为什么犹太人在历史上一直受到针对？
正文翻译
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评论翻译
Ben Levy
First off, it's not "throughout history". There isn't much persecution of Jews in Hindu or Chinese history, for example. And in the US, while there was, it wasn't nearly so much as the persecution of African Americans and Native Americans.
Mostly, persecution of Jews occurs in Islamic and Christian European history.
首先，这不是 "整个历史"。例如，在印度或中国历史上并没有多少迫害犹太人的行为。而在美国，虽然有，但几乎没有对非裔美国人和原住民的迫害那么多。
大多数情况下，对犹太人的迫害发生在伊斯兰和基督教的欧洲历史上。
First off, it's not "throughout history". There isn't much persecution of Jews in Hindu or Chinese history, for example. And in the US, while there was, it wasn't nearly so much as the persecution of African Americans and Native Americans.
Mostly, persecution of Jews occurs in Islamic and Christian European history.
首先，这不是 "整个历史"。例如，在印度或中国历史上并没有多少迫害犹太人的行为。而在美国，虽然有，但几乎没有对非裔美国人和原住民的迫害那么多。
大多数情况下，对犹太人的迫害发生在伊斯兰和基督教的欧洲历史上。
David Bledsoe
The short, super simple answer is the Jews have given the wrong answer to The God Question throughout history. (Hold on, hold on, I’m not going where you think with this!) The God Question goes like this, from George Carlin: 'You believe in God?' 'No.' *BANG* Dead. 'You believe in God?' 'Yes.' 'You believe in my God?' 'No.'*Bang* Dead. '
The Hebrew People were monotheists in a polytheist world, and they firmly believed their God was supreme to all other Gods. (Early Judaism did not rule out other gods, just that their God was the supreme god.) This got them persecuted.
简而言之，超级简单的答案是犹太人在整个历史上对 "上帝问题 "给出了错误的答案。(等一下，等一下，我不会去你想的地方！）上帝问题是这样的，来自乔治-卡林："你相信上帝？""不。*砰*死了。你相信上帝吗？""是的。""你相信我的上帝吗？""不。"*砰*死了。'
希伯来人是多神论世界中的一神论者，他们坚信他们的神是高于其他所有神的。(早期的犹太教并没有排除其他神，只是说他们的神是最高的神）。这使他们受到迫害。
The short, super simple answer is the Jews have given the wrong answer to The God Question throughout history. (Hold on, hold on, I’m not going where you think with this!) The God Question goes like this, from George Carlin: 'You believe in God?' 'No.' *BANG* Dead. 'You believe in God?' 'Yes.' 'You believe in my God?' 'No.'*Bang* Dead. '
The Hebrew People were monotheists in a polytheist world, and they firmly believed their God was supreme to all other Gods. (Early Judaism did not rule out other gods, just that their God was the supreme god.) This got them persecuted.
简而言之，超级简单的答案是犹太人在整个历史上对 "上帝问题 "给出了错误的答案。(等一下，等一下，我不会去你想的地方！）上帝问题是这样的，来自乔治-卡林："你相信上帝？""不。*砰*死了。你相信上帝吗？""是的。""你相信我的上帝吗？""不。"*砰*死了。'
希伯来人是多神论世界中的一神论者，他们坚信他们的神是高于其他所有神的。(早期的犹太教并没有排除其他神，只是说他们的神是最高的神）。这使他们受到迫害。
Later, during the Roman era, the Jews refused to acknowledge the Emperor as a god and make sacrifices to the Emperor. By this time their monotheism had become what we consider modern monotheism, there are not other Gods. This got them persecuted.
A little later, after some Jewish kid got nailed up for being the Messiah, the Jews were not at ALL sure he WAS the Messiah. This made a lot of people very angry.
后来，在罗马时代，犹太人拒绝承认皇帝是神，拒绝向皇帝献祭。这时他们的一神论已经成为我们认为的现代一神论，没有其他的神。这让他们受到迫害。
稍后，在一个犹太孩子被钉上了弥赛亚的十字架后，犹太人完全不确定他就是弥赛亚。这让很多人非常生气。
A little later, after some Jewish kid got nailed up for being the Messiah, the Jews were not at ALL sure he WAS the Messiah. This made a lot of people very angry.
后来，在罗马时代，犹太人拒绝承认皇帝是神，拒绝向皇帝献祭。这时他们的一神论已经成为我们认为的现代一神论，没有其他的神。这让他们受到迫害。
稍后，在一个犹太孩子被钉上了弥赛亚的十字架后，犹太人完全不确定他就是弥赛亚。这让很多人非常生气。
Even though their Messiah himself was indeed, quite Jewish, they felt he would want them to persecute his people for their failure to accept him as the Messiah. Note, there is nothing in what people say he said that in ANY way implies this to be true. So, again, lots and lots of persecution.
A little while later, the Muslim Caliphate rose, and they were cool with the Jews for a long while, people of the book and all, but then the Mongols came and they handed out a WHOLE lot persecution on the Caliphate. This made the remaining Muslims VERY afraid of outsiders, I mean the Christians had just came down and done some pretty horrible things, so they were pretty sure they didn’t want any outsiders around—so again the Jews got persecuted.
尽管他们的弥赛亚本人确实是相当的犹太人，但他们觉得他希望他们迫害他的人民，因为他们没有接受他是弥赛亚。请注意，人们所说的他的话中没有任何暗示这是真的。因此，再次出现了很多很多的迫害。
不久之后，穆斯林哈里发崛起了，他们在很长一段时间内对犹太人很冷淡，都是有经人，但后来蒙古人来了，他们对哈里发进行了大量迫害。这使得剩下的穆斯林非常害怕外来者，我的意思是基督教徒刚刚下来，做了一些非常可怕的事情，所以他们非常确定他们不希望周围有任何外来者，所以犹太人再次受到迫害。
A little while later, the Muslim Caliphate rose, and they were cool with the Jews for a long while, people of the book and all, but then the Mongols came and they handed out a WHOLE lot persecution on the Caliphate. This made the remaining Muslims VERY afraid of outsiders, I mean the Christians had just came down and done some pretty horrible things, so they were pretty sure they didn’t want any outsiders around—so again the Jews got persecuted.
尽管他们的弥赛亚本人确实是相当的犹太人，但他们觉得他希望他们迫害他的人民，因为他们没有接受他是弥赛亚。请注意，人们所说的他的话中没有任何暗示这是真的。因此，再次出现了很多很多的迫害。
不久之后，穆斯林哈里发崛起了，他们在很长一段时间内对犹太人很冷淡，都是有经人，但后来蒙古人来了，他们对哈里发进行了大量迫害。这使得剩下的穆斯林非常害怕外来者，我的意思是基督教徒刚刚下来，做了一些非常可怕的事情，所以他们非常确定他们不希望周围有任何外来者，所以犹太人再次受到迫害。
Later still in Europe, it was the Christians turn again, who were still harboring a grudge about the whole Messiah thing, and how the Jews refused to just accept that Jesus was the way and the life, etc. So they persecuted off and on for next few hundred years until the Nazis came along and damn near persecuted the Jews out of existence.
Through it all, the Jews maintained their identity, their language and their faith. That is REALLY impressive. Throughout every persecution, every trial, they still refused to answer the God Question the way their persecutors wanted them to.
后来在欧洲，又轮到了基督徒，他们仍然对整个弥赛亚的事情怀恨在心，以及犹太人如何拒绝接受耶稣是道路和生命的说法，等等。因此，他们在接下来的几百年里断断续续地进行迫害，直到纳粹出现，几乎把犹太人迫害得不复存在。
通过这一切，犹太人保持了他们的身份，他们的语言和他们的信仰。这真是令人印象深刻。在每一次迫害、每一次审判中，他们仍然拒绝按照迫害者希望他们回答的方式回答上帝问题。
Through it all, the Jews maintained their identity, their language and their faith. That is REALLY impressive. Throughout every persecution, every trial, they still refused to answer the God Question the way their persecutors wanted them to.
后来在欧洲，又轮到了基督徒，他们仍然对整个弥赛亚的事情怀恨在心，以及犹太人如何拒绝接受耶稣是道路和生命的说法，等等。因此，他们在接下来的几百年里断断续续地进行迫害，直到纳粹出现，几乎把犹太人迫害得不复存在。
通过这一切，犹太人保持了他们的身份，他们的语言和他们的信仰。这真是令人印象深刻。在每一次迫害、每一次审判中，他们仍然拒绝按照迫害者希望他们回答的方式回答上帝问题。
Why?
Because in those two cultures, powerful religious systems emerged which saw themselves as centers of secular political power.
There are not many reasons one can give which justify one's authority over others. In a Democracy, we use "consent of the governed". But in a religious regime, whether you are a 7th century bishop or a modern day ayatollah, your reason is "I speak for God!".
为什么？
因为在这两种文化中，出现了强大的宗教体系，它们将自己视为世俗政治权力的中心。
人们可以给出的理由并不多，可以证明自己对他人的权力是正当的。在一个民主国家，我们使用 "被统治者的同意"。但在一个宗教政权中，无论你是7世纪的主教还是现代的阿亚图拉，你的理由都是 "我代表上帝说话！"。
Because in those two cultures, powerful religious systems emerged which saw themselves as centers of secular political power.
There are not many reasons one can give which justify one's authority over others. In a Democracy, we use "consent of the governed". But in a religious regime, whether you are a 7th century bishop or a modern day ayatollah, your reason is "I speak for God!".
为什么？
因为在这两种文化中，出现了强大的宗教体系，它们将自己视为世俗政治权力的中心。
人们可以给出的理由并不多，可以证明自己对他人的权力是正当的。在一个民主国家，我们使用 "被统治者的同意"。但在一个宗教政权中，无论你是7世纪的主教还是现代的阿亚图拉，你的理由都是 "我代表上帝说话！"。
There is a problem with that. If you claim to speak for God, and that is the root of your authority, you cannot tolerate those who deny it. Jews, among others, deny that bishops and ayatollahs have god-given authority. Church law, Sharia... they deny it, don't want it, don't feel the need to comply with it.
A religious leader desiring worldly power cannot allow that! How could any system of law survive if it was optional?
这里面有一个问题。如果你声称代表上帝说话，而这是你权威的根源，你就不能容忍那些否认它的人。犹太人，包括其他人，否认主教和阿亚图拉有上帝赋予的权力。教会法、伊斯兰教法......他们否认它，不想要它，不觉得需要遵守它。
一个渴望世俗权力的宗教领袖不能允许这样的事情发生! 如果任何法律体系都是可有可无的，那么它怎么可能生存？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
A religious leader desiring worldly power cannot allow that! How could any system of law survive if it was optional?
这里面有一个问题。如果你声称代表上帝说话，而这是你权威的根源，你就不能容忍那些否认它的人。犹太人，包括其他人，否认主教和阿亚图拉有上帝赋予的权力。教会法、伊斯兰教法......他们否认它，不想要它，不觉得需要遵守它。
一个渴望世俗权力的宗教领袖不能允许这样的事情发生! 如果任何法律体系都是可有可无的，那么它怎么可能生存？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
So, political leaders Christianity and Islam set about demonizing and destroying rival religions, in a way that Hindu and Buddhist leaders never dreamed of. Not JUST Jewish, of course. Various pagan religions, Druidism, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, all were persecuted, in some cases to destruction. Even variant branches of the same religion attracted persecution and violence. All to protect the right of a self-sexted few to have political power on behalf of God.
因此，基督教和伊斯兰教的政治领导人开始妖魔化和摧毁敌对的宗教，其方式是印度教和佛教领导人做梦都想不到的。当然，不仅仅是犹太教。各种异教，德鲁伊教，米特拉教，拜火教，都受到迫害，在某些情况下甚至被摧毁。甚至同一宗教的不同分支也受到迫害和暴力。所有这些都是为了保护少数自我选择的人代表上帝拥有政治权力的权利。
因此，基督教和伊斯兰教的政治领导人开始妖魔化和摧毁敌对的宗教，其方式是印度教和佛教领导人做梦都想不到的。当然，不仅仅是犹太教。各种异教，德鲁伊教，米特拉教，拜火教，都受到迫害，在某些情况下甚至被摧毁。甚至同一宗教的不同分支也受到迫害和暴力。所有这些都是为了保护少数自我选择的人代表上帝拥有政治权力的权利。
Judaism, for various reasons, survived. So did some of the others, but in much reduced numbers, so we don't hear as much. (It's worth noting, though, WHERE they survived- Zoroastrianism, for the most part, lives on in tolerant India.)
We hear much more about the history of persecution of Jews because that population was large, widespread, and very "culturally productive". But the truth is, the Druids and Zoroastrians could tell you some pretty horrible things too.
Much like the Yazidis can, today.
犹太教，由于各种原因，幸存了下来。其他一些宗教也是如此，但数量大大减少，所以我们没有听到那么多。(但值得注意的是，既然他们活了下来--琐罗亚斯德教，在大多数情况下，在宽容的印度继续存在。）
我们听到更多关于犹太人受迫害的历史，因为他们人数众多，分布广泛，而且非常 "有文化价值"。但事实是，德鲁伊人和琐罗亚斯德教徒也能告诉你一些非常可怕的事情。
就像今天的雅兹迪人一样。
We hear much more about the history of persecution of Jews because that population was large, widespread, and very "culturally productive". But the truth is, the Druids and Zoroastrians could tell you some pretty horrible things too.
Much like the Yazidis can, today.
犹太教，由于各种原因，幸存了下来。其他一些宗教也是如此，但数量大大减少，所以我们没有听到那么多。(但值得注意的是，既然他们活了下来--琐罗亚斯德教，在大多数情况下，在宽容的印度继续存在。）
我们听到更多关于犹太人受迫害的历史，因为他们人数众多，分布广泛，而且非常 "有文化价值"。但事实是，德鲁伊人和琐罗亚斯德教徒也能告诉你一些非常可怕的事情。
就像今天的雅兹迪人一样。
John Bard
It starts, as many things do, with the Roman Empire.
The Jews wouldn't sit down, shut up and venerate the Emperor. They also kept rebelling.
Rome could tolerate a lot from its subjects, but it could not tolerate rebellion, and it could not tolerate a religion that couldn't make room for the Roman gods.
This is where it began.
Thrn christianity came along and was thoroughly romanised, and the Jews remained hated because now they not only refused to accept the gods in to their faith, they had actually killed god!
和许多事情一样，这要从罗马帝国说起。
犹太人不愿意坐下来，闭上嘴巴，敬仰皇帝。他们还不断地造反。
罗马可以容忍其臣民的很多行为，但它不能容忍叛乱，也不能容忍不能为罗马神腾出空间的宗教。
这就是它的开始。
基督教出现后，被彻底罗马化，而犹太人仍然被憎恨，因为现在他们不仅拒绝接受神灵加入他们的信仰，而且他们实际上已经杀死了神灵！这就是基督教的起源！
It starts, as many things do, with the Roman Empire.
The Jews wouldn't sit down, shut up and venerate the Emperor. They also kept rebelling.
Rome could tolerate a lot from its subjects, but it could not tolerate rebellion, and it could not tolerate a religion that couldn't make room for the Roman gods.
This is where it began.
Thrn christianity came along and was thoroughly romanised, and the Jews remained hated because now they not only refused to accept the gods in to their faith, they had actually killed god!
和许多事情一样，这要从罗马帝国说起。
犹太人不愿意坐下来，闭上嘴巴，敬仰皇帝。他们还不断地造反。
罗马可以容忍其臣民的很多行为，但它不能容忍叛乱，也不能容忍不能为罗马神腾出空间的宗教。
这就是它的开始。
基督教出现后，被彻底罗马化，而犹太人仍然被憎恨，因为现在他们不仅拒绝接受神灵加入他们的信仰，而且他们实际上已经杀死了神灵！这就是基督教的起源！
And so they were banned from doing most things that people need to do in a premodern world to survive. They werent allowed to farm or own land and so on and so forth, as punishment.
The only types of job they were allowed were things like banking. And so they became the bankers and moneylenders of Europe.
And everybody hates a moneylender.
And some of them became rich.
And the rich attract the hatred of the poor.
因此，他们被禁止做大多数在前现代世界中人们需要做的事情，以便生存。作为惩罚，他们不被允许耕种或拥有土地，诸如此类。
他们唯一被允许的工作类型是像银行这样的事情。因此，他们成为欧洲的银行家和放债人。
每个人都憎恨放债人。
他们中的一些人变得富有。
而富人则吸引了穷人的仇恨。
The only types of job they were allowed were things like banking. And so they became the bankers and moneylenders of Europe.
And everybody hates a moneylender.
And some of them became rich.
And the rich attract the hatred of the poor.
因此，他们被禁止做大多数在前现代世界中人们需要做的事情，以便生存。作为惩罚，他们不被允许耕种或拥有土地，诸如此类。
他们唯一被允许的工作类型是像银行这样的事情。因此，他们成为欧洲的银行家和放债人。
每个人都憎恨放债人。
他们中的一些人变得富有。
而富人则吸引了穷人的仇恨。
And the Jews had their own languages and always travelled because they weren't allowed to settle.
And no one trusts a stranger.
And so we have people who have been hated for centuries, and come and go in the night, and dont talk the way the locals do.
And that is scary and threatening when you're destitute and exploited and the calves are stillborn shortly after these strange people turn up.
而犹太人有自己的语言，总是在旅行，因为他们不被允许定居。
而且没有人相信一个陌生人。
因此，我们有几个世纪以来一直被憎恨的人，他们在夜里来来往往，而且不以当地人的方式说话。
当你穷困潦倒、被剥削的时候，这就很可怕，也很有威胁性，而且这些陌生的人出现后不久，小牛就会死掉。
And no one trusts a stranger.
And so we have people who have been hated for centuries, and come and go in the night, and dont talk the way the locals do.
And that is scary and threatening when you're destitute and exploited and the calves are stillborn shortly after these strange people turn up.
而犹太人有自己的语言，总是在旅行，因为他们不被允许定居。
而且没有人相信一个陌生人。
因此，我们有几个世纪以来一直被憎恨的人，他们在夜里来来往往，而且不以当地人的方式说话。
当你穷困潦倒、被剥削的时候，这就很可怕，也很有威胁性，而且这些陌生的人出现后不久，小牛就会死掉。
So they must be evil. Thry came and they caused your calf to be stillborn and your well to dry up and your crops to fail.
And so you hate them.
And thats how you get to 1940, where men decide the only way to deal with these people who've been hated so long that the hatred is part of the fabric of society in vast parts of Europe, is to kill every last one of them.
所以他们一定是邪恶的。他们来了，导致你的小牛胎死腹中，你的井干涸，你的庄稼歉收。
因此，你恨他们。
这就是你如何到达1940年的原因，在那里，人们决定对付这些被憎恨了如此之久，以至于仇恨成为欧洲广大地区社会结构的一部分的人的唯一方法，就是杀死他们中的每一个人。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
And so you hate them.
And thats how you get to 1940, where men decide the only way to deal with these people who've been hated so long that the hatred is part of the fabric of society in vast parts of Europe, is to kill every last one of them.
所以他们一定是邪恶的。他们来了，导致你的小牛胎死腹中，你的井干涸，你的庄稼歉收。
因此，你恨他们。
这就是你如何到达1940年的原因，在那里，人们决定对付这些被憎恨了如此之久，以至于仇恨成为欧洲广大地区社会结构的一部分的人的唯一方法，就是杀死他们中的每一个人。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
A final solution, as the saying goes, to the Jewish problem.
All started because some people didn't want a statue in a temple, and got a bit shirty with the Roman Empire about it when the Romans tried to force the matter. If the Romans had been flexible enough to allow a minor tribal god to be the only god of that tribe, all that cavalcade of petty hatred and fear wouldn't have piled up over two millenia in to the Shoah.
俗话说，这是犹太人问题的最终解决方案。
一切都是因为有些人不希望神庙里有雕像，并且在罗马人试图强迫此事时与罗马帝国发生了争吵。如果罗马人有足够的灵活性，允许一个小部落的神成为该部落唯一的神，那么所有这些琐碎的仇恨和恐惧就不会在两千多年后堆积成浩劫了。
All started because some people didn't want a statue in a temple, and got a bit shirty with the Roman Empire about it when the Romans tried to force the matter. If the Romans had been flexible enough to allow a minor tribal god to be the only god of that tribe, all that cavalcade of petty hatred and fear wouldn't have piled up over two millenia in to the Shoah.
俗话说，这是犹太人问题的最终解决方案。
一切都是因为有些人不希望神庙里有雕像，并且在罗马人试图强迫此事时与罗马帝国发生了争吵。如果罗马人有足够的灵活性，允许一个小部落的神成为该部落唯一的神，那么所有这些琐碎的仇恨和恐惧就不会在两千多年后堆积成浩劫了。
Moises Braun Wollenstein
I would say that it was a combination of being different and being literate.
As a punishment for being different, several economic restrictions were imposed to jews in Europe. The aim was to make jews poor. If you werent able to own land then you would have to become the serf of the landlord in order to make a living. But jews have been literate at least for 2000 years. Despite being punished they thrived and became rich by becoming lawyers, doctors, engineers and moneylenders. A king might feel hatred toward the jews, but those same kings wanted a jewish doctor to take care of his family. It made sense since that jewish doctor knew how to read.
我想说的是，这是与众不同和识字的结合。
作为对与众不同的惩罚，欧洲的犹太人受到了一些经济限制。其目的是使犹太人变得贫穷。如果你不能拥有土地，那么你将不得不成为地主的农奴，以谋求生计。但犹太人至少在2000年以前就已经识字了。尽管受到了惩罚，但他们还是茁壮成长，并通过成为律师、医生、工程师和放债人而变得富有。一个国王可能会对犹太人感到憎恨，但这些国王也希望有一个犹太医生来照顾他的家人。这是有道理的，因为那个犹太医生知道如何阅读。
I would say that it was a combination of being different and being literate.
As a punishment for being different, several economic restrictions were imposed to jews in Europe. The aim was to make jews poor. If you werent able to own land then you would have to become the serf of the landlord in order to make a living. But jews have been literate at least for 2000 years. Despite being punished they thrived and became rich by becoming lawyers, doctors, engineers and moneylenders. A king might feel hatred toward the jews, but those same kings wanted a jewish doctor to take care of his family. It made sense since that jewish doctor knew how to read.
我想说的是，这是与众不同和识字的结合。
作为对与众不同的惩罚，欧洲的犹太人受到了一些经济限制。其目的是使犹太人变得贫穷。如果你不能拥有土地，那么你将不得不成为地主的农奴，以谋求生计。但犹太人至少在2000年以前就已经识字了。尽管受到了惩罚，但他们还是茁壮成长，并通过成为律师、医生、工程师和放债人而变得富有。一个国王可能会对犹太人感到憎恨，但这些国王也希望有一个犹太医生来照顾他的家人。这是有道理的，因为那个犹太医生知道如何阅读。
Jews were also relative clean. The religion mandates to bath at least once a week and forbids to eat food that coincidentally was dangerous in a world that lacked fridges and preservatives. When pests killed many christians who simply refused to bath and the jews survived at greater rates the surviving christians were furious and blamed the jews for the pests.
It seems most people are willing to tolerate a minority if it lives in poverty. But simply have to kill a minority that despite suffering economic punishment was able, through literacy, to prosper and make a living.
犹太人也是相对干净的。宗教规定每周至少要洗一次澡，并禁止吃食物，而在缺乏冰箱和防腐剂的世界里，这些食物恰恰是危险的。当害虫杀死了许多仅仅拒绝洗澡的基督徒，而犹太人的存活率更高时，幸存的基督徒非常愤怒，把害虫的责任归咎于犹太人。
似乎大多数人都愿意容忍少数人，如果他们生活在贫困之中。但是，如果一个少数民族尽管遭受了经济上的惩罚，却能够通过识字而繁荣和谋生，那么他们就必须要杀死这个少数民族。
It seems most people are willing to tolerate a minority if it lives in poverty. But simply have to kill a minority that despite suffering economic punishment was able, through literacy, to prosper and make a living.
犹太人也是相对干净的。宗教规定每周至少要洗一次澡，并禁止吃食物，而在缺乏冰箱和防腐剂的世界里，这些食物恰恰是危险的。当害虫杀死了许多仅仅拒绝洗澡的基督徒，而犹太人的存活率更高时，幸存的基督徒非常愤怒，把害虫的责任归咎于犹太人。
似乎大多数人都愿意容忍少数人，如果他们生活在贫困之中。但是，如果一个少数民族尽管遭受了经济上的惩罚，却能够通过识字而繁荣和谋生，那么他们就必须要杀死这个少数民族。
Gavin Kanowitz
The Seven Types of Antisemitism (all are evil)
I have qualified these seven types in my study of Jewish History. While they may not be independent from one another in the strict sense, they provide a useful methodology for understanding the historical hatred of the Jews.
反犹太主义的七种类型（都是邪恶的）。
我在研究犹太历史时对这七种类型进行了限定。虽然它们在严格意义上可能不是相互独立的，但它们为理解历史上对犹太人的仇恨提供了一种有用的方法。
The Seven Types of Antisemitism (all are evil)
I have qualified these seven types in my study of Jewish History. While they may not be independent from one another in the strict sense, they provide a useful methodology for understanding the historical hatred of the Jews.
反犹太主义的七种类型（都是邪恶的）。
我在研究犹太历史时对这七种类型进行了限定。虽然它们在严格意义上可能不是相互独立的，但它们为理解历史上对犹太人的仇恨提供了一种有用的方法。
1.Hatred of the Jews as Christ Killers - A very old form of Antisemitism which has existed since the early days of the Christian Church. The Jews were blamed for choosing Jesus Christ to ‘die’ on the cross. The New Testament Gospels emphasize this point in their writings and it has served as dogma for both the Catholic and many non-Catholic churches over the centuries. Argument is illogical though, for if the Jews had not sexted Christ to be sacrificed on the cross then he could not have died for the sins of mankind. Where would humanity then be?
1.憎恨犹太人是基督的杀手--这是一种非常古老的反犹太主义，从基督教会早期就存在了。犹太人被指责为选择耶稣基督 "死 "在十字架上。新约》福音书在其著作中强调了这一点，几个世纪以来，它一直作为天主教和许多非天主教教会的教条。但争论是不合逻辑的，因为如果犹太人没有选择基督在十字架上牺牲，那么他就不可能为人类的罪孽而死。那么人类会在哪里呢？
1.憎恨犹太人是基督的杀手--这是一种非常古老的反犹太主义，从基督教会早期就存在了。犹太人被指责为选择耶稣基督 "死 "在十字架上。新约》福音书在其著作中强调了这一点，几个世纪以来，它一直作为天主教和许多非天主教教会的教条。但争论是不合逻辑的，因为如果犹太人没有选择基督在十字架上牺牲，那么他就不可能为人类的罪孽而死。那么人类会在哪里呢？
2.Hatred of the Jews as Outsiders - The rejection of Jesus as the messiah, Jewish religious belief, Jewish emphasis on marrying fellow Jews, as well as the concept of the Jews as the Chosen People all smack of exclusivity.
Why?, asks the anti-Semite do the Jews think that they are better than us ? Could it be that they eventually want to subjugate us? Hence the blood libels, pogroms and the impetus to scapegoat the Jews as the cause for all that goes wrong in society.
2. 憎恨作为局外人的犹太人--拒绝将耶稣作为弥赛亚，犹太宗教信仰，犹太人强调与同胞结婚，以及犹太人是神选之民的概念都带有排他性。
反犹太主义者问道，为什么犹太人认为他们比我们好？会不会是他们最终想征服我们？因此，血腥诽谤、大屠杀和将犹太人作为社会所有问题的原因的替罪羊的推动力。
Why?, asks the anti-Semite do the Jews think that they are better than us ? Could it be that they eventually want to subjugate us? Hence the blood libels, pogroms and the impetus to scapegoat the Jews as the cause for all that goes wrong in society.
2. 憎恨作为局外人的犹太人--拒绝将耶稣作为弥赛亚，犹太宗教信仰，犹太人强调与同胞结婚，以及犹太人是神选之民的概念都带有排他性。
反犹太主义者问道，为什么犹太人认为他们比我们好？会不会是他们最终想征服我们？因此，血腥诽谤、大屠杀和将犹太人作为社会所有问题的原因的替罪羊的推动力。
3.The Jew as the Evil Capitalist - The Church authority forced Jews to be money lenders as Christians were prevented from charging interest. As money lending grew into the banking profession, Jews became more influential as players driving the wheels of the largely capitalist based economy. Those individuals jealous of Jewish success as well as the later opponents of capitalism were quick to throw force this charge.
3.犹太人是邪恶的资本家--教会权威迫使犹太人成为放债人，因为基督徒被禁止收取利息。随着放贷发展成为银行业，犹太人作为推动主要以资本主义为基础的经济车轮的参与者变得更有影响力。那些嫉妒犹太人成功的人以及后来的资本主义反对者很快就提出了这个指控。
3.犹太人是邪恶的资本家--教会权威迫使犹太人成为放债人，因为基督徒被禁止收取利息。随着放贷发展成为银行业，犹太人作为推动主要以资本主义为基础的经济车轮的参与者变得更有影响力。那些嫉妒犹太人成功的人以及后来的资本主义反对者很快就提出了这个指控。
4.The Jew as the Diabolical Communist - Karl Marx’s Jewish ancestry, Jewish influence in the Social Democracy Movements in Europe (Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev, Luxembourg, Martov were all Jews) was enough of a lixage in the minds of many anti-Semites to associate the ‘specter of Communism haunting Europe’ as a Jewish plot for world domination. Idea is nonsensical. Granted at one stage there were many Jews involved in the movements of social-democracy but that is largely as a result of the fact that Communism preached an ‘equality of all’ that other political ideologies appeared to shun. However after the true face of the of the leftist movements were revealed in the Stalinist purges, Jews starting deserting Marxism in droves.
4. 犹太人是xe的gczy者--卡尔-马克思的犹太血统，犹太人在欧洲社会民主运动中的影响（托洛茨基、季诺维也夫、加米涅夫、卢森堡、马尔托夫都是犹太人），在许多反犹主义者的心目中，足以将 "gczy的幽灵飘荡在欧洲 "与犹太人统治世界的阴谋联系起来。这个想法是无稽之谈。诚然，在某一阶段，有许多犹太人参与了社会民主运动，但这主要是由于gczy宣扬 "人人平等 "的事实，而其他政治意识形态似乎避而远之。然而，在斯大林式的清洗中，左派运动的真实面目被揭露后，犹太人开始纷纷抛弃马克思主义。
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4. 犹太人是xe的gczy者--卡尔-马克思的犹太血统，犹太人在欧洲社会民主运动中的影响（托洛茨基、季诺维也夫、加米涅夫、卢森堡、马尔托夫都是犹太人），在许多反犹主义者的心目中，足以将 "gczy的幽灵飘荡在欧洲 "与犹太人统治世界的阴谋联系起来。这个想法是无稽之谈。诚然，在某一阶段，有许多犹太人参与了社会民主运动，但这主要是由于gczy宣扬 "人人平等 "的事实，而其他政治意识形态似乎避而远之。然而，在斯大林式的清洗中，左派运动的真实面目被揭露后，犹太人开始纷纷抛弃马克思主义。
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5.Hatred of Jewish thought - Jewish thought has traditionally been more liberal and open to debate than that of Christianity. Jews have been on the fore front of new ideas (Marxism, Relativity, psychoanalysis, and American liberalism) which have shaken the bedrock of traditional views. A phenomenon that breeds fear and consequently antisemitism. Also Jewish success in business, the arts and the sciences has in the mind of many anti-Semites created a belief that the Jews are privy to knowledge which they are not willing to share. This of course is ridiculous as are all charges of an international Jewish conspiracy.
5. 对犹太思想的憎恨--犹太思想传统上比基督教思想更自由，更愿意辩论。犹太人一直站在新思想（马克思主义、相对论、精神分析和美国自由主义）的前线，这些思想动摇了传统观点的基石。这种现象滋生了恐惧，从而导致了反犹太主义。此外，犹太人在商业、艺术和科学领域的成功在许多反犹主义者的心目中产生了一种信念，即犹太人掌握着他们不愿意分享的知识。这当然是荒谬的，因为所有关于国际犹太阴谋的指控都是荒谬的。
5. 对犹太思想的憎恨--犹太思想传统上比基督教思想更自由，更愿意辩论。犹太人一直站在新思想（马克思主义、相对论、精神分析和美国自由主义）的前线，这些思想动摇了传统观点的基石。这种现象滋生了恐惧，从而导致了反犹太主义。此外，犹太人在商业、艺术和科学领域的成功在许多反犹主义者的心目中产生了一种信念，即犹太人掌握着他们不愿意分享的知识。这当然是荒谬的，因为所有关于国际犹太阴谋的指控都是荒谬的。
6.Anti-Zionist/antisemitism- Not all anti-Zionists are anti-Semites. Agreed. However the line is in many cases very thin. Many Arab countries make little distinction (e.g. the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion is required reading in many school programs). Also for those seeking a convenient cover for their anti-Semitic views where better to hide then among the so-called ‘progressive’ anti-Zionists.
6. 反犹太复国主义/排犹主义--并非所有反犹太复国主义者都是反犹主义者。我同意。然而，在许多情况下，这条界限是非常细的。许多阿拉伯国家几乎没有区别（例如，《锡安长老会议定书》是许多学校课程中的必读书目）。此外，对于那些为自己的反犹太主义观点寻找方便掩护的人来说，在所谓的 "进步的 "反犹太复国主义者中躲藏是最好的。
6. 反犹太复国主义/排犹主义--并非所有反犹太复国主义者都是反犹主义者。我同意。然而，在许多情况下，这条界限是非常细的。许多阿拉伯国家几乎没有区别（例如，《锡安长老会议定书》是许多学校课程中的必读书目）。此外，对于那些为自己的反犹太主义观点寻找方便掩护的人来说，在所谓的 "进步的 "反犹太复国主义者中躲藏是最好的。
7. Hatred of Jews for their role in Judeo-Christian philosophy - Western Philosophy and Judeo-Christian philosophy is evil. So this reason goes. Jews are to blame for all of it as the mother religion of the tradition. Therefore Jews are bad. Simplistic but nevertheless the view of those seeking to destroy the foundations of Western civilization. Stream of thought is popular among anarchists and some New Age Religious believers. Nazism was such a belief.
7.因犹太人在犹太教哲学中的作用而仇视他们--西方哲学和犹太教哲学是邪恶的。所以这个理由是。犹太人作为传统的母教，应该为这一切负责。因此犹太人是坏的。很简单，但还是那些试图摧毁西方文明基础的人的观点。这种思想流在无政府主义者和一些新时代宗教信仰者中很流行。纳粹主义就是这样一种信仰。
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7.因犹太人在犹太教哲学中的作用而仇视他们--西方哲学和犹太教哲学是邪恶的。所以这个理由是。犹太人作为传统的母教，应该为这一切负责。因此犹太人是坏的。很简单，但还是那些试图摧毁西方文明基础的人的观点。这种思想流在无政府主义者和一些新时代宗教信仰者中很流行。纳粹主义就是这样一种信仰。
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Marc Lipshitz
Their lack of marrying others was never the reason for their persecution, there were never attacks against Jews because they refused to marry others. There were many reasons, amongst which are:
他们不与他人结婚从来不是他们受迫害的原因，从来没有因为犹太人拒绝与他人结婚而受到攻击。有许多原因，其中包括：
Their lack of marrying others was never the reason for their persecution, there were never attacks against Jews because they refused to marry others. There were many reasons, amongst which are:
他们不与他人结婚从来不是他们受迫害的原因，从来没有因为犹太人拒绝与他人结婚而受到攻击。有许多原因，其中包括：
Charges of deicide- the charge from the Christian church and promulgated in the Christian scxtures that the Jews killed Jesus and that guilt was on all Jews for all time. This was often promoted by local clergy which is why Easter was often a time of pogroms against Jews.
The fear of the other- Jews are different, have different culture and practices to others. In the past when many people never travelled more than a day or two’s walk from their place of birth, and even such a trip was dangerous in many places due to the possibility of attack between cities, the “other” was to be feared.
- 脱罪的指控--来自基督教会的指控，并在基督教经文中公布，犹太人杀害了耶稣，所有犹太人都要承担罪责，直到永远。这常常被当地神职人员宣传，这就是为什么复活节常常是针对犹太人的大屠杀时期。
- 对他人的恐惧--犹太人与其他人不同，有不同的文化和习俗。在过去，当许多人从未从他们的出生地走过超过一两天的路程，甚至这样的旅行在许多地方都是危险的，因为城市之间有可能发生攻击，"其他人 "是值得害怕的。
The fear of the other- Jews are different, have different culture and practices to others. In the past when many people never travelled more than a day or two’s walk from their place of birth, and even such a trip was dangerous in many places due to the possibility of attack between cities, the “other” was to be feared.
- 脱罪的指控--来自基督教会的指控，并在基督教经文中公布，犹太人杀害了耶稣，所有犹太人都要承担罪责，直到永远。这常常被当地神职人员宣传，这就是为什么复活节常常是针对犹太人的大屠杀时期。
- 对他人的恐惧--犹太人与其他人不同，有不同的文化和习俗。在过去，当许多人从未从他们的出生地走过超过一两天的路程，甚至这样的旅行在许多地方都是危险的，因为城市之间有可能发生攻击，"其他人 "是值得害怕的。
Most people never met a Jew in their entire life and knew nothing but rumors and stereotypes. You see this with Shakespeare- in his time there were zero Jews in England, they had all been expelled years before, yet still he wrote about Jews with the standard stereotypes though he did have more sensitivity towards Jews than the bulk of the writers of his time
Economic- the vast bulk of Jews were as impoverished as their non-Jewish neighbors but, as now, people tended to focus on those who had been successful. Thus the stereotype of the “"rich Jew” started despite the fact it was demonstrably untrue and the bulk of the Jews had no more wealth than their neighbors. However, it made an useful scapegoat and distraction when rules needed it.
- 大多数人在他们的一生中从未见过一个犹太人，除了谣言和刻板印象外一无所知。你可以从莎士比亚身上看到这一点--在他的时代，英国没有犹太人，他们多年前就被驱逐了，但他仍然用标准的刻板印象来写犹太人，尽管他确实比他那个时代的大部分作家对犹太人更加敏感。
- 经济方面--绝大多数犹太人和他们的非犹太人邻居一样贫穷，但和现在一样，人们倾向于关注那些成功的人。因此，"富有的犹太人 "的刻板印象开始了，尽管事实上这显然是不真实的，大部分犹太人的财富并不比他们的邻居多。然而，当规则需要时，它是一个有用的替罪羊和转移注意力的工具。
Economic- the vast bulk of Jews were as impoverished as their non-Jewish neighbors but, as now, people tended to focus on those who had been successful. Thus the stereotype of the “"rich Jew” started despite the fact it was demonstrably untrue and the bulk of the Jews had no more wealth than their neighbors. However, it made an useful scapegoat and distraction when rules needed it.
- 大多数人在他们的一生中从未见过一个犹太人，除了谣言和刻板印象外一无所知。你可以从莎士比亚身上看到这一点--在他的时代，英国没有犹太人，他们多年前就被驱逐了，但他仍然用标准的刻板印象来写犹太人，尽管他确实比他那个时代的大部分作家对犹太人更加敏感。
- 经济方面--绝大多数犹太人和他们的非犹太人邻居一样贫穷，但和现在一样，人们倾向于关注那些成功的人。因此，"富有的犹太人 "的刻板印象开始了，尽管事实上这显然是不真实的，大部分犹太人的财富并不比他们的邻居多。然而，当规则需要时，它是一个有用的替罪羊和转移注意力的工具。
Opportunistic- using Jews as scapegoats could distract people from what their local rulers were dong and made fodder to direct the anger of people against them. There was also an opportunistic element: when a local ruler had borrowed too much and could not repay the loans they would expel the local Jews, confiscate their land and property and enrich themselves while making sure they would never have to pay back the money they borrows. This was one of the reasons that some Jews became diamond and gold merchants, they were easy portable forms of wealth they could take with when they had to flee from pogroms or expulsions.
- 机会主义--利用犹太人作为替罪羊可以转移人们对当地统治者所做事情的注意力，并成为引导人们对他们的愤怒的炮灰。还有一个机会主义因素：当一个地方统治者借了太多的钱，无法偿还贷款时，他们会驱逐当地的犹太人，没收他们的土地和财产，使自己发财，同时确保他们永远不必偿还他们借来的钱。这也是一些犹太人成为钻石和黄金商人的原因之一，它们是容易携带的财富形式，当他们不得不逃离大屠杀或被驱逐时可以带走。
- 机会主义--利用犹太人作为替罪羊可以转移人们对当地统治者所做事情的注意力，并成为引导人们对他们的愤怒的炮灰。还有一个机会主义因素：当一个地方统治者借了太多的钱，无法偿还贷款时，他们会驱逐当地的犹太人，没收他们的土地和财产，使自己发财，同时确保他们永远不必偿还他们借来的钱。这也是一些犹太人成为钻石和黄金商人的原因之一，它们是容易携带的财富形式，当他们不得不逃离大屠杀或被驱逐时可以带走。
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