三大发动机制造商——普惠、通用电气和罗尔斯·罗伊斯所主导，也就不足为奇了。自二战以来，它们一直在设计和制造发动机。经过多年的逐步改进，才打造出今天的产品。
中国在民用飞机喷气发动机领域正付出巨大努力以迎头赶上。期望中国目前就能达到西方同行的性能水平是不合理的。西方发动机制造商在喷气发动机研发上拥有约 70 年的领先优势。然而，只要给予时间并持续投入，中国完全有能力实现赶超。
Rebecca Williams Follow
Empirical evidence proved it is more difficult to design and build aircraft engines than it is to build atomic bombs or send satellites to space. The jet engine is HARD.
It took many decades for US, British and French engine makers to perfect the technologies that they use today. China couldn't just acquire the plans and start making them. Creating turbine parts that can survive extreme heat has been a major engineering challenge. Meeting it has required fundamentally rethinking the material structure of the turbine blades, making metals do things that they do not normally do in nature. Turbine blades may be operating in temperatures far exceeding their melting point, and thus must be cooled to typically 85% of melting temperature to maintain integrity. Blades must be cast with intricate internal passages and surface hole patterns needed to channel and direct cooling air within and over their exterior surfaces.
经验证明，设计和制造飞机发动机比制造原子弹或将卫星送入太空更为困难。喷气发动机的制造难度极高。
美国、英国和法国的发动机制造商花费了数十年时间才完善了如今使用的技术。中国无法仅凭获取图纸就开始制造。制造能够承受极端高温的涡轮部件一直是一项重大的工程挑战。
应对这一挑战需要从根本上重新思考涡轮叶片的材料结构，使金属实现其在自然界中通常无法达到的性能。涡轮叶片可能在远超其熔点的温度下运行，因此必须冷却至通常为熔点的 85%以保持结构完整。叶片必须铸造出复杂的内部通道和表面孔洞图案，以便引导冷却空气在其内部和外部表面流动。
The turbine blades in a modern jet are a single metal crystal. Even if you have a jet and can take it apart that tells you nothing about how to cast the turbine blades, and you can have a turbine blade that looks fine but self destructs after 200 hours. As an example, the load on a single turbine blade that's only 3 inches long can be as much as 35 TONS due to the centrifugal force on a turbine spinning at 20,000 rpm at temperatures over 1,100F. Only single crystal nickle-steel can sustain that kind of load for 2,000 hours without fail.
现代喷气式发动机的涡轮叶片采用单晶金属铸造。即便你拥有一台喷气发动机并能将其拆解，这依然无法揭示涡轮叶片的铸造工艺奥秘——有些叶片看似完好，却可能在运行 200 小时后自行损毁。以一片仅 3 英寸长的涡轮叶片为例，在每分钟 2 万转、温度超过 1100 华氏度的极端工况下，其承受的离心力载荷可达 35 吨之巨。唯有单晶镍钢材料能确保这种叶片在 2000 小时内持续承受如此极端载荷而不发生故障。
One of the biggest reasons why China is so lagging behind in jet engine is the Culture Revolution, which thousands of scientist/engineers were purged, thus created a talent gap which China took a generation to pick up. By the time China got its sanity back, it's already in the 1970s. Chinese engines have to compete with mature jets already in the market place, and US and UK engines didn't. This let them make profit while they were making junky engines. China doesn't have that luxury.
中国在喷气发动机领域严重滞后的重要原因之一是文化大革命，这场运动导致数千名科学家和工程师遭到清洗，由此形成的人才断层耗费了整整一代人的时间才得以弥补。待中国恢复理性发展时，时间已步入 1970 年代。此时中国发动机必须与市场上成熟的喷气发动机竞争，而英美发动机在发展初期并无此压力——它们能在制造粗劣发动机的同时实现盈利，这种历史机遇是中国所不具备的。
Paul Taylor · Mar 9
than it is to build atomic bombs
People often forget that atomic bombs are a near 100 year old technology.
There would likely have been people working on the Manhattan project who drove to work in Model T Fords.
(Model T ended production in 1927. At the time of the Manhattan project a late model T would still have been less than 15 years old. Quite doable really)
“比制造原子弹还要困难”。
人们常常忘记，原子弹技术是一项已有近百年历史的技术了。
很可能有参与曼哈顿计划的人，是开着 T 型福特车去上班的。
（T 型车于 1927 年停产。在曼哈顿计划时期，一辆较新的 T 型车车龄可能还不到 15 年。这完全说得通。）
Henry Mortensson· Mar 13
About atomic bombs: building an atomic bomb is VERY easy. In fact, the guys at Los Alamos knew very quickly that the Little Boy design would work. They had to devote much more effort to make sure that the Fat Man design (far more efficient) could be engineered.
At any rate, the difficult part in building an atomic bomb consists of procuring the fissionable material: this requires an industrial scale effort to which lots of resources must be devoted.
关于原子弹：制造原子弹其实非常简单。事实上，洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家试验室的科学家们很快就确认了"小男孩"的设计方案是可行的。他们投入了更多精力，以确保"胖子"（效率高得多）的设计能够实现工程化。
无论如何，制造原子弹的难点在于获取可裂变材料：这需要工业规模的投入，必须投入大量资源。
Alex Ng· Fri
No idea whether China has surpassed France in manufacturing jet engines but to date, it has successfully built its own advanced jet engines (WS-10, WS-15, and WS-20) and achieving domestic production for its frontline military fighters.
不清楚中国在喷气发动机制造方面是否已超越法国，但迄今为止，中国已成功自主研发先进喷气发动机（WS-10、WS-15 和 WS-20），并实现前线军用战斗机的国产化。
Michael Ryan · Sun
As noted turbine blade design and manufacture is critical to gas turbine engine performance and longevity. A further advancement is turbine tip clearance control. Moreover, gas turbine engines are at a state of the art level of technology. This state has taken years, even decades to achieve in a step by step progression that has come from investment, research in numerous scientific disciplines including computation. For a long time China lagged behind western countries, not in education but in various scientific fields. It’s one thing to read about science & mathematics but quite another to take ideas from the printed page and make them reality. And so China has stolen many industrial secrets in their goals to overtake the US in particular. Their government, not wholly unlike Iran’s, executes their ‘undesirables’, so one might wisely question having China take the lead here in the USA.
正如所指出的，涡轮叶片的设计与制造对燃气涡轮发动机的性能和寿命至关重要。进一步的进展在于涡轮叶尖间隙控制技术。此外，燃气涡轮发动机已处于技术的前沿水平。这一成就历经多年，甚至数十年的逐步发展，源于投资以及包括计算科学在内的多学科研究。长期以来，中国在多个科学领域落后于西方国家，这并非教育问题，而是实践转化能力的差距。
阅读科学与数学是一回事，将书本上的理念转化为现实则是另一回事。因此，中国为实现在某些领域超越美国的目标，Qie取了大量工业机密。其政府与伊朗的某些做法不无相似之处，会对“不受欢迎者”采取极端措施，因此，人们或许应审慎思考是否应让中国在美国的这一领域占据主导地位。
Tom Bohannon· Mar 10
Because China cannot STEAL the knowledge. That’s all China is capable of doing. They can’t steal the metallurgy, in this case.
因为中国无法Qie取这些知识。这就是中国唯一能做的。在这种情况下，他们无法Qie取冶金技术。
Brian Rost · Mar 10
You may need to upxe your views of China, what you refer to hasn’t been the case for decades now. My PhD is in quantum computing where the Chinese are advancing the cutting edge in many ways (they lead the world in photonic quantum computing for example). They can’t be stealing or copying, since there’s nothing to steal or copy.
你可能需要更新对中国的看法，你所提及的情况早已不复存在。我的博士学位专注于量子计算领域，中国人在许多方面正推动着前沿技术的发展（例如，在光子量子计算方面他们处于世界领先地位）。他们不可能靠窃取或复制，因为根本无物可窃、无物可仿。
Drazen Zoric· Mar 10
This one explains best (at least for me):
US - innovates
EU - regulates
China - replicates
If someone steals plans it does not mean it will be capable of getting experience in building. Knowledge and experience are two different things.
这个解释得最好（至少对我来说）：美国 - 创新；欧盟 - 监管；中国 - 复制。
即便有人窃取图纸，也不代表就能获得制造经验。知识与经验是两码事。
凛冬将至 · Mar 16
Naive!
—Over the past decade (2016-2025), the country with the highest volume of global invention patent applications and grants is China! In terms of grants, China has consistently ranked first in the world since 2019 (with grants in 2024–2025 exceeding the combined total of the U.S., Japan, and South Korea).
—In 2024–2025, China's annual invention patent applications reached approximately 1.8 million, accounting for about 49.1% of the global total—nearly half!
天真！过去十年间（2016-2025 年），全球发明专利申请量和授权量最高的国家是中国！在授权量方面，中国自 2019 年起持续位居世界首位（2024–2025 年授权量已超过美国、日本、韩国三国总和）。
2024–2025 年间，中国年度发明专利申请量约达 180 万件，约占全球总量的 49.1%——接近半数！
—As of the end of 2025, China's total volume of valid invention patents has surpassed 5.3 million. China’s total valid invention patents firmly rank first in the world, exceeding the combined total of the U.S. (approx. 3.7 million), Japan (approx. 3.3 million), and South Korea (approx. 1.5 million)!
—As of the end of 2025, China's international patent (PCT) applications were approximately 74,000 per year, accounting for about 26% - 28% of the global total, ranking first in PCT applications for 7 consecutive years!
截至 2025 年底，中国有效发明专利总量已突破 530 万件。中国有效发明专利总量稳居世界第一，超过美国（约 370 万件）、日本（约 330 万件）和韩国（约 150 万件）三国总和！
截至 2025 年底，中国国际专利（PCT）申请量每年约 7.4 万件，约占全球总量的 26%-28%，PCT 申请量连续 7 年位居世界第一！
—As of the end of 2025, China has approximately 2.28 million high-value invention patents (officially certified standards including PCT applications, overseas grants, pledge financing, and strategic emerging industry coverage), with 70% concentrated in strategic emerging industries such as AI, 6G, New Energy, Biomedicine, New Materials, and Quantum Information.
China is no longer just the world's factory, it has transformed into the world's largest innovation engine. It is long past time for you to take off those tinted glasses!
截至 2025 年底，中国拥有约 228 万件高价值发明专利（官方认证标准涵盖 PCT 申请、海外授权、质押融资及战略性新兴产业覆盖范围），其中 70%集中在人工智能、6G 通信、新能源、生物医药、新材料和量子信息等战略性新兴产业。
中国已不仅是世界工厂，更转型为全球最大的创新引擎。是时候摘下你的有色眼镜了！
It’s actually so hard for EVERYONE to build jet engines.
实际上，对所有国家来说，制造喷气发动机都非常困难。
One thing people rarely appreciate is that jet engine development can cost as much as developing an airplane. I think there are more countries capable of making airplanes than there are countries capable of making jet engines of any kind (turbofan, turboshaft, turboprop included). You have countries like Japan or South Korea that are capable of making modern airplanes but have no truly domestic jet engine manufacturer. Many opt to buy foreign engines instead and they all tend to come down to a handful of names like Rolls-Royce, Pratt & Whitney, GE, and Safran (and if there are other names, they tend to collaborate with one of those big ones)
人们很少意识到的一点是，喷气发动机的研发成本可能与研发一架飞机相当。我认为，能够制造飞机的国家比能够制造任何类型喷气发动机（包括涡扇、涡轴、涡桨）的国家要多。像日本或韩国这样的国家能够制造现代飞机，却没有真正本土的喷气发动机制造商。许多国家选择购买外国发动机，而这些发动机往往来自少数几家制造商，如罗尔斯·罗伊斯、普惠、通用电气和赛峰集团（如果有其他制造商，它们也倾向于与这些大公司合作）
Part of it is the demanding material science behind the engine. For example, the turbine blades must be able to withstand temperature over one thousand degrees (doesn’t matter which scale) while also keeping its shape intact throughout the operation. This makes them a product of both metallurgy and precision engineering.
And keep in mind that you don’t just make one or a handful of these; you have to have hundreds or thousands of them. You need serious equipment and lots of engineers to get an engine factory running.
This is also why you rarely hear jet engine startups. You can have a bunch of engineers create some new airplane or even spacecraft company with their own novel concept every other month, but engines? Almost never.
部分原因在于发动机背后苛刻的材料科学。例如，涡轮叶片必须能够承受超过一千度的高温（无论使用哪种温标），同时在整个运行过程中保持其形状不变。这使得它们成为冶金学和精密工程的共同产物。
请记住，你不仅仅是要制造一两台这样的发动机；你需要生产数百甚至数千台。要让一家发动机工厂运转起来，需要精良的设备和大量工程师。
这也是为什么你很少听说有喷气发动机初创公司。每隔一个月，你都能看到一群工程师凭借自己的新颖理念创立新的飞机甚至航天器公司，但发动机公司？几乎从未有过。
As for China, they learned to build engines the same way they learned to build airplanes: Copy the Soviets. That gave their engineering establishment some experience in manufacturing before they got into designing one. They knew the Soviet engines work, so it was a matter of building it. But because of the factors I mentioned earlier, progress was slow, especially back when China was industrializing. Other jet engine manufacturers were fortunate enough that when they were developing it, they already had a mature domestic industry and their countries were at the forefront of science and tech. China had to play catch up with one hand figuratively tied and there’s probably no better way than learning by copying if they want to get their jet engine industry on par with the West within a reasonable number of years.
至于中国，他们学习制造发动机的方式与学习制造飞机的方式相同：模仿苏联。这使得他们的工程体系在开始设计之前就获得了一些制造经验。他们知道苏联的发动机是可行的，因此关键在于如何制造出来。但由于我之前提到的因素，进展缓慢，尤其是在中国工业化初期。其他喷气发动机制造商幸运的是，在他们开发时，已经拥有成熟的国内产业，并且他们的国家处于科技前沿。中国不得不在一只手被地束缚的情况下追赶，如果要在合理年限内使其喷气发动机产业与西方持平，可能没有比通过模仿学习更好的方法了。
Now, they’re reaping the benefits of what they began many decades ago.
如今，他们正在收获几十年前开始努力的成果。
Scott Carter · Mar 10
You have countries like Japan or South Korea that are capable of making modern airplanes but have no truly domestic jet engine manufacturer.
By “making” I think you mean designing as well as manufacturing.
Also Brazil, Sweden, Turkey, India. (although the latter two with the KAAN and Tejas respectively still need to prove themselves)
“像日本或韩国这样的国家能够制造现代飞机，却没有真正本土的喷气发动机制造商。”
我认为你所说的"制造"既包括设计也包括生产。
还有巴西、瑞典、土耳其、印度。（尽管后两者仍需分别通过“可汗”和 “光辉” 项目证明自身实力）
David Reid· Mar 10
It’s more accurate to state “large jet engines”.
更准确的说法是“大型喷气发动机”。
Scott Carter · Mar 10
Probably true; if we want to include relatively small, say smaller than 100kN/20k lbf, (but still human sized so at least 5 kN/1k lbf, something like a Williams FJ33, and human rated) jet engines at least Canada has full indigenous design capability AFAIK. Maybe India and/or Turkey too.
可能确实如此；如果我们想纳入相对较小的喷气发动机，比如小于 10万牛/2万磅力（但仍为人体尺寸，因此至少为 5 千牛/1 千磅力，类似于威廉姆斯 FJ33，且适合人类使用），据我所知，至少加拿大拥有完全的本土设计能力。印度和土耳其可能也具备这种能力。
Larry Wigoder· Mar 10
Actually up to and inc second world war Britain was the aircraft king. Think spitfire with that monster Merlin engine. Concorde 70’s. But recent gains such as Airbus now with domestic power plants And Rolls Royce always been in the Jet race . Now set a high bar with the Trent engine. Apparently it’s better at everything. Were always the quieter option. Pratt and Whitney don’t no how competitive they are now. Most powerful in 747 days but noisy polluting not fuel efficient weren’t suitable for the Dreamliner.
实际上，直至第二次世界大战期间，英国一直是航空领域的王者。想想那搭载强大梅林引擎的喷火战斗机，以及 70 年代的协和式客机。但近期的成就，如空中客车公司如今已拥有国产动力装置，而罗尔斯·罗伊斯始终在喷气发动机竞赛中占有一席之地。如今，凭借特伦特发动机设定了高标准，显然它在各方面都更胜一筹，一直是更安静的选择。至于普惠公司，现在其竞争力如何尚不清楚。在波音 747 时代它最为强大，但噪音大、污染重、燃油效率低，不适合梦想中的客机。
Peter NL Hsieh· Mar 10
China learned the hard way that one cannot just copy but have all the Aero-Engines industrial (eg Metallurgy included) & technical chains established with quality research scientists, engineers & technicians. When China begun to built the WS-10, the first Turbofan Jet Engine in 1983, China started from the very basic by building their own industrial & technical chains and all these took two generations of Chinese scientists, engineers & technicians for around 35 years to succeed totally. Now, China is producing WS-10, WS-15, WS-19, WS-20 & CJ1000 Turbofan Jet Engines. Today, China is absolutely an independent producer of complete Turbofan Jet Engines with China’s own complete aero-engines industrial & technical chains.
中国从艰难的经历中认识到，仅靠模仿是不够的，必须建立起完整的航空发动机工业（包括冶金等）和技术链条，并拥有高质量的研究科学家、工程师和技术人员。当中国于 1983 年开始研制第一台涡扇喷气发动机 WS-10 时，中国从最基础的工作做起，逐步建立起自己的工业和技术链条。
这一切花费了中国两代科学家、工程师和技术人员大约 35 年的时间，才最终取得成功。如今，中国正在生产 WS-10、WS-15、WS-19、WS-20 和 CJ1000 涡扇喷气发动机。今天，中国凭借自身完整的航空发动机工业和技术链条，已成为完全独立的涡扇喷气发动机制造国。
Dean Pannell · Mar 10
China is also the world’s largest annual applicant for and recipiant of patents, approaching as many as the rest of the world combined. The US is second, but far behind.
中国也是世界上每年专利申请和授予数量最多的国家，接近世界其他国家的总和。美国位居第二，但远远落后。
Peter Aspinall
Stealing and copying without depth.
窃取与模仿，缺乏深度。
Gordon Livingstone · Mar 10
That is too simple. Assuming that the competition isn’t capable of development and innovation is a very dangerous habit.
Plenty of evidence that China can and does do its own innovation. It obviously helps that if they can reverse engineer existing products.
这种看法过于简单。假设竞争对手不具备开发与创新能力，是一种极其危险的思维定式。
大量证据表明，中国不仅有能力，而且确实在进行自主创新。当然，如果能对现有产品进行逆向工程，显然也会对自己有所帮助。
Dean Pannell· Mar 10
China applies for and receives more patents than any country in the world. They’re not too far from the number for the rest of the world combined and re far ahead of the US these days.
All those years of sending their best students to the world’s best universities had helped to build a system of domestic universities and engineering capabilities far beyond what you seem to think.
“中国申请并获得的专利数量超过世界上任何国家。其数量已接近世界其他国家的总和，并且近年来远超美国。”
多年来，中国将最优秀的学生送往世界顶尖大学深造，这极大地促进了其国内大学体系及工程能力的建设，其水平远超你想象。
Larry Wigoder · Mar 10
No expert but there are jet startups. Don’t know the tech term on the jet engine used but it’s very much a light version offering. Single jet engine one pilot 480km Honda jet. Comes to mind. Only cost couple million dollars and for owner could be feasible to acquire personal pilots licence know need for expensive pilot Lower operating and fuel costs. Know idea the range but the writer is better informed then me. Serious tech on these planes if emergency uses Garmin nav if activated to land at nearest airport remotely. In serious emergencies would after remotely opening a window corridor for itself auto deploy a parachute for the entire aircraft and passengers although I think only 2 or 3 passengers to lot land safely and live another day. A Chinese maker holds the title as the best selling private jet in the US. Is affordable for millionaires as opposed to billionaires to me that’s groundbreaking start up stuff.
我虽并非专家，但确实有喷气式飞机初创企业。不清楚所用喷气发动机的技术术语，但这显然是一款轻量级产品。单引擎、单飞行员、航程 480 公里的本田喷气机浮现在脑海中。仅需数百万美元，对拥有者而言，考取私人飞行员执照或许可行——要知道，无需昂贵的专业飞行员，运营和燃料成本也更低。虽然不清楚具体航程，
但作者显然比我更了解内情。这些飞机配备了尖端技术：紧急情况下若启动 Garmin 导航系统，可远程引导至最近机场降落；若遇重大险情，在远程开辟空中走廊后，整架飞机（包括乘客）会自动展开降落伞——虽然我认为最多只能搭载 2-3 名乘客，但足以安全着陆、保全性命。有家中国制造商在美国保持着最畅销私人飞机的纪录。对百万富翁（而非亿万富翁）而言，这种可负担性堪称突破性的初创成果。
Joseph Wang Follow
Materials.
The turbine blades in a modern jet are a single metal crystal. Even if you have a jet and can take it apart that tells you nothing about how to cast the turbine blades, and you can have a turbine blade that looks fine but self destructs after 200 hours.
If you have a rocket motor you only need it to run for a few minutes. With jet engines you need the thing to run for thousands of hours.
材料。现代喷气发动机的涡轮叶片是单晶金属。即使你有一台发动机并能拆解它，这也不能告诉你如何铸造涡轮叶片，而且涡轮叶片可能看起来完好，却在运行 200 小时后自行损毁。
火箭发动机只需要运行几分钟。而喷气发动机需要运行数千小时。
One thing is that there are things that you can make work by trial and error. You build a bad smartphone, watch it crater, build another one. Jet aircraft is something that trial and error works badly because when a jet engine fails it tends to be bad.
有一点是，有些东西可以通过反复试错来使其运作。你造出一款糟糕的智能手机，看着它失败，再制造另一款。喷气式飞机则不同，试错法在这里效果不佳，因为当喷气发动机发生故障时，后果往往很严重。
Bill Chen Follow
China has been building jet engines for decades. But just like many other categories, China built low and medium spec stuff, but they are so big and efficient the sector is dominated by them today.
China only completed its basic electric and highway grids in the 2000s. They had bigger fish to fry building up the basics to scale with economic growth instead of chasing the high end. That era of making up ground is over. The Chinese are transitioning to compete up the ladder, and their progress is astonishing, because of one reason.
中国制造喷气发动机已有数十年历史。但正如许多其他领域一样，中国过去主要生产中低端产品，然而凭借其庞大的规模和高效的生产能力，如今已在该领域占据主导地位。
中国直到 21 世纪初才完成基础电网和高速公路网的建设。当时他们更需要优先解决与经济增长相匹配的基础设施问题，而非追逐高端技术。那个填补空白的时代已经结束。中国人正转向向产业链高端攀升，其进展速度令人惊叹，这背后有一个关键原因。
An abundance of talent.
Every year, hundreds of thousands Chinese students go to the first world and 85 percent of them bring newfound skills and exposure back to the Chinese economy. They know how high the competitive bar is, but more importantly, the missing pieces China has to assemble to get there.
人才储备充足。
每年，数十万中国学生前往发达国家，其中 85%的人将新掌握的技能和开阔的视野带回中国经济。他们深知竞争门槛之高，但更重要的是，他们清楚中国需要整合哪些缺失的环节才能达到目标。
These talents, both overseas and local, are not only increased in number due to the education revolution and growing prosperity, but they are being set free to focus on harder problems innovating up the tech ladder.
The advantage they have is the wind behind their backs, with government policy, deep pockets both private and public, and an eager first world hungry for the huge Chinese market.
这些人才，无论是海外归国还是本土培养，不仅因教育革命和中国日益繁荣而数量大增，而且他们正被解放出来，专注于攻克更艰难的问题，推动技术阶梯向上创新。
他们拥有的优势是顺风而行，有政府政策的支持，公私部门的雄厚资金，以及渴望进入庞大中国市场的发达国家。
China has already arrived at the cutting edge for smaller jet engines. These are entering series production. The only remaining frontier is the airliner engine. But that will change this decade. China already has most of the parts, and because it is considered a national project, the various pieces can be shared for cross pollination.
In other words, jet engines are not impossibly hard problems for a big country working together. China didn't make it a priority until recently.
中国已经在小型喷气发动机领域达到前沿水平，这些发动机正在进入批量生产。唯一剩下的前沿领域是客机发动机。但这将在本十年内改变。中国已经掌握了大部分零部件，并且由于这被视为国家项目，各个部分可以共享以促进交叉融合。
换句话说，对于一个大国而言，喷气发动机并非无法攻克的难题。中国直到最近才将其列为优先发展事项。
Felix Su
Because it takes time for material science research. If you look at the papers China has published in this area, they’ve been focused on the super metal for building turbine blades.
Now that the 30 years of research has paid off, China has built the WS-10 and WS-15 engines which are comparable to the best the US has to offer.
China has also built the CJ-1000 high-bypass turbofan engine.
They are starting to mass produce them.
So it’s hard because you need to do a lot of basic research but China has caught up.
因为材料科学研究需要时间。如果你查看中国在这一领域发表的论文，就会发现它们主要集中在制造涡轮叶片所需的超级金属上。
经过 30 年的研究终于取得成果，中国已研发出 WS-10 和 WS-15 发动机，其性能可与美国最先进的型号相媲美。
中国还成功研制了 CJ-1000 大涵道比涡扇发动机。
这些发动机已开始进入批量生产阶段。研发过程之所以艰难，是因为需要大量基础研究积累，但中国现已迎头赶上。
Robin Lim
China is perfecting “ walk, before U run” !!!
Just like it’s predecessors.. Japan, Sth Korea…initially produced not so good products, but, a few decades later,
now produce nail biting ,cutting edge products.. !!!
Just give it a few more years, and LOOK OUT…Revolutionary products.. all MIC !!!
中国正在践行“先学走，再学跑”的理念！！！
正如其前辈日本、韩国一样……最初生产的产品并不出色，但几十年后，
如今已能制造出令人屏息、尖端前沿的产品！！！
只需再给几年时间，敬请期待…革命性的产品将全部由中国制造！！！
Sam S
They can't reverse engineer everything , at least not yet …
Not a priority ? The Chinese have been feverishly using every method at their disposal, including those highly unethical, in their failed efforts to develop fighter engines. Don't think for a second that this has not been a national priority for quite some time .
他们无法对所有东西进行逆向工程，至少目前还不行……
不是优先事项？中国人一直在狂热地利用他们所能使用的每一种方法，包括那些极不道德的手段，却始终未能成功研制出战斗机发动机。别以为这在一段时间内不是国家的优先事项。
Vishnu Ravi Follow
China's quest to build aircraft jet engines has been met with formidable challenges, impeding its progress on multiple fronts. One significant hurdle lies in the realm of manufacturing expertise and tacit knowledge. Although China has made commendable strides, it still lacks the necessary mastery to construct cutting-edge turbofan engines, hampering its ambitions.
Another constraint that hampers China's appropriation strategy is the bottleneck technologies. Insufficient testing data and a dearth of industrial ecology restrict the nation's maneuverability in this critical arena. These limitations further exacerbate the difficulties faced in establishing a self-reliant engine industry.
中国在研发飞机喷气发动机的道路上遭遇了重重挑战，多个方面进展受阻。一个显著的障碍在于制造技术和隐性知识的积累。尽管中国已取得令人瞩目的进步，但在构建尖端涡轮风扇发动机方面仍缺乏必要的精湛技艺，这制约了其雄心壮志。
制约中国技术引进策略的另一项因素是瓶颈技术。测试数据不足和产业生态匮乏限制了国家在这一关键领域的操作空间。这些限制进一步加剧了建立自主发动机产业所面临的困难。
Materials and machining pose yet another stumbling block for China. Crafting jet engine components that can withstand extreme temperatures, pressures, and high-speed rotation demands a meticulous approach. Regrettably, China has struggled to acquire the required expertise in materials and machining, hindering the development of reliable engines.
Foreign dependencies have historically posed challenges for China in its pursuit of engine autonomy. The reliance on the United Kingdom and the former Soviet unx for jet engines has proved to be a burden, impeding progress in key capabilities. China's journey towards reducing these foreign dependencies has been an arduous one.
材料和加工技术是中国面临的又一障碍。制造能够承受极端温度、压力和高速旋转的喷气发动机部件需要极其精细的工艺。遗憾的是，中国在获取所需材料和加工技术方面始终面临困难，这阻碍了可靠发动机的研发进程。
长期以来，对外依赖一直是中国实现发动机自主道路上的挑战。对英国和前苏联喷气发动机的依赖已成为负担，阻碍了关键能力的发展。中国在减少这些外部依赖的道路上走得异常艰辛。
The difficulty of designing efficient jet engines stands as a formidable obstacle. The intricate nature of such designs requires exceptional skill and expertise, an area where China currently falls short. Building upon its capabilities in this realm is essential for achieving breakthroughs in jet engine production.
Despite devoted decades of research and development, China's endeavors to create a trustworthy, high-performance jet engine have fallen short. While commendable progress has been made in localizing engine production, China's heavy reliance on Russian turbofan engines remains a prominent aspect, highlighting the need for further advancements in this domain.
设计高效喷气发动机的难度构成了一个巨大的障碍。这类设计的复杂性需要非凡的技能和专业知识，而中国目前在这方面仍显不足。提升在这一领域的能力，对于实现喷气发动机生产的突破至关重要。
尽管投入了数十年的研发努力，中国在制造可靠、高性能喷气发动机方面的尝试仍未达到预期。虽然在发动机生产的本土化方面取得了值得称赞的进展，但中国对俄罗斯涡扇发动机的严重依赖依然是一个显著特点，这凸显了在该领域进一步取得进步的必要性。
AAK
I think China has done amazing job in producing engines for fighter aircrafts in a relatively short time. Still there is no comparison with Western engines, but given same time that West has taken to reach this stage, China is likely do better in a shorter time.
As far as commercial engines are concerned, neither Boeing nor Airbus produce their own engine. These are produced by companies like CFM.
But why are we discussing so much of China. Why are people so interested in hilighting what China has been able to or not able to do so far? Why are they feeling so insecure?
我认为中国在相对较短的时间内生产战斗机发动机方面做得非常出色。虽然与西方发动机相比仍有差距，但考虑到西方达到这一阶段所花费的时间，中国很可能在更短的时间内做得更好。
就商用发动机而言，波音和空客都不生产自己的发动机。这些发动机由 CFM 等公司生产。
但我们为何如此关注中国？为何人们如此热衷于强调中国迄今为止的成就与不足？他们为何如此缺乏安全感？
Marcelo Pacheco Follow
Its not enough to build aircraft jet engines.
Russia does it/did it, but at least throughout the cold war their turbofans were far less efficient than American/European ones.
Building a state of the art turbofan is very hard. Even building a turbo fan on par with 1990s turbofans is hard enough.
The combustion chamber is on fire, very hot fire. The hotter the combustion the more efficient the engine is.
制造飞机喷气发动机还不够。
俄罗斯确实做到了/曾经做到过，但至少在整个冷战期间，他们的涡扇发动机效率远低于美国/欧洲产品。
制造最先进的涡扇发动机非常困难。即便是制造与上世纪 90 年代涡扇发动机水平相当的产品，也足够具有挑战性。
燃烧室燃烧产生的火焰温度极高。燃烧温度越高，发动机效率就越高。
So the chamber must be designed such that combustion is concentrated far enough away from the chamber skin (huge CFD R&D challenge).
The high pressure turbo blades (the first moving parts that get the hot air) must withstand ultra hot temps, need the most advanced materials designed to take high temperature continuously.
The low pressure compressor (aka the big fan in front of the engine) is another huge engineering marvel. You must be able to throw a large frozen bird at the blades without destroying the engine. Testing feeds a torrential rain into the engine, and combustion/power generation can’t stop.
因此，燃烧室的设计必须确保燃烧集中在远离燃烧室壁面的位置（这是一个巨大的计算流体动力学研发挑战）。
高压涡轮叶片（最先接触热空气的转动部件）必须承受超高温，需要采用最先进的材料设计以持续耐受高温。
低压压气机（即发动机前方的大型风扇）是另一项巨大的工程奇迹。必须确保在叶片遭受大型结冰鸟类撞击时发动机不会损毁。测试中需向发动机注入暴雨般的水流，而燃烧/发电过程不能中断。
Meanwhile, the whole thing can’t be heavy. It must be as light as possible.
So the real question is how hard it is to make turbofan engines.
与此同时，整个装置必须严格控制重量，需尽可能实现轻量化。
因此真正的问题在于：制造涡扇发动机究竟有多困难？
Then realize that China isn’t a high tech country (yet). Making efficient turbofan engines will be the hallmark that China might actually have achieved high innovation status and is becoming a high tech country. China’s culture is centered on cloning others technology (when someone copies your work, its seen as a compliment in China, a ripoff in other countries). But the complexity not only in aircraft jet engines but many other aerospace technologies is too hard to just copy it. You need all of the basic materials and manufacturing know how to produce the end product. It’s far from enough to just disassemble an engine to know how to build one. Its not by chance that SpaceX decided not to go for any patents. China would adopt them and not pay a penny in royalties.
那么要认识到中国（目前）还不是一个高科技国家。制造高效涡轮风扇发动机将是中国可能真正达到高创新水平并成为高科技国家的标志。中国的文化以克隆他人技术为中心（当有人抄袭你的作品时，在中国被视为一种恭维，而在其他国家则被视为剽窃）。但飞机喷气发动机以及许多其他航空航天技术的复杂性太高，难以仅仅通过复制来掌握。你需要掌握所有基础材料和制造技术才能生产出最终产品。仅仅拆解一台发动机来了解如何制造是远远不够的。SpaceX 决定不申请任何专利并非偶然。中国会采用这些技术，却一分钱版税都不付。
Kai Tang Follow
oChina has built jet engines that allow the J-20 to supercruise at mach 1.2. The question should be “Why do people confuse not being able to make an engine and not being able to make the best engine in the world? “
Not being able to match the best engine and not being able to make the best of fighters aren’t the same thing. Can the F-35 supercruise? Watch videos on youtube, F-35 requires afterburner to vertical climb. J-20 has 2x150kn engine, that is 300 kn total. Yes, TWO engines makes up for the lag in engine tech. Two engines spool up faster. US engines are better, but the F-35 has ONE engine therefore overweight. J-20 can do vertical climb without afterburner, which means it's thrust to weight ratio is greater than 1. You can make a brick fly and have it be agile if you have enough thrust.
中国已经制造出能让歼-20 以 1.2 马赫速度进行超音速巡航的喷气发动机。问题应该是“为什么人们会把无法制造发动机与无法制造世界上最好的发动机混为一谈？”
无法匹配最佳发动机与无法制造最佳战机并非同一回事。F-35 能实现超音速巡航吗？看看 YouTube 上的视频吧，F-35 需要开启加力燃烧器才能垂直爬升。歼-20 配备两台 150 千牛发动机，总推力达 300 千牛。是的，双发动机设计弥补了发动机技术的滞后。双发动机加速更快。美国发动机性能更优，但 F-35 仅配备单发导致机体过重。歼-20 无需加力即可垂直爬升，这意味着其推重比大于 1。只要有足够推力，即便砖块也能飞得灵活敏捷。
Most people don’t think and equate making a weaker engine means it is weaker in total. Future warfare is see first, kill first. PL-15 is 400km, PL-10E is 5th gen missile that shoots over the shoulder. No dogfight needed. No dogfights happens when you are hundreds of km away. Would people stop living in Top Gun movies? It is 2018, not the 80′s. Pilots avoid dogfighting. If you are configured to bomb China, for example, you are carrying heavy bomb load, would you want to fight a Chinese jet configured for air superiority coming at you with a light load? Of course not. Pilots avoid dogfighting nowadays.
多数人缺乏思考，误以为发动机性能较弱就意味着战机整体战力薄弱。未来战争讲究先发现、先摧毁。霹雳-15 射程达 400 公里，霹雳-10E 是能越肩发射的第五代导弹。近距格斗已成过去式——当敌我相距数百公里时，哪还需要空中缠斗？人们该从《壮志凌云》的电影幻梦中醒来了，现在是 2018 年而非八十年代。现代飞行员都会主动规避格斗战。试想：如果你驾驶着满载炸弹准备袭击中国的战机，会愿意与轻装上阵、专为夺取制空权而来的中国战机交战吗？当然不会。当今飞行员早已将避免缠斗奉为圭臬。
Pilots will be thinking, “Oh oh, me heavy, him light, with longer range AA weapons …ok…me leave..no dogfighting with someone lighter than me..bye bye”.
J-20 has the biggest nose, radar on the battlefield, and the longest range weapons. Delta canard makes it the king of high alpha and transonic agility.
Why are missiles long and not fat and short? Because longer body has less transonic drag. This is why supersonic jets are long like the concord, SR-71, Tu-160. Those of you who has no knowledge, please stop judging aerodynamics by looks.
飞行员会想："哦哦，我重，他轻，还带着更远的空对空武器…好吧…我撤了…不跟比我轻的家伙缠斗…拜拜。"
歼-20 拥有战场上最大的机头、最强的雷达和最远射程的武器。三角鸭翼布局使其成为高攻角与跨音速机动领域的王者。
为什么导弹设计得细长而非粗短？因为更长弹体在跨音速阶段阻力更小。这就是为什么超音速飞机都像协和式、SR-71、图-160 那样修长。缺乏专业知识者，请勿以外观评判空气动力学。
Big jets beat small jets because big jets give more power to the radar, see further, carry longer range weapons. This is why big F-14s, F-15s are air superiority fighters, and smaller F-18s are not.
大型战机碾压小型战机，因为大型战机能为雷达提供更强功率、看得更远、携带更长射程武器。这正是 F-14、F-15 等大型战机成为空优战斗机，而较小型的 F-18 却非如此的根本原因。
Why isn’t this more widely acknowledged ? Because the US needs to sell watered down jets like the F-16 to its proxies, and to save money. If money is no issue, it would be all F-15s. Why make a small jet and make conformal fuel tanks? Bored? Because who ever sells you jets want you to be easily defeated if you betray them, want you to have no range to disturb balance. The F-35 is designed for US proxy boutique air forces around the world like the F-16. China has its ownJ-35 , watered down for export purposes, too. And yes, China makes its engines.
为何这一点未被更广泛地承认？因为美国需要向盟友出售性能缩水的战机如 F-16，同时节省开支。若资金充足，本应全部列装 F-15。为何要制造小型战机并加装保形油箱？是闲得慌吗？因为军售方希望：若你背叛，能轻易将你击败；让你航程不足，无法扰乱平衡。F-35 与 F-16 一样，专为美国遍布全球的盟友精品空军设计。中国也有自研的 歼35，同样为出口而降低配置。是的，中国能自主制造发动机。
So please, the US knows the J-20 outrange it, outsticks it. It has 2 engines overpowering it.
So please, don’t just look at an engine. Please learn how 5th gen fight works. Dogfighting are last ditch effort, when you can’t run. No strategist in the world today plans for its pilots to risk their lives in a dogfight. War and video games are not the same.
Just because China makes a weaker engines doesn’t mean it can’t build engines. China builds other engines for trainers, transport jets, civilian jets, cargo jets, and engines for warships..etc.
Look at all the answers here. All emotional thinkers with no facts matching reality.
所以请明白：美国清楚歼20 的航程更远、滞空时间更长。双发动机配置赋予其压倒性优势。
因此请不要只盯着发动机。请了解五代机的作战逻辑。狗斗是逃无可逃时的最后手段，当今没有战略家会让飞行员冒生命风险进行缠斗。战争绝非电子游戏。
中国能制造稍弱的发动机，不等于没有造发动机的能力。中国为教练机、运输机、民用客机、货运飞机乃至军舰等各类装备都配套研制了发动机。
看看这里的回答。全是情绪化的思考者，没有事实与现实相符。
X. Y. Loh Follow
That depends what kind of engine you want to build. Military aircraft engines or civilian airliner engines.
Engines for military aircraft can get away with high cost and low durability, in pursuit of maximum performance. An engine that provides awesome performance but gets burnt out after each flight may be acceptable for an air force. Throw in enough resource, most countries including China should be able to do it. The Russians are pretty good at it too.
这取决于你想制造哪种发动机——军用飞机发动机还是民用客机发动机。
军用飞机的发动机可以接受高成本、低耐用性，以追求极致性能。那种性能极其出色、但每次飞行后就会烧毁的发动机，对空军来说或许是可以接受的。只要投入足够的资源，包括中国在内的大多数国家应该都能做到。俄罗斯在这方面也相当擅长。
Engines for civilian airliner engines come with an additional challenge of economics. It can’t be too expensive to run or build. Airlines don’t want an engine that needs to be replaced after a small number of flights. Replacing engines takes time, and time is big money for airlines. Airlines also don’t want engines that needs 10 hours of maintenance for 1 hour of flight. Fuel efficiency as well needs to be part of the equation. A military aircraft has the option of in flight refueling and can get away with poor fuel efficiency. Airlines do not have this option, hence good fuel efficiency is required.
民用客机发动机还面临额外的经济性挑战。其运行或制造成本不能过高。航空公司不希望发动机在少量飞行后就需要更换。更换发动机耗时耗力，而对航空公司来说时间就是金钱。航空公司同样不希望发动机每飞行 1 小时就需要 10 小时的维护。燃油效率也是必须考虑的因素。军用飞机可以选择空中加油，因此燃油效率低一些也无妨。但航空公司没有这个选择，因此必须保证良好的燃油效率。
Such challenging requirements are difficult to meet effectively. The amount of optimization efforts is immense. Hence, it is no surprise that engines for civilian airliners are dominated by the big 3 engine makers, PW, GE and RR. They have been designing and building engines since WW2. They had the many years of incremental improvements to build the products they have today.
China has been putting in great effort to catch up on civilian aircraft jet engines. It is unreasonable to expect China to achieve the same level of performance as their western counterparts right now. The western engine makers have ~70 years head start in jet engine development. However, given time, China can catch up if they put in the effort.
如此苛刻的要求很难有效满足。优化工作极其繁重。因此，民用客机发动机市场被三大发动机制造商——普惠、通用电气和罗尔斯·罗伊斯所主导，也就不足为奇了。自二战以来，它们一直在设计和制造发动机。经过多年的逐步改进，才打造出今天的产品。
中国在民用飞机喷气发动机领域正付出巨大努力以迎头赶上。期望中国目前就能达到西方同行的性能水平是不合理的。西方发动机制造商在喷气发动机研发上拥有约 70 年的领先优势。然而，只要给予时间并持续投入，中国完全有能力实现赶超。
Rebecca Williams Follow
Empirical evidence proved it is more difficult to design and build aircraft engines than it is to build atomic bombs or send satellites to space. The jet engine is HARD.
It took many decades for US, British and French engine makers to perfect the technologies that they use today. China couldn't just acquire the plans and start making them. Creating turbine parts that can survive extreme heat has been a major engineering challenge. Meeting it has required fundamentally rethinking the material structure of the turbine blades, making metals do things that they do not normally do in nature. Turbine blades may be operating in temperatures far exceeding their melting point, and thus must be cooled to typically 85% of melting temperature to maintain integrity. Blades must be cast with intricate internal passages and surface hole patterns needed to channel and direct cooling air within and over their exterior surfaces.
经验证明，设计和制造飞机发动机比制造原子弹或将卫星送入太空更为困难。喷气发动机的制造难度极高。
美国、英国和法国的发动机制造商花费了数十年时间才完善了如今使用的技术。中国无法仅凭获取图纸就开始制造。制造能够承受极端高温的涡轮部件一直是一项重大的工程挑战。
应对这一挑战需要从根本上重新思考涡轮叶片的材料结构，使金属实现其在自然界中通常无法达到的性能。涡轮叶片可能在远超其熔点的温度下运行，因此必须冷却至通常为熔点的 85%以保持结构完整。叶片必须铸造出复杂的内部通道和表面孔洞图案，以便引导冷却空气在其内部和外部表面流动。
The turbine blades in a modern jet are a single metal crystal. Even if you have a jet and can take it apart that tells you nothing about how to cast the turbine blades, and you can have a turbine blade that looks fine but self destructs after 200 hours. As an example, the load on a single turbine blade that's only 3 inches long can be as much as 35 TONS due to the centrifugal force on a turbine spinning at 20,000 rpm at temperatures over 1,100F. Only single crystal nickle-steel can sustain that kind of load for 2,000 hours without fail.
现代喷气式发动机的涡轮叶片采用单晶金属铸造。即便你拥有一台喷气发动机并能将其拆解，这依然无法揭示涡轮叶片的铸造工艺奥秘——有些叶片看似完好，却可能在运行 200 小时后自行损毁。以一片仅 3 英寸长的涡轮叶片为例，在每分钟 2 万转、温度超过 1100 华氏度的极端工况下，其承受的离心力载荷可达 35 吨之巨。唯有单晶镍钢材料能确保这种叶片在 2000 小时内持续承受如此极端载荷而不发生故障。
One of the biggest reasons why China is so lagging behind in jet engine is the Culture Revolution, which thousands of scientist/engineers were purged, thus created a talent gap which China took a generation to pick up. By the time China got its sanity back, it's already in the 1970s. Chinese engines have to compete with mature jets already in the market place, and US and UK engines didn't. This let them make profit while they were making junky engines. China doesn't have that luxury.
中国在喷气发动机领域严重滞后的重要原因之一是文化大革命，这场运动导致数千名科学家和工程师遭到清洗，由此形成的人才断层耗费了整整一代人的时间才得以弥补。待中国恢复理性发展时，时间已步入 1970 年代。此时中国发动机必须与市场上成熟的喷气发动机竞争，而英美发动机在发展初期并无此压力——它们能在制造粗劣发动机的同时实现盈利，这种历史机遇是中国所不具备的。
Paul Taylor · Mar 9
than it is to build atomic bombs
People often forget that atomic bombs are a near 100 year old technology.
There would likely have been people working on the Manhattan project who drove to work in Model T Fords.
(Model T ended production in 1927. At the time of the Manhattan project a late model T would still have been less than 15 years old. Quite doable really)
“比制造原子弹还要困难”。
人们常常忘记，原子弹技术是一项已有近百年历史的技术了。
很可能有参与曼哈顿计划的人，是开着 T 型福特车去上班的。
（T 型车于 1927 年停产。在曼哈顿计划时期，一辆较新的 T 型车车龄可能还不到 15 年。这完全说得通。）
Henry Mortensson· Mar 13
About atomic bombs: building an atomic bomb is VERY easy. In fact, the guys at Los Alamos knew very quickly that the Little Boy design would work. They had to devote much more effort to make sure that the Fat Man design (far more efficient) could be engineered.
At any rate, the difficult part in building an atomic bomb consists of procuring the fissionable material: this requires an industrial scale effort to which lots of resources must be devoted.
关于原子弹：制造原子弹其实非常简单。事实上，洛斯·阿拉莫斯国家试验室的科学家们很快就确认了"小男孩"的设计方案是可行的。他们投入了更多精力，以确保"胖子"（效率高得多）的设计能够实现工程化。
无论如何，制造原子弹的难点在于获取可裂变材料：这需要工业规模的投入，必须投入大量资源。
Alex Ng· Fri
No idea whether China has surpassed France in manufacturing jet engines but to date, it has successfully built its own advanced jet engines (WS-10, WS-15, and WS-20) and achieving domestic production for its frontline military fighters.
不清楚中国在喷气发动机制造方面是否已超越法国，但迄今为止，中国已成功自主研发先进喷气发动机（WS-10、WS-15 和 WS-20），并实现前线军用战斗机的国产化。
Michael Ryan · Sun
As noted turbine blade design and manufacture is critical to gas turbine engine performance and longevity. A further advancement is turbine tip clearance control. Moreover, gas turbine engines are at a state of the art level of technology. This state has taken years, even decades to achieve in a step by step progression that has come from investment, research in numerous scientific disciplines including computation. For a long time China lagged behind western countries, not in education but in various scientific fields. It’s one thing to read about science & mathematics but quite another to take ideas from the printed page and make them reality. And so China has stolen many industrial secrets in their goals to overtake the US in particular. Their government, not wholly unlike Iran’s, executes their ‘undesirables’, so one might wisely question having China take the lead here in the USA.
正如所指出的，涡轮叶片的设计与制造对燃气涡轮发动机的性能和寿命至关重要。进一步的进展在于涡轮叶尖间隙控制技术。此外，燃气涡轮发动机已处于技术的前沿水平。这一成就历经多年，甚至数十年的逐步发展，源于投资以及包括计算科学在内的多学科研究。长期以来，中国在多个科学领域落后于西方国家，这并非教育问题，而是实践转化能力的差距。
阅读科学与数学是一回事，将书本上的理念转化为现实则是另一回事。因此，中国为实现在某些领域超越美国的目标，Qie取了大量工业机密。其政府与伊朗的某些做法不无相似之处，会对“不受欢迎者”采取极端措施，因此，人们或许应审慎思考是否应让中国在美国的这一领域占据主导地位。
Tom Bohannon· Mar 10
Because China cannot STEAL the knowledge. That’s all China is capable of doing. They can’t steal the metallurgy, in this case.
因为中国无法Qie取这些知识。这就是中国唯一能做的。在这种情况下，他们无法Qie取冶金技术。
Brian Rost · Mar 10
You may need to upxe your views of China, what you refer to hasn’t been the case for decades now. My PhD is in quantum computing where the Chinese are advancing the cutting edge in many ways (they lead the world in photonic quantum computing for example). They can’t be stealing or copying, since there’s nothing to steal or copy.
你可能需要更新对中国的看法，你所提及的情况早已不复存在。我的博士学位专注于量子计算领域，中国人在许多方面正推动着前沿技术的发展（例如，在光子量子计算方面他们处于世界领先地位）。他们不可能靠窃取或复制，因为根本无物可窃、无物可仿。
Drazen Zoric· Mar 10
This one explains best (at least for me):
US - innovates
EU - regulates
China - replicates
If someone steals plans it does not mean it will be capable of getting experience in building. Knowledge and experience are two different things.
这个解释得最好（至少对我来说）：美国 - 创新；欧盟 - 监管；中国 - 复制。
即便有人窃取图纸，也不代表就能获得制造经验。知识与经验是两码事。
凛冬将至 · Mar 16
Naive!
—Over the past decade (2016-2025), the country with the highest volume of global invention patent applications and grants is China! In terms of grants, China has consistently ranked first in the world since 2019 (with grants in 2024–2025 exceeding the combined total of the U.S., Japan, and South Korea).
—In 2024–2025, China's annual invention patent applications reached approximately 1.8 million, accounting for about 49.1% of the global total—nearly half!
天真！过去十年间（2016-2025 年），全球发明专利申请量和授权量最高的国家是中国！在授权量方面，中国自 2019 年起持续位居世界首位（2024–2025 年授权量已超过美国、日本、韩国三国总和）。
2024–2025 年间，中国年度发明专利申请量约达 180 万件，约占全球总量的 49.1%——接近半数！
—As of the end of 2025, China's total volume of valid invention patents has surpassed 5.3 million. China’s total valid invention patents firmly rank first in the world, exceeding the combined total of the U.S. (approx. 3.7 million), Japan (approx. 3.3 million), and South Korea (approx. 1.5 million)!
—As of the end of 2025, China's international patent (PCT) applications were approximately 74,000 per year, accounting for about 26% - 28% of the global total, ranking first in PCT applications for 7 consecutive years!
截至 2025 年底，中国有效发明专利总量已突破 530 万件。中国有效发明专利总量稳居世界第一，超过美国（约 370 万件）、日本（约 330 万件）和韩国（约 150 万件）三国总和！
截至 2025 年底，中国国际专利（PCT）申请量每年约 7.4 万件，约占全球总量的 26%-28%，PCT 申请量连续 7 年位居世界第一！
—As of the end of 2025, China has approximately 2.28 million high-value invention patents (officially certified standards including PCT applications, overseas grants, pledge financing, and strategic emerging industry coverage), with 70% concentrated in strategic emerging industries such as AI, 6G, New Energy, Biomedicine, New Materials, and Quantum Information.
China is no longer just the world's factory, it has transformed into the world's largest innovation engine. It is long past time for you to take off those tinted glasses!
截至 2025 年底，中国拥有约 228 万件高价值发明专利（官方认证标准涵盖 PCT 申请、海外授权、质押融资及战略性新兴产业覆盖范围），其中 70%集中在人工智能、6G 通信、新能源、生物医药、新材料和量子信息等战略性新兴产业。
中国已不仅是世界工厂，更转型为全球最大的创新引擎。是时候摘下你的有色眼镜了！
